[The Antioxidant and Geroprotective Properties of an Extract of Mountain Ash (Sorbus aucuparia L.) Fruits]

Plant polyphenols are characterized by a wide range of biological activities, including antioxidant properties, and have a high geroprotective potential. The purpose of this work was to investigate the effect of the extract of rowan berries (Sorbus aucuparia L.) on the lifespan and stress resistance of Drosophila melanogaster with the identification of possible mechanisms of its biological activity. It has been established that an ethanol extract of S. aucuparia berries, the main components of which are rutin and cyanidin-3-rutinoside, has a pronounced antioxidant activity in vitro. At the same time, treatment with rowan berry extract increased the resistance of D. melanogaster males to starvation, but reduced resistance to hyperthermia. In females, the extract reduced resistance to oxidative stress but increased resistance to hyperthermia. The effects of rowan berry extract on longevity depended both on its concentration and on the sex of fruit flies. In response to treatment with rowan berry extract, D. melanogaster males and females showed slight differences in the background level of expression of cellular stress response genes, including heat shock genes (hsp27, hsp68, and hsp83), oxidative stress resistance genes (hif1, nrf2, and sod1), circadian rhythm genes (clk and per), and the longevity gene sirt1, which may explain the differences in the observed effects.

[Drosophila melanogaster Lifespan Is Regulated by nejire Gene Expression in Peripheral Tissues and Nervous System]

Histone acetyltransferases of the CBP/p300 family are involved in transcriptional regulation and many biological processes (cell proliferation and differentiation, development, and regulation of the stress response and metabolism). Overexpression and knockdown of the nejire (nej) gene (codes for an ortholog of human CBP/p300 proteins) in various tissues (the fat body, intestine, and nervous system) and at various stages of the life cycle (throughout all developmental stages or in adulthood only) were tested for effect on lifespan in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster. The activation of nej exerted a positive or a negative effect on the lifespan, depending on the induction mode and the sex. A 6-15% greater lifespan was observed in females with conditional overexpression of nej in the intestine and constitutive overexpression of nej in the nervous system. A decrease (to 44%) or lack of significant changes in lifespan was detected in all other cases observed. In addition, stress response genes (Sod1, Gadd45, Hsp27, Hsp68, and Hif1) were regulated by nej activation. nej knockdown caused a pronounced negative effect on the D. melanogaster lifespan in most variants of the experiment.

Evaluation of the impact of unhealthy nutrition on the intestinal microbiota, mitochondrial function and the formation of multiple organ metabolic syndrome, ways of correction

BACKGROUND: The problem of metabolic syndrome is considered a demographic catastrophe. According to WHO experts,

«by 2025, the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MS) in the world will amount to more than 300 million people, and in the next 25 years it is expected to increase by 50%.» The pathophysiological mechanisms of MS formation and the role of unhealthy diet on the development of intestinal dysbiosis, mitochondrial insufficiency remain unclear.

AIM: To study the effect of unhealthy diet on the state of the intestinal microbiota and the development of metabolicmitochondrial insufficiency in the formation of a multi-organ metabolic syndrome, evaluation of ways of correction.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: Clinical picture assessment, anthropometric data (body mass index), laboratory results (glucose, cholesterol and fractions) were carried out in patients with MS, triglycerides, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, C-reactive protein, lipid peroxidation indicators: malondialdehyde, diene conjugates, schiff bases, hydroperoxides, catalase, superoxide dismutase, succinate dehydrogenase (ASDH), α-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase (α-AGFDH). Hemorheological parameters were evaluated by the apparent viscosity of blood, the yield strength, the aggregation coefficient of erythrocytes and platelets. The microbiota and microbiome of the intestine were evaluated by species, strain composition and the level of metabolites-propionic, butyric, acetic acid, lipopolysaccharides, peptidoglycans. A questionnaire was conducted to study the nature of nutrition.

RESULTS: The study included 128 patients with MS and 25 healthy individuals. According to medical outpatient records from anamnesis, questioning of each patient, complaints and clinical picture, 26.2% of patients had type 2 diabetes, 3.74% of men had erectile dysfunction, 7.5% of women had polycystic ovaries, 15.1% had night apnea syndrome, 8.7% hyperuricemic syndrome, 96.5% of patients had metabolic fatty liver steatosis. According to the results of the survey, it was revealed that 99.8% of patients adhered to an unhealthy and unbalanced, high-calorie diet, 46.4% of patients had a low level of physical activity, 48.7% had an average. The revealed disorders of lipid, carbohydrate metabolism, microbiota and intestinal microbiome were associated with increased lipid peroxidation, decreased levels of antioxidant defense enzymes, indicators reflecting mitochondrial function against the background of hemorheological disorders.

CONCLUSION: In multi-organ MS, unhealthy diet can be considered as a targeted risk factor triggering pathophysiological mechanisms at the level of the intestinal microbiota, followed by a cascade of metabolic disorders in the form of activation of lipid peroxidation with inhibition of antioxidant defense enzymes, the development of multi-organ mitochondrial insufficiency and the development of latent hemorheological syndrome. The revealed metabolic complex obviously constitutes a multiorgan morphological cluster underlying the development of multi-organ metabolic syndrome. Based on the identified disorders, pathogenetically justified correction of MS should include a balanced diet with mitochondrial protective therapy.

[Polyphenols as promising bioactive compounds]

Polyphenols are diverse and widespread bioactive plant-based compounds. These compounds are found in various foods such as berries, fruits, vegetables, cereals, nuts, coffee, cacao, spices, seeds. They are divided into phenolic acids, stilbenes, flavonoids, lignans depending on their molecular structure. They attract the attention of researchers due to wide range of biological effects on human body. The purpose of this work was to analyze modern scientific publications on the biological effects of polyphenols. Material and methods. The review is based on publications presented in the PubMed, Google Scholar, ResearchGate, Elsevier, eLIBRARY, Cyberleninka databases using "polyphenols", "flavonoids", "resveratrol", "quercetin", "catechins" as key words. Preference was given to original researches over the past 10 years published in refereed journals. Results. Oxidative stress, chronic inflammation, microbiome disorders, insulin resistance, excessive protein glycation, and genotoxic effects are at the heart of the pathogenesis of many diseases, including those associated with age. A large amount of material has been accumulated on the antioxidant, anticarcinogenic, epigenetic, metabolic, geroprotective, anti-inflammatory and antiviral effects of polyphenols. This gives reasons to consider polyphenols as very promising micronutrients, which inclusion in the diet can reduce the risk of developing cardiovascular, oncological, neurodegenerative diseases, diabetes mellitus, obesity, metabolic syndrome, premature aging, that is, the main causes of death, a decrease in the duration and quality of life of a modern person. Conclusion. Expanding the range of products enriched with polyphenols with their high bioavailability is a promising area of scientific research and development of production in order to prevent socially significant age-associated diseases.

[About attitude of graduates of medical specialties to job placement in primary health care and post-graduate training]

In order to study attitude of graduates of medical specialties to employment in primary health care system and to postgraduate medical education, anonymous survey was carried out on sampling of 188 graduates of medical institute of the Belgorod State National Research University in 2020-2021. The analysis established that married students more often than single ones seek permanent job with guaranteed salary and social protection. The advanced graduates easier get their future specialty than weak and satisfactory ones. The graduates-foreign citizens and stateless ones consider themselves under-prepared for medical practice as compared with graduates-residents of city and oblast. The youths more often than girls meet future employers. the weak graduates meet the employers less often than advanced graduates. The satisfactory graduates, as compared with weak and advanced graduates, more often have close relatives among medical workers. By the time they graduate, youths more often than girls get experience of practical medical activity. The advanced graduates also more frequently get practical medical experience than weak and satisfactory graduates.

[The experience of reforming primary health care in conditions of demographic trends of average population age increasing]

The article presents experience of reforming of primary health care in the Belgorod Oblast in 2016-2019. In the course of reforming the original organizational model of interaction between doctors and patients developed and implemented. The measures were applied to strengthen the material-technical base and personnel potential of primary medical care. The offices of General Practitioners were arranged within step accessibility for patients. The continuous training of family physicians was organized at the workplace. The unified regional medical information system was developed and implemented enabling corporate conference communication, remote consultations, population feedback and remote arrangement of making appointment with physician. The differentiated approach to medical personnel remuneration of labor was brought on the basis of key performance indices that permitted to increase their salary and quality of work. As a result of the reforms, the percentage of people covered by family physicians dispensary observation increased by 13%, number of emergency calls decreased by 3.3% and number of calls because of illness reduced by 17%. The mortality rate of people older than able-bodied age began to decrease and population life expectancy reached prognosticated numbers of 74 years in 2019.

Psychological Continuum of Elderly Patients Suffering from Arterial Hypertension with Metabolic Syndrome, Against the Background of Chronotherapy with a Fixed Combination of Amlodipine, Lisinopril and Rosuvastatin

Aim        To study the psychological continuum in elderly patients with arterial hypertension associated with metabolic syndrome during the chronotherapy with a fixed combination (FC) of amlodipine, lisinopril, and rosuvastatin.Material and methods        In the inpatient conditions, 63 patients aged 60-74 years with arterial hypertension associated with metabolic syndrome were treated with chronotherapy with a FC of amlodipine, lisinopril, and rosuvastatin (5 / 10 / 10 mg/day in the evening). These patients composed the main group. The control group (58 patients aged 60-74 years with arterial hypertension associated with metabolic syndrome) was treated with the FC of amlodipine, lisinopril, and rosuvastatin at the same dose of 5 / 10 / 10 mg/day in the morning.Results   At one year, the disorders of psychological continuum were significantly decreased with the chronotherapy (evening dosing) with the antihypertensive FC of amlodipine, lisinopril, and rosuvastatin compared to the traditional treatment (morning dosing) at the same dose of 5 / 10 / 10 mg/day in both groups. With the chronotherapeutic approach, the dynamic of cognitive disorders in patients aged 60-74 years with arterial hypertension associated with metabolic syndrome was characterized by a significant increase in the Mini-Mental-State-Examination scale score from 17.8±0.3 at baseline to 23.5±0.4 with the evening dosing (р<0.001) vs. the increase from 16.9±0.3 to 20.4±0.4 (р<0.001) with the morning dosing. The situational anxiety score decreased from 40.0±2.2 to 30.6±1.8 (р<0.05) and from 40.8±2.5 to 33.5±1.9  (р<0.05), and the trait anxiety score decreased from 48.8±2.0 to 26.4±1.9 (р<0.001) and from 44.9±1.9 to 30.7±1.7  (р<0.01) with the evening and morning dosing, respectively. Depressive disorders slightly decreased with the chronotherapy by 14.1 % vs. 7.7 % with the traditional regimen; nevertheless, they were consistent with depressive spectrum disorders in both groups.Conclusion            The study results showed a higher effectiveness of the chronotherapeutic treatment compared to the traditional treatment with FC of amlodipine, lisinopril, and rosuvastatin in arterial hypertension with metabolic syndrome.

[Key Molecular Mechanisms of Aging, Biomarkers, and Potential Interventions]

The mechanisms of aging are described at the molecular, cell, tissue, and systemic levels. Primary age-dependent molecular lesions activate the cell stress response to compensate for the resulting defects, but the mechanisms that recover and maintain homeostasis are gradually deteriorated. When the amount of errors reaches a critical threshold in regulatory networks, a phase transition from health to disease occurs at the systemic level. The review considers the approaches to quantitative assessment of the aging process (biomarkers of aging) and promising interventions to slow down the aging process and to reduce the risk of age-dependent diseases.

Genetic mechanisms of the influence of light and phototransduction on Drosophila melanogaster lifespan

The light of the visible spectrum (with wavelengths of 380-780 nm) is one of the fundamental abiotic factors to which organisms have been adapting since the start of biological evolution on the Earth. Numerous literature sources establish a connection between the duration of exposure to daylight, carcinogenesis and longevity, convincingly showing a significant reduction in the incidence of cancer in blind people, as well as in animal models. On the other hand, the stimulating nature of the effect of continuous illumination on reproductive function was noted, in particular, the effects of increasing the fecundity of females of various species are known. Increase in motor activity and, as a result, in metabolic rate and thermogenesis during permanent exposure to light also reduces the body's energy reserves and lifespan. In principle, in the context of aging, not only the exposure time, but also the age at the onset of exposure to constant illumination matter, the reverse effects are valid for the maintenance of experimental animals in the constant darkness. Over the long period of the evolution of light signal transduction systems, many mechanisms have emerged that allow to form an adequate response of the organism to illumination, modulating the highly conservative signaling cascades, including those associated with aging and lifespan (FOXO, SIRT1, NF-kB, mTOR/S6k, PPARa, etc). In this review, we consider the relationship between lifespan, photoregimens, and also the expression of the genes encoding the phototransduction cascade and the circadian oscillator elements of animal cells. In the present paper, basic transducers of light and other signals, such as the family of TRP receptors, G proteins, phospholipase C, and others, are considered in the context of aging and longevity. A relationship between the mechanisms of thermoreception, the temperature synchronization of the circadian oscillator and the life span is established in the review. Analysis of experimental data obtained from the Drosophila melano-gaster model allowed us to formulate the hypothesis of age-dependent photoresistance - a gradual decrease in the expression of genes associated with phototransduction and circadian oscillators, leading to deterioration in the ability to adapt to the photoregimen and to the increase in the rate of aging.

[The effects of cloudberry extract on Drosophila melanogaster lifespan and stress resistance.]

We have previously shown that carotenoids increase lifespan of model organisms Drosophila melanogaster and Caenorhabditis elegans. In the present study, we investigated the effects of cloudberry extract, an abundant food for people in North, with a relatively large carotenoid content on Drosophila melanogaster lifespan parameters and resistance to different stress conditions. It was shown that the cloudberry extract increased the median lifespan and the age of 90% mortality of females up to 11-19%. The rate of aging was decreased up to 13%. The effects of cloudberry extract on lifespan of males were less expressed. In some cases, they were even negative. The extract had no effects on males and females' resistance to starvation. However, it decreased the resistance of males to oxidative stress.

[The relationship of lifespan with characteristics of life cycle and stress resistance in 12 species of Drosophila]

In the present study, we investigated the relationship of lifespan with different characteristics of the life history (length of the developmental period, imago body weight, fecundity) and stress resistance (response to oxidative stress, hyperthermia, starvation, and ionizing radiation) in flies of 12 species of the Drosophila genus. It was shown, that D. virilis has the highest maximum lifespan, but the lifespan of D. kikkawai was lowest. The investigated features have a positive (length of the developmental period, imago body weight, stress resistance) or negative (fecundity) correlation with species lifespan. Apparently, the observed differences are caused by adaptations of the species to different environmental conditions of their natural habitat, and lifespan is a key indicator of integrative fitness, reflecting the viability and various characteristics of life history and stress resistance.

[Genetic Control of Circadian Rhythms and Aging]

The review establishes a link between a group of genes which are conserved in evolution and form a molecular oscillator responsible for generation of circadian rhythms and genetic determinants of aging including associated pathways of intracellular signaling. An analysis of mechanisms of development of age-dependent pathologies is conducted from the viewpoint of circadian genetics. Systematic data of circadian gene expression studies in animals demonstrating different rates of aging from accelerated to negligible are presented.

[Role of DNA repair genes in radiation-induced changes of lifespan of Drosophila melanogaster]

One of the main effects of various stress factors, including ionizing radiation, is DNA damage. Accumulation of DNA damage and somatic mutations in the somatic tissues is regarded as one of the basic mechanisms of aging. We have developed an approach to the study of molecular and genetic mechanisms of radioadaptation, which is based on the analysis of changes in the lifespan of Drosophila with a transformed genotype. In this study we investigated the radioadaptive response and hormesis by radiation-induced changed of the lifespan of different strains of Drosophila melanogaster, such as a wild type strain Canton-Sand strains with mutations in DNA damage response gene (homologue of GADD45), excision repair genes (homologues of XPF, XPC, PCNA) and double-strand breaks repair genes (homologues of RAD54, XRCC3, BLM). The exposure to irradiation at the dose rate of 40 cGy was performed chronically through the stages of fly development; an acute exposure at the dose rate of 30 Gy was applied to the adult stages of flies. Also, we investigated the resistance to acute gamma-radiation of Drosophila with conditional ubiquitous overexpression of genes that are involved in DNA damage recognition (homologues of GADD45, HUS1, CHK2), excision repair (homologues of XPF, XPC, AP-endonuclease-1) and double-strand break repair (homologues of BRCA2, XRCC3, KU80, WRNexo). In the wild type strain Canton-S, manifestation of the radioadaptive response and radiation hormesis were observed. In individuals with DNA repair gene mutations, no radioadaptive response was observed, or observed to a lesser extent than in wild type flies. Mifepristone--inducible transgene activation does not lead to an increase in resistance to acute irradiation by the parameters of lifespan of Drosophila. Overexpression of DNA repair genes led to a sharp decline in lifespan also in the absence of irradiation.

Geroprotective effects of activation of D-GADD45 DNA reparation gene in Drosophila melanogaster nervous system

The expression of D-GADD45 gene involved in DNA reparation in Drosophila melanogaster decreases with age. Overexpression of D-GADD45 in the drosophila nervous system prolongs the median and maximum life span without deterioration of the quality of life parameters (fertility and neuromuscular activity). The life span prolongation effect is due to more effective DNA reparation, as spontaneous level of DNA aberrations in the nerve tissue of larvae with D-GADD45 overexpression is reduced significantly.

Increase of Drosophila melanogaster lifespan due to D-GADD45 overexpression in the nervous system

The GADD45 protein family plays an important role in stress signaling and participates in the integration of cellular response to environmental and physiological factors. GADD45 proteins are involved in cell cycle control, DNA repair, apoptosis, cell survival and aging, and inflammatory response by complicated protein-protein interactions. In Drosophila melanogaster a single D-GADD45 ortholog (GG1086) has been described. Our data show that overexpression of the D-GADD45 gene in the nervous system leads to a significantly increase of Drosophila lifespan without a decrease in fecundity and locomotor activity. The lifespan extension effect is more pronounced in males than in females, which agrees with the sex-dependent expression of this gene. The longevity of D. melanogaster with D-GADD45 overexpression is apparently due to more efficient recognition and repair of DNA damage, as the DNA comet assay showed that the spontaneous DNA damage in the larva neuroblasts is reduced with statistical significance.

Effect of PARP-1 overexpression and pharmacological inhibition of NF-kB on the lifespan of Drosophila melanogaster

Age-dependent accumulation of genome rearrangements leads to cellular senescence, overall aging and lifespan decreasing of the organism. In this respect, it is important to study the effect of overexpression of DNA repair genes on the lifespan and aging parameters (rates of age-related decline of fertility and locomotor activity). The present work investigates how the overexpression of the PARP-1 gene, which is involved in various mechanisms of DNA repair (base excision repair and DNA double-strand breaks repair), combined with a pharmacological inhibition of the NF-kB transcription factor that controls the genes of inflammatory response, affects the lifespan of Drosophila melanogaster. It is demonstrated that in males, constitutive activation of PARP-1 overexpression in the nervous system throughout the lifetime results in reduced median (by 14%) and maximum (by 8%) lifespan, whereas in females the median (by 14%) and maximum (by 20%) lifespan increases. Activation of PARP-1 overexpression in the imago (conditionally) results in extension of the median (by 3-16%) and the maximum (by 10-15%) lifespan in females and males, respectively. The lifespan increase in females with PARP-1 conditional overexpression was accompanied by decrease of fertility. Selective pharmacological inhibition of transcription factor NF-kB with pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate increases the median (by 13-20%) and the maximum (by 11-14%) lifespan in females and males, respectively. No synergic effect between conditionally activated PARP-1 expression and NF-kB inhibition is observed. The geroprotective effect of PARP-1 overexpression depends on the sex and the life history stage of overexpression induction.

[Pharmacological PI 3-kinase inhibitors induce radioprotective effect in Drosophila melanogaster imago]

Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) signaling cascade is involved in many cell processes that are required for radioresistance, including proliferation, survival, growth, metabolism, and death. At the whole organism level PI3K signaling cascade is involved in lifespan control. In this study the contribution of PI3-signaling cascade to radioresistance of Drosophila melanogaster imago was investigated. It is shown that pretreatment with Pl3-kinase specific inhibitor LY294002 (5, 100 micromol/l) and wortmannin (5 micromol/1) leads to increase of male and female survival after acute irradiation in dose of 30 Gy. The obtained results demonstrate that PI3K specific inhibition induces radioprotective effect on Drosophila melanogaster imago.

Pharmacological inhibition of phosphoinositide 3 and TOR kinases improves survival of Drosophila melanogaster

Recent progress in our understanding of genetic mechanisms of aging and longevity provides an opportunity to select some enzymes as targets for pharmacological correction. The phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) and TOR-kinase cascades are affected in some long-lived mutants of different animals, such as nematodes and mice. The purpose of this study was to investigate the geroprotector efficiency of the inhibitors of enzymes that are known to be affected in long-lived mutants. Experimental animals were exposed to low dozes of LY-294002 (5 microM), wortmannin (0.5 microM), and rapamycin (0.5 microM) separately during their lifetimes. We have shown that the specific PI3K inhibitors (LY-294002 and wortmannin) and the TOR-kinase inhibitor rapamycin slightly increase the median and maximal lifespan of the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster.

[FOXO tanscription factor role in radiation adaptive response and hormisis in Drosophila melanogaster]

Previously we put forward a hypothesis about the role of FOXO-dependent mechanisms of stress-response gene activation after irradiation in radiation hormesis (Moskalev, 2008). To testify this assumption we analyze the influence of gamma-irradiation on duration of larvae development and imago lifespan in Drosophila strains with different FOXO function activity. We revealed that in FOXO hypomorphic allele homozygote strains the hormesis and adaptive response (increasing of larvae stage duration and longevity) were absent, in contrast to B wild type strain Canton-S and FOXO-heterozygotes.

[Evolution conceptions about the nature of aging]

The work presents aging as the age-dependant fractal process consisting in increasing of quantity of homeostasis disturbances at molecular, subcellular, cell-tissue and system levels. The facts testifying to simultaneous evolutional complication of aging and anti-aging forms are considered. The evolutional stages of the beginnings of "molecular", "segregational", "conditional", "clonal", postmitotic and systemic aging types are displayed.

[Lignins of Rhodiola rosea and Serratula coronata: peculiarities of chemical structure and antioxidant properties]

Data on comparative investigations of chemical structure of lignins from medical grassy plants Rhodiola rosea and Serratula coronata lignins were obtained. The NMR and ESR spectroscopy, and functional and element analysis were used. The high antioxidant activity of lignins was shown. Experimental evidence of anti-aging activity of Rhodiola rosea lignin on model objects Drosophila melanogaster were presented.

[Adaptive response comparison of CBA mice splenocyte and Drosophila melanogaster larva neuroblast, developed in conditions of chronic gamma-irradiation influence with low-dose rate]

The level of DNA damage and apoptosis of mice splenocytes, developed in condition of chronic gamma-irradiation with low-doze rate (8 +/- 2 cGy), in response to high-dose irradiation (2 Gy) in the completion of irradiation, as well in 30 minutes after irradiation was analysed. Reaction of neuroblasts of Drosophila melanogaster larvae (4 cGy - priming dose, 3 and 6 Gy--challenging doses) is also investigated. The adaptive response by the level of DNA-damage is shown for both objects. This resistance is presumably connected to increase of DNA-damage repair efficiency in preirradiated objects, as well promotion of sensitivity to apoptosis (in the case of Drosophila larvae neuroblast). It is assumed, that observed changes may be result of selection of cell during development in condition of an chronic irradiation.

[Low-dose rate irradiation induced hormesis, hypersensitivity and adaptive response in Drosophila melanogaster of radiosensitive strains]

We have studied the adaptive response after chronic low dose irradiation (2.5 mGy/h) in wild type Drosophila melanogaster strains (Canton-S and Oregon-R), as well as mutant strains on DNA damage sensing (mei-41), DNA repair (mus209, mus210, mus309, rad54) and free radicals detoxification (sod). The effects of irradiation on the prolongation of the larval stage, pupa lethality, and imago whole body weight have been analyzed. The high dose irradiation (30 Gy, 0.05 Gy/s) induced prolongation of the prepupal period and lethality in all wild type and mutant strains under investigation. The chronic low dose irradiation resulted in shortening of the larval development period (hormetic effect) was observed in wild type (Oregon-R) and mutant (mus209) strains (absorbed dose was 20 cGy) of Drosophila. At the same time these strains demonstrated the hormetic effect after chronic low dose irradiation. The hypersensitivity effect was found in sod and rad54 larvae (20 cGy, prolongation of the prepural period), and rad54 and mei-41 pupa (40 cGy, increase of death rate). The larvae of hypersensitive strains and pupa of all strains under investigation did not have the adaptive response. The chronic irradiation in 6 and 60 cGy with the dose rate of 0.25 and 2.5 mGy/h induced the hormetic effect (imago whole body weight enhancement) Canton-S. The obtained results suggest the important role of free radical detoxification, of DNA damage sensing, and of DNA repair mechanisms in the whole organism radiation induced effects. The appearance of the adaptive response depends on the investigated effect and developmental stage of fly.

[Prospective trends in genetics of aging and longevity]

The current state in genetics of aging and longevity in Russia and abroad has been considered in the analytical review. The key parts of genome regulation of aging have been revealed. The major gene groups, which determine longevity, cell senescence and premature senescence syndromes, have been marked out. The genes, which may serve as aging biomarkers have been noted. Basing on literature data analyses the author has suggested the plan of future investigations in the field of genetics of human longevity, which realization will enable to extend the life span and to improve the quality of life.

[Adaptive response on life span alteration in Drosophila melanogaster strains with mutations in heat shock factor and heat shock proteins genes]

The survival adaptive response (the life span alteration) induced by low-level radiation was studied in Drosophila using wild type strain (Canton-S) and strains mutant in genes of heat shock factor Hsf (1-4 alleles) and heat shock proteins (Hsp70Ba(304), Hsp83(e6A), Hsp22(EY09909)). The inductive doses of gamma-radiation were 6 and 60 cGy at a dose of 0.017 and 0.17 cGy/h. As a challenging dose we used feeding of flies by 20 mM paraquat in 5% sucrose solution during 24 h. The adaptive response was induced by chronic low dose irradiation in all experimental variants except Hsf4 and Hsp70Ba(304) homozygous strains. In Hsp22 homozygous strain the adaptive response was found only in males but wasn't in females. Thus the Drosophila strain homozygous on Hsp and Hsfmutations do not demonstrate the adaptive response in the most of studied variants. These results indicate the direct involvement of Hsp and Hsf genes to the formation of adaptive response.

[Genetic investigations of low doze irradiation influence on life span]

It is reviewed the achievements in the field of radiation-genetics investigations of low doze radiation influence on life span. It is suggested that life span decreasing after irradiation is due to stress-induced premature cell senescence. Life span increasing after irradiation, possibly, is connected with stress-induced activation of FOXO transcription factors, which induce on the basis of stress depth: 1) genes of stress tolerance (MnSOD, catalase, GADD45, p27), 2) apoptosis genes (Bim, FasL). Stress-resistance as well as apoptosis of damaged cells can attenuate aging. In generations of chronic irradiation life span increasing may be due to inbreeding depression removal in populations of laboratory animals.

[About genetic determinants of aging pathways]

Aging of organism is a complex process, however it is succeeded to mark out of new evolution-conservative genetic component of longevity and aging. Among the most perspective problems, connecting with this component, there are search of longevity genes in model animals, investigations of mechanisms of environment influence on aging speed (meal quality, light and temperature regimes, irradiation and hypergravity), revealing of aging biomarkers and genes, determined exceptional centenarians in human, and non-genetics methods of aging correction. The most impressive results observed in gerontogene search. In yeast and nematodes there are mutations, which increase maximum lifespan on 10 times, in Drosophila and mice--about 2 times. Nevertheless, genes regulated the aging speed by indirection, controlling organism resistance to damages by exogenous and endogenous stresses.

[Age dynamics of DNA damage, apoptosis and cell senescence in mice exposed to low dose gamma-irradiation in early development stages]

The analysis of age dynamics of mortality, body mass, DNA damages, apoptosis and cell senescence in mice irradiated by low dose rate gamma-rays (8 +/- 2 cGy) in early development stages have been carried out. It is displayed the increasing of DNA damage level in 8th and 11th months connected with decreasing of their sensitivity to apoptosis, elevation of mortality rate and drop of body mass after irradiation. Presented data are interpreted from a point of view of selection of non-repairable cells, which are not able to cope with low level of damages after irradiation in small doses.

[Longevity extension by specific inhibition of pI3K in Drosophila melanogaster]

Mutational decreasing of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) cascade genes function leads to a life span increase in a lot of model organisms. However the geroprotector effect of pharmacological inhibition of PI3K has not yet been studied. In this connection, we analyzed life span of D. melanogaster wild type laboratory strain Canton-S after treatment by LY-294002 (5 microM), that is a specific inhibitor of PI3K at preimaginal stages of development and imago. It is shown that imago feeding by LY-294002 results in lifespan increase. The median lifespan increases by 14% in males and by 14.3% in females, the maximal--by 22.5% in males, and by 16.3% in females. The obtained results demonstrate that specific inhibition of P13K has a geroprotector effect on D. melanogaster imago.

[The influence of low doze gamma-irradiation on life span of Drosophila mutants with defects of DNA damage sensation and repair]

It was shown that life span of wild type strain Canton-S increased after low doze gamma-irradiation. It was revealed the decrease of life span after irradiation in Drosophila mutants with defects of DNA damage sensation and repair genes mei-9 and mei-41, both in homozygous and heterozygous lines. In mei-41 line males' lives longer than females in contrast to other lines.

[The phenomenon of the single-strand DNA breaks level decrease in blood system cells in first generation chronically irradiated mice]

For the first time has been shown experimentally that chronic low dose-rate gamma-radiation (0.04 mGy/hr) exposure leads to decrease of the single-strand DNA breaks level in spleen cells in 2.3 times (p < 0.001) and blood leukocytes in 6.1 times (p < 0.01), a decrease of the apoptotic cells frequency in 1.3 times (p < 0.05) and an increase in the spleen relative mass ratio B 1.2 times (p < 0.001) in CBA mice offspings (F1) from the chronically irradiated parents and exposed to chronic irradiation during the embryonic and postembryonic periods. A hypothesis about the more compact chromatin structure of blood system cells in the individuals of the first generation from chronically irradiated mice is proposed.

[The influence of dysgenic sterility on sexual dimorphism of life span in Drosophila Melanogaster]

It was analyzed the life span of fertile and sterile (as a result of P-M hybrid dysgenesis) flies. In investigation the F1 hybrids from the crosses of wild type Drosophila strains Canton-S (M) and Harwich (P) were used. Reciprocal crosses of these strains enable to obtain fertile and sterile hybrids with the same genotypes. It is shown the reduction of life span in sterile females and an increase of life span in sterile males. The obtained results indicate that signals from male and female gonads have opposite effects on longevity. Whereas in fertile flies sexual dimorphism that manifested in greater female longevity was observed, in sterile flies females had duration of life close to males. The leveling of the life span characteristics in sterile females and males shows that mechanism of sexual life span differences relates to reproductive system. It seems to be possible that testicles induce some mechanism that shortens males life span, and ovaries are the source of the signal extending females life span.

[Recessive lethal mutation in X-cromosome locus 6D1-7A2 in heterozygote leads to life span increasing in Drosophila melanogaster]

The results of demographic analysis of survival of different Drosophila lines have shown that recessive lethal mutation located in X-chromosome locus 6D1-7A2, as compared with wild type strain, in heterozygote leads to aging speed deceleration (decreasing of mortality trajectory slope), median (20%) and maximal (15-20%) life span increasing. Further investigations (complementation analysis with duplicated loci) will enable to discover, whether it is unknown life span gene.

[Genetic aspects of the irradiation in small doses of laboratory lines and experimental populations Drosophila melanogaster]

One of explanations of revealed effects of small doses of an irradiation is induced genetic instability on which background there is a realization of the various radiobiological reactions resulting as to stimulation, and significant oppression of the vital functions of a cell or an organism. In work the given estimations of consequences of an irradiation in small doses of mutant lines of the drosophila are submitted. Paramount value in definition of their size and an orientation of reaction of a genotype is supposed, that, have processes leaders to change of activity of mobile genetic elements and programmed destruction of a cell.

[Life-span in generations of chronic irradiated Drosophila wild type isogenic and geterogenic strains]

With the goal to study radioadaptation on life-span and observe the role in this phenomenon of genotype, we investigated the dynamics of life-span in 14 consistent generations after chronic gamma-irradiation in heterogenic (Canton-S) and isogenic (Oregon-R spa) Drosophila wild type strains. The gamma-source was 226Ra in dose 60 cGy per generation. The animals kept in standard conditions (25 degrees C and 12 h lighting). Was shown, that the dynamics of median life-span in wild type strains Canton-S and Oregon-R spa was different and the character of alterations depends on genetic heterogeneity. After chronic irradiation in generations in heterogenic line Canton-S since 5 generation cyclic life-span oscillations disappeared, values of median life-span leave on a plateau. Since the 8th generation the life-span values of irradiated populations exceeded all the control values. As a result of the irradiation practically in all generations in isogenic line Oregon-R spa occurs increasing of life-span with the comparing to non-irradiated control. This is possible due to the positive influence of radio-induced heterogeneity on the life-span of isogenic strain. Thus, chronic irradiation led to violation of natural cyclic dynamics of Drosophila life-span in heterogenic strain, discovered in the end 80-s' years by F. Lints and D. Ismaylov. Irradiation of isogenic strain led to increasing of life-span in all generations.