Preparation and evaluation of antidiabetic activity of mangiferin-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles

This study aimed to develop and optimize mangiferin-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles (MG-SLNs) using the microemulsion technique and ultrasonication. The MG-SLNs were composed of Labrafil M 2130 CS, MG, ethanol, Tween 80, and water. The optimized MG-SLNs exhibited a particle size of 138.37 ± 3.39 nm, polydispersity index of 0.247 ± 0.023, entrapment efficiency of 84.37 ± 2.43 %, and zeta potential of 18.87 ± 2.42 mV. Drug release studies showed a two-fold increase in the release of MG from SLNs compared to the solution. Confocal images indicated deeper permeation of MG-SLNs, highlighting their potential. Molecular docking confirmed mangiferin's inhibitory activity against α-amylase, consistent with previous findings. In vitro studies showed that MG-SLNs inhibited α-amylase activity by 55.43 ± 6.11 %, α-glucosidase activity by 68.76 ± 3.14 %, and exhibited promising antidiabetic activities. In a rat model, MG-SLNs significantly and sustainably reduced blood glucose levels for up to 12 h. Total cholesterol and triglycerides decreased, while high-density lipoprotein cholesterol increased. Both MG-SOL and MG-SLNs reduced SGOT and SGPT levels, with MG-SLNs showing a more significant reduction in SGOT compared to MG-SOL. Overall, the biochemical results indicated that both formulations improved diabetes-associated alterations. In conclusion, the study suggests that loading MG in SLNs using the newly developed approach could be an efficient oral treatment for diabetes, offering sustained blood glucose reduction and positive effects on lipid profiles and liver enzymes.

Polysaccharide-fecal microbiota-based colon-targeted self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system of curcumin for treating polycystic ovarian syndrome

The gut microbiome is involved in the pathogenesis of many diseases including polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS). Modulating the gut microbiome can lead to eubiosis and treatment of various metabolic conditions. However, there is no proper study assessing the delivery of microbial technology for the treatment of such conditions. The present study involves the development of guar gum-pectin-based solid self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system (S-SNEDDS) containing curcumin (CCM) and fecal microbiota extract (FME) for the treatment of PCOS. The optimized S-SNEDDS containing FME and CCM was prepared by dissolving CCM (25 mg) in an isotropic mixture consisting of Labrafil M 1944 CS, Transcutol P, and Tween-80 and solidified using lactose monohydrate, aerosil-200, guar gum, and pectin (colon-targeted CCM solid self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system [CCM-CT-S-SNEDDS]). Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic evaluation was carried out on letrozole-induced female Wistar rats. The results of pharmacokinetic studies indicated about 13.11 and 23.48-fold increase in AUC of CCM-loaded colon-targeted S-SNEDDS without FME (CCM-CT-S-SNEDDS (WFME)) and CCM-loaded colon-targeted S-SNEDDS with FME [(CCM-CT-S-SNEDDS (FME)) as compared to unprocessed CCM. The pharmacodynamic study indicated excellent recovery/reversal in the rats treated with CCM-CT-S-SNEDDS low and high dose containing FME (group 13 and group 14) in a dose-dependent manner. The developed formulation showcasing its improved bioavailability, targeted action, and therapeutic activity in ameliorating PCOS can be utilized as an adjuvant therapy for developing a dosage form, scale-up, and technology transfer.

Unraveling Skin Carcinoma: A Comprehensive Examination of Diagnosis, Treatment Strategies, and Emerging Therapeutic Avenues in Skin Cancer Management

Cancer that begins in the skin is by far the most common kind of skin cancer found everywhere in the globe. It is further subdivided into groups, such as basal cell carcinoma and cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma, in addition to other, less common types of skin cancer. In this article, the diagnostic aspects that need to be taken into consideration when utilizing these new guidelines, go over the essential features of cutaneous SCC, conduct an analysis of recent changes in the category of cutaneous SCC, and speak about recent advancements in the categorization of cutaneous SCC. Over the course of the past decade, photodynamic therapy has developed into a potentially effective treatment for a variety of solid tumors that may be found in people. The combination of metallic nanoparticles and phytoconstituents as a therapy for skin cancer has the potential to be more successful than each treatment used independently. In this article, the various treatment modalities for skin cancer were examined. This included excision surgery, Mohs surgery, radiation therapy, and immunotherapy. These were then followed by targeted therapy or immunotherapy, in addition to surgery, radiation, or photodynamic therapy. Since excision surgery is the most typical procedure used to eradicate skin cancer, we concentrate on it in particular.

Severity of COVID-19 manifestations in HIV patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis

OBJECTIVE

The incidence of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic among people living with HIV (PLWH) is experiencing major increases. This demographic is vulnerable due to compromised immune function, but the individuals are subjected to antiretroviral therapy (ART), which shows potential as a treatment for the pandemic. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the severity of various forms of COVID-19 in PLWH as opposed to the general population.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The study followed PRISMA guidelines and included a systematic review of literature from Pubmed, Science Direct, and Cochrane Library, comprising English-language articles from 2019 to 2022. This study included articles discussing HIV and COVID-19 case prevalence data by severity. A random effect model was used to demonstrate the pooled prevalence of COVID-19 among PLWH, as well as the prevalence of moderate and critical severity of COVID-19 among PLWH. The Joanna Briggs Institute checklist was used to assess the quality of studies. This study is registered in INPLASY No. INPLASY2023100063.

RESULTS

Out of a total of 1,965 articles relevant to the specified keyword combination, 13 articles conformed with inclusion and exclusion criteria. For HIV and non-HIV COVID-19 patients, the mean age was 52.98 ± 6.45 years and 55.84 ± 9.73 years, respectively. Approximately 73% of HIV COVID-19 patients were male. Symptoms among PLWH included fever (57%), cough (48.9%), and shortness of breath (37%). The pooled prevalence of COVID-19 among PLWH was 3.0% (95% CI, 1.0 - 8.5%), with critical, moderate, and mild severity in 4.8% (95% CI, 1.6 - 13.3%), 24.4% (95% CI, 1.9 - 29.8%), and 9.9% (95% CI, 1.9 - 38%), respectively.

CONCLUSIONS

PLWHs and HIV-negative individuals showed comparable rates and intensity of COVID-19. ART users exhibited immunological health comparable to immunocompetent people, demonstrating the essential role of ART in reducing the severity and mortality of PLWH with COVID-19.

Optimized Ribociclib nanostructured lipid carrier for the amelioration of skin cancer: Inferences from ex-vivo skin permeation and dermatokinetic studies

Current research focuses on explicitly developing and evaluating nanostructured lipidic carriers (NLCs) for the chemotherapeutic drug Ribociclib (RCB) via the topical route to surmount the inherent bioavailability shortcomings. The absolute oral bioavailability has not been determined, but using a physiologically based pharmacokinetic model it was predicted that 65.8 % of the standard dose of RCB (600 mg) would be absorbed mainly in the small intestine. RCB-NLCs were produced using the solvent evaporation method, and Box-Behnken Design (BBD) was employed to optimize composition. The prepared NLCs had an average PS of 79.29 ± 3.53 nm, PDI of 0.242 ± 0.021, and a %EE of 86.07 ± 3.14. The TEM analysis disclosed the spherical form and non-aggregative nature of the NLCs. The outcomes of an in-vitro release investigation presented cumulative drug release of 84.97 ± 3.37 % in 24 h, significantly higher than that from the RCB suspension (RCB-SUS). Ex-vivo skin permeation investigations on rodent (Swiss albino mice) revealed that RCB-NLCs have 1.91 times increases in skin permeability comparable to RCB-SUS. Compared to RCB-SUS, RCB-NLCs were able to penetrate deeper into the epidermis membrane than RCB-SUS as per the findings of confocal microscopy. In dermatokinetic study, higher amount of RCB was maintained in both the layers of mice's skin when treated with RCB-NLCs gel comparable to the RCB-SUS gel preparation. The in-vitro, ex-vivo, CLSM, and dermatokinetics data demonstrated a significant possibility for this novel RCB formulation to be effective against skin cancer.

Novel hydrazone schiff's base derivatives of polyhydroquinoline: synthesis, in vitro prolyl oligopeptidase inhibitory activity and their Molecular docking study

This research work reports the synthesis of new derivatives of the hydrazone Schiff bases (1-17) based on polyhydroquinoline nucleus through multistep reactions. HR-ESIMS,1H- and 13C-NMR spectroscopy were used to structurally infer all of the synthesized compounds and lastly evaluated for prolyl oligopeptidase inhibitory activity. All the prepared products displayed good to excellent inhibitory activity when compared with standard z-prolyl-prolinal. Three derivatives 3, 15 and 14 showed excellent inhibition with IC50 values 3.21 ± 0.15 to 5.67 ± 0.18 µM, while the remaining 12 compounds showed significant activity. Docking studies indicated a good correlation with the biochemical potency of compounds estimated in the in-vitro test and showed the potency of compounds 3, 15 and 14. The MD simulation results confirmed the stability of the most potent inhibitors 3, 15 and 14 at 250 ns using the parameters RMSD, RMSF, Rg and number of hydrogen bonds. The RMSD values indicate the stability of the protein backbone in complex with the inhibitors over the simulation time. The RMSF values of the binding site residues indicate that the potent inhibitors contributed to stabilizing these regions of the protein, through formed stable interactions with the protein. The Rg. analysis assesses the overall size and compactness of the complexes. The maintenance of stable hydrogen bonds suggests the existence of favorable binding interactions. SASA analysis suggests that they maintained stable conformations without large-scale exposure to the solvent. These results indicate that the ligand-protein interactions are stable and could be exploited to design new drugs for disease treatment.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.

Synthesis, molecular docking and DFT analysis of novel bis-Schiff base derivatives with thiobarbituric acid for α-glucosidase inhibition assessment

A library of novel bis-Schiff base derivatives based on thiobarbituric acid has been effectively synthesized by multi-step reactions as part of our ongoing pursuit of novel anti-diabetic agents. All these derivatives were subjected to in vitro α-glucosidase inhibitory potential testing after structural confirmation by modern spectroscopic techniques. Among them, compound 8 (IC50 = 0.10 ± 0.05 µM), and 9 (IC50 = 0.13 ± 0.03 µM) exhibited promising inhibitory activity better than the standard drug acarbose (IC50 = 0.27 ± 0.04 µM). Similarly, derivatives (5, 6, 7, 10 and 4) showed significant to good inhibitory activity in the range of IC50 values from 0.32 ± 0.03 to 0.52 ± 0.02 µM. These derivatives were docked with the target protein to elucidate their binding affinities and key interactions, providing additional insights into their inhibitory mechanisms. The chemical nature of these compounds were reveal by performing the density functional theory (DFT) calculation using hybrid B3LYP functional with 6-311++G(d,p) basis set. The presence of intramolecular H-bonding was explored by DFT-d3 and reduced density gradient (RGD) analysis. Furthermore, various reactivity parameters were explored by performing TD-DFT at CAM-B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p) method.

Neuroprotective potential of Afzelin: A novel approach for alleviating catalepsy and modulating Bcl-2 expression in Parkinson's disease therapy

The lost dopaminergic neurons in the brain prevent mobility in Parkinson's disease (PD). It is impossible to stop the disease's progress by means of symptoms management. Research focuses on oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and neuronal degeneration. Exploration of potential neuroprotective drugs against prosurvival B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) protein is ongoing. An investigable cause behind PD, as well as preventive measures, could be discovered considering the association between such behavioural manifestations (cataleptic behaviours) and PD. The compound Afzelin, known to guard the nervous system, was chosen for this study. The study was done on rats divided into six different groups. First, there was a control group. The other group was treated with Reserpine (RES) (1 mg/kg). The third group received RES (1 mg/kg) and levodopa (30 mg/kg). The remaining three groups were given RES (1 mg/kg) in conjunction with Afzelin at the following doses: 5 mg/kg, 10 mg/kg, and 20 mg/kg. Cataleptic behavior and mobility in rats was assessed using the rotarod, open field, and modified forced-swim tests. thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), nitric oxide (NO), biogenic amines, and Bcl-2 level in rat tissue homogenates were considered. According to the study's findings, the rats treated through co-administration of RES and Afzelin improved significantly in their cataleptic behaviours and locomotor activity. In addition, administering Afzelin itself caused Bcl-2 expression, which could have some neuroprotection properties. This study provides meaningful information on the effectiveness of Afzelin in handling catalepsy and other degenerative neurologic disorders. As a result, other studies need to be conducted to establish the reasons behind the reactions and determine the long-term effects of Afzelin on these conditions.

Nanotechnology-based Herbal Drug Formulation in the Treatment of Diabetes Mellitus

The utilization of nanotechnology-based herbal medication delivery systems is gaining attention as a novel approach to treating diabetes mellitus. The incorporation of nanotechnology into herbal medicine provides benefits such as enhanced Stability, solubility, and bioavailability of herbal medications. The purpose of this paper is to summarise the present status of research on herbal medicine delivery systems based on nanotechnology for the treatment of diabetic patients. The paper evaluates the various nanocarriers and herbal drugs used, the challenges and opportunities in the development of these systems, and their potential efficacy and safety. Additionally, the paper highlights the need for further research to optimize the formulation and delivery of these systems. This review's overarching objective is to provide a complete understanding of the possibilities of herbal medication delivery systems based on nanotechnology in diabetes mellitus treatment.

A GIS approach for groundwater quality evaluation with entropy method and fluoride exposure with health risk assessment

This study used the entropy water quality index to analyse the suitability of groundwater for human consumption as well as the hazard index to identify the probable non-carcinogenic dangers among children, women, and men in Nawada, Bihar (India). A total of 75 groundwater samples were taken from hand pumps and tube/bore wells in the pre-monsoon of 2017, and they were evaluated for various physicochemical characteristics. The region's groundwater major cations and anions are dominated by Ca2+ > Mg2+ and [Formula: see text] > Cl- > [Formula: see text]  > NO3- > F > [Formula: see text]. Fluoride, chloride, and hardness exceeded WHO and BIS safe standards. Calcium, sodium, magnesium, sulphate, and chloride showed positive correlations, indicating water-rock interactions and mineral leaching and dissolution. Ionic cross-plots reveal that the dissolution of carbonate minerals was the primary source of calcium and magnesium in the groundwater. Also, silicate weathering contributed to these ions in the groundwater. The entropy water quality index (EWQI) found that 79% of groundwater samples were drinkable, whereas 21% were not consumable. The eastern, western, and some southern study areas have the worst drinking water quality. The main source of fluoride toxicity in people is groundwater. For all sampling locations, the HQ fluoride was calculated to be in the ranges of 0.04-3.69 (male), 0.04-3.27 (female), and 0.05-4 (children), indicating a considerably greater risk than the permissible levels (> 1). The fluoride-based non-carcinogenic risks are 27%, 20%, and 21% for children, women, and men, respectively. Children have higher risks from polluted water than adults, according to the non-carcinogenic health risk assessment. This study establishes a standard for regional and global scientific studies that help decision-makers and planners determine the quality of groundwater and fluoride risk and management.

Cracking the Code of Lumpy Skin Disease: Identifying Causes, Symptoms and Treatment Options for Livestock Farmers

The novel bovine viral infection known as lumpy skin disease is common in most African and Middle Eastern countries, with a significant likelihood of disease transfer to Asia and Europe. Recent rapid disease spread in formerly disease-free zones highlights the need of understanding disease limits and distribution mechanisms. Capripox virus, the causal agent, may also cause sheeppox and Goatpox. Even though the virus is expelled through several bodily fluids and excretions, the most common causes of infection include sperm and skin sores. Thus, vulnerable hosts are mostly infected mechanically by hematophagous arthropods such as biting flies, mosquitoes, and ticks. As a result, milk production lowers, abortions, permanent or temporary sterility, hide damage, and mortality occur, contributing to a massive financial loss for countries that raise cattle. These illnesses are economically significant because they affect international trade. The spread of Capripox viruses appears to be spreading because to a lack of effectual vaccinations and poverty in rural areas. Lumpy skin disease has reached historic levels; as a consequence, vaccination remains the only viable option to keep the illness from spreading in endemic as well as newly impacted areas. This study is intended to offer a full update on existing knowledge of the disease's pathological characteristics, mechanisms of spread, transmission, control measures, and available vaccinations.

Synthesis of new bis(dimethylamino)benzophenone hydrazone for diabetic management: In-vitro and in-silico approach

Inhibiting α-glucosidase is a reliable method for reducing blood sugar levels in diabetic individuals. Bis(dimethylamino)benzophenone derivatives 1-27 were synthesized from bis(dimethylamino)benzophenone via two-step reaction. Different spectroscopic techniques, including EI-MS and 1H NMR, were employed to characterize all synthetic derivatives. The elemental composition of synthetic compounds was confirmed by elemental analysis and results were found in agreement with the calculated values. The synthetic compounds 1-27 were evaluated for α-glucosidase inhibitory activity, except five compounds all derivatives showed good to moderate inhibitory potential in the range of IC50 = 0.28 ± 2.65 - 0.94 ± 2.20 μM. Among them, the most active compounds were 5, 8, 9, and 12 with IC50 values of 0.29 ± 4.63, 0.29 ± 0.93, 0.28 ± 3.65, and 0.28 ± 2.65, respectively. Furthermore, all these compounds were found to be non-toxic on human fibroblast cell lines (BJ cell lines). Kinetics study of compounds 8 and 9 revealed competitive type of inhibition with Ki values 2.79 ± 0.011 and 3.64 ± 0.012 μM, respectively. The binding interactions of synthetic compounds were also confirmed through molecular docking studies that indicated that compounds fit well in the active site of enzyme. Furthermore, a total of 30ns MD simulation was carried out for the most potent complexes of the series. The molecular dynamics study revealed that compound-8 and compound-12 were stable during the MD simulation.

Investigating the effects of four medicinal plants against dengue virus through QSAR modeling and molecular dynamics studies

The Dengue virus (DENV) has been increasingly recognized as a prevalent viral pathogen responsible for global transmission of infection. It has been established that DENV's NS5 methyltransferase (MTase) controls viral replication. As a result, NS5 MTase is considered a potentially useful drug target for DENV. In this study, the two phases of virtual screening were conducted using the ML-based QSAR model and molecular docking to identify potential compounds against NS5 of DENV. Four medicinal plants [Aloe vera, Cannabis sativa (Hemp), Ocimum sanctum (Holy Basil; Tulsi), and Zingiber officinale (Ginger)] that showed anti-viral properties were selected for sourcing the phytochemicals and screening them against NS5. Additionally, re-docking at higher exhaustiveness and interaction analysis were performed which resulted in the identification of the top four hits (135398658, 5281675, 119394, and 969516) which showed comparable results with the control Sinefungin (SFG). Post molecular dynamics simulation, 135398658 showed the lowest RMSD (0.4-0.5 nm) and the maximum number of hydrogen bonds (eight hydrogen bonds) after the control while 5281675 and 969516 showed comparable hydrogen bonds to the control. These compounds showed direct interactions with the catalytic site residues GLU111 and ASP131, in addition to this these compounds showed stable complex formation as depicted by principal component analysis and free energy landscape. 135398658 showed lower total binding free energy (ΔGTotal = -36.56 kcal/mol) than the control, while 5281675 had comparable values to the control (ΔGTotal = -34.1 kcal/mol). Overall, the purpose of this study was to identify phytochemicals that inhibit NS5 function, that could be further tested experimentally to treat dengue virus (DENV).Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.

A Landscape on Lymphatic Filariasis with its Effects and Recent Advanced Treatments

Lymphatic filariasis is an infection caused by parasites that poses a significant health, social, and economic burden, affecting a vast population that exceeds 120 million individuals globally. The Etiology of the infection is attributed to three nematode parasites, namely Wuchereria bancrofti, B. timori, and Brugia malayi, as well as which are phylogenetically related. These parasites are transmitted to humans via mosquitoes belonging to the Anopheles, Aedes genera, and Culex. As per the estimation provided by the WHO, the current number of individuals infected with filariasis stands at approximately 120 million across 81 countries. Furthermore, it is estimated that around 1.34 billion individuals reside in regions that are endemic to filariasis, thereby putting them at risk of contracting the disease. Different synthetic drugs such as Ivermectin, Doxycycline, Albendazole, and Suramin are used in the treatment. Some natural plants are Azadirachta indica, Tinospora cordifolia, Zingiber officinal, as well as, some marine sources are also included for better treatment. We also touch briefly on a few additional filarial diseases. Although there are only a few medications available to treat filariasis, their frequent usage may result in drug resistance. Furthermore, there is no effective vaccination for the treatment of filariasis. Due to these restrictions, it has been crucial to create new anti-filarial medications, which motivates researchers to find novel pharmaceuticals with anti-filarial action. In this article, we examine the latest achievements in the anti-filarial area, including the many forms of filariasis and their historical contexts, elimination programmes, various therapeutic classes (both synthetic and natural), investigated product-derived targets as well as clinical investigations.

Epidemiology and clinical features of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan

Abstract Current cross-sectional study was carried out between September 2019 to January 2020 at the Department of Pathology, Mardan Medical Complex (MMC), Mardan, and District Headquarter Hospital North Waziristan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP), Pakistan. The objectives of the current study were to determine the prevalence of leishmaniasis and its associated risk factors in selected districts of KP province, Pakistan. Altogether, three hundred and seventy-four (n=374) leishmaniosis patients were included in the current study. Skin specimen from the ulcer border were collected. The slides were stained by Giemsa stain and examined for the presence of amastigote. The prevalence of leishmania infected patients in different region of KP were as follows: North Waziristan region 53.7 (n=201) District Mardan 34.7% (n=130); District Nowshera 6.7% (n=25), District Swabi 1.1% (n=4) and other Districts i.e. Dir, Malakand, Buner and Bajawarr were 3.7% (n=14). The frequency of leishmaniasis were more in male and majority of the infected patients were in the age group of <10 years. Among n=374 patients 95.7% (n= 358) had cutaneous leishmaniasis while 3% (n= 11) had mucocutaneous type of infection and 1.3% (n= 5) patients had both cutaneous and mucocutaneous infection. Upon treatment by Sodium stibogluconate (SSG) 97% (n=362) showed clinical signs of complete or partial recovery of their skin lesions. Conclusively, highest incidence of leishmania infection occurred during short study period and majority of the cases showed positive response to treatment.

Novel benzimidazole derivatives as effective inhibitors of prolyl oligopeptidase: synthesis, in vitro and in silico analysis

Background: This research aims to discover novel derivatives having potential therapeutic applications in treating conditions related to prolyl oligopeptidase (POP) dysfunction. Method: Novel benzimidazole derivatives have been synthesized, characterized and screened for their in vitro POP inhibition. Results: All these derivatives showed excellent-to-good inhibitory activities in the range of IC50 values of 3.61 ± 0.15 to 43.72 ± 1.18 μM, when compared with standard Z-prolyl-prolinal. The docking analysis revealed the strong interactions between our compounds and the target enzyme, providing critical insights into their binding affinities and potential implications for drug development. Conclusion: The significance of these compounds in targeting POP enzyme offers promising prospects for future research in the field of neuropharmacology.

Identification of common candidate genes and pathways for Spina Bifida and Wilm's Tumor using an integrative bioinformatics analysis

Spina Bifida (SB) and Wilm's Tumor (WT) are conditions, both associated with children. Several studies have shown that WT later develops in SB patients, which led us to elucidate common key genes and linked pathways of both conditions, aimed at their concurrent therapeutic management. For this, integrated bioinformatics analysis was employed. A comprehensive manual curation of genes identified 133 and 139 genes associated with SB and WT, respectively, which were used to construct a single protein-protein interaction (PPI) network. Topological parameters analysis of the network showed its scale-free and hierarchical nature. Centrality-based analysis of the network identified 116 hubs, of which, 6 were called the key genes attributed to being common between SB and WT besides being the hubs. Gene enrichment analysis of the 5 most essential modules, identified important biological processes and pathways possibly linking SB to WT. Additionally, miRNA-key gene-transcription factor (TF) regulatory network elucidated a few important miRNAs and TFs that regulate our key genes. In closing, we put forward TP53, DICER1, NCAM1, PAX3, PTCH1, MTHFR; hsa-mir-107, hsa-mir-137, hsa-mir-122, hsa-let-7d; and YY1, SOX4, MYC, STAT3; key genes, miRNAs and TFs, respectively, as the key regulators. Further, MD simulation studies of wild and Glu429Ala forms of MTHFR proteins showed that there is a slight change in MTHFR protein structure due to Glu429Ala polymorphism. We anticipate that the interplay of these three entities will be an interesting area of research to explore the regulatory mechanism of SB and WT and may serve as candidate target molecules to diagnose, monitor, and treat SB and WT, parallelly.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.

Unveiling Diabetes: Categories, Genetics, Diagnostics, Treatments, and Future Horizons

Diabetes mellitus is a global epidemic affecting millions of individuals worldwide. This comprehensive review aims to provide a thorough understanding of the categorization, disease identity, genetic architecture, diagnosis, and treatment of diabetes. The categorization of diabetes is discussed, with a focus on type 1 and type 2 diabetes, as well as the lesser-known types, type 3 and type 4 diabetes. The geographical variation, age, gender, and ethnic differences in the prevalence of type 1 and type 2 diabetes are explored. The impact of disease identity on disease management and the role of autoimmunity in diabetes are examined. The genetic architecture of diabetes, including the interplay between genotype and phenotype, is discussed to enhance our understanding of the underlying mechanisms. The importance of insulin injection sites and the insulin signalling pathway in diabetes management are highlighted. The diagnostic techniques for diabetes are reviewed, along with advancements for improved differentiation between types. Treatment and management approaches, including medications used in diabetes management are presented. Finally, future perspectives are discussed, emphasizing the need for further research and interventions to address the global burden of diabetes. This review serves as a valuable resource for healthcare professionals, researchers, and policymakers, providing insights to develop targeted strategies for the prevention, diagnosis, and management of this complex disease.

Biooriented Synthesis of Ibuprofen-Clubbed Novel Bis-Schiff Base Derivatives as Potential Hits for Malignant Glioma: In Vitro Anticancer Activity and In Silico Approach

This research work is based on the synthesis of bis-Schiff base derivatives of the commercially available ibuprofen drug in outstanding yields through multistep reactions. Structures of the synthesized compounds were confirmed by the help of modern spectroscopic techniques including high-resolution electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (HR-ESI-MS), 1H NMR, and 13C NMR. The synthesized compounds were evaluated for their anticancer activity using a normal human embryonic kidney HEK293 cell and U87-malignant glioma (ATCC-HTB-14) as a cancer cell line. All of the synthesized compounds among the series exhibited excellent to less antiproliferative activity having IC50 values ranging from 5.75 ± 0.43 to 150.45 ± 0.20 μM. Among them, compound 5e (IC50 = 5.75 ± 0.43 μM) was found as the most potent antiprolifarative agent, while 5f, 5b, 5a, 5n, 5r, 5s, 5g, 5q, 5i, and 5j exhibited good activity with IC50 values from 24.17 ± 0.46 to 43.71 ± 0.07 μM. These findings suggest that these cells (HEK293) are less cytotoxic to the activities of compounds and increase the cancer cell death in brain, while the lower cytotoxicity of the potent compounds in noncancerous cells suggests that these derivatives will provide promising treatment for patients suffering from brain cancer. The results of the docking study exposed a promising affinity of the active compounds toward casein kinase-2 enzyme, which shows green signal for cancer treatment.

Deep remission improves the quality of life of patients with Crohn's disease and anoperineal fistula treated with darvadstrocel: results of a French pilot study

BACKGROUND

The injection of allogeneic adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) into anal fistulas in patients with Crohn's disease has never been evaluated in "real-life" conditions in France.

METHODS

We prospectively studied the first patients receiving MSC injections at our center and undergoing 12 months of follow-up. The primary endpoint was the clinical and radiological response rate. The secondary endpoints were symptomatic efficacy, safety, anal continence, quality of life (Crohn's anal fistula-quality of life scale, CAF-QoL), and predictive factors of success.

RESULTS

We included 27 consecutive patients. The complete clinical and radiological response rates at M12 were 51.9% and 50%, respectively. The combined complete clinical-radiological response (deep remission) rate was 34.6%. No major adverse effects or changes in anal continence were reported. The perianal disease activity index decreased from 6.4 to 1.6 (p < 0.001) for all patients. The CAF-QoL score also decreased from 54.0 to 25.5 (p < 0.001). At the end of the study, M12, the CAF-QoL score was significantly lower only in patients with a complete combined clinical-radiological response relative to those without a complete clinical-radiological response (15.0 versus 32.8, p = 0.01). Having a multibranching fistula and infliximab treatment were associated with a combined complete clinical-radiological response.

CONCLUSIONS

This study confirms reported efficacy data for the injection of MSC for complex anal fistulas in Crohn's disease. It also shows a positive impact on the quality of life of patients, particularly those for whom a combined clinical-radiological response was achieved.

Polyhydroquinoline derivatives for diabetic management: synthesis, in vitro and in silico approaches

Background: Medication used to treat Type 2 diabetes by decreasing the absorption of carbohydrates in the intestine consists of α-glucosidase inhibitors. Polyhydroquinoline derivatives have attracted interest as excellent antidiabetic agents. Methods: Polyhydroquinoline derivatives (1-17) were synthesized and tested for in vitro α-glucosidase inhibitory activity. Results: All the synthesized compounds exhibited excellent to good inhibitory activity, having IC50 values from 1.23 ± 0.03 to 73.85 ± 0.61 μM, compared with the standard drug, acarbose. The binding mechanism of these derivatives with α-glucosidase was deduced by docking studies and indicated that a slight variation in the orientation of compounds, affects their binding capability. Conclusion: In order to find new antidiabetic drugs, this study has discovered prospective lead candidates.

Neuroprotective evaluation of diospyrin against drug-induced Alzheimer's disease

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease linked to memory impairment. A current investigation was performed to assess the neuroprotective effect of Diospyrin, a novel therapeutic agent, for the curing of Alzheimer's disease. For this purpose, in-vitro acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) inhibitory assays and antioxidant studies were conducted, whereas in-vivo studies involved different behavioral animal models tests such as elevated plus maze (EPM), morris water maze (MWM) and paddling Y-maze test. Results of the in-vitro analysis showed IC50 values of 95 μg/mL for AChE and 110 μg/mL for BChE as compared to the standard drug donepezil (IC50: 95 & 85 μg/mL, respectively). DPPH antioxidant assay showed a maximum of 72.85% inhibition (IC50: 139.74 μg/mL) of DPPH-free radicals at the highest concentration of 1000 μg/mL as compared to the ascorbic acid (IC50: 13.72 μg/mL). Moreover, the in-vivo analysis revealed that diospyrin treatment demonstrated gradual betterment in memory and enhanced motor functionality. On the other hand, the computational analysis also showed that the diospyrin had exceptional binding affinities for both AChE and BChE enzymes. In the net shell, it may be deduced that our compound diospyrin could be a valuable drug candidate in managing neurodegenerative disorders like AD.

Discovery of (S)-flurbiprofen-based novel azine derivatives as prostaglandin endoperoxide synthase-II inhibitors: Synthesis, in-vivo analgesic, anti-inflammatory activities, and their molecular docking

The anti-inflammatory and analgesic drugs currently used are associated with several adverse effects and found to be highly unsafe for long-term use. Currently, nineteen novel bis-Schiff base derivatives (1-19) of flurbiprofen have been designed, prepared and assessed for in-vivo analgesic, anti-inflammatory and in vivo acute toxicity evaluation. The structures of the acquired compounds were deduced through modern spectroscopic techniques including HR-ESI-MS, 13C-, and 1H NMR. Amongst the series, compounds 7, 9, and 10 attributed potent activities with 93.89, 92.50, and 90.47% decreased edema, respectively compared to flurbiprofen (90.01%), however, compounds 11 and 15 exhibited significant activity of 90.00% decrease. Out of them, fourteen compounds (1-6, 8, 12-14, and 16-19) displayed good activity in the range of 68.96-86.95%. In case of an analgesic study, all the derivatives significantly (p 0.001) increased the pain threshold time particularly compound 7 had the best analgesic effect (24 ± 2.08 s) in comparison with flurbiprofen (21.66 ± 2.02 s) using hot plate test. Similarly, in the acetic acid-induced writhing test, compound 7 determined a potent inhibitory effect (60.47 %) close to flurbiprofen (59.28%). All the synthesized derivatives were found safe up to the dose of 30 mg/kg, in acute toxicity study. On a molecular scale, the synthesized compounds were modeled through a ligand-based pharmacophore study and molecular docking to have insight into the different possible interactions leading to high inhibition levels against the COX-2 enzyme.

Topical Anti-ulcerogenic Effect of the Beta-adrenergic Blockers on Diabetic Foot Ulcers: Recent Advances and Future Prospectives

BACKGROUND

Patients with diabetes suffer from major complications like Diabetic Retinopathy, Diabetic Coronary Artery Disease, and Diabetic Foot ulcers (DFUs). Diabetes complications are a group of ailments whose recovery time is especially delayed, irrespective of the underlying reason. The longer duration of wound healing enhances the probability of problems like sepsis and amputation. The delayed healing makes it more critical for research focus. By understanding the molecular pathogenesis of diabetic wounds, it is quite easy to target the molecules involved in the healing of wounds. Recent research on beta-adrenergic blocking drugs has revealed that these classes of drugs possess therapeutic potential in the healing of DFUs. However, because the order of events in defective healing is adequately defined, it is possible to recognize moieties that are currently in the market that are recognized to aim at one or several identified molecular processes.

OBJECTIVE

The aim of this study was to explore some molecules with different therapeutic categories that have demonstrated favorable effects in improving diabetic wound healing, also called the repurposing of drugs.

METHOD

Various databases like PubMed/Medline, Google Scholar and Web of Science (WoS) of all English language articles were searched, and relevant information was collected regarding the role of beta-adrenergic blockers in diabetic wounds or diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs) using the relevant keywords for the literature review.

RESULT

The potential beta-blocking agents and their mechanism of action in diabetic foot ulcers were studied, and it was found that these drugs have a profound effect on diabetic foot ulcer healing as per reported literatures.

CONCLUSION

There is a need to move forward from preclinical studies to clinical studies to analyze clinical findings to determine the effectiveness and safety of some beta-antagonists in diabetic foot ulcer treatment.

Modeling the Inflammatory Response of Traumatic Brain Injury Using Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell Derived Microglia

The neuroinflammatory response after traumatic brain injury (TBI) is implicated as a key mediator of secondary injury in both the acute and chronic periods after primary injury. Microglia are the key innate immune cell in the central nervous system, responding to injury with the release of cytokines and chemokines. In this context, we aimed to characterize the downstream cytokine response of human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived microglia when stimulated with five separate cytokines identified after human TBI. The iPSC-derived microglia were exposed to interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) in the concentration ranges identified in clinical TBI studies. The downstream cytokine response was measured against a panel of 37 separate cytokines over a 72h time-course. The secretome revealed concentration-, time- and combined concentration and time-dependent downstream responses. TNF appeared to be the strongest inducer of downstream cytokine changes (51), followed by IL-1β (26) and IL-4 (19). IL-10 (11) and IL-6 (10) produced fewer responses. We also compare these responses with our previous studies of iPSC-derived neuronal and astrocyte cultures and the in vivo human TBI cytokine response. Notably, we found microglial culture to induce both a wider range of downstream cytokine responses and a greater fold change in concentration for those downstream responses, compared with astrocyte and neuronal cultures. In summary, we present a dataset for human microglial cytokine responses specific to the secretome found in the clinical context of TBI. This reductionist approach complements our previous datasets for astrocyte and neuronal responses and will provide a platform to enable future studies to unravel the complex neuroinflammatory network activated after TBI.

Nanogel-Based Delivery System for Lemongrass Essential Oil: A Promising Approach to Overcome Antibiotic Resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa Infections

The emergence of antibiotic-resistant strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) presents a substantial obstacle in medical environments. To effectively tackle this problem, we suggest an innovative approach: employing a delivery system based on nanogels to administer lemongrass essential oil (LGO). Developed PVA and PLGA nanoparticle formulation efficiently encapsulates LGO with 56.23% encapsulation efficiency by solvent extraction technique, preserving stability and bioactivity. Nanogel: 116 nm size, low polydispersity (0.229), -9 mV zeta potential. The nanogel's controlled release facilitated targeted LGO delivery via pH-controlled dissolution. Pure LGO had the highest release rate, while LGO-NP and LGO-NP-CG exhibited slower rates. In 15 h, LGO-NP released 50.65%, and LGO-NP-CG released 63.58%, releasing 61.31% and 63.58% within 24 h. LGO-NP-CG demonstrated superior antioxidant activity, a lower MIC against P. aeruginosa, and the most potent bactericidal effect compared to other formulations. This underscores the versatile efficacy of LGO, suggesting its potential to combat antibiotic resistance and enhance treatment effectiveness. Moreover, employing a nanogel-based delivery approach for LGO offers an efficient solution to combat drug resistance in P. aeruginosa infections. By employing strategies such as nanogel encapsulation and controlled release, we can enhance the effectiveness of LGO against antibiotic-resistant strains. This study establishes a robust foundation for exploring innovative approaches to treating P. aeruginosa infections using nanomedicine and paves the way for investigating novel methods of delivering antimicrobial drugs. These efforts contribute to the ongoing battle against antibiotic resistance.

Novel flurbiprofen clubbed oxadiazole derivatives as potential urease inhibitors and their molecular docking study

In this study, twenty eight novel oxadiazole derivatives (5-32) of the marketed available non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), (S)-flurbiprofen (1), were synthesized via I2 mediated cyclo-addition reaction in better yields. The synthesized hydrazone-Schiff bases were cyclized with iodine by using potassium hydroxide as a base in DMSO solvent to obtain oxadiazole derivatives (5-32). Structures of the synthesized products were confirmed with HR-ESI-MS, 1H-NMR spectroscopy and CHN analysis. After structure confirmations all analogs were evaluated for urease (in vitro) inhibitory activity. Amongst the series, fourteen compounds 20, 26, 30, 24, 21, 16, 28, 31, 32, 7, 19, 13, 10, and 6 were found to be excellent inhibitors of urease enzyme, having IC50 values of 12 ± 0.9 to 20 ± 0.5 μM, better than the standard thiourea (IC50 = 22 ± 2.2 μM), whereas the remaining fourteen derivatives displayed good to moderate activity. The in silico study was executed to analyse the interaction between the active site of the enzyme (urease) and the produced compounds. The docking study revealed that compounds 20, 26, 30, 24, 21, 16, 28, 31, 32, 7, 19, 13, 10, and 6 had lower docking scores than the standard compound thiourea and revealed better interactions with the urease enzyme.

Oxygen and moisture-induced healing of halide double perovskite surface defects

In this work, we studied the impact of environmental constituents such as oxygen (O2) and moisture on halide double perovskite (HDP) films. The transport measurements indicate that an increment in O2 concentration enhances the resistivity of a Cs2AgBiBr6 film by two orders of magnitude. The adsorption of O2 on the film's surface helps in passivation of defects (∼50% reduction in defect density on O2 exposure), which inhibits ion migration and results in an increased resistivity of the film. The process of adsorption and desorption of O2 on the film surface is found to be fully reversible. In contrast, the resistivity of double perovskite films decreases by an order of magnitude in the presence of moisture. This is attributed to the generation of free protons as a result of the dissociation of water molecules at the films' surface, hence exhibiting an increase in current under external bias. The HDP films possess high resistivity (for T < 100 °C) due to the desorption of physisorbed water layers from the surface, which gradually decreases with an increase in the operating temperature. This work demonstrates that O2 and moisture are a good combination for defect passivation in any HDPs, in general.

Unconventional electronic phase transition in SnBi2Te4: role of anomalous thermal expansion

We propose SnBi2Te4to be a novel topological quantum material exhibiting temperature (T) mediated transitions between rich electronic phases. Our combined theoretical and experimental results suggest that SnBi2Te4goes from a low-Tsemimetallic phase to a high-T(room temperature) insulating phase via an intermediate metallic phase. Single crystals of SnBi2Te4are characterized by various experimental probes including synchrotron based x-ray diffraction, magnetoresistance, Hall effect, Seebeck coefficient and magnetization. X-ray diffraction data confirms an anomalous thermal expansion of the unit cell volume below ∼100 K, which significantly affects the bulk band structure and hence the transport properties. Simulated surface states are found to be topologically robust with varyingT. This indirectly supports the experimentally observed paramagnetic singularity in the entireT-range. The proposed coexistence of such rich phases is a rare occurrence, yet it facilitates a fertile ground to tune them in a material driven by structural changes.

Neoteric Role Of Quercetin In Visual Disorders

Flavonoids are a family of secondary metabolites found in plants and fungi that exhibit strong antioxidant properties and low toxicity, making them potential candidates for medicinal use. Quercetin, a flavonoid present in various plant-based foods, has gained attention for its numerous biological benefits, including anti-inflammatory, anti-fibrosis, and antioxidant properties. The ocular surface research community has recently focused on quercetin's therapeutic potential for managing ocular diseases, such as dry eye, keratoconus, corneal inflammation, and neovascularization. In this paper, we discuss the role of quercetin for ocular disease prevention, highlighting its fundamental characteristics, common biological properties, and recent applications. By reviewing the latest research conducted in the last 10 years which was focused on novel herbal formulations for ocular diseases, we aim to provide insights into the role of quercetin in managing ocular diseases and offer perspectives on its potential as a therapeutic agent.

Synergistic Combination of Letrozole and Berberine in Ascorbic Acid-Stabilized AuNPs: A Promising Solution for Breast Cancer

Breast cancer is a deadly disease that affects countless women worldwide. The most conventional treatments for breast cancer, such as the administration of anticancer medications such as letrozole (LTZ), pose significant barriers due to the non-selective delivery and low bioavailability of cytotoxic drugs leading to serious adverse effects and multidrug resistance (MDR). Addressing these obstacles requires an innovative approach, and we propose a combined strategy that synergistically incorporates LTZ with berberine (BBR) into stabilised AuNPs coated with ascorbic acid (AA), known as LTZ-BBR@AA-AuNPs. The LTZ-BBR@AA-AuNPs, a novel combined drug delivery system, were carefully designed to maximise the entrapment of both LTZ and BBR. The resulting spherical nanoparticles exhibited remarkable efficiency in trapping these two compounds, with rates of 58% and 54%, respectively. In particular, the average hydrodynamic diameter of these nanoparticles was determined to be 81.23 ± 4.0 nm with a PDI value of only 0.286, indicating excellent uniformity between them. Furthermore, their zeta potential was observed to be -14.5 mV, suggesting high stability even under physiological conditions. The release profiles showed that after being incubated for about 24 h at pH levels ranging from acidic (pH = 5) to basic (pH = 7), the percentage released for both drugs ranged from 56-72%. This sustained and controlled drug release can reduce any negative side effects while improving therapeutic efficacy when administered directly to cancer. MDA-MB-231 cells treated with LTZ-BBR@AA-AuNPs for 48 h exhibited IC50 values of 2.04 ± 0.011 μg/mL, indicating potent cytotoxicity against cells. Furthermore, the nanoparticles demonstrated excellent stability throughout the duration of the treatment.

Synthesis, molecular structure and urease inhibitory activity of novel bis-Schiff bases of benzyl phenyl ketone: A combined theoretical and experimental approach

Background

Urease belongs to the family of amid hydrolases with two nickel atoms in their core structure. On the basis of literature survey, this research work is mainly focused on the study of bis-Schiff base derivatives of benzyl phenyl ketone nucleus.

Objective

Synthesis of benzyl phenyl ketone based bis-Schiff bases in search of potent urease inhibitors.

Method

In the current work, bis-Schiff bases were synthesized through two steps reaction by reacting benzyl phenyl ketone with excess of hydrazine hydrate in ethanol solvent in the first step to get the desired hydrazone. In last, different substituted aromatic aldehydes were refluxed in catalytic amount of acetic acid with the desired hydrazone to obtain bis-Schiff base derivatives in tremendous yields. Using various spectroscopic techniques including FTIR, HR-ESI-MS, and ¹H NMR spectroscopy were used to clarify the structures of the created bis-Schiff base derivatives.

Results

The prepared compounds were finally screened for their in-vitro urease inhibition activity. All the synthesized derivatives (3-9) showed excellent to less inhibitory activity when compared with standard thiourea (IC₅₀ = 21.15 ± 0.32 µM). Compounds 3 (IC₅₀ = 22.21 ± 0.42 µM), 4 (IC₅₀ = 26.11 ± 0.22 µM) and 6 (IC₅₀ = 28.11 ± 0.22 µM) were found the most active urease inhibitors near to standard thiourea among the synthesized series. Similarly, compound 5 having IC₅₀ value of 34.32 ± 0.65 µM showed significant inhibitory activity against urease enzyme. Furthermore, three compounds 7, 8, and 9 exhibited less activity with IC₅₀ values of 45.91 ± 0.14, 47.91 ± 0.14, and 48.33 ± 0.72 µM respectively. DFT used to calculate frontier molecular orbitals including; HOMO and LUMO to indicate the charge transfer from molecule to biological transfer, and MEP map to indicate the chemically reactive zone suitable for drug action. The electron localization function (ELF), non-bonding orbitals, AIM charges are also calculated. The docking study contributed to the analysis of urease protein binding.

Gallic-Acid-Loaded PLGA Nanoparticles: A Promising Transdermal Drug Delivery System with Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Agents

The objective of this study was to develop an innovative gallic-acid (GA) drug delivery system that could be administered transdermally, resulting in enhanced therapeutic benefits and minimal negative consequences. The method employed involved the preparation of poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles loaded with GA through nanoprecipitation-denoted GA@PLGANPs. The results reveal that this strategy led to perfectly spherical, homogeneous, and negatively charged particles, which are suitable for administration via skin patches or ointments. A further analysis indicates that these GA@PLGANPs exhibit remarkable antioxidant activity as well as potent antibacterial effects against a diverse range of microorganisms, making them ideal candidates for numerous applications. Additionally, it has been observed that these nanoparticles can effectively mitigate oxidative stress while also significantly inhibiting microbial growth by exerting detrimental effects on bacterial cell walls or membranes. In conclusion, on the basis of the findings presented in this study, there is strong evidence supporting the potential use of GA@PLGANPs as an effective therapy option with reduced side effects compared to conventional drug delivery methods.

Several Applications Of Solid Lipid Nanoparticles In Drug Delivery

Rapid progress is being made in the area of nanotechnology; solid lipid nanoparticles are currently at the forefront of research and development. They have the capability of becoming employed in an extensive number of applications, including the delivery of medications, clinical treatment, and research, in addition to uses in other areas of academic inquiry that could benefit from their utilisation. This article presents a thorough analysis of solid lipid nanoparticles, covering subjects such as their goals, preparation strategy, applications, advantages, and possible remedies for the issues that have been raised. This review provides a discussion of solid lipids that is both in-depth and comprehensive. Studies that investigate the manner in which SLNs are prepared and the routes via which they are administered are typical. Aspects concerning the route of administration of SLNs as well as the destiny of the carriers in vivo are also investigated in this paper.

Curriculum learning-based strategy for low-density archaeological mound detection from historical maps in India and Pakistan

This paper presents two algorithms for the large-scale automatic detection and instance segmentation of potential archaeological mounds on historical maps. Historical maps present a unique source of information for the reconstruction of ancient landscapes. The last 100 years have seen unprecedented landscape modifications with the introduction and large-scale implementation of mechanised agriculture, channel-based irrigation schemes, and urban expansion to name but a few. Historical maps offer a window onto disappearing landscapes where many historical and archaeological elements that no longer exist today are depicted. The algorithms focus on the detection and shape extraction of mound features with high probability of being archaeological settlements, mounds being one of the most commonly documented archaeological features to be found in the Survey of India historical map series, although not necessarily recognised as such at the time of surveying. Mound features with high archaeological potential are most commonly depicted through hachures or contour-equivalent form-lines, therefore, an algorithm has been designed to detect each of those features. Our proposed approach addresses two of the most common issues in archaeological automated survey, the low-density of archaeological features to be detected, and the small amount of training data available. It has been applied to all types of maps available of the historic 1″ to 1-mile series, thus increasing the complexity of the detection. Moreover, the inclusion of synthetic data, along with a Curriculum Learning strategy, has allowed the algorithm to better understand what the mound features look like. Likewise, a series of filters based on topographic setting, form, and size have been applied to improve the accuracy of the models. The resulting algorithms have a recall value of 52.61% and a precision of 82.31% for the hachure mounds, and a recall value of 70.80% and a precision of 70.29% for the form-line mounds, which allowed the detection of nearly 6000 mound features over an area of 470,500 km², the largest such approach to have ever been applied. If we restrict our focus to the maps most similar to those used in the algorithm training, we reach recall values greater than 60% and precision values greater than 90%. This approach has shown the potential to implement an adaptive algorithm that allows, after a small amount of retraining with data detected from a new map, a better general mound feature detection in the same map.

Beta Caryophyllene-Loaded Nanostructured Lipid Carriers for Topical Management of Skin Disorders: Statistical Optimization, In Vitro and Dermatokinetic Evaluation

This work aimed to overcome the disadvantages of the oral administration of beta-caryophyllene and boost efficiency by developing a nanostructured lipid carrier for topical administration of the drug in skin disorders. The heat emulsification method was utilized to produce beta-caryophyllene-loaded nanostructured lipid carriers. The newly created formulation was examined for its particle size, entrapment efficiency, and zeta potential after being improved using the Box-Behnken Design. The chosen formulation underwent tests to determine its ex vivo skin retention, dermatokinetic, in vitro release, antioxidant, and confocal laser scanning microscopy study. The findings of the characterization of the nanostructured lipid carriers demonstrated that the particles had a spherical form and a size of 210.86 nm (0.263 polydispersity index). The entrapment efficiency was determined to be 86.74%, and the zeta potential was measured to be -26.97 mV. The in vitro release investigation showed that nanostructure lipid carriers were capable of releasing regulated amounts of beta-caryophyllene for up to 24 hrs. In comparison to the traditional gel formulation, the ex vivo investigation demonstrated a 1.94-fold increase in the skin's capacity to retain the substance. According to the findings of the study, nanostructure lipid carriers loaded with beta-caryophyllene have the potential to be investigated for use as a topical administration method in skin disorders with enhanced skin retention and effectiveness.

Patient safety in radiology: Our experience

Background

Present-day radiology departments have very high footfall of patients and are prone to patient safety errors. This study analyses such errors in our hospital.

Methods

Observational cross-sectional analysis of errors over the last 30 months was performed. These were classified using the Eindhoven classification model into technical, organizational, and human errors. Technical errors focused on equipment safety. Organizational errors related to policies. Human errors were subclassified as per the skill rule knowledge model. Root cause analysis was performed wherever necessary, and possible mitigation strategies for ensuring safety were suggested. Errors peculiar to the Armed Forces environment were specifically addressed.

Results

Seventy-seven errors were analyzed. Two were equipment based including faulty pressure injector syringes and radiation leakage from the computed tomography gantry. Of 44 skill-based errors, 09 involved dispatch of wrong reports to dependents owing to identifying patients with serving personnel's name. Four were due to scanning wrong sites. Eleven involved reporting abnormality on the wrong side. Six involved underreporting due to not viewing specific images. The rest were due to failure to omit conflicting elements in the report. Rule-based errors included wrong protocol selection (9 errors), omitting a particular sequence due to individual preference (6 errors), and so on. Knowledge-based errors were due to misinterpretation of findings (4 errors), reporting an abnormality as normal (3 errors), and selection of wrong modality (3 errors).

Conclusion

The findings of this study highlights the importance of voluntary reporting, diligent recording, and in-depth analysis of errors for understanding the causes and formulating possible mitigation strategies.

Systems-level analyses of protein-protein interaction network dysfunctions via epichaperomics identify cancer-specific mechanisms of stress adaptation

Systems-level assessments of protein-protein interaction (PPI) network dysfunctions are currently out-of-reach because approaches enabling proteome-wide identification, analysis, and modulation of context-specific PPI changes in native (unengineered) cells and tissues are lacking. Herein, we take advantage of chemical binders of maladaptive scaffolding structures termed epichaperomes and develop an epichaperome-based 'omics platform, epichaperomics, to identify PPI alterations in disease. We provide multiple lines of evidence, at both biochemical and functional levels, demonstrating the importance of these probes to identify and study PPI network dysfunctions and provide mechanistically and therapeutically relevant proteome-wide insights. As proof-of-principle, we derive systems-level insight into PPI dysfunctions of cancer cells which enabled the discovery of a context-dependent mechanism by which cancer cells enhance the fitness of mitotic protein networks. Importantly, our systems levels analyses support the use of epichaperome chemical binders as therapeutic strategies aimed at normalizing PPI networks.

Design and Development of a Non-Contact ECG-Based Human Emotion Recognition System Using SVM and RF Classifiers

Emotion recognition becomes an important aspect in the development of human-machine interaction (HMI) systems. Positive emotions impact our lives positively, whereas negative emotions may cause a reduction in productivity. Emotionally intelligent systems such as chatbots and artificially intelligent assistant modules help make our daily life routines effortless. Moreover, a system which is capable of assessing the human emotional state would be very helpful to assess the mental state of a person. Hence, preventive care could be offered before it becomes a mental illness or slides into a state of depression. Researchers have always been curious to find out if a machine could assess human emotions precisely. In this work, a unimodal emotion classifier system in which one of the physiological signals, an electrocardiogram (ECG) signal, has been used is proposed to classify human emotions. The ECG signal was acquired using a capacitive sensor-based non-contact ECG belt system. The machine-learning-based classifiers developed in this work are SVM and random forest with 10-fold cross-validation on three different sets of ECG data acquired for 45 subjects (15 subjects in each age group). The minimum classification accuracies achieved with SVM and RF emotion classifier models are 86.6% and 98.2%, respectively.

Exploring the Therapeutic Potential of Berberine and Tocopherol in Managing Diabetic Neuropathy: A Comprehensive Approach towards Alleviating Chronic Neuropathic Pain

Diabetic neuropathy (DN) causes sensory dysfunction, such as numbness, tingling, or burning sensations. Traditional medication may not ease pain and discomfort, but natural remedies such as Berberine (BR) and vitamin E or Tocopherol (TOC) have therapeutic potential to reduce inflammation while improving nerve function. Novel substances offer a more potent alternative method for managing severe chronic neuropathic pain that does not react to standard drug therapy by targeting various pathways that regulate it. Rats with diabetic control received oral doses of BR + TOC that showed significant changes in serum insulin levels compared to DN controls after 90 days, suggesting a decrease in sensitivity to painful stimuli partly by modulating the oxidative stress of the inflammatory pathway such as TNF-α suppression or stimulation of TNF-α depending on the amount of dose consumed by them. NF-kB also played its role here. Administering doses of BR and TOC reduced heightened levels of NF-kB and AGEs, effectively counteracting inflammation-targeted key factors in diabetes, promising possibilities for the benefits of these molecules revealed through in vivo investigation. In summary, treating neuropathy pain with a more comprehensive and organic approach can involve harnessing the powerful capabilities of BR and TOC. These compounds have been found to not only considerably decrease inflammation but also provide effective nerve protection while enhancing overall nerve function. With their multifunctional impacts on various neuropathic pain pathways in the body, these naturally occurring substances offer an exciting possibility for those who encounter high levels of neuropathic distress that do not respond well to conventional medication-centred therapies.

QbD-Optimized, Phospholipid-Based Elastic Nanovesicles for the Effective Delivery of 6-Gingerol: A Promising Topical Option for Pain-Related Disorders

In this study, elastic nanovesicles, constructed of phospholipids optimized by Quality by Design (QbD), release 6-gingerol (6-G), a natural chemical that may alleviate osteoporosis and musculoskeletal-related pain. A 6-gingerol-loaded transfersome (6-GTF) formulation was developed using a thin film and sonication approach. 6-GTFs were optimized using BBD. Vesicle size, PDI, zeta potential, TEM, in vitro drug release, and antioxidant activity were evaluated for the 6-GTF formulation. The optimized 6-GTF formulation had a 160.42 nm vesicle size, a 0.259 PDI, and a -32.12 mV zeta potential. TEM showed sphericity. The 6-GTF formulation's in vitro drug release was 69.21%, compared to 47.71% for the pure drug suspension. The Higuchi model best described 6-G release from transfersomes, while the Korsmeyer-Peppas model supported non-Fickian diffusion. 6-GTF had more antioxidant activity than the pure 6-G suspension. The optimized transfersome formulation was converted into a gel to improve skin retention and efficacy. The optimized gel had a spreadability of 13.46 ± 4.42 g·cm/s and an extrudability of 15.19 ± 2.01 g/cm². The suspension gel had a 1.5 μg/cm²/h ex vivo skin penetration flux, while the 6-GTF gel had 2.71 μg/cm²/h. Rhodamine B-loaded TF gel reached deeper skin layers (25 μm) compared to the control solution in the CLSM study. The gel formulation's pH, drug concentration, and texture were assessed. This study developed QbD-optimized 6-gingerol-loaded transfersomes. 6-GTF gel improved skin absorption, drug release, and antioxidant activity. These results show that the 6-GTF gel formulation has the ability to treat pain-related illnesses effectively. Hence, this study offers a possible topical treatment for conditions connected to pain.

Thiophene-Derived Schiff Base Complexes: Synthesis, Characterization, Antimicrobial Properties, and Molecular Docking

Novel thiophene-derived Schiff base ligand DE, where DE is (E)-N¹,N¹-diethyl-N²-(thiophen-2-ylmethylene)ethane-1,2-diamine, and the corresponding M(II) complexes, [M(DE)X₂] (M = Cu or Zn, X = Cl; M = Cd, X = Br), were prepared and structurally characterized. X-ray diffraction studies revealed that the geometry around the center of the M(II) complexes, [Zn(DE)Cl₂] and [Cd(DE)Br₂], could be best described as a distorted tetrahedral. In vitro antimicrobial screening of DE and its corresponding M(II) complexes, [M(DE)X₂], was performed. The complexes were more potent and showed higher activities against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, fungi Candida albicans, and protozoa Leishmania major compared to the ligand. Among the studied complexes, [Cd(DE)Br₂] exhibited the most promising antimicrobial activity against all the tested microbes compared to its analogs. These results were further supported by molecular docking studies. We believe that these complexes may significantly contribute to the efficient designing of metal-derived agents to treat microbial infections.

Groundwater quality assessment using SPSS based on multivariate statistics and water quality index of Gaya, Bihar (India)

Groundwater is a valuable resource for developmental activities, and its demand is growing as surface water becoming scarce. Groundwater demand is increasing, resulting in reduction in water level and deterioration in water quality. A total of 156 groundwater samples were taken from Gaya, a district in Bihar (India), to check the safety of drinking water. The quality of groundwater was assessed using a water quality index (WQI). Analysed samples were assessed using a variety of physicochemical characteristics, and statistical methods principal component analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis (CA) were used as they are effective and efficient. As per the Gibbs, plot majority of the sample falls in the rock-water interaction and some evaporation dominance field. The domination of major cation in the order of Ca²⁺ > Mg²⁺ > Na⁺ and the major anions followed the order of HCO₃^- > [Formula: see text]>[Formula: see text]>[Formula: see text]>[Formula: see text]. The KMO's sample adequacy value of 0.703 and the significance level of Bartlett's test of sphericity (0.0001) were indicating that PCA may be implemented. Using the PCA, the three components recovered explained 69.58% of the total variation. Cluster analysis classified the groundwater sample into three cluster based on the similarities among chemical parameters involved in groundwater quality. HCA exhibit less, intermediate, and heavily mineralized groundwater characteristics of groups I, II, and III, respectively. The major parameters affecting the water quality in the study region are TDS, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, HCO₃^-, [Formula: see text]. WQI indicates 17% of the sample were found to be of very poor quality and not consumable. The study's findings offer insights and understanding into groundwater pollution regimes. These results used for water quality assessment leading to improved environmental management and planning and in decision-making for water quality management.

Effects of Taraxerol on Oxidative and Inflammatory Mediators in Isoproterenol-Induced Cardiotoxicity in an Animal Model

Myocardial infarction (MI) continues to be an important issue in healthcare systems worldwide, leading to high rates of morbidity and mortality. Despite ongoing efforts towards the development of preventive measures and treatments, addressing the challenges posed by MI remains difficult both in developed and developing countries. However, researchers recently investigated the potential cardioprotective effects of taraxerol utilizing an isoproterenol (ISO)-induced cardiotoxicity model among Sprague Dawley rats. Specifically, subcutaneous tissue injections consisting of 5.25 mg/kg or 8.5 mg/kg ISO were administered over two consecutive days as stimuli to induce cardiac injury. To investigate the possibility of preventing damage caused by ISO-induced cardiotoxicity by taraxerol treatment, five groups were formed: a normal control group (1% Tween 80), an ISO control group, an amlodipine group administered 5 mg/kg/day, and various doses of taraxerol. The study results showed that treatment significantly reduced cardiac marker enzymes. Additionally, pretreatment with taraxerol increased myocardial activity in SOD and GPx, leading to significant reductions in serum CK-MB levels along with MDA, TNF-α, and IL-6. Further histopathological analysis supported these observations, as treated animals had less cellular infiltration compared to untreated ones. These multifaceted findings suggest that oral administration of taraxerol could potentially protect hearts from ISO-caused damage by increasing endogenous antioxidant concentrations while decreasing pro-inflammatory cytokines.

Quality-by-Design-Assisted Optimization of Carvacrol Oil-Loaded Niosomal Gel for Anti-Inflammatory Efficacy by Topical Route

Niosomes are multilamellar vesicles that effectively transfer active ingredients into the skin's layers. To improve the active substance's penetration across the skin, these carriers are frequently utilized as topical drug delivery systems. Essential oils (EOs) have garnered significant interest in the field of research and development owing to their various pharmacological activities, cost-effectiveness, and simple manufacturing techniques. However, these ingredients undergo degradation and oxidation over time, leading to a loss of functionality. Niosome formulations have been developed to deal with these challenges. The main goal of this work was to create a niosomal gel of carvacrol oil (CVC) to improve its penetration into the skin for anti-inflammatory actions and stability. By changing the ratio of drug, cholesterol and surfactant, various formulations of CVC niosomes were formulated using Box Behnken Design (BBD). A thin-film hydration technique using a rotary evaporator was employed for the development of niosomes. Following optimization, the CVC-loaded niosomes had shown: 180.23 nm, 0.265, -31.70 mV, and 90.61% of vesicle size, PDI, zeta potential, and EE%. An in vitro study on drug release discovered the rates of drug release for CVC-Ns and CVC suspension, which were found to be 70.24 ± 1.21 and 32.87 ± 1.03, respectively. The release of CVC from niosomes best fit the Higuchi model, and the Korsmeyer-Peppas model suggests that the release of the drug followed the non-Fickian diffusion. In a dermatokinetic investigation, niosome gel significantly increased CVC transport in the skin layers when compared to CVC-conventional formulation gel (CVC-CFG). Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) of rat skin exposed to the rhodamine B-loaded niosome formulation showed a deeper penetration of 25.0 µm compared to the hydroalcoholic rhodamine B solution (5.0 µm). Additionally, the CVC-N gel antioxidant activity was higher than that of free CVC. The formulation coded F4 was selected as the optimized formulation and then gelled with carbopol to improve its topical application. Niosomal gel underwent tests for pH determination, spreadability, texture analysis, and CLSM. Our findings imply that the niosomal gel formulations could represent a potential strategy for the topical delivery of CVC in the treatment of inflammatory disease.

Development and Characterization of Methyl-Anthranilate-Loaded Silver Nanoparticles: A Phytocosmetic Sunscreen Gel for UV Protection

Methyl anthranilate (MA) is a naturally derived compound commonly used in cosmetic products, such as skin care products, fine perfumes, etc. The goal of this research was to develop a UV-protective sunscreen gel using methyl-anthranilate-loaded silver nanoparticles (MA-AgNPs). The microwave approach was used to develop the MA-AgNPs, which were then optimized using Box-Behnken Design (BBD). Particle size (Y1) and absorbance (Y2) were chosen as the response variables, while AgNO₃ (X1), methyl anthranilate concentration (X2), and microwave power (X3) were chosen as the independent variables. Additionally, the prepared AgNPs were approximated for investigations on in vitro active ingredient release, dermatokinetics, and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). The study's findings showed that the optimal MA-loaded AgNPs formulation had a particle size, polydispersity index, zeta potential, and percentage entrapment efficiency (EE) of 200 nm, 0.296 mV, -25.34 mV, and 87.88%, respectively. The image from transmission electron microscopy (TEM) demonstrated the spherical shape of the nanoparticles. According to an in vitro investigation on active ingredient release, MA-AgNPs and MA suspension released the active ingredient at rates of 81.83% and 41.62%, respectively. The developed MA-AgNPs formulation was converted into a gel by using Carbopol 934 as a gelling agent. The spreadability and extrudability of MA-AgNPs gel were found to be 16.20 and 15.190, respectively, demonstrating that the gel may spread very easily across the skin's surface. The MA-AgNPs formulation demonstrated improved antioxidant activity in comparison to pure MA. The MA-AgNPs sunscreen gel formulation displayed non-Newtonian pseudoplastic behaviour, which is typical of skin-care products, and was found to be stable during the stability studies. The sun protection factor (SPF) value of MA-AgNPG was found to be 35.75. In contrast to the hydroalcoholic Rhodamine B solution (5.0 µm), the CLSM of rat skin treated with the Rhodamine B-loaded AgNPs formulation showed a deeper penetration of 35.0 µm, indicating the AgNPs formulation was able to pass the barrier and reach the skin's deeper layers for more efficient delivery of the active ingredient. This can help with skin conditions where deeper penetration is necessary for efficacy. Overall, the results indicated that the BBD-optimized MA-AgNPs provided some of the most important benefits over conventional MA formulations for the topical delivery of methyl anthranilate.

Aegle marvels (L.) Correa Leaf Essential Oil and Its Phytoconstituents as an Anticancer and Anti-Streptococcus mutans Agent

Aegle mamelons (A. marmelos) or Indian Bael leaves possess anti-cancerous and antibacterial properties and are used in the traditional medicine system for the treatment of oral infections. In the present study, the essential oil of the leaves of A. marmelos was explored for its anticancer, antioxidant, and anti-cariogenic properties. The hydro-distilled oil of A. marmelos leaves was analyzed using gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Monoterpene limonene (63.71%) was found to have the highest percentage after trans-2-Hydroxy-1,8-cineole and p-Menth-2,8-dien-1-ol. The MTT [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide] assay was used to investigate the anticancer activity of the extracted oil against human oral epidermal carcinoma (KB), and the results showed significantly higher (**** p < 0.0001) anticancer activity (45.89%) in the doxorubicin (47.87%) when compared to the normal control. The antioxidant activity of the essential oil was evaluated using methods of DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) and ABTS (2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)). The results showed a significant (*** p < 0.001) percentage of inhibition of DPPH-induced free radical (70.02 ± 1.6%) and ABTS-induced free radical (70.7 ± 1.32%) at 100 µg/mL with IC₅₀, 72.51 and 67.33 µg/mL, respectively, comparatively lower than standard compound ascorbic acid. The results of the molecular docking study of the significant compound limonene with the receptors tyrosinase and tyrosine kinase 2 supported the in vitro antioxidant potential. The anti-cariogenic activity was evaluated against Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans). Results showed a significant minimum inhibitor concentration of 0.25 mg/mL and the killing time was achieved at 3 to 6 h. The molecular-docking study showed that limonene inhibits the surface receptors of the S. mutans c-terminal domain and CviR protein. The study found that A. marmelos leaves have potential anti-carcinoma, antioxidant, and anti-cariogenic effects on human oral epidermal health, making them a valuable natural therapeutic agent for managing oral cancer and infections.

Ameliorative Effects of Isoeugenol and Eugenol against Impaired Nerve Function and Inflammatory and Oxidative Mediators in Diabetic Neuropathic Rats

Diabetic polyneuropathy is characterized by structural abnormalities, oxidative stress, and neuroinflammation. The current study aimed to determine the antinociceptive effects of isoeugenol and eugenol and their combinations in neuropathic pain resulting from streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes and neuroinflammation. Female SD rats were categorized into normal control, diabetic control, and treatment groups. On the 28th day and 45th day, behavioral studies (allodynia and hyperalgesia) were performed to analyze the development and protection of diabetic polyneuropathy. The levels of inflammatory and oxidative mediators, such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), catalase, reduced glutathione, and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), were estimated. In addition, the level of nerve growth factor (NGF) was estimated at the end of the study in different groups. The anti-NGF treatment decreased its upregulation in the dorsal root ganglion significantly. The results showed that isoeugenol, eugenol, and their combination have therapeutic potential against neuronal and oxidative damage induced by diabetes. In particular, both compounds significantly affected behavioral function in treated rats and showed neuroprotection against diabetic neuropathy, and their combination had synergistic effects.

BiOBr Surface-Functionalized Halide Double-Perovskite Films for Slow Ion Migration and Improved Stability

Surface-tailored lead-free halide double-perovskite (Cs₂AgBiX₆) thin films are utilized for ion migration studies. A thin surface layer of BiOBr/Cl is grown via intentional annealing of the halide films in ambient conditions. Herein, we physically stacked the two films, viz., Cs₂AgBiBr₆ and Cs₂AgBiCl₆, to thermally activate the halide ion migration at different temperatures (room temperature (RT)-150 °C). While annealing, the films' color changes from orange to pale yellow and transparent brown to yellow as a result of the migration of Br^- ions from Cs₂AgBiBr₆ to Cs₂AgBiCl₆ and Cl^- ions from Cs₂AgBiCl₆ to Cs₂AgBiBr₆, respectively. Annealing helps in homogenizing the halide ions throughout the films, consequently leading to a mixed phase, i.e., Cs₂AgBiCl_xBr_6-x/Cs₂AgBiBr_xCl_6-x (x = 0 to 6) formation. The movement of ions is understood by absorption studies performed at regular time intervals. These investigations reveal a redshift (from 366 to 386 nm) and a blueshift (from 435 to 386 nm) in absorption spectra, indicating the migration of Br^- and Cl^- toward Cs₂AgBiCl₆ and Cs₂AgBiBr₆, respectively. The films characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) reveal the presence of a peak at 2θ = 10.90° and binding energy of 158.1 eV, respectively, corresponding to the formation of Bi-O bonds at the film surface. Also, XRD studies show a lower 2θ shift of the diffraction peak in the case of Cs₂AgBiCl₆ films and a higher 2θ shift in the case of Cs₂AgBiB₆ films, which further confirms the migration of Cl^- and Br^- from one film to the other. XPS investigations confirm the compositional change with a gradual increment in the concentration of Br^-/Cl^- with an increase in heating time for Cs₂AgBiCl₆/Cs₂AgBiBr₆ films. All these studies confirm thermal diffusion of halide ions in double-perovskite films. Further, from the exponential decay of the absorption spectra, the rate constant for halide (Br) ion diffusion is calculated, which shows an increment from 1.7 × 10^-6 s^-1 at RT to 12.1 × 10^-3 s^-1 at 150 °C. The temperature-dependent rate constant follows Arrhenius behavior and renders an activation energy of 0.42 eV (0.35 eV) for bromide (chloride) ion mobility. A larger estimated value as compared to the reported values for Cs₂AgBiBr₆ wafers (∼0.20 eV) reveals a slow mobility of halide ions in thin films of Cs₂AgBiBr₆/Cl₆. The formation of a BiOBr passivation layer at the surface of Cs₂AgBiBr₆ thin film might be one of the plausible causes of the slow anion diffusion in the present work. Slow ion migration is an indication that the films are stable and of high-quality.

Formulation Development, Optimization by Box-Behnken Design, and In Vitro and Ex Vivo Characterization of Hexatriacontane-Loaded Transethosomal Gel for Antimicrobial Treatment for Skin Infections

There are many different infections and factors that can lead to skin illnesses, but bacteria and fungi are the most frequent. The goal of this study was to develop a hexatriacontane-loaded transethosome (HTC-TES) for treating skin conditions caused by microbes. The HTC-TES was developed utilizing the rotary evaporator technique, and Box-Behnken design (BBD) was utilized to improve it. The responses chosen were particle size (nm) (Y1), polydispersity index (PDI) (Y2), and entrapment efficiency (Y3), while the independent variables chosen were lipoid (mg) (A), ethanol (%) (B), and sodium cholate (mg) (C). The optimized TES formulation with code F1, which contains lipoid (mg) (A) 90, ethanol (%) (B) 25, and sodium cholate (mg) (C) 10, was chosen. Furthermore, the generated HTC-TES was used for research on confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM), dermatokinetics, and in vitro HTC release. The results of the study reveal that the ideal formulation of the HTC-loaded TES had the following characteristics: 183.9 nm, 0.262 mV, -26.61 mV, and 87.79% particle size, PDI, and entrapment efficiency, respectively. An in vitro study on HTC release found that the rates of HTC release for HTC-TES and conventional HTC suspension were 74.67 ± 0.22 and 38.75 ± 0.23, respectively. The release of hexatriacontane from TES fit the Higuchi model the best, and the Korsmeyer-Peppas model indicates the release of HTC followed a non-Fickian diffusion. By having a higher negative value for cohesiveness, the produced gel formulation demonstrated its stiffness, whereas good spreadability indicated better gel application to the surface. In a dermatokinetics study, it was discovered that TES gel considerably increased HTC transport in the epidermal layers (p < 0.05) when compared to HTC conventional formulation gel (HTC-CFG). The CLSM of rat skin treated with the rhodamine B-loaded TES formulation demonstrated a deeper penetration of 30.0 µm in comparison to the hydroalcoholic rhodamine B solution (0.15 µm). The HTC-loaded transethosome was determined to be an effective inhibitor of pathogenic bacterial growth (S. aureus and E. coli) at a concentration of 10 mg/mL. It was discovered that both pathogenic strains were susceptible to free HTC. According to the findings, HTC-TES gel can be employed to enhance therapeutic outcomes through antimicrobial activity.