1
|
Kluczkovski A, Lait R, Martins CA, Reynolds C, Smith P, Woffenden Z, Lynch J, Frankowska A, Harris F, Johnson D, Halford JCG, Cook J, Tereza da Silva J, Schmidt Rivera X, Huppert JL, Lord M, Mclaughlin J, Bridle S. Learning in lockdown: Using the COVID-19 crisis to teach children about food and climate change. NUTR BULL 2021; 46:206-215. [PMID: 33821147 PMCID: PMC8014588 DOI: 10.1111/nbu.12489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Food systems are significant sources of global greenhouse gas emissions (GHGE). Since emission intensity varies greatly between different foods, changing food choices towards those with lower GHGE could make an important contribution to mitigating climate change. Public engagement events offer an opportunity to communicate these multifaceted issues and raise awareness about the climate change impact of food choices. An interdisciplinary team of researchers was preparing food and climate change educational activities for summer 2020. However, the COVID-19 pandemic and lockdown disrupted these plans. In this paper, we report on shifting these events online over the month of June 2020. We discuss what we did and the reception to our online programme. We then reflect on and highlight issues that arose. These relate to: (1) the power dynamics of children, diet and climate change; (2) mental health, diet and COVID-19; (3) engaging the wider science, agriculture and food communities; (4) the benefits of being unfunded and the homemade nature of this programme; (5) the food system, STEAM (science, technology, engineering, arts and mathematics) and diversity; and (6) how our work fits into our ongoing journey of food and climate change education.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - R. Lait
- The University of ManchesterManchesterUK
| | | | - C. Reynolds
- Centre for Food PolicyCity, University of LondonLondonUK
| | - P. Smith
- University of AberdeenAberdeenUK
| | | | | | | | - F. Harris
- Centre on Climate Change and Planetary HealthLondon School of Hygiene and Tropical MedicineLondonUK
| | - D. Johnson
- Department of Earth and Environmental SciencesThe University of ManchesterManchesterUK
| | | | - J. Cook
- The University of ManchesterManchesterUK
- Department of Environment and GeographyThe University of YorkYorkUK
| | | | - X. Schmidt Rivera
- Equitable Development and Resilience Research Group (EDR), Centre for Sustainable Energy use in Food chains (CSEF), College of Engineering, Design and Physical SciencesBrunel University LondonUxbridgeUK
| | | | - M. Lord
- Ogden Trust Regional RepManchesterUK
| | | | - S. Bridle
- The University of ManchesterManchesterUK
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
da Silva JT, da Cruz GL, Rauber F, Louzada ML, Kluczkovski ARG, Frankowska A, Schmidt X, Reynolds C, Bridle S, Levy RB. The impact of ultra-processed food on carbon, water and ecological footprints of food in Brazil. Eur J Public Health 2020. [DOI: 10.1093/eurpub/ckaa165.433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Ultra-processed foods (UPF) have been associated with major diet-related public health issues that share underlying drivers with climate change. Both challenges require major changes to the food system and so the potential benefits to health and the environment present a double motivation for transformation. Our aim is to assess the impacts of UPF on total greenhouse gas emissions (GHGE), water and ecological footprints in Brazil food purchases.
Methods
We have used data from 4 Brazilian Household Budget Surveys (1987, 1996, 2003, 2009). Each food item was classified into NOVA food groups (unprocessed/minimally processed, culinary ingredients, processed and ultra-processed). The information was linked to nutrition and footprint data. Purchases were converted into grams per capita per day to estimate total energy (kcal), percentage of energy from UPF, as well as total GHGE, water and ecological footprints. We performed linear regression to calculate year-adjusted means of footprints per 1000 Kcal by year-specific quintiles of UPF participation in the total energy. The data were analysed in R v.3.6.1 and STATA SE 14.1.
Results
The mean UPF participation in total energy varied from 13% (SD 2.4) in the 1st UPF quintile to 29% (SD 5.1) in the 5th quintile. The footprints increased linearly across quintiles: the mean g CO2eq varied from 1312 in the 1st to 1721 in the 5th UPF quintile (p-trend<0.001); the mean litres of water varied from 1420 in the 1st to 1830 in the 5th quintile (p-trend<0.001); the mean m2 varied from 9.4 in the 1st to 12.3 in the 5th quintile (p < 0.001).
Conclusions
The environmental impacts were higher for Brazilian diets with a larger fraction of energy from UPF. Specifically, low UPF diets seem to have lower GHGE, water and ecological footprints. Our findings offer new motivators for dietary change to simultaneously healthier and more sustainable eating patterns and will be of relevance to consumers and policymakers.
Key messages
Diets high in UPF cause more climate impact than diets with lower levels of UPF. Healthy and sustainable dietary patterns should be low in ultra-processed foods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J T da Silva
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - G L da Cruz
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- Research Institute, Hospital do Coracao, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - F Rauber
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - M L Louzada
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - A R G Kluczkovski
- School of Physics and Astronomy, School of Physics and Astronomy, Manchester, UK
| | - A Frankowska
- School of Physics and Astronomy, School of Physics and Astronomy, Manchester, UK
| | - X Schmidt
- Institute of Energy Futures, Brunel University London, London, UK
| | - C Reynolds
- Department of Geography, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
- Centre for Food Policy, City University, London, UK
| | - S Bridle
- School of Physics and Astronomy, School of Physics and Astronomy, Manchester, UK
| | - R B Levy
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Falandysz J, Kunito T, Kubota R, Bielawski L, Frankowska A, Falandysz JJ, Tanabe S. Multivariate characterization of elements accumulated in King Bolete Boletus edulis mushroom at lowland and high mountain regions. J Environ Sci Health A Tox Hazard Subst Environ Eng 2008; 43:1692-9. [PMID: 18988107 DOI: 10.1080/10934520802330206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Based on ICP-MS, ICP-OES, HG-AAS, CV-AAS and elementary instrumental analysis of King Bolete collected from four sites of different soil bedrock geochemistry considered could be as mushroom abundant in certain elements. King's Bolete fruiting bodies are very rich in K (> 20 mg/g dry weight), rich in Ca, Mg, Na, Rb and Zn (> 100 microg/g dw), and relatively also rich in Ag, Cd, Cs, Cu, Fe, Mn and Se (> 10 microg/g dw). The caps of King Bolete when compared to stipes around two-to three-fold more abundant are in Ag, Cd, Cs, Cu, Hg, K, Mg, Mo, N, Rb, Se and Zn. King Bolete collected at the lowland and mountain sites showed Ag, Ba, Co, Cr, Hg, K, Mg, Mn, Mo and Na in caps in comparable concentrations, and specimens from the mountain areas accumulated more Cd and Sb. Elements such as Al, Pb and Rb occurred at relatively elevated concentration in King Bolete picked up at the metal ores-rich region of the Sudety Mountains. Because of high bioconcentration potential King Bolete at the background sites accumulate in fruiting bodies great concentrations of problematic elements such as Cd, Pb and Hg, i.e. up to nearly 20, 3 and 5 microg/g dw, on the average, respectively. The interdependence among determined mineral elements examined were using the principal components analysis (PCA) method. The PCA explained 56% of the total variance. The metals tend to cluster together (Ba, Cd, Cs, Cr, Ga, Rb, Se, Sr and V; K and Mg; Cu and Mo). The results provided useful environmental and nutritional background level information on 26 minerals as the composition of King Bolete from the sites of different bedrock soil geochemistry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Falandysz
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Ecotoxicology and Food Toxicology, University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
|
5
|
Falandysz J, Gucia M, Brzostowski A, Kawano M, Bielawski L, Frankowska A, Wyrzykowska B. Content and bioconcentration of mercury in mushrooms from northern Poland. Food Addit Contam 2003; 20:247-53. [PMID: 12623649 DOI: 10.1080/0265203021000057485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Mercury (Hg) was quantified using cold vapour-atomic absorption spectrometry (CV-AAS) in the fruiting bodies of nine edible and five inedible mushrooms and in underlying soil substrate samples. In total, 404 samples comprising caps and stalks and 202 samples of soil substrate (0-10 cm layer) were collected in 1996 from Trójmiejski Landscape Park, northern Poland. Mean Hg concentrations in the soil substrate for different species varied between 10 +/- 3 and 780 +/- 500 ng x g(-1) dry wt (range 2.3-1700). Among edible mushroom species, Horse Mushroom (Agaricus arvensis), Brown Birch Scaber Stalk (Leccinum scabrum), Parasol Mushroom (Macrolepiota procera), King Bolete (Boletus edulis) and Yellow-cracking Bolete (Xerocomus subtomentosus) contained elevated concentrations of Hg ranging from 1600 +/- 930 to 6800 +/- 4000 ng x g(-1) dry wt in the caps. Concentrations of Hg in the stalks were 2.6 +/- 1.1 to 1.7 +/- 1.0 times lower than those in the caps. Some mushroom species investigated had high Hg levels when compared with specimens collected from the background reference sites elsewhere (located far away from the big cities) in northern Poland. Bioconcentration factors of Hg in the caps of Horse Mushroom, Parasol Mushroom and Brown Birch Scaber Stalk were between 150 +/- 58 and 230 +/- 150 ng x g(-1) dry wt, respectively, and for inedible Pestle-shaged Puffball (Claviata excipulformis) was 960 +/- 300 ng x g(-1) dry wt. Linear regression coefficients between Hg in caps and in stalks and Hg soil concentrations showed a positive relationship for A. arvensis and Horse mushroom (p < 0.05) and a negative correlation for the caps of Death Caps (Amanita phalloides) and Woolly Milk Cap (Lactarius torminosus) (p < 0.05), while for other species no clear trend was found.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Falandysz
- Department of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, University of Gdańsk, 18 Sobieskiego Str, PL 80-952 Gdańsk, Poland.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Falandysz J, Gucia M, Skwarzec B, Frankowska A, Klawikowska K. Total mercury in mushrooms and underlying soil substrate from the Borecka Forest, Northeastern Poland. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 2002; 42:145-54. [PMID: 11815805 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-001-0026-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2001] [Accepted: 08/05/2001] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Total mercury concentrations were determined by cold-vapor atomic absorption spectroscopy in 240 composite samples of the caps, 240 of the stalks, and 16 of the whole fruiting bodies of 13 species of wild mushrooms and in 256 samples of underlying soil substrate collected from the Borecka Forest and the adjacent area in 1998. The area of the study is a background site with no known local sources of mercury emission. The mercury concentrations of the fruiting bodies varied largely (range between 14 and 14,000 ng/g dry weight) depending on the site and mushroom species investigated, but were less varied in soil samples (between 5 and 86 ng/g dry weight). The fruiting bodies of king bolete (Boletus edulis) showed greatest content of mercury. King bolete and yellow-cracking bolete (Xerocomus subtomentosus) collected from the Borecka Forest both contained in the caps around threefold greater concentrations of mercury than were noted for the same species collected from the surrounding area with 9,900 +/- 2,700 and 3,600 +/- 1,400, and 480 +/- 190 and 160 +/- 70 ng/g dry weight, respectively. Apart from the king bolete, relatively elevated concentrations of mercury were quantified also in a whole fruiting bodies of common puffball (Lycoperdon perlatum) with 3,400 +/- 1,300 ng/g as well as in the caps and stalks of common scaber stalk (Leccinum scabrum) with 1,200 +/- 740 and 1,100 +/- 380 ng/g dry weight. In other species investigated, the mercury concentrations were below 1,000 ng/g dry weight, and the smallest values were noted for crab-scended brittle gills (Russula xerampelina) with 60 +/- 20 in the caps and 40 +/- 20 ng/g dry weight in the stalks. For the species such as larch bolete, bay bolete (Xerocomus badius), yellow-cracking bolete, king bolete, common scaber stalk, fly agaric (Amanita muscaria), crab-scented brittle gills, honey mushroom (Amariella mellea) and safron milk cap (Lactarius deliciosus) a positive correlation (0.01 < p < 0.05) between the mercury content and size (diameter) of the caps was found, and in some cases also between mercury content of the stalks and size (height) of the fruiting body. The bioconcentration factor (BCF) values of total mercury were greatest for king bolete, i.e., 250 +/- 65 in the caps and 140 +/- 47 in the stalks, while for the other species investigated were between 200 +/- 91 and 1.8 +/- 0.5 in the caps, and 94 +/- 57 and 1.7 +/- 0.4 in the stalks. Nevertheless, despite great values of BCF of mercury indicated for some species and also a positive correlation between mercury content of the caps/stalks and underlying soil substrate, subsequent coefficients of determination were usually below 40%, and only for bay bolete (stalk), yellow-cracking bolete (cap), common scaber stalk (cap), hard bolete (Leccinum griseum) (cap, stalk), crab-scented gills (stalk), and honey mushroom (cap) were up to 68, 82, 42, 82, 51, 74, and 45%, respectively. The values of the cap/stalk Hg quotient were greatest for larch bolete (Suillus flavus) collected from the Borecka Forest (4.4 +/- 1.3) and for honey mushroom (2.7 +/- 0.9) from the adjacent area.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Falandysz
- Department of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, University of Gdańsk, 18 Sobieskiego Str., PL 80-952 Gdańsk, Poland.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Falandysz J, Gucia M, Frankowska A, Kawano M, Skwarzec B. Total mercury in wild mushrooms and underlying soil substrate from the city of Umeå and its surroundings, Sweden. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 2001; 67:763-770. [PMID: 11911648 DOI: 10.1007/s001280188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J Falandysz
- Department of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, University of Gdańsk, Poland
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Falandysz J, Szymczyk K, Ichihashi H, Bielawski L, Gucia M, Frankowska A, Yamasaki S. ICP/MS and ICP/AES elemental analysis (38 elements) of edible wild mushrooms growing in Poland. Food Addit Contam 2001; 18:503-13. [PMID: 11407749 DOI: 10.1080/02652030119625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Thirty-eight elements, including toxic cadmium, lead, mercury, silver and thallium, were determined in 18 species of wild edible mushrooms collected from several sites in Pomorskie Voivodeship in northern Poland in 1994. Elements were determined by double focused high resolution inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (HR-ICP-MS) and inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES), after wet digestion of the dried samples with concentrated nitric acid in closed PTFE vessels using a microwave oven. K, P and Mg were present at levels of mg/g dry matter; Na, Zn, Ca, Fe, Cu, Mn, Rb, Ag, Cd, Hg, Pb, Cs, Sr, Al and Si were present at microg/g levels, while Tl, In, Bi, Th, U, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, La, Lu and Ba were present at ng/g levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Falandysz
- Department of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, University of Gdańsk, Poland.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Falandysz J, Frankowska A. [Bioaccumulation of elements and radionuclides by macrofungi. Review for territories of Poland]. Rocz Panstw Zakl Hig 2001; 51:321-44. [PMID: 11286084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
A bibliographic review is presented on publications related to bioaccumulation of elements, specially metals and radionuclides in fruiting bodies of higher mushrooms collected at the territory of Poland. In the paper apart from the list of references in tables is given, chronologically, name of the first author, year of publication, site, the type of work (in situ, commercial source, field experiment, laboratory study), chemical symbols of the elements and the abbreviations of the latin names of the mushroom species under study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Falandysz
- Zakład Chemii Srodowiska i Ekotoksykologii, Uniwersytet Gdański ul. Sobieskiego 18, 80-952 Gdańsk.
| | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Falandysz J, Lipka K, Danisiewicz D, Frankowska A, Apanasewicz D, Zurańska B. [Content of mercury in edible mushrooms on the terrains of Morag and Lukta]. Rocz Panstw Zakl Hig 2001; 51:345-51. [PMID: 11286085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Mercury concentrations were determined in the caps and stalks of seven species of edible mushrooms: Cantharellus cibarius, Xerocomus badius, Leccinum rufum, Leccinum scabrum, Boletus edulis, Tricholoma terreum and Marasmius oreades, collected at the area of the communes Morag and Łukta in the County of Ostróda in 1997-98. The method of mercury measurement was cold-vapour atomic absorption spectroscopy (CV-AAS) after wet digestion of the samples with concentrated nitric acid under pressure in teflon vessels in microwave oven. There were a large variation of mercury content between examined mushrooms species. Boletus edulis showed a highest mercury concentration, i.e. 3.000 +/- 1.600 ng/g in the caps and 1.800 +/- 900 ng/g dry matter in the stalks. The lowest mercury concentration was detected in Cantharellus cibarius and Tricholoma terreum.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Falandysz
- Zakład Chemii Srodowiska i Ekotoksykologii, Uniwersytet Gdański 80-952 Gdańsk, ul. Sobieskiego 19.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|