1
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Nordio G, Piazzola F, Cozza G, Rossetto M, Cervelli M, Minarini A, Basagni F, Tassinari E, Dalla Via L, Milelli A, Di Paolo ML. From Monoamine Oxidase Inhibition to Antiproliferative Activity: New Biological Perspectives for Polyamine Analogs. Molecules 2023; 28:6329. [PMID: 37687158 PMCID: PMC10490032 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28176329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Monoamine oxidases (MAOs) are well-known pharmacological targets in neurological and neurodegenerative diseases. However, recent studies have revealed a new role for MAOs in certain types of cancer such as glioblastoma and prostate cancer, in which they have been found overexpressed. This finding is opening new frontiers for MAO inhibitors as potential antiproliferative agents. In light of our previous studies demonstrating how a polyamine scaffold can act as MAO inhibitor, our aim was to search for novel analogs with greater inhibitory potency for human MAOs and possibly with antiproliferative activity. A small in-house library of polyamine analogs (2-7) was selected to investigate the effect of constrained linkers between the inner amine functions of a polyamine backbone on the inhibitory potency. Compounds 4 and 5, characterized by a dianiline (4) or dianilide (5) moiety, emerged as the most potent, reversible, and mainly competitive MAO inhibitors (Ki < 1 μM). Additionally, they exhibited a high antiproliferative activity in the LN-229 human glioblastoma cell line (GI50 < 1 μM). The scaffold of compound 5 could represent a potential starting point for future development of anticancer agents endowed with MAO inhibitory activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Nordio
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy; (G.N.); (F.P.); (L.D.V.)
- Consorzio Interuniversitario Nazionale per la Scienza e Tecnologia dei Materiali (INSTM), 50121 Firenze, Italy
| | - Francesco Piazzola
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy; (G.N.); (F.P.); (L.D.V.)
| | - Giorgio Cozza
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy; (G.C.); (M.R.)
| | - Monica Rossetto
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy; (G.C.); (M.R.)
| | - Manuela Cervelli
- Department of Science, University of Rome “Roma Tre”, 00146 Rome, Italy;
| | - Anna Minarini
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (A.M.); (F.B.)
| | - Filippo Basagni
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (A.M.); (F.B.)
| | - Elisa Tassinari
- Department for Life Quality Studies, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, 47921 Rimini, Italy;
| | - Lisa Dalla Via
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy; (G.N.); (F.P.); (L.D.V.)
- Consorzio Interuniversitario Nazionale per la Scienza e Tecnologia dei Materiali (INSTM), 50121 Firenze, Italy
| | - Andrea Milelli
- Department for Life Quality Studies, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, 47921 Rimini, Italy;
| | - Maria Luisa Di Paolo
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy; (G.C.); (M.R.)
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2
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Guardigni M, Pruccoli L, Santini A, Simone AD, Bersani M, Spyrakis F, Frabetti F, Uliassi E, Andrisano V, Pagliarani B, Fernández-Gómez P, Palomo V, Bolognesi ML, Tarozzi A, Milelli A. PROTAC-Induced Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3β Degradation as a Potential Therapeutic Strategy for Alzheimer's Disease. ACS Chem Neurosci 2023. [PMID: 37218653 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.3c00096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK-3β) is a serine/threonine kinase and an attractive therapeutic target for Alzheimer's disease. Based on proteolysis-targeting chimera (PROTAC) technology, a small set of novel GSK-3β degraders was designed and synthesized by linking two different GSK-3β inhibitors, SB-216763 and tideglusib, to pomalidomide, as E3 recruiting element, through linkers of different lengths. Compound 1 emerged as the most effective PROTAC being nontoxic up to 20 μM to neuronal cells and already able to degrade GSK-3β starting from 0.5 μM in a dose-dependent manner. PROTAC 1 significantly reduced the neurotoxicity induced by Aβ25-35 peptide and CuSO4 in SH-SY5Y cells in a dose-dependent manner. Based on its encouraging features, PROTAC 1 may serve as a starting point to develop new GSK-3β degraders as potential therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Guardigni
- Department for Life Quality Studies, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Corso d'Augusto 237, 47921 Rimini, Italy
| | - Letizia Pruccoli
- Department for Life Quality Studies, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Corso d'Augusto 237, 47921 Rimini, Italy
| | - Alan Santini
- Department for Life Quality Studies, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Corso d'Augusto 237, 47921 Rimini, Italy
| | - Angela De Simone
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Turin, Via Pietro Giuria 9, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Matteo Bersani
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Turin, Via Pietro Giuria 9, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Francesca Spyrakis
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Turin, Via Pietro Giuria 9, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Flavia Frabetti
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 8, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Elisa Uliassi
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Vincenza Andrisano
- Department for Life Quality Studies, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Corso d'Augusto 237, 47921 Rimini, Italy
| | - Barbara Pagliarani
- Department for Life Quality Studies, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Corso d'Augusto 237, 47921 Rimini, Italy
| | - Paula Fernández-Gómez
- Instituto Madrileño de Estudios Avanzados en Nanociencia (IMDEA-Nanociencia), C/Faraday 9, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Valle Palomo
- Instituto Madrileño de Estudios Avanzados en Nanociencia (IMDEA-Nanociencia), C/Faraday 9, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Av. de Monforte de Lemos, 5, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria Laura Bolognesi
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Andrea Tarozzi
- Department for Life Quality Studies, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Corso d'Augusto 237, 47921 Rimini, Italy
| | - Andrea Milelli
- Department for Life Quality Studies, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Corso d'Augusto 237, 47921 Rimini, Italy
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3
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Espinoza-Chávez R, Salerno A, Liuzzi A, Ilari A, Milelli A, Uliassi E, Bolognesi ML. Targeted Protein Degradation for Infectious Diseases: from Basic Biology to Drug Discovery. ACS Bio Med Chem Au 2023; 3:32-45. [PMID: 37101607 PMCID: PMC10125329 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomedchemau.2c00063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Abstract
Targeted protein degradation (TPD) is emerging as one of the most innovative strategies to tackle infectious diseases. Particularly, proteolysis-targeting chimera (PROTAC)-mediated protein degradation may offer several benefits over classical anti-infective small-molecule drugs. Because of their peculiar and catalytic mechanism of action, anti-infective PROTACs might be advantageous in terms of efficacy, toxicity, and selectivity. Importantly, PROTACs may also overcome the emergence of antimicrobial resistance. Furthermore, anti-infective PROTACs might have the potential to (i) modulate "undruggable" targets, (ii) "recycle" inhibitors from classical drug discovery approaches, and (iii) open new scenarios for combination therapies. Here, we try to address these points by discussing selected case studies of antiviral PROTACs and the first-in-class antibacterial PROTACs. Finally, we discuss how the field of PROTAC-mediated TPD might be exploited in parasitic diseases. Since no antiparasitic PROTAC has been reported yet, we also describe the parasite proteasome system. While in its infancy and with many challenges ahead, we hope that PROTAC-mediated protein degradation for infectious diseases may lead to the development of next-generation anti-infective drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocío
Marisol Espinoza-Chávez
- Department
of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater
Studiorum - University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Alessandra Salerno
- Department
of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater
Studiorum - University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Anastasia Liuzzi
- Institute
of Molecular Biology and Pathology of the Italian National Research
Council (IBPM-CNR) - Department of Biochemical Sciences, Sapienza University, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Andrea Ilari
- Institute
of Molecular Biology and Pathology of the Italian National Research
Council (IBPM-CNR) - Department of Biochemical Sciences, Sapienza University, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Andrea Milelli
- Department
for Life Quality Studies, Alma Mater Studiorum
- University of Bologna, Corso d’Augusto 237, 47921 Rimini, Italy
| | - Elisa Uliassi
- Department
of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater
Studiorum - University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Maria Laura Bolognesi
- Department
of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater
Studiorum - University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy
- E-mail:
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4
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Reyes E, Prieto L, Milelli A. Asymmetric Organocatalysis: A Survival Guide to Medicinal Chemists. Molecules 2022; 28:271. [PMID: 36615465 PMCID: PMC9822454 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28010271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Majority of drugs act by interacting with chiral counterparts, e.g., proteins, and we are, unfortunately, well-aware of how chirality can negatively impact the outcome of a therapeutic regime. The number of chiral, non-racemic drugs on the market is increasing, and it is becoming ever more important to prepare these compounds in a safe, economic, and environmentally sustainable fashion. Asymmetric organocatalysis has a long history, but it began its renaissance era only during the first years of the millennium. Since then, this field has reached an extraordinary level, as confirmed by the awarding of the 2021 Chemistry Nobel Prize. In the present review, we wish to highlight the application of organocatalysis in the synthesis of enantio-enriched molecules that may be of interest to the pharmaceutical industry and the medicinal chemistry community. We aim to discuss the different activation modes observed for organocatalysts, examining, for each of them, the generally accepted mechanisms and the most important and developed reactions, that may be useful to medicinal chemists. For each of these types of organocatalytic activations, select examples from academic and industrial applications will be disclosed during the synthesis of drugs and natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Efraim Reyes
- Department of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48080 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Liher Prieto
- Department of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48080 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Andrea Milelli
- Department for Life Quality Studies, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Corso d’Augusto 237, 47921 Rimini, Italy
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5
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Ragno R, Minarini A, Proia E, Lorenzo A, Milelli A, Tumiatti V, Fiore M, Fino P, Rutigliano L, Fioravanti R, Tahara T, Pacella E, Greco A, Canettieri G, Di Paolo ML, Agostinelli E. Bovine Serum Amine Oxidase and Polyamine Analogues: Chemical Synthesis and Biological Evaluation Integrated with Molecular Docking and 3-D QSAR Studies. J Chem Inf Model 2022; 62:3910-3927. [PMID: 35948439 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.2c00559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Natural polyamines (PAs) are key players in cellular homeostasis by regulating cell growth and proliferation. Several observations highlight that PAs are also implicated in pathways regulating cell death. Indeed, the PA accumulation cytotoxic effect, maximized with the use of bovine serum amine oxidase (BSAO) enzyme, represents a valuable strategy against tumor progression. In the present study, along with the design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of a series of new spermine (Spm) analogues (1-23), a mixed structure-based (SB) and ligand-based (LB) protocol was applied. Binding modes of BSAO-PA modeled complexes led to clarify electrostatic and steric features likely affecting the BSAO-PA biochemical kinetics. LB and SB three-dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationship (Py-CoMFA and Py-ComBinE) models were developed by means of the 3d-qsar.com portal, and their analysis represents a strong basis for future design and synthesis of PA BSAO substrates for potential application in oxidative stress-induced chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rino Ragno
- Rome Center for Molecular Design, Department of Drug Chemistry and Technology, Sapienza Università di Roma, P. le A. Moro 5, Roma 00185, Italy
| | - Anna Minarini
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, Bologna 40126, Italy
| | - Eleonora Proia
- Rome Center for Molecular Design, Department of Drug Chemistry and Technology, Sapienza Università di Roma, P. le A. Moro 5, Roma 00185, Italy
| | - Antonini Lorenzo
- Rome Center for Molecular Design, Department of Drug Chemistry and Technology, Sapienza Università di Roma, P. le A. Moro 5, Roma 00185, Italy
| | - Andrea Milelli
- Department for Life Quality Studies, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Corso d'Augusto, 237, Rimini 47921, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Tumiatti
- Department for Life Quality Studies, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Corso d'Augusto, 237, Rimini 47921, Italy
| | - Marco Fiore
- Department Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, IBBC-CNR, Via E. Ramarini, 32, Monterotondo Scalo Rome 00015, Italy
| | - Pasquale Fino
- UOC of Dermatology, Policlinico Umberto I Hospital, Sapienza Medical School of Rome, Viale del Policlinico 155, Rome I-00161, Italy
| | - Lavinia Rutigliano
- Department of Sensory Organs, Sapienza University of Rome, Policlinico Umberto I, Viale del Policlinico155, Rome I-00161, Italy
| | - Rossella Fioravanti
- Department of Drug Chemistry and Technology, Sapienza Università di Roma, P. le A. Moro 5, Roma 00185, Italy
| | - Tomoaki Tahara
- Department of Sensory Organs, Sapienza University of Rome, Policlinico Umberto I, Viale del Policlinico155, Rome I-00161, Italy
| | - Elena Pacella
- Department of Sensory Organs, Sapienza University of Rome, Policlinico Umberto I, Viale del Policlinico155, Rome I-00161, Italy
| | - Antonio Greco
- Department of Sensory Organs, Sapienza University of Rome, Policlinico Umberto I, Viale del Policlinico155, Rome I-00161, Italy
| | - Gianluca Canettieri
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 291, Rome 00161, Italy.,Istituto Pasteur, Fondazione Cenci-Bolognetti, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 291, Rome 00161, Italy
| | - Maria Luisa Di Paolo
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University Padua, Via G. Colombo 3, Padova 35131, Italy
| | - Enzo Agostinelli
- Department of Sensory Organs, Sapienza University of Rome, Policlinico Umberto I, Viale del Policlinico155, Rome I-00161, Italy.,International Polyamines Foundation 'ETS-ONLUS', Via del Forte Tiburtino 98, Rome I-00159, Italy
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6
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Salerno A, Seghetti F, Caciolla J, Uliassi E, Testi E, Guardigni M, Roberti M, Milelli A, Bolognesi ML. Enriching Proteolysis Targeting Chimeras with a Second Modality: When Two Are Better Than One. J Med Chem 2022; 65:9507-9530. [PMID: 35816671 PMCID: PMC9340767 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c00302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Proteolysis targeting chimera (PROTAC)-mediated protein
degradation
has prompted a radical rethink and is at a crucial stage in driving
a drug discovery transition. To fully harness the potential of this
technology, a growing paradigm toward enriching PROTACs with other
therapeutic modalities has been proposed. Could researchers successfully
combine two modalities to yield multifunctional PROTACs
with an expanded profile? In this Perspective, we try to answer this
question. We discuss how this possibility encompasses different approaches,
leading to multitarget PROTACs, light-controllable PROTACs, PROTAC conjugates, and macrocycle- and oligonucleotide-based PROTACs. This possibility
promises to further enhance PROTAC efficacy and selectivity, minimize
side effects, and hit undruggable targets. While PROTACs have reached
the clinical investigation stage, additional steps must be taken toward
the translational development of multifunctional PROTACs.
A deeper and detailed understanding of the most critical challenges
is required to fully exploit these opportunities and decisively enrich
the PROTAC toolbox.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Salerno
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesca Seghetti
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Jessica Caciolla
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Elisa Uliassi
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Eleonora Testi
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Melissa Guardigni
- Department for Life Quality Studies, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Corso d'Augusto 237, 47921 Rimini, Italy
| | - Marinella Roberti
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Andrea Milelli
- Department for Life Quality Studies, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Corso d'Augusto 237, 47921 Rimini, Italy
| | - Maria Laura Bolognesi
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy
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7
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Loi M, Gennaccaro L, Fuchs C, Trazzi S, Medici G, Galvani G, Mottolese N, Tassinari M, Rimondini Giorgini R, Milelli A, Ciani E. Treatment with a GSK-3β/HDAC Dual Inhibitor Restores Neuronal Survival and Maturation in an In Vitro and In Vivo Model of CDKL5 Deficiency Disorder. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:5950. [PMID: 34073043 PMCID: PMC8198396 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the X-linked cyclin-dependent kinase-like 5 (CDKL5) gene cause a rare neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by early-onset seizures and severe cognitive, motor, and visual impairments. To date there are no therapies for CDKL5 deficiency disorder (CDD). In view of the severity of the neurological phenotype of CDD patients it is widely assumed that CDKL5 may influence the activity of a variety of cellular pathways, suggesting that an approach aimed at targeting multiple cellular pathways simultaneously might be more effective for CDD. Previous findings showed that a single-target therapy aimed at normalizing impaired GSK-3β or histone deacetylase (HDAC) activity improved neurodevelopmental and cognitive alterations in a mouse model of CDD. Here we tested the ability of a first-in-class GSK-3β/HDAC dual inhibitor, Compound 11 (C11), to rescue CDD-related phenotypes. We found that C11, through inhibition of GSK-3β and HDAC6 activity, not only restored maturation, but also significantly improved survival of both human CDKL5-deficient cells and hippocampal neurons from Cdkl5 KO mice. Importantly, in vivo treatment with C11 restored synapse development, neuronal survival, and microglia over-activation, and improved motor and cognitive abilities of Cdkl5 KO mice, suggesting that dual GSK-3β/HDAC6 inhibitor therapy may have a wider therapeutic benefit in CDD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Loi
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Piazza di Porta San Donato 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (M.L.); (L.G.); (C.F.); (S.T.); (G.M.); (G.G.); (N.M.); (M.T.)
| | - Laura Gennaccaro
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Piazza di Porta San Donato 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (M.L.); (L.G.); (C.F.); (S.T.); (G.M.); (G.G.); (N.M.); (M.T.)
| | - Claudia Fuchs
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Piazza di Porta San Donato 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (M.L.); (L.G.); (C.F.); (S.T.); (G.M.); (G.G.); (N.M.); (M.T.)
| | - Stefania Trazzi
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Piazza di Porta San Donato 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (M.L.); (L.G.); (C.F.); (S.T.); (G.M.); (G.G.); (N.M.); (M.T.)
| | - Giorgio Medici
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Piazza di Porta San Donato 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (M.L.); (L.G.); (C.F.); (S.T.); (G.M.); (G.G.); (N.M.); (M.T.)
| | - Giuseppe Galvani
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Piazza di Porta San Donato 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (M.L.); (L.G.); (C.F.); (S.T.); (G.M.); (G.G.); (N.M.); (M.T.)
| | - Nicola Mottolese
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Piazza di Porta San Donato 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (M.L.); (L.G.); (C.F.); (S.T.); (G.M.); (G.G.); (N.M.); (M.T.)
| | - Marianna Tassinari
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Piazza di Porta San Donato 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (M.L.); (L.G.); (C.F.); (S.T.); (G.M.); (G.G.); (N.M.); (M.T.)
| | | | - Andrea Milelli
- Department for Life Quality Studies, University of Bologna, 47921 Rimini, Italy;
| | - Elisabetta Ciani
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Piazza di Porta San Donato 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (M.L.); (L.G.); (C.F.); (S.T.); (G.M.); (G.G.); (N.M.); (M.T.)
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8
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Abstract
![]()
Alzheimer’s
disease (AD), like other multifactorial diseases,
is the result of a systemic breakdown of different physiological networks.
As result, several lines of evidence suggest that it could be more
efficiently tackled by molecules directed toward different dysregulated
biochemical targets or pathways. In this context, the selection of
targets to which the new molecules will be directed is crucial. For
years, the design of such multitarget-directed ligands (MTDLs) has
been based on the selection of main targets involved in the “cholinergic”
and the “β-amyloid” hypothesis. Recently, there
have been some reports on MTDLs targeting the glycogen synthase kinase
3β (GSK-3β) enzyme, due to its appealing properties. Indeed,
this enzyme is involved in tau hyperphosphorylation, controls a multitude
of CNS-specific signaling pathways, and establishes strict connections
with several factors implicated in AD pathogenesis. In the present
Miniperspective, we will discuss the reasons behind the development
of GSK-3β-directed MTDLs and highlight some of the recent efforts
to obtain these new classes of MTDLs as potential disease-modifying
agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela De Simone
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Turin, Via Giuria 9, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Tumiatti
- Department for Life Quality Studies, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Corso d' Augusto 237, 47921 Rimini, Italy
| | - Vincenza Andrisano
- Department for Life Quality Studies, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Corso d' Augusto 237, 47921 Rimini, Italy
| | - Andrea Milelli
- Department for Life Quality Studies, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Corso d' Augusto 237, 47921 Rimini, Italy
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9
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Di Paolo ML, Cervelli M, Mariottini P, Leonetti A, Polticelli F, Rosini M, Milelli A, Basagni F, Venerando R, Agostinelli E, Minarini A. Exploring the activity of polyamine analogues on polyamine and spermine oxidase: methoctramine, a potent and selective inhibitor of polyamine oxidase. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2019; 34:740-752. [PMID: 30829081 PMCID: PMC6407594 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2019.1584620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Revised: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Fourteen polyamine analogues, asymmetric or symmetric substituted spermine (1-9) or methoctramine (10-14) analogues, were evaluated as potential inhibitors or substrates of two enzymes of the polyamine catabolic pathway, spermine oxidase (SMOX) and acetylpolyamine oxidase (PAOX). Compound 2 turned out to be the best substrate for PAOX, having the highest affinity and catalytic efficiency with respect to its physiological substrates. Methoctramine (10), a well-known muscarinic M2 receptor antagonist, emerged as the most potent competitive PAOX inhibitor known so far (Ki = 10 nM), endowed with very good selectivity compared with SMOX (Ki=1.2 μM vs SMOX). The efficacy of methoctramine in inhibiting PAOX activity was confirmed in the HT22 cell line. Methoctramine is a very promising tool in the design of drugs targeting the polyamine catabolism pathway, both to understand the physio-pathological role of PAOX vs SMOX and for pharmacological applications, being the polyamine pathway involved in various pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Fabio Polticelli
- Department of Sciences, University of Roma Tre, Roma, Italy
- Roma Tre Section, National Institute of Nuclear Physics, Roma, Italy
| | - Michela Rosini
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Andrea Milelli
- Department for Life Quality Studies, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Rimini, Italy
| | - Filippo Basagni
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Rina Venerando
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Enzo Agostinelli
- Department of Biochemical Science "A. Rossi Fanelli", University of Rome "La Sapienza", Rome, Italy
- International Polyamines Foundation – ONLUS –Via del Forte Tiburtino 98, Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Minarini
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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10
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De Simone A, La Pietra V, Betari N, Petragnani N, Conte M, Daniele S, Pietrobono D, Martini C, Petralla S, Casadei R, Davani L, Frabetti F, Russomanno P, Novellino E, Montanari S, Tumiatti V, Ballerini P, Sarno F, Nebbioso A, Altucci L, Monti B, Andrisano V, Milelli A. Correction to "Discovery of the First-in-Class GSK-3β/HDAC Dual Inhibitor as Disease-Modifying Agent To Combat Alzheimer's Disease". ACS Med Chem Lett 2019; 10:1357. [PMID: 31531210 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.9b00316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.8b00507.].
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11
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De Simone A, Naldi M, Tedesco D, Milelli A, Bartolini M, Davani L, Widera D, Dallas ML, Andrisano V. Investigating in Vitro Amyloid Peptide 1-42 Aggregation: Impact of Higher Molecular Weight Stable Adducts. ACS Omega 2019; 4:12308-12318. [PMID: 31460348 PMCID: PMC6682006 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b01531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The self-assembly of amyloid peptides (Aβ), in particular Aβ1-42, into oligomers and fibrils is one of the main pathological events related to Alzheimer's disease. Recent studies have demonstrated the ability of carbon monoxide-releasing molecules (CORMs) to protect neurons and astrocytes from Aβ1-42 toxicity. In fact, CORMs are able to carry and release controlled levels of CO and are known to exert a wide range of anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic activities at physiologically relevant concentrations. In order to investigate the direct effects of CORMs on Aβ1-42, we studied the reactivity of CORM-2 and CORM-3 with Aβ1-42 in vitro and the potential inhibition of its aggregation by mass spectrometry (MS), as well as fluorescence and circular dichroism spectroscopies. The application of an electrospray ionization-MS (ESI-MS) method allowed the detection of stable Aβ1-42/CORMs adducts, involving the addition of the Ru(CO)2 portion of CORMs at histidine residues on the Aβ1-42 skeleton. Moreover, CORMs showed anti-aggregating properties through formation of stable adducts with Aβ1-42 as demonstrated by a thioflavin T fluorescence assay and MS analysis. As further proof, comparison of the CD spectra of Aβ1-42 recorded in the absence and in the presence of CORM-3 at a 1:1 molar ratio showed the ability of CORM-3 to stabilize the peptide in its soluble, unordered conformation, thereby preventing its misfolding and aggregation. This multi-methodological investigation revealed novel interactions between Aβ1-42 and CORMs, contributing new insights into the proposed neuroprotective mechanisms mediated by CORMs and disclosing a new strategy to divert amyloid aggregation and toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela De Simone
- Department
for Life Quality Studies, Alma Mater Studiorum
Università di Bologna, Rimini 47921, Italy
| | - Marina Naldi
- Department
of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater
Studiorum Università di Bologna, Bologna 40126, Italy
- Center
for Applied Biomedical Research (C.R.B.A.) S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Bologna 40126, Italy
| | - Daniele Tedesco
- Department
of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater
Studiorum Università di Bologna, Bologna 40126, Italy
| | - Andrea Milelli
- Department
for Life Quality Studies, Alma Mater Studiorum
Università di Bologna, Rimini 47921, Italy
| | - Manuela Bartolini
- Department
of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater
Studiorum Università di Bologna, Bologna 40126, Italy
| | - Lara Davani
- Department
for Life Quality Studies, Alma Mater Studiorum
Università di Bologna, Rimini 47921, Italy
| | - Darius Widera
- Reading
School of Pharmacy, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6UB, U.K.
| | - Mark L. Dallas
- Reading
School of Pharmacy, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6UB, U.K.
| | - Vincenza Andrisano
- Department
for Life Quality Studies, Alma Mater Studiorum
Università di Bologna, Rimini 47921, Italy
- E-mail:
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12
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Di Paolo ML, Cozza G, Milelli A, Zonta F, Sarno S, Minniti E, Ursini F, Rosini M, Minarini A. Benextramine and derivatives as novel human monoamine oxidases inhibitors: an integrated approach. FEBS J 2019; 286:4995-5015. [PMID: 31291696 DOI: 10.1111/febs.14994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 06/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The two human monoamine oxidase isoforms (namely MAO A and MAO B) are enzymes involved in the catabolism of monoamines, including neurotransmitters, and for this reason are well-known and attractive pharmacological targets in neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative diseases, for which novel pharmacological approaches are necessary. Benextramine is a tetraamine disulfide mainly known as irreversible α-adrenergic antagonist, but able to hit additional targets involved in neurodegeneration. As the molecular structures of monoamine oxidases contain nine cysteine residues, the aim of this study was to evaluate benextramine and eleven structurally related polyamine disulfides as potential MAO inhibitors. Most of the compounds were found to induce irreversible inactivation of MAOs with inactivation potency depending on both the polyamine structure and the enzyme isoform. The more effective compounds generally showed preference for MAO B. Structure-activity relationships studies revealed the key role played by the disulfide core of these molecules in the inactivation mechanism. Docking experiments pointed to Cys323, in MAO A, and Cys172, in MAO B, as target of this type of inhibitors thus suggesting that their covalent binding inside the MAO active site sterically impedes the entrance of substrate towards the FAD cofactor. The effectiveness of benextramine in inactivating MAOs was demonstrated in SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cell line. These results demonstrated for the first time that benextramine and its derivatives can inactivate human MAOs exploiting a mechanism different from that of the classical MAO inhibitors and could be a starting point for the development of pharmacological tools in neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Luisa Di Paolo
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Italy.,Consorzio Interuniversitario "Istituto Nazionale Biostrutture e Biosistemi", Roma, Italy
| | - Giorgio Cozza
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Italy
| | - Andrea Milelli
- Department for Life Quality Studies, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Rimini, Italy
| | - Francesca Zonta
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Italy
| | - Stefania Sarno
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Italy
| | - Elirosa Minniti
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Italy
| | - Fulvio Ursini
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Italy
| | - Michela Rosini
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Italy
| | - Anna Minarini
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Italy
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13
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De Simone A, Milelli A. Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors as Multitarget Ligands: New Players in Alzheimer's Disease Drug Discovery? ChemMedChem 2019; 14:1067-1073. [PMID: 30958639 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201900174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACIs) are responsible for controlling gene expression by modulating the acetylation status of histone proteins. Furthermore, they modulate the activity of cytoplasmic non-histone proteins. Due to the involvement of HDACs in neurodevelopment, memory formation, and cognitive processes, HDACIs have been suggested as innovative agents for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). Given their mechanisms of action and the complex nature of AD, HDACIs have been proposed for the design of novel multitarget ligands (MTLs). To this aim, the fragment responsible for HDAC inhibition has been coupled with other structures that are able to provide additional biological actions, such as antioxidant activity or the inhibition of phosphodiesterase 5, transglutaminase 2, and glycogen synthase kinase 3β. Herein we discuss recent efforts to design HDACI-based MTLs as potential disease-modifying entities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela De Simone
- Department for Life Quality Studies, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Corso D'Augusto 237, 47921, Rimini, Italy
| | - Andrea Milelli
- Department for Life Quality Studies, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Corso D'Augusto 237, 47921, Rimini, Italy
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14
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De Simone A, La Pietra V, Betari N, Petragnani N, Conte M, Daniele S, Pietrobono D, Martini C, Petralla S, Casadei R, Davani L, Frabetti F, Russomanno P, Novellino E, Montanari S, Tumiatti V, Ballerini P, Sarno F, Nebbioso A, Altucci L, Monti B, Andrisano V, Milelli A. Discovery of the First-in-Class GSK-3β/HDAC Dual Inhibitor as Disease-Modifying Agent To Combat Alzheimer's Disease. ACS Med Chem Lett 2019; 10:469-474. [PMID: 30996781 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.8b00507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Several evidence pointed out the role of epigenetics in Alzheimer's disease (AD) revealing strictly relationships between epigenetic and "classical" AD targets. Based on the reported connection among histone deacetylases (HDACs) and glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK-3β), herein we present the discovery and the biochemical characterization of the first-in-class hit compound able to exert promising anti-AD effects by modulating the targeted proteins in the low micromolar range of concentration. Compound 11 induces an increase in histone acetylation and a reduction of tau phosphorylation. It is nontoxic and protective against H2O2 and 6-OHDA stimuli in SH-SY5Y and in CGN cell lines, respectively. Moreover, it promotes neurogenesis and displays immunomodulatory effects. Compound 11 shows no lethality in a wt-zebrafish model (<100 μM) and high water solubility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela De Simone
- Department for Life Quality Studies, Alma Mater Studiorum—University of Bologna, Corso d’Augusto 237, 47921 Rimini, Italy
| | - Valeria La Pietra
- Department of Pharmacy, Federico II University of Naples, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Nibal Betari
- Department for Life Quality Studies, Alma Mater Studiorum—University of Bologna, Corso d’Augusto 237, 47921 Rimini, Italy
| | - Nicola Petragnani
- Department of Psychological, Health and Territorial Sciences, “G.
d’Annunzio” University of Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini 32, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | | | - Simona Daniele
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Deborah Pietrobono
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Claudia Martini
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Sabrina Petralla
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Raffaella Casadei
- Department for Life Quality Studies, Alma Mater Studiorum—University of Bologna, Corso d’Augusto 237, 47921 Rimini, Italy
| | - Lara Davani
- Department for Life Quality Studies, Alma Mater Studiorum—University of Bologna, Corso d’Augusto 237, 47921 Rimini, Italy
| | - Flavia Frabetti
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 8, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Pasquale Russomanno
- Department of Pharmacy, Federico II University of Naples, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Ettore Novellino
- Department of Pharmacy, Federico II University of Naples, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Serena Montanari
- Department for Life Quality Studies, Alma Mater Studiorum—University of Bologna, Corso d’Augusto 237, 47921 Rimini, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Tumiatti
- Department for Life Quality Studies, Alma Mater Studiorum—University of Bologna, Corso d’Augusto 237, 47921 Rimini, Italy
| | - Patrizia Ballerini
- Department of Psychological, Health and Territorial Sciences, “G.
d’Annunzio” University of Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini 32, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Federica Sarno
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Vico L. De Crecchio 7, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Angela Nebbioso
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Vico L. De Crecchio 7, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Lucia Altucci
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Vico L. De Crecchio 7, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Barbara Monti
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Vincenza Andrisano
- Department for Life Quality Studies, Alma Mater Studiorum—University of Bologna, Corso d’Augusto 237, 47921 Rimini, Italy
| | - Andrea Milelli
- Department for Life Quality Studies, Alma Mater Studiorum—University of Bologna, Corso d’Augusto 237, 47921 Rimini, Italy
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15
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Milelli A, Marchetti C, Turrini E, Catanzaro E, Mazzone R, Tomaselli D, Fimognari C, Tumiatti V, Minarini A. Novel polyamine-based Histone deacetylases-Lysine demethylase 1 dual binding inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2018; 28:1001-1004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2018.02.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Revised: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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16
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Basso M, Chen HH, Tripathy D, Conte M, Apperley KYP, De Simone A, Keillor JW, Ratan R, Nebbioso A, Sarno F, Altucci L, Milelli A. Designing Dual Transglutaminase 2/Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors Effective at Halting Neuronal Death. ChemMedChem 2018; 13:227-230. [PMID: 29286587 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201700601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Revised: 12/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
In recent years there has been a clear consensus that neurodegenerative conditions can be better treated through concurrent modulation of different targets. Herein we report that combined inhibition of transglutaminase 2 (TG2) and histone deacetylases (HDACs) synergistically protects against toxic stimuli mediated by glutamate. Based on these findings, we designed and synthesized a series of novel dual TG2-HDAC binding agents. Compound 3 [(E)-N-hydroxy-5-(3-(4-(3-oxo-3-(pyridin-3-yl)prop-1-en-1-yl)phenyl)thioureido)pentanamide] emerged as the most interesting of the series, being able to inhibit TG2 and HDACs both in vitro (TG2 IC50 =13.3±1.5 μm, HDAC1 IC50 =3.38±0.14 μm, HDAC6 IC50 =4.10±0.13 μm) and in cell-based assays. Furthermore, compound 3 does not exert any toxic effects in cortical neurons up to 50 μm and protects neurons against toxic insults induced by glutamate (5 mm) with an EC50 value of 3.7±0.5 μm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Basso
- Centre for Integrative Biology (CIBIO), University of Trento, via Sommarive n. 9, 38123, Trento, Italy
| | - Huan Huan Chen
- Department for Life Quality Studies, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Corso d'Augusto 237, 47921, Rimini, Italy
| | - Debasmita Tripathy
- Centre for Integrative Biology (CIBIO), University of Trento, via Sommarive n. 9, 38123, Trento, Italy
| | | | - Kim Y P Apperley
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, 10 Marie-Curie, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Angela De Simone
- Department for Life Quality Studies, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Corso d'Augusto 237, 47921, Rimini, Italy
| | - Jeffrey W Keillor
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, 10 Marie-Curie, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Rajiv Ratan
- Burke Medical Research Institute, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, White Plains, NY, 10605, USA
| | - Angela Nebbioso
- Dipartimento di Biochimica, Biofisica e Patologia generale, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Vico L. De Crecchio 7, 80138, Napoli, Italy
| | - Federica Sarno
- Dipartimento di Biochimica, Biofisica e Patologia generale, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Vico L. De Crecchio 7, 80138, Napoli, Italy
| | - Lucia Altucci
- Dipartimento di Biochimica, Biofisica e Patologia generale, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Vico L. De Crecchio 7, 80138, Napoli, Italy
| | - Andrea Milelli
- Department for Life Quality Studies, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Corso d'Augusto 237, 47921, Rimini, Italy
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17
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Pasini A, Marchetti C, Sissi C, Cortesi M, Giordano E, Minarini A, Milelli A. Novel Polyamine-Naphthalene Diimide Conjugates Targeting Histone Deacetylases and DNA for Cancer Phenotype Reprogramming. ACS Med Chem Lett 2017; 8:1218-1223. [PMID: 29259737 PMCID: PMC5733267 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.7b00289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
A series of hybrid compounds was designed to target histone deacetylases and ds-/G-quadruplex DNAs by merging structural features deriving from Scriptaid and compound 1. Compound 6 binds different DNA arrangements, inhibits HDACs both in vitro and in cells, and is able to induce a reduction of cell proliferation. Moreover, compound 6 displays cell phenotype-reprogramming properties since it prevents the epithelial to mesenchymal transition in cancer cells, inducing a less aggressive and migratory phenotype, which is one of the goals of present innovative strategies in cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Pasini
- Department of Electrical,
Electronic and Information Engineering “Guglielmo Marconi”
(DEI), Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Via Venezia
52, 47521 Cesena
(FC), Italy
| | - Chiara Marchetti
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum−University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Claudia Sissi
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Via F. Marzolo 5, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Marilisa Cortesi
- Department of Electrical,
Electronic and Information Engineering “Guglielmo Marconi”
(DEI), Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Via Venezia
52, 47521 Cesena
(FC), Italy
| | - Emanuele Giordano
- Department of Electrical,
Electronic and Information Engineering “Guglielmo Marconi”
(DEI), Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Via Venezia
52, 47521 Cesena
(FC), Italy
- Health Sciences
and Technologies−Interdepartmental Center for Industrial Research
(HST-ICIR), Alma Mater Studiorum−University of Bologna, Via Tolara
di Sopra 41/E, 40064 Ozzano dell’Emilia (BO), Italy
- Advanced
Research Center on Electronic Systems (ARCES), Alma Mater Studiorum−University of Bologna, Via Vincenzo Toffano 2/2, 40125 Bologna, Italy
| | - Anna Minarini
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum−University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Andrea Milelli
- Department
for Life Quality Studies, Alma Mater Studiorum−University of Bologna, Corso d’Augusto
237, 47921 Rimini, Italy
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18
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Milelli A, De Simone A, Ticchi N, Chen HH, Betari N, Andrisano V, Tumiatti V. Tacrine-based Multifunctional Agents in Alzheimer's Disease: An Old Story in Continuous Development§. Curr Med Chem 2017; 24:3522-3546. [DOI: 10.2174/0929867324666170309123920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Revised: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Milelli
- Department for Life Quality Studies, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Corso d'Augusto 237, 47921 Rimini, Italy
| | - Angela De Simone
- Department for Life Quality Studies, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Corso d'Augusto 237, 47921 Rimini, Italy
| | - Nicole Ticchi
- Department for Life Quality Studies, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Corso d'Augusto 237, 47921 Rimini, Italy
| | - Huan H. Chen
- Department for Life Quality Studies, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Corso d'Augusto 237, 47921 Rimini, Italy
| | - Nibal Betari
- Department for Life Quality Studies, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Corso d'Augusto 237, 47921 Rimini, Italy
| | - Vincenza Andrisano
- Department for Life Quality Studies, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Corso d'Augusto 237, 47921 Rimini, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Tumiatti
- Department for Life Quality Studies, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Corso d'Augusto 237, 47921 Rimini, Italy
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19
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De Simone A, Fiori J, Naldi M, D’Urzo A, Tumiatti V, Milelli A, Andrisano V. Application of an ESI-QTOF method for the detailed characterization of GSK-3β inhibitors. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2017; 144:159-166. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2017.02.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Revised: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 02/18/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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20
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De Simone A, Bartolini M, Baschieri A, Apperley KYP, Chen HH, Guardigni M, Montanari S, Kobrlova T, Soukup O, Valgimigli L, Andrisano V, Keillor JW, Basso M, Milelli A. Hydroxy-substituted trans-cinnamoyl derivatives as multifunctional tools in the context of Alzheimer's disease. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 139:378-389. [PMID: 28810189 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.07.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Revised: 05/29/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a multifactorial pathology that requires multifaceted agents able to address its peculiar nature. In recent years, a plethora of proteins and biochemical pathways has been proposed as possible targets to counteract neurotoxicity. Although the complex scenario is not completely elucidated, close relationships are emerging among some of these actors. In particular, increasing evidence has shown that aggregation of amyloid beta (Aβ), glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK-3β) and oxidative stress are strictly interconnected and their concomitant modulation may have a positive and synergic effect in contrasting AD-related impairments. We designed compound 3 which demonstrated the ability to inhibit both GSK-3β (IC50 = 24.36 ± 0.01 μM) and Aβ42 self-aggregation (IC50 = 9.0 ± 1.4 μM), to chelate copper (II) and to act as exceptionally strong radical scavenger (kinh = 6.8 ± 0.5 · 105 M-1s-1) even in phosphate buffer at pH 7.4 (kinh = 3.2 ± 0.5 · 105 M-1s-1). Importantly, compound 3 showed high-predicted blood-brain barrier permeability, did not exert any significant cytotoxic effects in immature cortical neurons up to 50 μM and showed neuroprotective properties at micromolar concentration against toxic insult induced by glutamate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela De Simone
- Department for Life Quality Studies, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Corso d'Augusto 237, 47921 Rimini, Italy
| | - Manuela Bartolini
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Andrea Baschieri
- Department of Chemistry "G. Ciamician", Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Via S. Giacomo 11, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Kim Y P Apperley
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, 10 Marie-Curie, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Huan Huan Chen
- Department for Life Quality Studies, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Corso d'Augusto 237, 47921 Rimini, Italy
| | - Melissa Guardigni
- Department for Life Quality Studies, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Corso d'Augusto 237, 47921 Rimini, Italy
| | - Serena Montanari
- Department for Life Quality Studies, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Corso d'Augusto 237, 47921 Rimini, Italy
| | - Tereza Kobrlova
- Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Ondrej Soukup
- Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Luca Valgimigli
- Department of Chemistry "G. Ciamician", Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Via S. Giacomo 11, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Vincenza Andrisano
- Department for Life Quality Studies, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Corso d'Augusto 237, 47921 Rimini, Italy
| | - Jeffrey W Keillor
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, 10 Marie-Curie, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Manuela Basso
- Laboratory of Transcriptional Neurobiology, Centre for Integrative Biology, University of Trento, Via Sommarive 9, 38123 Trento, Italy
| | - Andrea Milelli
- Department for Life Quality Studies, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Corso d'Augusto 237, 47921 Rimini, Italy.
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Milelli A, Turrini E, Catanzaro E, Maffei F, Fimognari C. Perspectives in Designing Multifunctional Molecules in Antipsychotic Drug Discovery. Drug Dev Res 2016; 77:437-443. [DOI: 10.1002/ddr.21334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Milelli
- Department for Life Quality Studies; Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, C.so d'Augusto 237; Rimini 47921 Italy
| | - Eleonora Turrini
- Department for Life Quality Studies; Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, C.so d'Augusto 237; Rimini 47921 Italy
| | - Elena Catanzaro
- Department for Life Quality Studies; Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, C.so d'Augusto 237; Rimini 47921 Italy
| | - Francesca Maffei
- Department for Life Quality Studies; Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, C.so d'Augusto 237; Rimini 47921 Italy
| | - Carmela Fimognari
- Department for Life Quality Studies; Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, C.so d'Augusto 237; Rimini 47921 Italy
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Tarozzi A, Marchetti C, Nicolini B, D'Amico M, Ticchi N, Pruccoli L, Tumiatti V, Simoni E, Lodola A, Mor M, Milelli A, Minarini A. Combined inhibition of the EGFR/AKT pathways by a novel conjugate of quinazoline with isothiocyanate. Eur J Med Chem 2016; 117:283-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Revised: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Milelli A, Fimognari C, Ticchi N, Neviani P, Minarini A, Tumiatti V. Isothiocyanate synthetic analogs: biological activities, structure-activity relationships and synthetic strategies. Mini Rev Med Chem 2015; 14:963-77. [PMID: 25373847 DOI: 10.2174/1389557514666141106131909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Revised: 09/17/2014] [Accepted: 09/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Sulforaphane is a natural product that is constantly under biological investigation for its unique biological properties. This naturally occurring isothiocyanate (ITC) and its analogs are the main components of cruciferous vegetables, such as cauliflower, watercress, broccoli, cabbage, Brussels sprouts, widely used as chemopreventive agents. Due to their interesting biological profiles, natural ITCs have been exploited as starting point to develop new synthetic analogs. The present mini-review briefly highlights the most important biological actions of selected new synthetic ITCs focusing on their structure-activity relationships and related synthetic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Vincenzo Tumiatti
- Department for Life Quality Studies Corso d'Augusto, 237, Rimini Campus, 47921 Rimini, Italy.
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Marchetti C, Minarini A, Tumiatti V, Moraca F, Parrotta L, Alcaro S, Rigo R, Sissi C, Gunaratnam M, Ohnmacht SA, Neidle S, Milelli A. Macrocyclic naphthalene diimides as G-quadruplex binders. Bioorg Med Chem 2015; 23:3819-30. [PMID: 25935290 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2015.03.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Revised: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis, biological and molecular modeling evaluation of a series of macrocyclic naphthalene diimides is reported. The present investigation expands on the study of structure-activity relationships of prototype compound 2 by constraining the molecule into a macrocyclic structure with the aim of improving its G-quadruplex binding activity and selectivity. The new derivatives, compounds 4-7 carry spermidine- and spermine-like linkers while in compound 8 the inner basic nitrogen atoms of spermine have been replaced with oxygen atoms. The design strategy has led to potent compounds stabilizing both human telomeric (F21T) and c-KIT2 quadruplex sequences, and high selectivity for quadruplex in comparison to duplex DNA. Antiproliferative effects of the new derivatives 4-8 have been evaluated in a panel of cancer cell lines and all the tested compounds showed activity in the low micromolar or sub-micromolar range of concentrations. In order to rationalize the molecular basis of the DNA G-quadruplex versus duplex recognition preference, docking and molecular dynamics studies have been performed. The computational results support the observation that the main driving force in the recognition is due to electrostatic factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Marchetti
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy; School of Pharmacy, University College London, London WC1N 1AX, UK
| | - Anna Minarini
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Tumiatti
- Department for Life Quality Studies, University of Bologna, Rimini Campus, Corso d'Augusto 237, 47921 Rimini, Italy
| | - Federica Moraca
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Università 'Magna Græcia' di Catanzaro, Viale Europa, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Lucia Parrotta
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Università 'Magna Græcia' di Catanzaro, Viale Europa, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Stefano Alcaro
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Università 'Magna Græcia' di Catanzaro, Viale Europa, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Riccardo Rigo
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, via Marzolo 5, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Claudia Sissi
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, via Marzolo 5, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | | | | | - Stephen Neidle
- School of Pharmacy, University College London, London WC1N 1AX, UK
| | - Andrea Milelli
- Department for Life Quality Studies, University of Bologna, Rimini Campus, Corso d'Augusto 237, 47921 Rimini, Italy.
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De Gianni E, Turrini E, Milelli A, Maffei F, Carini M, Minarini A, Tumiatti V, Ros TD, Prato M, Fimognari C. Study of the cytotoxic effects of the new synthetic Isothiocyanate CM9 and its fullerene derivative on human T-leukemia cells. Toxins (Basel) 2015; 7:535-52. [PMID: 25679371 PMCID: PMC4344639 DOI: 10.3390/toxins7020535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
One important strategy to develop effective anticancer agents is based on natural products. Many active phytochemicals are in human clinical trials and have been used for a long time, alone and in association with conventional anticancer drugs, for the treatment of various types of cancers. A great number of in vitro, in vivo and clinical reports document the multi-target anticancer activities of isothiocyanates and of compounds characterized by a naphthalenetetracarboxylic diimide scaffold. In order to search for new anticancer agents with a better pharmaco-toxicological profile, we investigated hybrid compounds obtained by inserting isothiocyanate group(s) on a naphthalenetetracarboxylic diimide scaffold. Moreover, since water-soluble fullerene derivatives can cross cell membranes thus favoring the delivery of anticancer therapeutics, we explored the cytostatic and cytotoxic activity of hybrid compounds conjugated with fullerene. We studied their cytostatic and cytotoxic effects on a human T-lymphoblastoid cell line by using different flow cytometric assays. In order to better understand their pharmaco-toxicological potential, we also analyzed their genotoxicity. Our global results show that the synthesized compounds reduced significantly the viability of leukemia cells. However, the conjugation with a non-toxic vector did not increase their anticancer potential. This opens an interesting research pattern for certain fullerene properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena De Gianni
- Interdepartmental Centre for Industrial Research in Advanced Mechanical Engineering Applications and Materials Technology, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Piazza Malatesta, 29/30, 47923 Rimini, Italy.
| | - Eleonora Turrini
- Department for Life Quality Studies, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Corso d'Augusto 237, 47921 Rimini, Italy.
| | - Andrea Milelli
- Department for Life Quality Studies, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Corso d'Augusto 237, 47921 Rimini, Italy.
| | - Francesca Maffei
- Department for Life Quality Studies, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Corso d'Augusto 237, 47921 Rimini, Italy.
| | - Marco Carini
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, Piazzale Europa 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy.
| | - Anna Minarini
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Vincenzo Tumiatti
- Department for Life Quality Studies, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Corso d'Augusto 237, 47921 Rimini, Italy.
| | - Tatiana Da Ros
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, Piazzale Europa 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy.
| | - Maurizio Prato
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, Piazzale Europa 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy.
| | - Carmela Fimognari
- Department for Life Quality Studies, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Corso d'Augusto 237, 47921 Rimini, Italy.
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Minarini A, Milelli A, Simoni E, Rosini M, Bolognesi ML, Marchetti C, Tumiatti V. Multifunctional tacrine derivatives in Alzheimer's disease. Curr Top Med Chem 2014; 13:1771-86. [PMID: 23931443 DOI: 10.2174/15680266113139990136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2013] [Accepted: 04/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Tacrine (1) was the first acetylcholinesterase inhibitor (AChEI) introduced in therapy for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD), but similarly to the most recent approved AChEIs and memantine, an N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) antagonist, it does not represent an effective drug in halting the progression of AD. The continuous research in this field has contributed to delineate AD as a multifactorial syndrome with several biological targets involved in its etiology. On these bases, the development of new effective therapeutics becomes crucial and the design of molecules that address more than one specific AD target should represent thus a succeeded strategy for AD treatment. This review will focus on and summarize multifunctional 1 derivatives starting from our last paper published on the same topic in 2010. In the last three years, the design and synthesis of 1 homo- and heterodimers, as well as of 1-hybrid structures for AD therapy, was aimed mainly to discover safer drugs, with decreased hepatotoxicity in comparison to 1, taking also into account the multifactorial pathogenesis of the disease. Most of these new hetero/homo-dimers and/or hybrids of 1, although addressed mainly to acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and Aβ aggregation inhibition, are able to hit additional targets relevant to AD, among which, β-secretase (BACE1), reactive oxygen species (ROS), calcium channels, NMDAR and M1- muscarinic receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Minarini
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
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Bonaiuto E, Milelli A, Cozza G, Tumiatti V, Marchetti C, Agostinelli E, Fimognari C, Hrelia P, Minarini A, Di Paolo ML. Novel polyamine analogues: From substrates towards potential inhibitors of monoamine oxidases. Eur J Med Chem 2013; 70:88-101. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2013.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2013] [Revised: 07/09/2013] [Accepted: 07/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Parise A, Milelli A, Tumiatti V, Minarini A, Neviani P, Zuccari G. Preparation, characterization and in vitro evaluation of sterically stabilized liposome containing a naphthalenediimide derivative as anticancer agent. Drug Deliv 2013; 22:590-7. [PMID: 24286206 DOI: 10.3109/10717544.2013.861042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to incorporate a new naphthalenediimide derivative (AN169) with a promising anticancer activity into pegylated liposomes to an extent that allows its in vitro and in vivo testing without use of toxic solvent. AN169-loaded liposomes were prepared using the thin-film hydration method and characterized for size, polydispersity index, drug content and drug release. We examined their lyophilization ability in the presence of cryoprotectants (trehalose, sucrose and lysine) and the long-term stability of the lyophilized products stored at 4 °C for 3 and 6 months by particle size changes and drug leakage. AN169 was successfully loaded into liposomes with an entrapment efficiency of 87.3 ± 2.5%. The hydrodynamic diameter of these liposomes after sonication was ∼ 145 nm with a high degree of monodispersity. Trehalose was found to be superior to the other lyoprotectants. In particular, trehalose 1:10 lipid:cryoprotectant molar ratio may provide stable lyophilized liposomes with the conservation of physicochemical properties upon freeze-drying and long-term storage conditions. We also assessed their in vitro antitumor activity in human cancer cell lines (HTLA-230 neuroblastoma, Mel 3.0 melanoma, OVCAR-3 ovarian carcinoma and SV620 prostate cancer cells). However, only after 72 h incubation, loaded liposomes showed almost the same IC50 as free AN169. In conclusion, we developed a stable lyophilized liposomal formulation for intravenous administration of AN169 as anticancer drug, with the advantage of avoiding the use of potentially toxic solubilizing agents for future in vivo experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amelia Parise
- Department for Life Quality Studies, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna , Rimini , Italy and
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Rosini
- Department
of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum—University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Elena Simoni
- Department
of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum—University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Andrea Milelli
- Department
for Life Quality Studies, Alma Mater Studiorum—University of Bologna, Corso d’Augusto
237, 47921 Rimini, Italy
| | - Anna Minarini
- Department
of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum—University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Carlo Melchiorre
- Department
of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum—University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy
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Minarini A, Milelli A, Fimognari C, Simoni E, Turrini E, Tumiatti V. Exploring the effects of isothiocyanates on chemotherapeutic drugs. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2013; 10:25-38. [PMID: 24087843 DOI: 10.1517/17425255.2013.843668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Chemoprevention has emerged as a promising strategy to reduce the risk and to control cancer. In this context, isothiocyanates (ITCs), found in abundance in the form of glucosinolates in cruciferous vegetables, have gained increasing consideration for their chemopreventive activity. ITCs exert their effects mainly by inducing carcinogen metabolism or by inhibiting tumor cell proliferation. AREAS COVERED In recent years, novel combination treatments, by coupling chemopreventive agents and typical chemotherapeutics, have been exploited to increase the antitumor activities. The aim of this article is to examine the foremost studies carried out, so far, on the effects of dietary and synthetic ITCs on different signaling pathways involved in the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of chemotherapeutic agents, in order to enhance their effectiveness. EXPERT OPINION Undoubtedly, the beneficial anticarcinogenic potential of ITCs, both singly and in combination, has emerged in in vitro and in vivo studies. However, only a few clinical trials have been carried out so far with ITCs, which try to better define both the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic impacts in humans. More toxicological evaluations after long-term administration of ITCs in different species are required for the clinical development of ITCs as anticarcinogenic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Minarini
- Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology , Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna , Italy +39 051 2099709 ; +39 051 2099734 ;
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Minarini A, Milelli A, Tumiatti V, Rosini M, Lenzi M, Ferruzzi L, Turrini E, Hrelia P, Sestili P, Calcabrini C, Fimognari C. Exploiting RNA as a new biomolecular target for synthetic polyamines. Gene 2013; 524:232-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2013.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2012] [Revised: 03/28/2013] [Accepted: 04/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Minarini A, Zini M, Milelli A, Tumiatti V, Marchetti C, Nicolini B, Falconi M, Farruggia G, Cappadone C, Stefanelli C. Synthetic polyamines activating autophagy: effects on cancer cell death. Eur J Med Chem 2013; 67:359-66. [PMID: 23887056 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2013.06.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2013] [Revised: 06/20/2013] [Accepted: 06/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The ability of symmetrically substituted long chain polymethylene tetramines, methoctramine (1) and its analogs 2-4 to kill cancer cells was studied. We found that an elevated cytotoxicity was correlated with a 12 methylene chain length separating the inner amine functions (6-12-6 carbon backbone), together with the introduction of diphenylethyl moieties on the terminal nitrogen atoms (compound 4) of a tetramine backbone. Compound 4 triggered dissipation of mitochondrial transmembrane potential and increased intracellular peroxide levels, leading to a caspase-independent HeLa cell death associated with a rapid activation of autophagy. The antioxidant N-acetylcysteine inhibited cell death and activation of autophagy, indicating a link between oxidative stress and autophagy. Autophagy was rapidly triggered even by tetramines 2 and 3, indicating that is related to their polyamine structure. Autophagy did not protect HeLa cells against cytotoxicity elicited by compound 4. The present study shows that, by modifications of the methoctramine structure, it is possible to design polyamine derivatives highly cytotoxic against tumor cells and that the appropriate design of molecules bearing polyamine-like structures leads to powerful inducers of autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Minarini
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
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Milelli A, Tumiatti V, Micco M, Rosini M, Zuccari G, Raffaghello L, Bianchi G, Pistoia V, Fernando Díaz J, Pera B, Trigili C, Barasoain I, Musetti C, Toniolo M, Sissi C, Alcaro S, Moraca F, Zini M, Stefanelli C, Minarini A. Structure–activity relationships of novel substituted naphthalene diimides as anticancer agents. Eur J Med Chem 2012; 57:417-28. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2012.06.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2012] [Revised: 06/20/2012] [Accepted: 06/21/2012] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Rosini M, Simoni E, Bartolini M, Tarozzi A, Matera R, Milelli A, Hrelia P, Andrisano V, Bolognesi ML, Melchiorre C. Exploiting the lipoic acid structure in the search for novel multitarget ligands against Alzheimer's disease. Eur J Med Chem 2011; 46:5435-42. [PMID: 21924801 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2011.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2011] [Revised: 08/31/2011] [Accepted: 09/01/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Lipoic acid (LA) is a natural antioxidant. Its structure was previously combined with that of the acetylcholinesterase inhibitor tacrine to give lipocrine (1), a lead compound multitargeted against Alzheimer's disease (AD). Herein, we further explore LA as a privileged structure for developing multimodal compounds to investigate AD. First, we studied the effect of LA chirality by evaluating the cholinesterase profile of 1's enantiomers. Then, a new series of LA hybrids was designed and synthesized by combining racemic LA with motifs of other known anticholinesterase agents (rivastigmine and memoquin). This afforded 4, which represents a step forward in the search for balanced anticholinesterase and antioxidant capacities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Rosini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
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Bolognesi ML, Bartolini M, Mancini F, Chiriano G, Ceccarini L, Rosini M, Milelli A, Tumiatti V, Andrisano V, Melchiorre C. Bis(7)-tacrine derivatives as multitarget-directed ligands: Focus on anticholinesterase and antiamyloid activities. ChemMedChem 2010; 5:1215-20. [PMID: 20486153 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201000086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Tumiatti V, Minarini A, Bolognesi M, Milelli A, Rosini M, Melchiorre C. Tacrine Derivatives and Alzheimers Disease. Curr Med Chem 2010; 17:1825-38. [DOI: 10.2174/092986710791111206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2009] [Accepted: 03/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Tumiatti V, Milelli A, Minarini A, Micco M, Gasperi Campani A, Roncuzzi L, Baiocchi D, Marinello J, Capranico G, Zini M, Stefanelli C, Melchiorre C. Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of substituted naphthalene imides and diimides as anticancer agent. J Med Chem 2009; 52:7873-7. [PMID: 19954251 DOI: 10.1021/jm901131m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Naphthalimmide (NI) and 1,4,5,8-naphthalentetracarboxylic diimide (NDI) derivatives were synthesized and evaluated for their antiproliferative activity. NDI derivatives 1-9 were more cytotoxic than the corresponding NI derivatives 10-18. The molecular mechanisms of 1 and 2 were investigated in comparison to mitonafide. They interacted with DNA, were not topoisomerase IIalpha poisons, triggered caspase activation, caused p53 protein accumulation, and down-regulated AKT survival. Furthermore, 1 and 2 caused a decrease of ERK1/2 and, unlike mitonafide, inhibited ERKs phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Tumiatti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
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Minarini A, Milelli A, Tumiatti V, Rosini M, Bolognesi ML, Melchiorre C. Synthetic polyamines: an overview of their multiple biological activities. Amino Acids 2009; 38:383-92. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-009-0430-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2009] [Accepted: 09/06/2009] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Zini M, Passariello CL, Gottardi D, Cetrullo S, Flamigni F, Pignatti C, Minarini A, Tumiatti V, Milelli A, Melchiorre C, Stefanelli C. Cytotoxicity of methoctramine and methoctramine-related polyamines. Chem Biol Interact 2009; 181:409-16. [PMID: 19576191 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2009.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2009] [Revised: 06/22/2009] [Accepted: 06/24/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Methoctramine and its analogues are polymethylene tetramines that selectively bind to a variety of receptor sites. Although these compounds are widely used as pharmacological tools for receptor characterization, the toxicological properties of these polyamine-based structures are largely unknown. We have evaluated the cytotoxic effects of methoctramine and related symmetrical analogues differing in polymethylene chain length between the inner nitrogens against a panel of cell lines. Methoctramine caused cell death only at high micromolar concentrations, whereas its pharmacological action is exerted at nanomolar level. Increasing the spacing between the inner nitrogen atoms resulted in a significative increase in cytotoxicity. In particular, an elevated cytotoxicity is associated to a methylene chain length of 12 units dividing the inner amine functions (compound 5). H9c2 cardiomyoblasts were the most sensitive cells, followed by SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma, whereas HL60 leukaemia cells were much more resistant. Methoctramine and related compounds down-regulated ornithine decarboxylase, the first enzyme of polyamine biosynthesis even at non-toxic concentration. Further, methoctramine and compound 5 caused a limited up-regulation of spermine/spermidine N-acetyltransferase, suggesting that interference in polyamine metabolism is not a primary mechanism of toxicity. Methoctramine and its analogues bound to DNA with a higher affinity than spermine, but the correlation with their toxic effect was poor. The highly toxic compound 5 killed the cells in the absence of caspase activation and caused an increase in p53 expression and ERK1/2 phosphorylation. Compound 5 was directly oxidized by cell homogenates producing hydrogen peroxide and its toxic effect was partially subdued by the inhibition of its uptake, by the NMDA ligand MK-801, and by the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine, suggesting that compound 5 can act at different cellular levels and lead to oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maddalena Zini
- Department of Biochemistry "G. Moruzzi", University of Bologna, Via Irnerio 48, 40126 Bologna, Italy
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Alemán J, Milelli A, Cabrera S, Reyes E, Jørgensen K. Asymmetric 1,4-Addition of Oxazolones to Nitroalkenes by Bifunctional Cinchona Alkaloid Thiourea Organocatalysts: Synthesis of α,α-Disubstituted α-Amino Acids. Chemistry 2008; 14:10958-66. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.200802030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Tumiatti V, Milelli A, Minarini A, Rosini M, Bolognesi ML, Micco M, Andrisano V, Bartolini M, Mancini F, Recanatini M, Cavalli A, Melchiorre C. Structure−Activity Relationships of Acetylcholinesterase Noncovalent Inhibitors Based on a Polyamine Backbone. 4. Further Investigation on the Inner Spacer. J Med Chem 2008; 51:7308-12. [DOI: 10.1021/jm8009684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Tumiatti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy, and Polo Scientifico-Didattico di Rimini, University of Bologna, 40100 Bologna, Italy
| | - Andrea Milelli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy, and Polo Scientifico-Didattico di Rimini, University of Bologna, 40100 Bologna, Italy
| | - Anna Minarini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy, and Polo Scientifico-Didattico di Rimini, University of Bologna, 40100 Bologna, Italy
| | - Michela Rosini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy, and Polo Scientifico-Didattico di Rimini, University of Bologna, 40100 Bologna, Italy
| | - Maria Laura Bolognesi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy, and Polo Scientifico-Didattico di Rimini, University of Bologna, 40100 Bologna, Italy
| | - Marialuisa Micco
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy, and Polo Scientifico-Didattico di Rimini, University of Bologna, 40100 Bologna, Italy
| | - Vincenza Andrisano
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy, and Polo Scientifico-Didattico di Rimini, University of Bologna, 40100 Bologna, Italy
| | - Manuela Bartolini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy, and Polo Scientifico-Didattico di Rimini, University of Bologna, 40100 Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesca Mancini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy, and Polo Scientifico-Didattico di Rimini, University of Bologna, 40100 Bologna, Italy
| | - Maurizio Recanatini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy, and Polo Scientifico-Didattico di Rimini, University of Bologna, 40100 Bologna, Italy
| | - Andrea Cavalli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy, and Polo Scientifico-Didattico di Rimini, University of Bologna, 40100 Bologna, Italy
| | - Carlo Melchiorre
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy, and Polo Scientifico-Didattico di Rimini, University of Bologna, 40100 Bologna, Italy
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Cabrera S, Reyes E, Alemán J, Milelli A, Kobbelgaard S, Jørgensen KA. Organocatalytic Asymmetric Synthesis of α,α-Disubstituted α-Amino Acids and Derivatives. J Am Chem Soc 2008; 130:12031-7. [DOI: 10.1021/ja804567h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Cabrera
- Danish National Research Foundation: Center for Catalysis, Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Efraim Reyes
- Danish National Research Foundation: Center for Catalysis, Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - José Alemán
- Danish National Research Foundation: Center for Catalysis, Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Andrea Milelli
- Danish National Research Foundation: Center for Catalysis, Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Sara Kobbelgaard
- Danish National Research Foundation: Center for Catalysis, Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Karl Anker Jørgensen
- Danish National Research Foundation: Center for Catalysis, Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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Tumiatti V, Bolognesi ML, Minarini A, Rosini M, Milelli A, Matera R, Melchiorre C. Progress in acetylcholinesterase inhibitors for Alzheimer's disease: an update. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2008. [DOI: 10.1517/13543776.18.4.387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Reyes E, Jiang H, Milelli A, Elsner P, Hazell R, Jørgensen K. How to Make Five Contiguous Stereocenters in One Reaction: Asymmetric Organocatalytic Synthesis of Pentasubstituted Cyclohexanes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200704454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Reyes E, Jiang H, Milelli A, Elsner P, Hazell R, Jørgensen K. How to Make Five Contiguous Stereocenters in One Reaction: Asymmetric Organocatalytic Synthesis of Pentasubstituted Cyclohexanes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2007; 46:9202-5. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.200704454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Tumiatti V, Minarini A, Milelli A, Rosini M, Buccioni M, Marucci G, Ghelardini C, Bellucci C, Melchiorre C. Structure–activity relationships of methoctramine-related polyamines as muscarinic antagonist: Effect of replacing the inner polymethylene chain with cyclic moieties. Bioorg Med Chem 2007; 15:2312-21. [PMID: 17276075 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2007.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2006] [Revised: 01/08/2007] [Accepted: 01/17/2007] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present paper was to investigate the role of the octamethylene spacer of methoctramine (1) on the biological profile. Thus, this spacer was incorporated into a dianiline or dipiperidine moiety to determine whether flexibility and the basicity of the inner nitrogen atoms are important determinants of potency with respect to muscarinic receptors. The most potent compound was 4, which displayed, in the functional assays, a comparable potency at muscarinic M(2) receptors with respect to 1, and, in the binding assays, a loss of potency and selectivity toward muscarinic M(1) and M(3) receptor subtypes. Both compounds were endowed with antinociceptive activity. Furthermore, in microdialysis tests in rat parietal cortex, they enhanced acetylcholine release, most likely by antagonizing presynaptic muscarinic receptor subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Tumiatti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
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