Relationship between Maternal Haemoglobin and Fetal Weight

Aims: This study was done to determine the relationship between maternal haemoglobin and fetal weight. Methods: This study was carried out at Paropakar Maternity and Women’s Hospital in 491 primigravidas with full term singleton pregnancy. The study population was divided into two groups, one who had haemoglobin 10 gm% or more and the other women having haemoglobin less than 10 gm%. Fetal weight as the outcome variable was compared between anaemic and nonanaemic mothers and the relation between maternal haemoglobin and fetal weight was studied. Results: The prevalence of anaemia was 46.2% out of which 99.5% had mild anaemia and 0.5% had moderate anaemia. Mean haemoglobin level was 11.54 gm% among non anaemic women and mean birth weight was 2.9 kg in this group whereas mean haemoglobin level was 9.2 gm% in anaemic women and mean birth weight was 2.6 kg in this group and 60% babies had low birth weight (<2.5 kg) born to anaemic women (haemoglobin <10 gm%), and 40% babies had fetal weight >2.5 kg. Similarly babies born to nonanaemic women (haemoglobin >10 gm%) 18.1% had LBW and 81.9% had fetal weight >2.5 kg. The risk of low birth weight was 6.8 times higher among anaemic mothers as compared to non- anaemic mothers which was statistically significant with p-value of 0.0001 (OR 6.80 95% CI, 3.83-12.12). Conclusions: Anemia in pregnancy is one of the causes for poor fetal outcome. Proper antenatal care and counseling can reduce the incidence of anaemia in pregnancy. Nepal Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology / Vol 8 / No. 1 / Issue 15 / Jan- June, 2013 / 37-40 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njog.v8i1.8860

Isolation and evaluation of novel adeno-associated virus sequences from porcine tissues

High antigenic compatibility and low toxicity is associated with xenograft transplantation of porcine tissues in immunodeficient human recipients. We hypothesized that adeno-associated viruses (AAVs) of porcine origin could be highly compatible to human tissues and thus of good efficiency and low toxicity for in vivo gene transfer. Porcine tissues were screened by PCR for the presence of AAV using primers designed to bind conserved regions and amplify variable regions of an alignment of several AAV sequences available on GenBank. We isolated new AAV capsid sequences from porcine tissues and successfully generated a recombinant AAV2/po1 vector by transfection. The AAV2/po1 vector was not cross-neutralized by antisera generated against all other commonly used AAVs (serotype 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7 and 8) indicating a distinct antigenic profile. Preexisting immunity to AAVpo1 could not be detected in the human sera evaluated. In mice, AAV2/po1 particles expressing beta-galactosidase or green fluorescent protein demonstrated high transduction efficiency in muscle fibers and the retina after intramuscular or intraocular administration. Biodistribution experiments following systemic administration showed efficient gene transfer exclusively in muscle fibers. Novel AAVs derived from porcine tissues may contribute to the generation of new preventive or curative clinical modalities acceptable for human use.

Single incision for implanting a vagal nerve stimulator system (VNSS): technical note

BACKGROUND

A technique for implanting the vagal nerve stimulator system through a single incision is described.

METHOD

A transverse incision is made in the lower part of the neck. Subcutaneous (s.c.) dissection is then done over the clavicle into the infraclavicular area to create a pocket. The vagus nerve is exposed and the electrodes are wrapped around it through the neck incision. The distal ends of the lead are connected to the pulse generator, and latter is then placed in the infraclavicular pocket through the neck incision.

RESULTS

Thirty-eight implants were conducted with this technique. The pulse generator could be implanted and anchored to the underlying tissue without any difficulty. Except for wound infections in two patients there was no other complication.

CONCLUSION

A single incision is an alternate to the double incision procedure. This procedure can be performed safely.

Probing protein-protein interactions in real time

We have used a prototype small cantilever atomic force microscope to observe, in real time, the interactions between individual protein molecules. In particular, we have observed individual molecules of the chaperonin protein GroES binding to and then dissociating from individual GroEL proteins, which were immobilized on a mica support. This work suggests that the small cantilever atomic force microscope is a useful tool for studying protein dynamics at the single molecule level.

Human mini-chromosomes with minimal centromeres

We have introduced a 6.5 Mb human mini-chromosome with a complex centromere structure into DT40 cells and have used sequence targeting and telomere-directed chromosome breakage to dissect the sequence requirements for centromere function. These experiments proved that a vertebrate centromere with two blocks of functional alphoid DNA separated by 2.5 Mb can exist as a stable structure in some but not all vertebrate cells. Further experiments indicated that recovery of chromosomes with less than approximately 100 kb of alphoid DNA is very inefficient, suggesting that a functional centromere requires a minimum of approximately 100 kb of alphoid DNA. Mini-chromosomes with minimal centromeres segregate accurately in some but not all vertebrate cells and should be useful for the detection of sequence-specific factors required for vertebrate centromere maintenance.

Glomerular extracellular matrix components and integrins

It has become apparent that extracellular matrix components and their cellular receptors, the integrins, are important regulators of glomerular development and function. In this rapidly evolving field we studied the production of extracellular matrix components and integrins by rat glomerular visceral epithelial and mesangial cells, using molecular probes and antibodies that have recently become available. Special attention was paid to laminin isoforms and to splice variants of the integrin subunits alpha 3 and alpha 6. Results were compared to the in vivo expression in human fetal, newborn and adult kidneys. The mesangial cells were found to produce laminin-1, nidogen and two as yet unidentified laminin isoforms with putative alpha chains of about 395 (alpha x) and of 375 kDa (alpha y), tentatively described before as bovine kidney laminin. Furthermore, they expressed the integrins alpha 1 beta 1, alpha 2 beta 1, alpha 3A beta 1, alpha 5 beta 1, alpha v beta 3, alpha v beta 5, and small amounts of alpha 6A beta 1 and alpha 6B beta 1. The glomerular visceral epithelial cells produced the two new laminin isoforms mentioned above, laminin-5, but no laminin-1 or nidogen. The integrins alpha 2 beta 1, alpha 3A beta 1, alpha 6A beta 4, alpha 6B beta 4 and the integrin subunit alpha v were found to be expressed. We show that during nephrogenesis, the laminin alpha 1 chain disappears and is replaced by another alpha chain, possibly one of the two as yet unidentified alpha chains mentioned above. The laminin beta 1 chain is replaced by the beta 2 chain somewhat later in glomerular development. In general, the integrins found to be expressed in glomeruli of adult kidney were consistent with those found in cultured glomerular visceral epithelial and mesangial cells. No splice variant switch of the integrin alpha 3 or alpha 6 subunits could be demonstrated during nephrogenesis. Our results suggest an important role for the mesangial cell in providing nidogen as a crucial component of the supramolecular structure of the glomerular basement membrane. Furthermore our results indicate that laminin alpha x beta 2 gamma 1 and alpha y beta 2 gamma 1 isoforms are important in the glomerulus of adult kidney and that the integrin alpha 3A beta 1 is the main integrin receptor for laminin isoforms on glomerular visceral epithelial and mesangial cells, both in vitro and in vivo.

Mammalian artificial chromosomes

The development of candidate vectors and of techniques for their manipulation by sequence targeting suggest that a mini-chromosome vector system for the mouse germline may be at hand. Mini-chromosome vectors should allow new sorts of genetic problems to be addressed experimentally and may accelerate the process of gene identification.

Long-range organization of reiterated sequences, including the SSX1 cDNA at the OATL1 cluster in Xp11.23

Analysis of four YACs at the OATL1 locus was undertaken to determine the organization of locally repeated sequences within the OATL1 cluster. A restriction map of ICRFy900C0874, a 600-kb YAC, was constructed using a range of rare-cutting enzymes. Several markers were isolated from the OATL1 cluster, and the YAC map was used for their localization. Markers are shown to be reiterated within the OATL1 cluster, and fine-scale mapping has identified the accurate map position and organization of these repeated sequences within a 275-kb interval. The SSX1 gene involved in synovial sarcoma tumorigenesis and localized at the OATL1 cluster is also shown to be present in a minimum of five copies, all of which map to the aforementioned region. Several markers generated in this study have homologous counterparts at OATL2; they have been utilized to delimit the duplicated region at the OATL clusters. Although instability of one of the OATL1 YACs, ICRFy900F0501, has precluded a precise sizing of this interval, it has been possible to place an upper limit of 520 kb on this region of duplication.

Construction of two YAC contigs in human Xp11.23-p11.22, one encompassing the loci OATL1, GATA, TFE3, and SYP, the other linking DXS255 to DXS146

We have constructed two YAC contigs in the Xp11.23-p11.22 interval of the human X chromosome, a region that was previously poorly characterized. One contig, of at least 1.4 Mb, links the pseudogene OATL1 to the genes GATA1, TFE3, and SYP and also contains loci implicated in Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome and synovial sarcoma. A second contig, mapping proximal to the first, is estimated to be over 2.1 Mb and links the hypervariable locus DXS255 to DXS146, and also contains a chloride channel gene that is responsible for hereditary nephrolithiasis. We have used plasmid rescue, inverse PCR, and Alu-PCR to generate 20 novel markers from this region, 1 of which is polymorphic, and have positioned these relative to one another on the basis of YAC analysis. The order of previously known markers within our contigs, Xpter-OATL1-GATA-TFE3-SYP-DXS255146- Xcen, agrees with genomic pulsed-field maps of the region. In addition, we have constructed a rare-cutter restriction map for a 710-kb region of the DXS255-DXS146 contig and have identified three CPG islands. These contigs and new markers will provide a useful resource for more detailed analysis of Xp11.23-p11.22, a region implicated in several genetic diseases.

Fusion of SYT to two genes, SSX1 and SSX2, encoding proteins with homology to the Kruppel-associated box in human synovial sarcoma

We demonstrate that the cytogenetically defined translocation t(X;18)(p11.2;q11.2) found in human synovial sarcoma results in the fusion of the chromosome 18 SYT gene to either of two distinct genes, SSX1 or SSX2, at Xp11.2. The SSX1 and SSX2 genes encode closely related proteins (81% identity) of 188 amino acids that are rich in charged amino acids. The N-terminal portion of each SSX protein exhibits homology to the Kruppel-associated box (KRAB), a transcriptional repressor domain previously found only in Kruppel-type zinc finger proteins. PCR analysis demonstrates the presence of SYT-SSX1 or SYT-SSX2 fusion transcripts in 29 of 32 of the synovial sarcomas examined, indicating that the detection of these hybrid transcripts by PCR may represent a very useful diagnostic method. Sequence analysis has demonstrated heterogeneity in the fusion transcripts with the formation of two distinct SYT-SSX1 fusion junctions and two distinct SYT-SSX2 fusion junctions.

Modifications of transnasal and transoral stereotactic procedures--technical notes

Stereotactic transnasal and transoral procedures have been reported by different authors in the past. In this paper, several modifications of these methods are described. The modifications are: transnasal approach to the frontal skull base and suprasellar regions; and transoral approaches to the clivus, the petroclival junction, medial part of the cerebellopontine angle and the lateral mass of C-1. Eleven patients were operated on using these modifications. The procedures were for biopsy and brachytherapy. No complications resulted from the procedures.

Mercuric chloride-induced programmed cell death of a murine T cell hybridoma. II. Opposite effect of interleukin-2 and interleukin-4

In susceptible animals evidence is accumulating for a primary role for Th2 cells in the course of HgCl2-induced autoimmunity, and for a contribution of Th1 cells in the self-regulated phase of this disease. We have reported that incubation of 2B4.11 T cell hybridoma with HgCl2 induced programmed cell death. This paper shows that recombinant IL-2 significantly diminished HgCl2-induced 2B4.11 cell death. Although no effect was observed upon incubation with exogenous IL-4, we observed a significant protection by adding an anti-IL-4 monoclonal antibody to the culture. Accordingly, by RT-PCR we found the presence of IL-2 receptor-encoding mRNA, and by cytofluorometry, the expression of the protein was detected only after exposure to HgCl2. Moreover, upon HgCl2 treatment, 2B4.11 cells were induced to produce IL-4. Altogether these findings showed that cytokine environment, IL-2, IL-4 otherwise defining the Th1/Th2 dichotomy, in conjunction with a chemical may differentially influence the fate of cell populations, death or survival.

Podocyte expression of MHC class I and II and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) in experimental pauci-immune crescentic glomerulonephritis

We examined immunopathological changes of podocytes in vivo which, based on in vitro studies, are thought to be relevant for the pathogenesis of renal diseases. We investigated the alterations of podocytes in local inflammation in a recently developed model of pauci-immune necrotizing crescentic glomerulonephritis (NCGN) in the rat. Frozen and plastic embedded kidney sections at different time points of the disease were incubated with antibodies directed to MHC class I, MHC class II, ICAM-1 and to relevant cytokines. Strong glomerular expression of MHC class I, II and ICAM-1 was found within 4 days, and plastic embedded sections clearly demonstrated increased cell membrane staining of podocytes. Increased glomerular interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) was detected within 24 h of induction of NCGN, and IL-1 beta and tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) were found from day 4. The potency of these cytokines to induce adhesion molecules on podocytes was investigated on rat glomerular epithelial cells in vitro. By using FACS analysis and electron microscopical techniques, we found that the in vivo expression of MHC class I, II and ICAM-1 by podocytes could in vitro be simulated by IFN-gamma. IFN-alpha weakly induced MHC class I, while IL-1 beta and TNF-alpha were ineffective. We hypothesize that podocytes in this in vivo model are important to maintain the local inflammatory process in the glomerulus by expression of relevant adhesion molecules and MHC molecules upon stimulation with specific cytokines.

Subcellular distribution of monoclonal antibody defined epitopes on immunodominant Mycobacterium tuberculosis proteins in the 30-kDa region: identification and localization of 29/33-kDa doublet proteins on mycobacterial cell wall

Two different groups of monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) directed to different epitopes on 30-kDa region proteins of Mycobacterium tuberculosis were isolated; MAbs 5F9, 5D5 and 5D2 reacted with a single 33-kDa protein band, whereas MAb 3A8 reacted with a distinct 29/33-kDa doublet when analysed by immunoblotting. The present paper describes the distribution of MAbs defined epitopes in the 29-33-kDa region proteins in well-characterized subcellular fractions: cytosol, plasma membrane, cell wall as well as culture filtrate of M. tuberculosis. MAbs 5F9, 5D5 and 5D2 reactive epitopes were found in cytosol, whereas 3A8 epitope is distributed in all cellular compartments of the mycobacterium as well as in the culture filtrate. Localization of these epitopes by indirect immunofluorescence and immunogold-labelling demonstrated that only 3A8 epitope is present on the cell surface of the mycobacterium. Both immunoblotting and ELISA showed that only MAb 3A8, and not 5F9, 5D5 and 5D2, reacted with secreted BCG 85 antigen complex of Mycobacterium bovis BCG. Furthermore, using an MAb 3A8-coupled affinity column, we purified antigen 3A8 from the cytosol fraction of M. tuberculosis. All these MAbs reacted with antigen 3A8 with varying degrees of intensity, thus suggesting that they are directed to a single protein. Absence of 5F9, 5D5 and 5D2 epitopes in the cell wall, culture filtrate and to a single protein. Absence of 5F9, 5D5 and 5D2 epitopes in the cell wall, culture filtrate and BCG-85 complex suggests that these epitopes might have been lost during the processing of the same 33-kDa protein on its way out from cytosol to the cell wall or when the protein is secreted out into the culture filtrate. Our results demonstrate, for the first time, direct evidence of the presence of a 30-kDa region protein not only in secreted antigens but also in the cell wall and on the cell surface of the mycobacterium.

Exclusion of the autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa gene from a substantial region of chromosome 1: study of a large Australian family

In an attempt to map the gene(s) responsible for autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa (ADRP), the technique of reverse genetics was used on a large multigenerational Australian pedigree. The family demonstrated a form of the disease which appears to be less severe than that observed in the Irish pedigree. It was typed for 10 restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) markers on chromosome 1. The data from the linkage study was analysed using the programs LIPED 3; six markers gave informative results. The ADRP gene was excluded from this family from 102 cM using previously prepared chromosome 1 maps. This accounts for 36% of chromosome 1 which is estimated to be the longest human chromosome.

Gene of type II autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa maps on the long arm of chromosome 3

Linkage analysis has been performed on a large Australian family segregating for the autosomal dominant form of retinitis pigmentosa (ADRP). The majority of patients had no subjective symptoms of night blindness until their second decade and good visual acuity until late in life. The disease in this family has been classified as Type II ADRP according to the subdivisions provided by both Massof and Finkelstein and Fishman and colleagues. Linkage (Omax:0.08 at Zmax:4.78) is here demonstrated between the disease locus and D3S47 (a marker locus on the long arm of chromosome 3), which showed in an earlier study very close linkage without recombination to the disease locus in an Irish pedigree with a clinically more severe and early onset (Type I) ADRP.

Enthalpy of the isotopic exchange reaction H2O + D2O → 2HDO

The enthalpy of the reaction ������������������������ H2O(l)+D2O() → 2HDO(l) at 298 K is calculated from the statistical-mechanical enthalpy of the corresponding gas-phase reaction and recent vapour-pressure isotope effect results. Enthalpies of the same reaction obtained from calorimetric results by assuming that the H2O + HDO + D2O liquid mixture is an ideal solution agree, to within the estimated uncertainities, with the calculated value. It is concluded that any 'physical' contributions are less than 20% of the measured enthalpy changes. Molar excess enthalpies of D2O(l)+H2O(l) at 298.15 K are reported and compared with earlier studies. Enthalpies of reaction obtained from our excess enthalpies show a systematic variation with mole fraction.

Liquid mixtures involving complex formation : Extensions of the ideal associated solution theory

Extensions of the ideal associated solution theory which take into account intermolecular interaction and/or size factors are derived and applied to triethylamine+ CHCl3 and diethyl ether+CHCl3. Evidence is presented for non-hydrogen-bonding specific interactions between the unlike molecules in these systems. Theories that do not take this into consideration are likely to be unsatisfactory for the determination of hydrogen-bond properties. With respect to the evaluation of ?net complex formation? properties, the extensions considered do not represent significant improvements of the simple theory. The molar enthalpies of mixing of triethylamine+CH3CCl, and diethyl ether+ CH3CCl3 have been measured at 288.15 and 298.15 K.