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Warner BE, Harry A, Wells M, Brett SJ, Antcliffe DB. Escalation to intensive care for the older patient. An exploratory qualitative study of patients aged 65 years and older and their next of kin during the COVID-19 pandemic: the ESCALATE study. Age Ageing 2023; 52:7127657. [PMID: 37083851 PMCID: PMC10120351 DOI: 10.1093/ageing/afad035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 04/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND older people comprise the majority of hospital medical inpatients so decision-making regarding admission of this cohort to the intensive care unit (ICU) is important. ICU can be perceived by clinicians as overly burdensome for patients and loved ones, and long-term impact on quality of life considered unacceptable, effecting potential bias against admitting older people to ICU. The COVID-19 pandemic highlighted the challenge of selecting those who could most benefit from ICU. OBJECTIVE this qualitative study aimed to explore the views and recollections of escalation to ICU from older patients (aged ≥ 65 years) and next of kin (NoK) who experienced a COVID-19 ICU admission. SETTING the main site was a large NHS Trust in London, which experienced a high burden of COVID-19 cases. SUBJECTS 30 participants, comprising 12 patients, 7 NoK of survivor and 11 NoK of deceased. METHODS semi-structured interviews with thematic analysis using a framework approach. RESULTS there were five major themes: inevitability, disconnect, acceptance, implications for future decision-making and unique impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. Life was highly valued and ICU perceived to be the only option. Prior understanding of ICU and admission decision-making explanations were limited. Despite benefit of hindsight, having experienced an ICU admission and its consequences, most could not conceptualise thresholds for future acceptable treatment outcomes. CONCLUSIONS in this study of patients ≥65 years and their NoK experiencing an acute ICU admission, survival was prioritised. Despite the ordeal of an ICU stay and its aftermath, the decision to admit and sequelae were considered acceptable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bronwen E Warner
- Division of Anaesthetics, Pain Medicine and Intensive Care, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Alice Harry
- Division of Anaesthetics, Pain Medicine and Intensive Care, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Department of Anaesthetics, Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Mary Wells
- Division of Anaesthetics, Pain Medicine and Intensive Care, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Stephen J Brett
- Division of Anaesthetics, Pain Medicine and Intensive Care, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - David B Antcliffe
- Division of Anaesthetics, Pain Medicine and Intensive Care, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
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Warner BE, Harry A, Wells M, Brett SJ, Antcliffe DB. 1175 WAS ICU RIGHT FOR YOU? AN EXPLORATORY QUALITATIVE STUDY OF PATIENTS >=65 YRS AND NEXT OF KIN IN COVID-19: THE ESCALATE STUDY. Age Ageing 2023. [DOI: 10.1093/ageing/afac322.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Introduction
The decision to admit an older patient to the intensive care unit (ICU) should reflect shared goals of care. Resource limitations during the Covid-19 pandemic highlighted challenges in selecting candidates for escalation. Patients and next of kin (NoK) who have experienced ICU are well-placed to reflect on whether the admission was right for them.
Objective
To explore older patients’ (>65 years) and their loved ones’ views on escalation decision making.
Methods
Qualitative study involving semi-structured interviews with patients, NoK of survivors and NoK of deceased who experienced UK ICU admission with Covid-19 respiratory failure between March 2020 and February 2021. A preliminary questionnaire was used to maximise sample diversity of age, sex, ethnicity, survival, decision regret and impact of event scores. Interview data were collected via video conferencing or telephone. Transcripts were analysed using framework analysis. Results 30 participants were interviewed.
Results
Five themes were identified: ‘Inevitability’ - a sense that the illness and its management are out of the control of the patient or their loved one; ‘Disconnect’ - differences between hospital and lay person narratives; challenges to bridging that gap included effective communication aided by technology; ‘Acceptance’ - of the consequences, good or bad, of an intensive care admission as unalterable; ‘Beyond comprehension’ - participants had not contemplated ill health or ICU prior to admission and even with the benefit of hindsight struggled to describe which potential outcomes would be acceptable or unacceptable if they needed to be involved in similar decision-making around escalation in the future; ‘Covid-19’ - unique impact of a pandemic.
Conclusion
This study, which includes bereaved NoK as well as patients and NoK of survivors, adds perspective to inform decision making regarding treatment escalation of older people.
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Affiliation(s)
- B E Warner
- Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust , London, UK
- Imperial College London , London, UK
| | - A Harry
- Imperial College London , London, UK
- Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust , London, UK
| | - M Wells
- Imperial College London , London, UK
- Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust Directorate of Nursing, , London, UK
| | - S J Brett
- Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust , London, UK
- Imperial College London , London, UK
| | - D B Antcliffe
- Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust , London, UK
- Imperial College London , London, UK
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Hayes AR, Crawford A, Al Riyami K, Tang C, Bomanji J, Baldeweg SE, Wild D, Morganstein D, Harry A, Grozinsky-Glasberg S, Oleinikov K, Khoo B, Caplin ME, Nicolas GP, Grossman AB. Metastatic Medullary Thyroid Cancer: The Role of 68Gallium-DOTA-Somatostatin Analogue PET/CT and Peptide Receptor Radionuclide Therapy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2021; 106:e4903-e4916. [PMID: 34379772 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgab588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Metastatic medullary thyroid cancer (MTC) is a rare malignancy with minimal treatment options. Many, but not all, MTCs express somatostatin receptors. OBJECTIVE Our aim was to explore the role of 68Ga-DOTA-somatostatin analogue (SSA) positron emission tomography (PET)/computed tomography (CT) in patients with metastatic MTC and to determine their eligibility for peptide receptor radionuclide therapy (PRRT). METHODS We retrospectively identified patients with metastatic MTC who had 68Ga-DOTA-SSA PET/CT at 5 centers. We collected characteristics on contrast-enhanced CT, 68Ga-DOTA-SSA and 18F-FDG PET/CT. The efficacy of PRRT was explored in a subgroup of patients. Kaplan-Meier analysis was used to estimate time to treatment failure (TTF) and overall survival (OS). RESULTS Seventy-one patients were included (10 local recurrence, 61 distant disease). Of the patients with distant disease, 16 (26%) had ≥50% of disease sites with tracer avidity greater than background liver, including 10 (10/61, 16%) with >90%. In 19 patients with contemporaneous contrast-enhanced CT, no disease regions were independently identified on 68Ga-DOTA-SSA PET/CT. Thirty-five patients had an 18F-FDG PET/CT, with 18F-FDG positive/68Ga-DOTA-SSA negative metastases identified in 15 (43%). Twenty-one patients had PRRT with a median TTF of 14 months (95% CI 8-25) and a median OS of 63 months (95% CI 21-not reached). Of the entire cohort, the median OS was 323 months (95% CI 152-not reached). Predictors of poorer OS included a short calcitonin doubling-time (≤24 months), strong 18F-FDG avidity, and age ≥60 years. CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of high tumor avidity on 68Ga-DOTA-SSA PET/CT is low in the setting of metastatic MTC; nevertheless, PRRT may still be a viable treatment option in select patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aimee R Hayes
- Neuroendocrine Tumour Unit, ENETS Centre of Excellence, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK
| | | | - Khulood Al Riyami
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University College London Hospital, London, UK
- Department of Radiology, University College London Hospital, London, UK
| | - Christine Tang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University College London Hospital, London, UK
- Department of Radiology, University College London Hospital, London, UK
| | - Jamshed Bomanji
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University College London Hospital, London, UK
| | - Stephanie E Baldeweg
- Department of Endocrinology, University College London Hospital, London, UK
- Division of Medicine, University College London, London, UK
| | - Damian Wild
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, ENETS Centre of Excellence, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Alice Harry
- Thyroid Unit, Royal Marsden Hospital, London, UK
| | - Simona Grozinsky-Glasberg
- Neuroendocrine Tumour Unit, ENETS Centre of Excellence, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hadassah Medical Organization and Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Kira Oleinikov
- Neuroendocrine Tumour Unit, ENETS Centre of Excellence, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hadassah Medical Organization and Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Bernard Khoo
- Neuroendocrine Tumour Unit, ENETS Centre of Excellence, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK
| | - Martyn E Caplin
- Neuroendocrine Tumour Unit, ENETS Centre of Excellence, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK
| | - Guillaume P Nicolas
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, ENETS Centre of Excellence, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ashley B Grossman
- Neuroendocrine Tumour Unit, ENETS Centre of Excellence, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK
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Warner B, Harry A, Brett S, Wells M, Antcliffe DB. End is just the beginning: involvement of bereaved next of kin in qualitative research. BMJ Support Palliat Care 2021; 12:52. [PMID: 34635543 DOI: 10.1136/bmjspcare-2021-003362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bronwen Warner
- Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK .,Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Alice Harry
- Imperial College London, London, UK.,Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Stephen Brett
- Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK.,Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Mary Wells
- Imperial College London, London, UK.,Directorate of Nursing, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - David B Antcliffe
- Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK.,Imperial College London, London, UK
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Clark J, Suyanto S, Hennah L, Winter M, Joneborg U, Wallin E, Harry A, Naban N, Kaur B, Aguiar X, Tin T, Sarwar N, Gonzalez M, Seckl M. 807P Multi-centre study of escalated etoposide/cisplatin (Esc-EP) as a novel salvage regimen in advanced/refractory gestational trophoblastic neoplasia. Ann Oncol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.annonc.2021.08.1249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Harry A, Whyte G, Carduff E. P-125 Is an emergency really an emergency? a follow up study of an evaluation of urgent admission requests to a hospice. BMJ Support Palliat Care 2017. [DOI: 10.1136/bmjspcare-2017-00133.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Chen Y, Harry A, Li J, Smit MJ, Bai X, Magnusson R, Pieroni JP, Weng G, Iyengar R. Adenylyl cyclase 6 is selectively regulated by protein kinase A phosphorylation in a region involved in Galphas stimulation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1997; 94:14100-4. [PMID: 9391159 PMCID: PMC28439 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.94.25.14100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Receptors activate adenylyl cyclases through the Galphas subunit. Previous studies from our laboratory have shown in certain cell types that express adenylyl cyclase 6 (AC6), heterologous desensitization included reduction of the capability of adenylyl cyclases to be stimulated by Galphas. Here we further analyze protein kinase A (PKA) effects on adenylyl cyclases. PKA treatment of recombinant AC6 in insect cell membranes results in a selective loss of stimulation by high (>10 nM) concentrations of Galphas. Similar treatment of AC1 or AC2 did not affect Galphas stimulation. Conversion of Ser-674 in AC6 to an Ala blocks PKA phosphorylation and PKA-mediated loss of Galphas stimulation. A peptide encoding the region 660-682 of AC6 blocks stimulation of AC6 and AC2 by high concentrations of Galphas. Substitution of Ser-674 to Asp in the peptide renders the peptide ineffective, indicating that the region 660-682 of AC6 is involved in regulation of signal transfer from Galphas. This region contains a conserved motif present in most adenylyl cyclases; however, the PKA phosphorylation site is unique to members of the AC6 family. These observations suggest a mechanism of how isoform selective regulatory diversity can be obtained within conserved regions involved in signal communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
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8
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Abstract
Regulation of adenylyl cyclases 1, 2, and 6 by Galphas was studied. All three mammalian adenylyl cyclases were expressed in insect (Sf9 or Hi-5) cells by baculovirus infection. Membranes containing the different adenylyl cyclases were stimulated by varying concentrations of mutant (Q227L) activated Galphas expressed in reticulocyte lysates. Galphas stimulation of AC1 involved a single site and had an apparent Kact of 0.9 nM. Galphas stimulation of AC2 was best explained by a non-interactive two site model with a "high affinity" site at 0.9 nM and a "low affinity" site at 15 nM. Occupancy of the high affinity site appears to be sufficient for Gbetagamma stimulation of AC2. Galphas stimulation of AC6 was also best explained by a two-site model with a high affinity site at 0. 6-0.8 nM and a low affinity site at 8-22 nM; however, in contrast to AC2, only a model that assumed interactions between the two sites best fit the AC6 data. With 100 microM forskolin, Galphas stimulation of all three adenylyl cyclases showed very similar profiles. Galphas stimulation in the presence of forskolin involved a single site with apparent Kact of 0.1-0.4 nM. These observations indicate a conserved mechanism by which forskolin regulates Galphas coupling to the different adenylyl cyclases. However, there are fundamental differences in the mechanism of Galphas stimulation of the different adenylyl cyclases with AC2 and AC6 having multiple interconvertible sites. These mechanistic differences may provide an explanation for the varied responses by different cells and tissues to hormones that elevate cAMP levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Harry
- Department of Pharmacology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029, USA
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Chen Y, Weng G, Li J, Harry A, Pieroni J, Dingus J, Hildebrandt JD, Guarnieri F, Weinstein H, Iyengar R. A surface on the G protein beta-subunit involved in interactions with adenylyl cyclases. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1997; 94:2711-4. [PMID: 9122261 PMCID: PMC20154 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.94.6.2711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/1996] [Accepted: 12/30/1996] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Receptor activation of heterotrimeric G proteins dissociates G alpha from the G betagamma complex, allowing both to regulate effectors. Little is known about the effector-interaction regions of G betagamma. We had used molecular modeling to dock a peptide encoding the region of residues 956-982 of adenylyl cyclase (AC) 2 onto Gbeta to identify residues on Gbeta that may interact with effectors. Based on predictions from the model, we synthesized peptides encoding sequences of residues 86-105 (Gbeta 86-105) and 115-135 (Gbeta 115-135) from Gbeta. The Gbeta 86-105 peptide inhibited G betagamma stimulation of AC2 and blocked G betagamma inhibition of AC1 and by itself inhibited calmodulin-stimulated AC1, thus displaying partial agonist activity. Substitution of Met-101 with Asn in this peptide resulted in the loss of both the inhibitory and partial agonist activities. Most activities of the Gbeta 115-135 peptide were similar to those of Gbeta 86-105 but Gbeta 115-135 was less efficacious in blocking G betagamma inhibition of AC1. Substitution of Tyr-124 with Val in the Gbeta 115-135 peptide diminished all of its activities. These results identify the region encoded by amino acids 84-143 of Gbeta as a surface that is involved in transmitting signals to effectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
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Pieroni JP, Harry A, Chen J, Jacobowitz O, Magnusson RP, Iyengar R. Distinct characteristics of the basal activities of adenylyl cyclases 2 and 6. J Biol Chem 1995; 270:21368-73. [PMID: 7673172 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.270.36.21368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Regulation of basal activities of adenylyl cyclase (AC) 2 and 6, expressed in Sf9 cells by infection with recombinant baculovirus, was studied. An antipeptide antibody that recognizes AC2 and AC6 with equal sensitivity was used to establish that equivalent levels were expressed. Basal activities of AC2 and AC6 were compared at varying concentrations of Mg2+ or Mn2+ ions; AC2 had 15- and 10-fold greater activity than AC6, respectively. At 20 mM Mg2+, the Km values for ATP were 88 and 39 microM for AC2 and AC6, respectively, whereas their Vmax values were 281 and 11 pmol/mg protein.min. With 100 microM forskolin and either Mg2+ or Mn2+, the difference in activities between AC2 and AC6 was reduced to approximately 2-fold. Forskolin stimulated AC6 greater than 40-fold at 0.5-2 mM Mg2+, whereas AC2 was stimulated 4-6-fold. At 20 mM Mg2+, AC2 was stimulated 2-fold by forskolin, whereas AC6 was stimulated 18-fold. With Mg2+ alone, activities of AC2 and AC6 were not saturable up to 20 mM and yielded curvilinear Hofstee transformations. With forskolin, activities of both AC2 and AC6 were saturable by 10 mM Mg2+ and yielded linear Hofstee transformations. These data indicate that there are substantial differences in the basal enzymatic activities of adenylyl cyclase isoforms, due to differential regulation by Mg2+ ions rather than intrinsic catalytic capabilities. Thus the presence and relative abundance of adenylyl cyclase subtypes could greatly affect the resting cellular cAMP levels with consequent effects on important biological functions, such as differentiation and proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Pieroni
- Department of Pharmacology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, City University of New York, New York 10029-6574, USA
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Mons N, Harry A, Dubourg P, Premont RT, Iyengar R, Cooper DM. Immunohistochemical localization of adenylyl cyclase in rat brain indicates a highly selective concentration at synapses. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1995; 92:8473-7. [PMID: 7667314 PMCID: PMC41179 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.92.18.8473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Only three isoforms of adenylyl cyclase (EC 4.6.1.1) mRNAs (AC1, -2, and -5) are expressed at high levels in rat brain. AC1 occurs predominantly in hippocampus and cerebellum, AC5 is restricted to the basal ganglia, whereas AC2 is more widely expressed, but at much lower levels. The distribution and abundance of adenylyl cyclase protein were examined by immunohistochemistry with an antiserum that recognizes a peptide sequence shared by all known mammalian adenylyl cyclase isoforms. The immunoreactivity in striatum and hippocampus could be readily interpreted within the context of previous in situ hybridization studies. However, extending the information that could be gathered by comparisons with in situ hybridization analysis, it was apparent that staining was confined to the neuropil--corresponding to immunoreactive dendrites and axon terminals. Electron microscopy indicated a remarkably selective subcellular distribution of adenylyl cyclase protein. In the CA1 area of the hippocampus, the densest immunoreactivity was seen in postsynaptic densities in dendritic spine heads. Labeled presynaptic axon terminals were also observed, indicating the participation of adenylyl cyclase in the regulation of neurotransmitter release. The selective concentration of adenylyl cyclases at synaptic sites provides morphological data for understanding the pre- and postsynaptic roles of adenylyl cyclase in discrete neuronal circuits in rat brain. The apparent clustering of adenylyl cyclases, coupled with other data that suggest higher-order associations of regulatory elements including G proteins, N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors, and cAMP-dependent protein kinases, suggests not only that the primary structural information has been encoded to render the cAMP system responsive to the Ca(2+)-signaling system but also that higher-order strictures are in place to ensure that Ca2+ signals are economically delivered and propagated.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Mons
- Laboratoire de Neurocytochimie Fonctionnelle, Universite de Bordeaux I, Talence, France
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Chen J, DeVivo M, Dingus J, Harry A, Li J, Sui J, Carty DJ, Blank JL, Exton JH, Stoffel RH. A region of adenylyl cyclase 2 critical for regulation by G protein beta gamma subunits. Science 1995; 268:1166-9. [PMID: 7761832 DOI: 10.1126/science.7761832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 225] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Receptor-mediated activation of heterotrimeric guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins) results in the dissociation of alpha from beta gamma subunits, thereby allowing both to regulate effectors. Little is known about the regions of effectors required for recognition of G beta gamma. A peptide encoding residues 956 to 982 of adenylyl cyclase 2 specifically blocked G beta gamma stimulation of adenylyl cyclase 2, phospholipase C-beta 3, potassium channels, and beta-adrenergic receptor kinase as well as inhibition of calmodulin-stimulated adenylyl cyclases, but had no effect on interactions between G beta gamma and G alpha o. Substitutions in this peptide identified a functionally important motif, Gln-X-X-Glu-Arg, that is also conserved in regions of potassium channels and beta-adrenergic receptor kinases that participate in G beta gamma interactions. Thus, the region defined by residues 956 to 982 of adenylyl cyclase 2 may contain determinants important for receiving signals from G beta gamma.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, City University of New York, NY 10029, USA
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Harry A, Kopetsky D. Unrestrained pride: development of a protocol for a restraint free environment. Can J Nurs Adm 1991; 4:12-6. [PMID: 1742285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
This article describes one facility's experience in attempting to enhance compliance with nonrestraint policy. The importance of policy implementation is emphasized, particularly as it relates to nursing care. In response to a study which revealed that a large number of wheelchair restraints were being applied indiscriminately, the extended care facility developed a flow chart in order to facilitate appropriate decision making and assessment regarding safety and restraints. The flow chart/protocol was created to bridge the gap between the conceptual policy level and the procedures for restraint application and removal. It is based on the nursing process and is dependent on ongoing assessment of the resident's status. A survey carried out one year after the initial, pre-intervention survey revealed that only 6.4% of residents were restrained using wheelchair lap belts, compared to the previous 26%, identified as problematic at the outset of the study.
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