1
|
Local human impacts disrupt depth-dependent zonation of tropical reef fish communities. Nat Ecol Evol 2023; 7:1844-1855. [PMID: 37749400 PMCID: PMC10627831 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-023-02201-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
The influence of depth and associated gradients in light, nutrients and plankton on the ecological organization of tropical reef communities was first described over six decades ago but remains untested across broad geographies. During this time humans have become the dominant driver of planetary change, requiring that we revisit historic ecological paradigms to ensure they capture the dynamics of contemporary ecological systems. Analysing >5,500 in-water reef fish surveys between 0 and 30 m depth on reef slopes of 35 islands across the Pacific, we assess whether a depth gradient consistently predicts variation in reef fish biomass. We reveal predictable ecological organization at unpopulated locations, with increased biomass of planktivores and piscivores and decreased primary consumer biomass with increasing depth. Bathymetric steepness also had a striking influence on biomass patterns, primarily for planktivores, emphasizing potential links between local hydrodynamics and the upslope propagation of pelagic subsidies to the shallows. However, signals of resource-driven change in fish biomass with depth were altered or lost for populated islands, probably due to depleted fish biomass baselines. While principles of depth zonation broadly held, our findings expose limitations of the paradigm for predicting ecological dynamics where human impacts confound connections between ecological communities and their surrounding environment.
Collapse
|
2
|
Internet trade of a previously unknown wildlife product from a critically endangered marine fish. CONSERVATION SCIENCE AND PRACTICE 2023. [DOI: 10.1111/csp2.12896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
|
3
|
Linking variation in planktonic primary production to coral reef fish growth and condition. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2022; 9:201012. [PMID: 36061523 DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.c.6156452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Within low-nutrient tropical oceans, islands and atolls with higher primary production support higher fish biomass and reef organism abundance. External energy subsidies can be delivered onto reefs via a range of physical mechanisms. However, the influence of spatial variation in primary production on reef fish growth and condition is largely unknown. It is not yet clear how energy subsidies interact with reef depth and slope. Here we test the hypothesis that with increased proximity to deep-water oceanic nutrient sources, or at sites with shallower reef slopes, parameters of fish growth and condition will be higher. Contrary to expectations, we found no association between fish growth rate and sites with higher mean chlorophyll-a values. There were no differences in fish δ 15N or δ 13C values between depths. The relationship between fish condition and primary production was influenced by depth, driven by increased fish condition at shallow depths within a primary production 'hotspot' site. Carbon δ 13C was depleted with increasing primary production, and interacted with reef slope. Our results indicate that variable primary production did not influence growth rates in planktivorous Chromis fieldi within 10-17.5 m depth, but show site-specific variation in reef physical characteristics influencing fish carbon isotopic composition.
Collapse
|
4
|
Linking variation in planktonic primary production to coral reef fish growth and condition. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2022; 9:201012. [PMID: 36061523 PMCID: PMC9428543 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.201012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Within low-nutrient tropical oceans, islands and atolls with higher primary production support higher fish biomass and reef organism abundance. External energy subsidies can be delivered onto reefs via a range of physical mechanisms. However, the influence of spatial variation in primary production on reef fish growth and condition is largely unknown. It is not yet clear how energy subsidies interact with reef depth and slope. Here we test the hypothesis that with increased proximity to deep-water oceanic nutrient sources, or at sites with shallower reef slopes, parameters of fish growth and condition will be higher. Contrary to expectations, we found no association between fish growth rate and sites with higher mean chlorophyll-a values. There were no differences in fish δ 15N or δ 13C values between depths. The relationship between fish condition and primary production was influenced by depth, driven by increased fish condition at shallow depths within a primary production 'hotspot' site. Carbon δ 13C was depleted with increasing primary production, and interacted with reef slope. Our results indicate that variable primary production did not influence growth rates in planktivorous Chromis fieldi within 10-17.5 m depth, but show site-specific variation in reef physical characteristics influencing fish carbon isotopic composition.
Collapse
|
5
|
Achieving social and ecological goals of coastal management through integrated monitoring. J Appl Ecol 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.13494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
6
|
|
7
|
Natural bounds on herbivorous coral reef fishes. Proc Biol Sci 2017; 283:rspb.2016.1716. [PMID: 27881745 PMCID: PMC5136584 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2016.1716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Humans are an increasingly dominant driver of Earth's biological communities, but differentiating human impacts from natural drivers of ecosystem state is crucial. Herbivorous fish play a key role in maintaining coral dominance on coral reefs, and are widely affected by human activities, principally fishing. We assess the relative importance of human and biophysical (habitat and oceanographic) drivers on the biomass of five herbivorous functional groups among 33 islands in the central and western Pacific Ocean. Human impacts were clear for some, but not all, herbivore groups. Biomass of browsers, large excavators, and of all herbivores combined declined rapidly with increasing human population density, whereas grazers, scrapers, and detritivores displayed no relationship. Sea-surface temperature had significant but opposing effects on the biomass of detritivores (positive) and browsers (negative). Similarly, the biomass of scrapers, grazers, and detritivores correlated with habitat structural complexity; however, relationships were group specific. Finally, the biomass of browsers and large excavators was related to island geomorphology, both peaking on low-lying islands and atolls. The substantial variability in herbivore populations explained by natural biophysical drivers highlights the need for locally appropriate management targets on coral reefs.
Collapse
|
8
|
Ecosystem monitoring for ecosystem-based management: using a polycentric approach to balance information trade-offs. J Appl Ecol 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.12633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
9
|
Human, oceanographic and habitat drivers of central and western Pacific coral reef fish assemblages. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0120516. [PMID: 25831196 PMCID: PMC4382026 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0120516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Coral reefs around US- and US-affiliated Pacific islands and atolls span wide oceanographic gradients and levels of human impact. Here we examine the relative influence of these factors on coral reef fish biomass, using data from a consistent large-scale ecosystem monitoring program conducted by scientific divers over the course of >2,000 hours of underwater observation at 1,934 sites, across ~40 islands and atolls. Consistent with previous smaller-scale studies, our results show sharp declines in reef fish biomass at relatively low human population density, followed by more gradual declines as human population density increased further. Adjusting for other factors, the highest levels of oceanic productivity among our study locations were associated with more than double the biomass of reef fishes (including ~4 times the biomass of planktivores and piscivores) compared to islands with lowest oceanic productivity. Our results emphasize that coral reef areas do not all have equal ability to sustain large reef fish stocks, and that what is natural varies significantly amongst locations. Comparisons of biomass estimates derived from visual surveys with predicted biomass in the absence of humans indicated that total reef fish biomass was depleted by 61% to 69% at populated islands in the Mariana Archipelago; by 20% to 78% in the Main Hawaiian islands; and by 21% to 56% in American Samoa.
Collapse
|
10
|
Physical Exercise Reduces the Facing-the-Viewer Bias for Biological Motion Stimuli. J Vis 2014. [DOI: 10.1167/14.10.1015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
|
11
|
Monitoring herbivorous fishes as indicators of coral reef resilience in American Samoa. PLoS One 2013; 8:e79604. [PMID: 24223183 PMCID: PMC3819275 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0079604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2013] [Accepted: 09/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Resilience-based management aims to promote or protect processes and species that underpin an ecosystem's capacity to withstand and recover from disturbance. The management of ecological processes is a developing field that requires reliable indicators that can be monitored over time. Herbivory is a key ecological process on coral reefs, and pooling herbivorous fishes into functional groups based on their feeding mode is increasingly used as it may quantify herbivory in ways that indicate resilience. Here we evaluate whether the biomass estimates of these herbivore functional groups are good predictors of reef benthic assemblages, using data from 240 sites from five island groups in American Samoa. Using an information theoretic approach, we assembled a candidate set of linear and nonlinear models to identify the relations between benthic cover and total herbivore and non-herbivore biomass and the biomass of the aforementioned functional groups. For each benthic substrate type considered (encrusting algae, fleshy macroalgae, hard coral and turf algae), the biomass of herbivorous fishes were important explanatory variables in predicting benthic cover, whereas biomass of all fishes combined generally was not. Also, in all four cases, variation in cover was best explained by the biomass of specific functional groups rather than by all herbivores combined. Specifically: 1) macroalgal and turf algal cover decreased with increasing biomass of ‘grazers/detritivores’; and 2) cover of encrusting algae increased with increasing biomass of ‘grazers/detritivores’ and browsers. Furthermore, hard coral cover increased with the biomass of large excavators/bio-eroders (made up of large-bodied parrotfishes). Collectively, these findings emphasize the link between herbivorous fishes and the benthic community and demonstrate support for the use of functional groups of herbivores as indicators for resilience-based monitoring.
Collapse
|
12
|
Exploring Individual Differences in Perceptual Biases in Depth-Ambiguous Point-Light Walkers. J Vis 2012. [DOI: 10.1167/12.9.465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
|
13
|
Restoring depleted coral-reef fish populations through recruitment enhancement: a proof of concept. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2009; 75:1857-1867. [PMID: 20738653 DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8649.2009.02401.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
To determine whether enhancing the survival of new recruits is a sensible target for the restorative management of depleted coral-reef fish populations, settlement-stage ambon damsel fish Pomacentrus amboinensis were captured, tagged and then either released immediately onto small artificial reefs or held in aquaria for 1 week prior to release. Holding conditions were varied to determine whether they affected survival of fish: half the fish were held in bare tanks (non-enriched) and the other half in tanks containing coral and sand (enriched). Holding fish for this short period had a significantly positive effect on survivorship relative to the settlement-stage treatment group that were released immediately. The enrichment of holding conditions made no appreciable difference on the survival of fish once released onto the reef. It did, however, have a positive effect on the survival of fish while in captivity, thus supporting the case for the provision of simple environmental enrichment in fish husbandry. Collecting and holding settlement-stage fish for at least a week before release appear to increase the short-term survival of released fish; whether it is an effective method for longer-term enhancement of locally depleted coral-reef fish populations will require further study.
Collapse
|
14
|
Abstract
An update on the dressings available for wound care in the community
Collapse
|
15
|
Temp staff, permanent risk. Interview by Janet Snell. NURSING TIMES 1997; 93:20-1. [PMID: 9016120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
|
16
|
Dressings available on the Drug Tariff. PROFESSIONAL NURSE (LONDON, ENGLAND) 1996; 11:suppl 1-5. [PMID: 8718319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
|
17
|
Horses for courses. PROFESSIONAL NURSE (LONDON, ENGLAND) 1995; 10:551. [PMID: 7604050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
|
18
|
Contribution of synapses in the medial supramammillary nucleus to the frequency of hippocampal theta rhythm in freely moving rats. Hippocampus 1995; 5:534-45. [PMID: 8646280 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.450050605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
We have previously shown that in urethane-anesthetized rats the frequency of rhythmical slow activity in the hippocampus ("theta") is controlled by the medial supramammillary nucleus (SuM). In particular, injections of procaine into SuM in urethane-anesthetized animals reduce the frequency of theta. However, it has been reported that, in freely moving animals, lesions of SuM do not affect theta. The present experiments were designed to resolve this anomaly. Injections of procaine or chlordiazepoxide into SuM in urethane-anesthetized animals reduced the frequency of theta elicited by reticular stimulation. Mapping showed that procaine injections in freely moving animals were effective in the same locations as under urethane anesthesia. Injections of chlordiazepoxide were effective in a more restricted area than procaine, consistent with an action on synapses in SuM and sparing fibers afferent to SuM. Analysis of the functional spread indicated an effective radius of diffusion of the drugs of 500 microns. With optimal placements, this implied an action on at least 80% of SuM. However, in contrast to the results under urethane, the maximal frequency reductions obtained were less than 50% of the theoretical maximum. In a number of animals receiving repeated injections into SuM, lesions developed which encompassed the whole of SuM. As previously reported, theta was largely intact in SuM-lesioned animals. However, the frequency of theta produced by reticular stimulation was reduced after lesion by approximately the same amount as by procaine injections before lesion. These results suggest that in freely moving animals SuM is only one of two or more nuclei which jointly control the frequency of reticular-elicited theta.
Collapse
|
19
|
Mental health. Still life on Leros. NURSING TIMES 1993; 89:66-68. [PMID: 8139948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
|
20
|
Writing a care study. NURSING TIMES 1993; 89:41. [PMID: 8233872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
|
21
|
Lights out. NURSING TIMES 1993; 89:38-39. [PMID: 8456006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
|
22
|
Get it write. NURSING TIMES 1993; 89:24-5. [PMID: 8437950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
|
23
|
Inside story. NURSING TIMES 1993; 89:26-7. [PMID: 8437951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
|
24
|
Handwashing practices. NURSING TIMES 1992; 88:70. [PMID: 1513723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
|
25
|
Passing the test. NURSING TIMES 1991; 87:23. [PMID: 2047271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
|
26
|
Buttering up the public. NURSING TIMES 1991; 87:20-1. [PMID: 2008335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
|
27
|
Working with doctors. Uneasy partnership. NURSING TIMES 1991; 87:25-7. [PMID: 2003087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
|
28
|
Sharp turn. NURSING TIMES 1991; 87:22-3. [PMID: 1996237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
|
29
|
Nurses' homes. More home work needed. NURSING TIMES 1990; 86:32-4. [PMID: 2255620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
|
30
|
Working with doctors. Playing patients. NURSING TIMES 1990; 86:46-8, 50-1. [PMID: 2082296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
|
31
|
Backing alternatives. NURSING TIMES 1990; 86:21. [PMID: 2377501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
|
32
|
Last rights. NURSING TIMES 1990; 86:21. [PMID: 2315119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
|
33
|
Nutrition. Giving choices. NURSING TIMES 1990; 86:74-5. [PMID: 2108436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
|
34
|
A little local difficulty? NURSING TIMES 1990; 86:37-8. [PMID: 2320471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
|
35
|
Blood glucose measurement. NURSING TIMES 1990; 86:65-8. [PMID: 2300489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
|
36
|
A review of infusion pumps. NURSING TIMES 1989; 85:76-80. [PMID: 2587345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
|
37
|
Side-effects of drugs. Monitoring adverse reactions. NURSING TIMES 1989; 85:25-9. [PMID: 2587304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
|
38
|
Breath tester. NURSING TIMES 1989; 85:23. [PMID: 2798166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
|
39
|
Bright spots. NURSING TIMES 1989; 85:19. [PMID: 2780341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
|
40
|
Creatine kinase increased after a scuba diving incident. Clin Chem 1988; 34:1514-5. [PMID: 3390943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
|
41
|
|