Spatial Cluster Change of Schistosoma japonicum Transmission Foci in Indonesia During the Schistosomiasis Elimination Program

PURPOSE

The Government of Indonesia committed to eliminating schistosomiasis by 2025. Collaboratively snail control became one of the crucial strategies to ensure that the prevalence of Schistosoma japonicum in Oncomelania hupensis lindoensis reaches zero by the end of the program. This research investigated the spatial cluster change of S. japonicum transmission foci in Indonesia between 2017 and 2021.

METHODS

We mapped the snail foci, collected the snails, and calculated the snail density. We also conducted laboratory tests to detect the existence of cercariae in the snails. Identified infected snails were used to calculate the infection rate (IR) or snails' prevalence of schistosome cercariae among freshwater snails. We then analysed the spatial cluster using the Getis-Ord Gi* statistic to identify the hot and cold spots.

RESULTS

The 5-year schistosomiasis elimination program successfully declined 18.84% of the snail foci and reduced 40.37% of the infected snail foci. Local spatial autocorrelation of snail density and infection rate identified that in 2017 and 2021, the number of cold spots decreased by 53.91% and 0%, while hot spots increased by 2.63% and 56.1%. The presence of more hot spots suggests a rise in the number of foci with high snail density and infection rates. The implementation of snail control was not optimal, and the parasite transmission through domestic animals still existed, causing the spatial cluster of hot spots to change during this period. Most hotspots have been observed near settlements, primarily in cocoa plantations, developed and deserted rice fields, grassland, and bush wetlands.

CONCLUSION

During the schistosomiasis elimination program, the number of hot spots increased while cold spots decreased, and there were notable changes in the geographical distribution of hot spots, indicating a shift in the clustering pattern of schistosomiasis cases. The findings become essential for policymakers, particularly in selecting priority areas for intervention. In the Discussion section, we demonstrated the selection process based on the existence of hot and cold spots. Furthermore, we proposed that enhancing cross-sector integration is crucial, particularly in connection with the management of S. japonicum transmission through domestic animals.

Shell-Driven Localized Oxide Nanoparticles Determine the Thermal Stability of Microencapsulated Phase Change Material

Not all encapsulation techniques are universally apt for every type of phase change material (PCM), highlighting the imperative for methodological precision. This study addresses the challenges of microencapsulated PCM (MEPCM) arising from the immiscible pairing of α-Al2O3 nanoparticles with Sn microparticles. The high-speed impact blending (HIB) dry synthesis technique is employed, facilitating large-volume production of Sn@α-Al2O3 MEPCMs. The resulting MEPCMs not only seamlessly endure 100 cycles of melting-solidification but also, with the strategic incorporation of a glass frit, exhibit remarkable thermal durability, withstanding up to 1000 melting-solidification cycles. Even under ultrafast thermal fluctuations, the α-Al2O3 shell remained resilient through 100 cycles. A marked reduction in supercooling is observed, which is attributed to the formation of SnO and SnO2 nanoparticles within the α-Al2O3 crystal lattice. The atomically resolved interface dynamics between SnO2 and α-Al2O3 play a pivotal role, lowering the energy barrier for Sn nuclei formation during solidification. This affects the accelerated Sn nucleation rate, effectively suppressing supercooling. Such insights offer a deeper understanding of the interplay between nanoscale crystal lattice imperfections and their implications for energy storage applications.

Experiments on Adversarial Examples for Deep Learning Model Using Multimodal Sensors

Recently, artificial intelligence (AI) based on IoT sensors has been widely used, which has increased the risk of attacks targeting AI. Adversarial examples are among the most serious types of attacks in which the attacker designs inputs that can cause the machine learning system to generate incorrect outputs. Considering the architecture using multiple sensor devices, hacking even a few sensors can create a significant risk; an attacker can attack the machine learning model through the hacked sensors. Some studies demonstrated the possibility of adversarial examples on the deep neural network (DNN) model based on IoT sensors, but it was assumed that an attacker must access all features. The impact of hacking only a few sensors has not been discussed thus far. Therefore, in this study, we discuss the possibility of attacks on DNN models by hacking only a small number of sensors. In this scenario, the attacker first hacks few sensors in the system, obtains the values of the hacked sensors, and changes them to manipulate the system, but the attacker cannot obtain and change the values of the other sensors. We perform experiments using the human activity recognition model with three sensor devices attached to the chest, wrist, and ankle of a user, and demonstrate that attacks are possible by hacking a small number of sensors.

Development of blood hemoglobin level early detection device based on a noninvasive optical platform

Blood hemoglobin levels are a reliable indicator for anemia screening, which generally uses an invasive system or takes blood using a syringe. Spectrophotometry can work by “substituting” the use of a phlebotomy tube needle with electromagnetic wave radiation or light. This study aims to develop and carry out a noninvasive diagnostic test for measuring hemoglobin levels. There are three main stages in this research: (i) measuring hemoglobin concentration and scanning an incident wavelength on standard hemoglobin solutions and blood controls, (ii) making a prototype variant of a noninvasive blood hemoglobin level measurement device, and (iii) testing the technology unit on the developed prototype. The measured hemoglobin value by the Trax Control Meter for low, middle, and high levels is almost the same as the expected range values, namely, 13.09, 16.8, and 17.81 g/dL, respectively. Three sets of device prototype variants were successfully developed: (i) the noninvasive blood hemoglobin level measuring device based on Raspberry Pi Prototype on Infant Finger and Thigh Probes, (ii) the level measuring prototype noninvasive hemoglobin in blood based on Internet of Things and WebServer, and (iii) the prototype of noninvasive blood hemoglobin level measuring device on in vitro probe with reflectance method. Testing the accuracy of the Biorad MeterTrax Trilevel using a multiformula regression calculation using the ZunZun server shows that the tool has an accuracy ranging from 0.12 to 0.30 g/dL.

Modulation of the carrier balance of lead-halide perovskite nanocrystals by polyelectrolyte hole transport layers for near-infrared light-emitting diodes

An alternative material, methylamine (MA)-doped poly[3-(4-carboxymethyl)thiophene-2,5-diyl] (P3CT) as hole transport layer (HTL) was investigated for efficient solution-processed near-infrared perovskite light-emitting diodes (NIR PeLEDs). The best NIR PeLEDs performance was achieved with an optimized composition ratio of the MA-doped P3CT (1:1) due to the balance of the electron and hole carrier in the active layer. The charge-balanced NIR PeLEDs exhibit the highest radiance of 858.37 W sr⁻¹ m⁻², a low turn-on voltage of 1.82 V, and an external quantum efficiency of 7.44%. Our findings show that using P3CT as an alternative HTL has the potential to significantly improve PeLED performance, allowing it to play a role in the development of practical applications in high-power NIR LEDs.

Prevalensi Serkaria Schistosoma japonicum pada Keong Oncomelania hupensis lindoensis, Kepadatan Keong, dan Daerah Fokus, di Daerah Endemis, Indonesia

ABSTRACT Schistosomiasis in Indonesia is caused by the trematode worm S. japonicum, with the snail Oncomelania hupensis lindoensis as the intermediate host. To eliminate schistosomiasis by 2020, cross-sectoral schistosomiasis control is carried out, including implementing environmental management based on the results of mapping the focus areas. This study aimed to determine whether there was a decrease in foci and infection rates in snails with comprehensive cross-sectoral schistosomiasis control activities in the pilot village. This study used a cross-sectional design conducted in six schistosomiasis endemic areas. The results showed that snail density, infection rate, and the number of focus areas decreased after the inter-sectoral intervention. The prevalence of schistosomiasis in snails varied; in some focus areas, the prevalence of schistosomiasis in snails decreased after the intervention, but in some focus areas, the prevalence of snails did not decrease. ABSTRAK Schistosomiasis di Indonesia disebabkan oleh cacing trematoda jenis S. japonicum dengan hospes perantara keong Oncomelania hupensis lindoensis. Eliminasi schistosomiasis pada tahun 2020 pengendalian schistosomiasis dilakukan oleh lintas sektor termasuk didalamnya pelaksanaan manajemen lingkungan yang dilakukan berdasarkan hasil pemetaan daerah fokus. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui apakah ada penurunan jumlah fokus dan infection rate pada keong dengan adanya kegiatan pengendalian schistosomiasis secara komprehensif oleh lintas sektor di desa percontohan. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain cross-sectional yang dilakukan di enam daerah endemis schistosomiasis. Hasil menunjukkan kepadatan keong, infection rate, dan jumlah daerah fokus menurun setelah dilakukan intervensi oleh lintas sektor. Prevalensi schistosomiasis pada keong bervariasi, sebagian daerah fokus prevalensi schistosomiasis pada keong berkurang setelah dilakukan intervensi, namun pada beberapa daerah fokus prevalensi pada keong tidak mengalami penurunan.

Persebaran Habitat Keong Perantara Schistosomiasis di Dataran Tinggi Lindu, Kabupaten Sigi, Sulawesi Tengah

ABSTRACT Schistosomiasis in Indonesia is caused by the trematode worm, Schistosoma japonicum, with the snail Oncomelania hupensis lindoensis as the intermediate host. The presence of these snails is an indicator of determining the habitat area for the intermediate host of schistosomiasis. The aim of the study was to map the distribution of snail habitat in the Lindu endemic area. An observational study with a cross-sectional design was conducted in August 2021. The study was conducted in two villages in the Lindu Highlands, Sigi Regency, Central Sulawesi Province. The number of snail habitats in the Lindu Plateau found 25 habitats, covering an area of ​​27,088 m2. Snail density and infection rate (IR) were found to be 27.06 snails/minute (IR 0.68%). Based on the research, it can be concluded that the distribution pattern of the snail habitat in Lindu was clustered in certain areas. Habitat in Anca Village was most widely found in neglected coffee plantation areas, and a small part in primary forest areas. Snail habitat in Tomado Village was mostly found in watersheds, parapa grass in swamp areas, and uncultivated rice fields. Environmental management that can be carried out by multi sectors are the creating of rice fields, the creation of fish ponds, and the diversion of community paths in the Lore Lindu National Park area that passes through the habitat of schistosomiasis intermediate snails. ABSTRAK Schistosomiasis di Indonesia disebabkan oleh cacing trematoda jenis Schistosoma japonicum dengan hospes perantara keong Oncomelania hupensis lindoensis. Keberadaan keong tersebut sebagai indikator penetapan daerah habitat hospes perantara schistosomiasis. Tujuan penelitian adalah untuk untuk memetakan distribusi habitat keong di wilayah endemis Lindu. Jenis penelitian adalah observasional dengan desain potong lintang yang dilakukan pada bulan Agustus tahun 2021. Penelitian dilakukan di Desa Anca dan Tomado Kecamatan Lindu Kabupaten Sigi, Provinsi Sulawesi Tengah. Jumlah habitat keong di Dataran Tinggi Lindu ditemukan 25 habitat, seluas 27.088 m2. Kepadatan keong dan tingkat infection rate (IR) ditemukan sebesar 27,06 keong/menit (IR 0,68%). Berdasarkan penelitian dapat disimpulkan bahwa pola persebaran habitat keong di Lindu adalah mengelompok/clustered pada daerah tertentu. Habitat di Desa Anca ditemukan paling banyak di daerah kebun kopi yang terabaikan, dan sebagian kecil di daerah hutan primer dengan kanopi tertutup. Habitat keong di Desa Tomado paling banyak ditemukan di daerah aliran air, parapa, rawa, dan sawah tidak diolah. Manajemen lingkungan yang dapat dilakukan oleh lintas sektor yaitu pencetakan sawah, pembuatan kolam ikan, dan pengalihan jalur masyarakat dalam Kawasan Taman Nasional Lore Lindu yang melewati habitat keong perantara schistosomiasis.

Peran Pengelolaan Limbah Rumah Tangga Terhadap Kejadian Diare Pada Balita di Indonesia (Analisis Data Riskesdas 2018)

Waste with a certain concentration and quantity has a negative impact on the environment, especially for human health. Dominant environmental factors such as excreta disposal, drinking water sources, household waste water disposal channels, waste management play a role in the spread of diarrhea germs in toddlers. Diarrhea is one of the main causes of morbidity and mortality in children under five. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between household waste management and the incidence of diarrhea. The design of this research was cross sectional, by utilizing data from the 2018 Riskesdas activity, this was in accordance with the approval letter for the use of data issued by the Health Research and Development Agency Number: 11062001-118 dated June 22, 2020. Analysis of the relationship between waste management and the incidence of diarrhea in children under five had been carried out using logistic regression. The samples analyzed were 93,448 toddlers from Riskesdas 2018 data. The results of the analysis showed that the factors related to the incidence of diarrhea in toddlers in Indonesia were the majority male, the age of toddlers over two years old, handling and RT trash bins, and waste disposal sites. Handling household waste is the most dominant factor with the incidence of diarrhea in toddlers. Handling household waste is carried out in an environmentally friendly way by dumping it in a landfill, stockpiling or making compost, it is necessary for households to do so as not to be infested with flies which can be a source of transmission of diarrhea in children under five. Abstrak Limbah dengan konsentrasi dan kuantitas tertentu berdampak negatif terhadap lingkungan terutama bagi kesehatan manusia. Pengelolaan limbah rumah tangga merupakan pilar yang menentukan dalam kejadian diare pada balita. Faktor lingkungan yang dominan seperti pembuangan tinja, sumber air minum, saluran pembuangan air limbah rumah tangga, pengelolaan sampah,berperan dalam penyebaran kuman diare pada balita. Diare merupakan salah satu penyebab utama kesakitan dan kematian pada balita. Tujuan kajian ini untuk mengetahui hubungan pengelolaan limbah rumah tangga terhadap kejadian diare. Desain penelitian ini adalah cross sectional, dengan memanfaatkan data hasil kegiatan Riskesdas 2018, hal ini sesuai dengan surat persetujuan penggunaan data yang dikeluarkan oleh Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Kesehatan Nomor : 11062001-118 tanggal 22 Juni 2020. Analisis hubungan pengelolaan limbah dengan kejadian diare pada balita telah dilakukan dengan regresi logistik. Sampel yang dianalisis sebanyak 93.448 balita dari data Riskesdas 2018. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa faktor yang berhubungan dengan kejadian diare pada balita di Indonesia yaitu mayoritas berjenis kelamin laki-laki, umurbalita di atas dua tahun, penanganan dan tempat sampah rumah tangga, serta tempat pembuangan tinja balita. Penanganan sampah rumah tangga merupakan faktor yang paling dominan dengan kejadian diare pada balita. Penanganan sampah rumah tangga dilakukan dengan cara yang ramah lingkungan dengan membuang di TPA, menimbun, atau membuat kompos perlu dilakukan rumah tangga agar tidak dihinggapi lalat yang dapat menjadi sumber penularan diare pada balita.

Identifikasi Serovar Bakteri Leptospira sp pada Manusia dan Tikus Di Kabupaten Donggala

 ABSTRACT Leptospirosis is an acute infectious disease caused by Leptospira sp bacteria and has zoonotic properties. This disease is passed on through contact with the urine of infected rat or with contaminated water and food. Confirmed cases of Leptospirosis-infected rats in Donggala Regency have been reported thus, there is a potential of it being a reservoir that can pass on the bacteria to humans. This research aims to identify the leptospira bacteria reservoir that infects rats and humans that infects rats and humans using observational descriptive research design with a cross-sectional study. Human serum samples were obtained from patients, treated at the local public health center with clinical leptospirosis symptoms. Mouse serum samples were obtained from local rat captured during three consecutive days collections in three villages. The confirmation of the existence of leptospirosis bacteria on human and rat serum samples was conducted using the MAT method. The tested serovars were Bangkinang, Grippothyphosa, Icterohaemorhagic, Canicola, Pyrogen, Sejreo, Hebdomadis, Pomona, Djasiman, Bataviae, Mini, Sarmin, Manhao, Tarassovi. The research showed that leptospirosis bacteria was found in two species, e.g. Rattus tanezumi (86,27%) and Rattus norvegicus (13,72%). Agglutination was found in human serum samples at titer dilution 1:10 and 1:20, with serovar type of Bangkinang, Icterohaemorrhagie, Djasiman, Hebdomanis, Manhao, Mini, Pyrogen dan Batavia. However that titer couldn not be confirmed positive for leptospirosis. Infection in rat was found at 25,49% with titer dilution of 1:10, with serovar type of Bangkinang, Icterohaemorrhagie, Djasiman, Hebdomanis, Djasiman, Mini, dan Batavia. Based on the research, potential of infection from rat to humans is found. The proposed suggestion is to maintain a good domestic hygiene to prevent contact with rat urine which can be a source of leptospirosis infection. ABSTRAK Leptospirosis adalah penyakit infeksi akut yang disebabkan bakteri Leptospira sp dan bersifat zoonosis. Penyakit ini ditularkan melalui kontak dengan urin tikus yang terinfeksi atau melalui air dan makanan yang terkontaminasi. Konfirmasi tikus yang terinfeksi oleh Leptospira di Kabupaten Donggala telah dilaporkan sehingga berpotensi sebagai reservoir yang menularkan bakteri tersebut ke manusia. Tujuan penelitian adalah untuk mengidentifikasi serovar bakteri leptospira yang menginfeksi tikus dan manusia dengan menggunakan desain penelitian observasional deskriptif dengan studi potong lintang. Sampel serum manusia diperoleh dari pasien yang berobat ke puskesmas dengan gejala klinis Leptospira menggunakan kriteria WHO SEARO 2009. Sampel serum tikus diperoleh dari tikus yang ditangkap selama tiga hari di tiga desa. Konfirmasi keberadaan bakteri Leptospira pada sampel  serum manusia dan tikus dilakukan dengan metode MAT. Serovar yang diujikan antara lain Bangkinang, Grippothyphosa, Icterohaemorhagic, Canicola, Pyrogen, Sejreo, Hebdomadis, Pomona, Djasiman, Bataviae, Mini, Sarmin, Manhao, Tarassovi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan tidak ditemukan manusia yang positif leptospirosis, melainkan hanya tikus yang ditemukan positif leptospirosis (25,49%). Berdasarkan hasil penelitian ditemukan tujuh jenis serovar bakteri Leptospira di lokasi penelitian, yaitu: Bangkinang, Icterohaemorrhagie, Djasiman, Hebdomanis, Manhao, Mini, Pyrogen dan Batavia. Saran yang dapat dikemukakan adalah pentingnya menjaga kebersihan lingkungan rumah untuk menghindari kontak dengan air kencing tikus yang bisa menjadi sumber penularan leptospirosis.

C75. Premature Coronary Artery Disease in Young Male Patient with Strong Family History

Background

Coronary artery disease (CAD) occurring in less than 45 years of age is termed as premature CAD (PCAD). Recent studies showed a prevalence of 4-10 % of PCAD. PCAD is associated with unfavorable outcomes for the patients and had a greater impact on the quality of life. Family History is the best method to explained complex interaction between shared risk factor.

Case Summary

A 37-years old male admitted to Saiful Anwar Hospital for further evaluation of anginal pain. The patient complains of recurrent chest pain since 5 months ago but still relieved by rest. The electrocardiogram showed Wellens Type B which is specific for critical stenosis of the left anterior descending artery (LAD). Then the patient undergoing DCA Ad Hoc. The implantation of a 46 mm DES at proximal until distal LAD was performed. The patient discharged after a day observation.

Discussion

The challenging point, in this case, was it happen at a young age with strong family history. There was positive family history of PCAD in 1st degree relative on her brother and mother, despite several risk factors were identified in this case consist of smoking, and dyslipidemia, which make CAD risk higher. Despite adequate control of risk factors, family screening is important to reveal subclinical atherosclerosis.

C75. Premature Coronary Artery Disease in Young Male Patient with Strong Family History

Background

Coronary artery disease (CAD) occurring in less than 45 years of age is termed as premature CAD (PCAD). Recent studies showed a prevalence of 4-10 % of PCAD. PCAD is associated with unfavorable outcomes for the patients and had a greater impact on the quality of life. Family History is the best method to explained complex interaction between shared risk factor.

Case Summary

A 37-years old male admitted to Saiful Anwar Hospital for further evaluation of anginal pain. The patient complains of recurrent chest pain since 5 months ago but still relieved by rest. The electrocardiogram showed Wellens Type B which is specific for critical stenosis of the left anterior descending artery (LAD). Then the patient undergoing DCA Ad Hoc. The implantation of a 46 mm DES at proximal until distal LAD was performed. The patient discharged after a day observation.

Discussion

The challenging point, in this case, was it happen at a young age with strong family history. There was positive family history of PCAD in 1st degree relative on her brother and mother, despite several risk factors were identified in this case consist of smoking, and dyslipidemia, which make CAD risk higher. Despite adequate control of risk factors, family screening is important to reveal subclinical atherosclerosis.

Prognostic value of myocardial injury biomarker in COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Background

An accurate prognostic tool that can help with risk stratification at first admission is crucial in COVID-19 patients, as severe complications and mortality rate can be reduced with prompt treatment and close follow up. The myocardial injury biomarker, Troponin, is reported to be a potential predictor of mortality in COVID-19 cases.

Purpose

This study aims to investigate the utility of cardiac troponin level as a prognosis tool in COVID-19 patients.

Methods

On March 12th, 2021, data was collected from PMC, PubMed, Google Scholar, Science Direct, and Scopus, using combination of keywords associated with myocardial injury biomarker, Troponin, and its prognostic value for mortality in COVID-19 patients. Included publications are original clinical trials, limited to those with English manuscripts, and all were reviewed and evaluated by 5 authors to minimise bias. Inclusion criteria for studies are original clinical trials with a study population of adults (≥18 years old) patients with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection through PCR. The quality of each studies included was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) and data synthesis and statistical analysis were carried out using Review Manager software.

Results

A total of 19 studies consisting of 13,789 COVID-19 patients were included. All 19 studies were good quality according to the NOS. Studies found that myocardial injury, indicated by the elevation of its biomarker, Troponin, is a strong predictor of in-hospital mortality. Furthermore, elevated troponin level itself is an independent marker of mortality, regardless of its concomitant cardiac disease. Meta-analysis of 9 included studies revealed a significant association between elevated cardiac troponin levels and mortality (HR 4.13; 95% CI 3.42 - 5.00; P<0.001). Based on GRADE, the result of this systematic review and meta-analysis proved to be moderate in quality as there are no inconsistency and variability in results and there are no publication biases.

Conclusion

Cardiac troponin level is found to be a strong predictor of mortality in COVID-19 patients and therefore should be treated both as an evaluation for cardiac involvement and as an important prognostic marker. Patients with elevated troponin levels within admission should be closely monitored and given prompt treatment to decrease mortality.

Funding Acknowledgement

Type of funding sources: None. Forest plot figure

Catalyst-loaded micro-encapsulated phase change material for thermal control of exothermic reaction

CO₂ methanation is a promising technology to enable the use of CO₂ as a resource. Thermal control of CO₂ methanation, which is a highly active exothermic reaction, is important to avoid thermal runaway and subsequent degradation of the catalyst. Using the heat storage capacity of a phase change material (PCM) for thermal control of the reaction is a novel passive approach. In this study a novel structure was developed, wherein catalysts were directly loaded onto a micro-encapsulated PCM (MEPCM). The MEPCM was prepared in three steps consisting of a boehmite treatment, precipitation treatment, and heat oxidation treatment, and an impregnation process was adopted to prepare a Ni catalyst. The catalyst-loaded MEPCM did not show any breakage or deformation of the capsule or a decrease in the heat storage capacity after the impregnation treatment. MEPCM demonstrated a higher potential as an alternative catalyst support in CO₂ methanation than the commercially available α-Al₂O₃ particle. In addition, the heat storage capacity of the catalyst-loaded MEPCM suppressed the temperature rise of the catalyst bed at a high heat absorption rate (2.5 MW m⁻³). In conclusion, the catalyst-loaded MEPCM is a high-speed, high-precision thermal control device because of its high-density energy storage and resolution of a spatial gap between the catalyst and cooling devices. This novel concept has the potential to overcome the technical challenges faced by efficiency enhancement of industrial chemical reactions.

Does elective orthopaedic surgery in pandemic era increase risk of developing COVID-19? A combined analysis of retrospective and prospective study at Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia

BACKGROUND

To date, no recommendations have been published on when and how to start again carrying out elective, non-urgent surgery on COVID-19-negative patients after the epidemic peak has been reached in a given country or region and the pressure on healthcare facilities, healthcare workers and resources has been released by so far that elective surgery procedures can be safely and ethically programmed again. This study aims to investigate whether elective orthopaedic surgery will increase the risk of developing COVID-19.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

This was a combined retrospective and prospective studies performed at a national tertiary hospital in Jakarta, Indonesia. Subjects were patients who underwent elective orthopaedic surgeries at our institution from April to May 2020. Those who were previously infected with COVID-19 from polymerase chain reaction (PCR) reverse transcriptase (RT) examination obtained via nasopharynx and oropharynx swab, as well as those who were reluctant to participate were excluded from the study.

RESULTS

A total of 35 subjects (mean age 32.89 ± 17.42) were recruited. Fifteen (42.9%) subjects were male, and 20 subjects (57.1%) were female. Mean duration of surgery was 240 min with the longest and shortest duration of 690 and 40 min, respectively. General anaesthesia was performed in the majority of cases in 18 surgeries (51.4%) with local anaesthesia as the least in 2 surgeries (5.7%). Length of stay of our study was 6 days of average. None of the patients developed symptoms suggestive of COVID-19 infection.

CONCLUSION

We found that elective orthopaedic surgery may not be associated with increased cases of COVID-19 cases. However, our study was limited by short duration of follow-up. Further studies are required in order to investigate the affect of undergoing elective surgery and the number of COVID-19 cases.

Program Pengendalian Filariasis di Kabupaten Donggala, Sulawesi Tengah

Abstract Donggala district had successfully conducted Transmission Assesment Survey–1 despite two children found positive for Brugia malayi. This study aimed to determine the progress of the filariasis program in Donggala District, Central Sulawesi. It was conducted in Kabonga Kecil, Banawa Sub-District and Sabang, Dampelas Sub-District from February to November 2017. Data collection included finger blood surveys, detection of Brugia malayi DNA, mosquito surveys, and in-depth interviews. From 638 people tested for finger blood survey, none of them were positive for microfilaria. Twenty children were tested for Brugia malayi DNA and  the results were negative. A total of 2.978 mosquitoes were caught from mosquito surveys which identified as Aedes, Anopheles, Armigeres, Culex, Mansonia, Aedomyia, Uranotaenia, and Coquillettidia. PCR examination results showed all mosquito negative for Brugia malayi. A comprehensive and integrated surveillance strategy with other programs that are cost-effective and sustainable must continue to be carried out therefore the elimination of filariasis in the Donggala district can be achieved. Abstrak Kabupaten Donggala lulus Transmission Assesment Survey-1 meskipun  masih ditemukan dua anak positif antibodi Brugia malayi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui capain program filariasis di Kabupaten Donggala, Provinsi Sulawesi Tengah. Dilaksanakan di Kelurahan Kabonga Kecil, Kecamatan Banawa dan Desa Sabang, Kecamatan Dampelas pada bulan Februari – November 2017. Kegiatan meliputi survei darah jari, deteksi DNA Brugia malayi, survei nyamuk dan wawancara mendalam. Sebanyak 638 masyarakat diperiksa darahnya hasilnya seluruhnya negatif microfilaria. Sebanyak 20 anak diambil sampel darah untuk diperiksa deteksi DNA Brugia malayi hasilnya negatif. Nyamuk tertangkap sebanyak 2.978 nyamuk dari genus Aedes, Anopheles, Armigeres, Culex, Mansonia, Aedomyia, Uranotaenia, dan Coquillettidia. Hasil pemeriksaan PCR menunjukkan seluruh nyamuk negatif Brugia malayi. Strategi surveilans yang comprehensif dan terintegrasi dengan program lain yang cost-effective dan berkesinambungan harus terus dilakukan agar eliminasi filariasis di kabupaten Donggala dapat tercapai.  

Perilaku Masyarakat Tentang Gerakan 1 Rumah 1 Jumantik (G1R1J) Dalam Penanggulangan Demam Berdarah Dengue Di Kabupaten Poso Sulawesi Tengah

Abstract Gerakan 1 Rumah 1 Jumantik (G1R1J) is an effective effort to prevent the DBD in Poso District. However, the DBD case remains to fluctuate annually. The purpose of the research is to assess the community's knowledge, attitudes, and actions before Kawua Village intervention and after the intervention on G1R1J as well as comparing with the Sayo Village as a control area. Research design using the quasi-experimental with a control method. Data Collection is done to the public to know the knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors of The G1R1J program in the intervention area and compare it to the control region. The total sample of 150 households for each part is the intervention and control region. Statistical analysis using the dependent T-test. There are differences in the average knowledge, attitudes, and actions of respondents before and after intervention in the Kawua region (intervention area). There is a significant difference in knowledge, attitudes, and acts of respondents after intervention in the Kawua region (intervention area) and Sayo region  (non-intervention area). There was a change in the rate of knowledge, attitudes, and actions of respondents after the intervention of socialization and mentoring four times. Abstrak Gerakan 1 Rumah 1 Jumantik (G1R1J) merupakan upaya yang efektif untuk mencegah penularan DBD di Kabupaten Poso. Namun, kasus DBD tetap berfluktuasi setiap tahunnya. Tujuan penelitian adalah untuk menilai pengetahuan, sikap dan tindakan masyarakat Kelurahan Kawua sebelum diberikan intervensi dan setelah intervensi tentang G1R1J serta membandingkan dengan Kelurahan Sayo sebagai wilayah yang tidak dilakukan intervensi (kontrol). Disain penelitian menggunakan metode quasi experimental with control. Pengumpulan data dilakukan kepada masyarakat untuk mengetahui pengetahuan, sikap dan perilaku terhadap program G1R1J di wilayah intervensi serta membandingkannya dengan wilayah kontrol. Jumlah sampel sebanyak 150 rumah untuk masing-masing wilayah yaitu wilayah intervensi dan wilayah kontrol. Analisis statistik menggunakan uji T dependen. Terdapat perbedaan rerata pengetahuan, sikap dan tindakan responden yang signifikan sebelum dan setelah intervensi di wilayah Kelurahan Kawua (wilayah intervensi). Terdapat perbedaan rerata pengetahuan dan sikap responden yang signifikan setelah intervensi di wilayah Kelurahan Sayo (non intervensi).  Ada perubahan pengetahuan, sikap dan tindakan responden setelah diberikan intervensi sosialisasi dan pendampingan empat kali menjadi lebih baik.

SURVEI DAERAH FOKUS KEONG HOSPES PERANTARA SCHISTOSOMIASIS DI KAWASAN TAMAN NASIONAL LORE LINDU SULAWESI TENGAH

Schistosomiasis di Indonesia hanya ditemukan di tiga lokasi yaitu Dataran Tinggi Napu dan Dataran Tinggi Bada, Kabupaten Poso serta Dataran Tinggi Lindu, Kabupaten Sigi Propinsi Sulawesi Tengah. Hasil survei fokus keong ada fokus keong yang berada di kawasan Taman Nasional Lore Lindu (TNLL) Sehingga banyak masyarakat menduga  bahwa penyebaran fokus keong O.hupensis lindoensis juga terdapat di TNLL. Tujuan untuk  memetakan daerah fokus keong perantara schistosomiasis di kawasan Taman Nasional Lore Lindu. Lokasi penelitian di 12 Desa yang masuk kawasan TNLL di Dataran Tinggi Napu, Dataran Tinggi Bada Kab. Poso dan Dataran Tinggi Lindu Kab. Sigi. Melakukan survei fokus /habitat dan survei keong. Pada kedua kegiatan ini dilakukan penentuan koordinat geografis/UTM dengan menggunakan GPS.Hasil survei menunjukan bahwa ditemukan 14 daerah fokus keong O.hupensis lindoensis yang tersebar di tiga desa yaitu Desa Sedoa, Desa Dodolo Kec.Lore Utara Kab. Poso dan Desa Anca Kec. Lindu Kab. Sigi

Breast Cancer Education and Screening in Indonesian Rural Community: A Programme Trial

Background and context: Breast cancer has the highest incidence and prevalence among cancers in Indonesia. Indonesian rural society has low level of breast cancer knowledge and self examination practice. Difficulty for accessing breast cancer primary health care screening also caused negligence. Furthermore, ignorance and economy situation made patients chose alternative treatments. Hence, most cases are detected at late stages, in which late diagnosis and treatment resulted in high mortality. Aim: Decrease breast cancer mortality by increasing breast cancer knowledge level, monthly self-examination practice awareness, and mass screening for early detection of breast cancer. Strategy/Tactics: In conjunction with National Cancer Control Committee event at 2017, we did a one day social occasion of education and early detection screening for breast cancer in Indonesia rural communities. Participants were gathered with mass announcement from primary health care workers. An expert brought an education class, then parallel screening rooms were provided for all participants. Program/Policy process: Phase one (2017) consists of establishing a good basic education and screening system. We gave free invitation to district health office to be distributed to a local primary health care and participate in a small education class brought by breast cancer specialist. Materials consist of basic knowledge and risk factors, self-examination awareness, diagnostic and treatment procedure, and referral process. Afterward, participants got breast physical exam screening by general clinicians. In phase two (2018), we added questionnaires to assess the effectiveness of education class in increasing knowledge level and self-practice awareness. An ultrasonography examination was added to narrow the diagnosis. Participants with higher risk factor or positive findings were given extra consultation. All participants were referred to our secondary referral General Hospital at Karawaci district, Tangerang, Banten, Indonesia. Outcomes: In 2017, 10% of participants had positive results and referred for further tests. In 2018, education class significantly increase knowledge and breast self-exam practice awareness. Moreover, ultrasonography examination narrowed positive diagnosis from 13% to 7%. What was learned: Education and early detection screening to primary health cares across Indonesia are needed to gather breast cancer cases at earliest stadium, hopefully could decrease breast cancer mortality. Feedbacks from participants showed that feeling of importance played important role and can only be developed internally after the disease became personal. Mobile mammography examination will help establishing breast cancer diagnosis. Budget is an issue, participants must be filtered beforehand based on risk factors for positive diagnostic results. A follow up and reminder system is needed to ensure participants follows proper management steps.

Ultrafast Iron-Making Method: Carbon Combustion Synthesis from Carbon-Infiltrated Goethite Ore

Carbon-infiltrated iron ores were prepared from a coal-tar solution and selected calcined iron sources (i.e., goethite (FeOOH) ore, high-grade hematite ore, and Fe₂O₃ reagent grain). A several hundred micrometer thick carbon layer was deposited on the surface of all iron sources. Because the tar solution successfully penetrated into its nanopores, only goethite ore possessed a significant amount of carbon in its interior nanopores. The carbon-infiltrated ores were heated rapidly in an oxygen atmosphere in the combustion synthesis experiments. Carbon combustion occurred at the ore surface, with the ore temperature increasing suddenly during the experiments. Fast reduction to metallic iron was observed only in the carbon-infiltrated goethite ore, regardless of the oxygen atmosphere. Close contact between the goethite ore and the carbon in its nanoporous interior facilitated the fast reduction. The apparent reduction reaction of goethite ore is akin to a direct reduction reaction (i.e., FeO _x + C → FeO _x-1 + CO).