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Gerhardsson A, Porada DK, Lundström JN, Axelsson J, Schwarz J. Does insufficient sleep affect how you learn from reward or punishment? Reinforcement learning after 2 nights of sleep restriction. J Sleep Res 2021; 30:e13236. [PMID: 33219629 PMCID: PMC8365707 DOI: 10.1111/jsr.13236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
To learn from feedback (trial and error) is essential for all species. Insufficient sleep has been found to reduce the sensitivity to feedback as well as increase reward sensitivity. To determine whether insufficient sleep alters learning from positive and negative feedback, healthy participants (n = 32, mean age 29.0 years, 18 women) were tested once after normal sleep (8 hr time in bed for 2 nights) and once after 2 nights of sleep restriction (4 hr/night) on a probabilistic selection task where learning behaviour was evaluated in three ways: as generalised learning, short-term win-stay/lose-shift learning strategies, and trial-by-trial learning rate. Sleep restriction did not alter the sensitivity to either positive or negative feedback on generalised learning. Also, short-term win-stay/lose-shift strategies were not affected by sleep restriction. Similarly, results from computational models that assess the trial-by-trial update of stimuli value demonstrated no difference between sleep conditions after the first block. However, a slower learning rate from negative feedback when evaluating all learning blocks was found after sleep restriction. Despite a marked increase in sleepiness and slowed learning rate for negative feedback, sleep restriction did not appear to alter strategies and generalisation of learning from positive or negative feedback.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Gerhardsson
- Department of PsychologyStockholm UniversityStockholmSweden
- Department of PsychologyStress Research InstituteStockholm UniversityStockholmSweden
| | - Danja K. Porada
- Department of Clinical NeuroscienceKarolinska InstituteStockholmSweden
| | - Johan N. Lundström
- Department of Clinical NeuroscienceKarolinska InstituteStockholmSweden
- Monell Chemical Senses CenterPhiladelphiaPAUSA
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPAUSA
- Stockholm University Brain Imaging CentreStockholm UniversityStockholmSweden
| | - John Axelsson
- Department of PsychologyStockholm UniversityStockholmSweden
- Department of PsychologyStress Research InstituteStockholm UniversityStockholmSweden
- Department of Clinical NeuroscienceKarolinska InstituteStockholmSweden
| | - Johanna Schwarz
- Department of PsychologyStress Research InstituteStockholm UniversityStockholmSweden
- Department of Clinical NeuroscienceKarolinska InstituteStockholmSweden
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Gerhardsson A, Fischer H, Lekander M, Kecklund G, Axelsson J, Åkerstedt T, Schwarz J. Positivity Effect and Working Memory Performance Remains Intact in Older Adults After Sleep Deprivation. Front Psychol 2019; 10:605. [PMID: 30967813 PMCID: PMC6440387 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Older adults perform better in tasks which include positive stimuli, referred to as the positivity effect. However, recent research suggests that the positivity effect could be attenuated when additional challenges such as stress or cognitive demands are introduced. Moreover, it is well established that older adults are relatively resilient to many of the adverse effects of sleep deprivation. Our aim was to investigate if the positivity effect in older adults is affected by one night of total sleep deprivation using an emotional working memory task. Methods: A healthy sample of 48 older adults (60-72 years) was either sleep deprived for one night (n = 24) or had a normal night's sleep (n = 24). They performed an emotional working memory n-back (n = 1 and 3) task containing positive, negative and neutral pictures. Results: Performance in terms of accuracy and reaction times was best for positive stimuli and worst for negative stimuli. This positivity effect was not altered by sleep deprivation. Results also showed that, despite significantly increased sleepiness, there was no effect of sleep deprivation on working memory performance. A working memory load × valence interaction on the reaction times revealed that the beneficial effect of positive stimuli was only present in the 1-back condition. Conclusion: While the positivity effect and general working memory abilities in older adults are intact after one night of sleep deprivation, increased cognitive demand attenuates the positivity effect on working memory speed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Gerhardsson
- Department of Psychology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
- Stress Research Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Håkan Fischer
- Department of Psychology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mats Lekander
- Stress Research Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Göran Kecklund
- Stress Research Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - John Axelsson
- Stress Research Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Torbjörn Åkerstedt
- Stress Research Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Johanna Schwarz
- Stress Research Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Schwarz J, Axelsson J, Gerhardsson A, Tamm S, Fischer H, Kecklund G, Åkerstedt T. Mood impairment is stronger in young than in older adults after sleep deprivation. J Sleep Res 2018; 28:e12801. [PMID: 30585371 PMCID: PMC7379256 DOI: 10.1111/jsr.12801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Revised: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Sleep deprivation commonly impairs affective regulation and causes worse mood. However, the majority of previous research concerns young adults. Because susceptibility to sleep deprivation and emotion regulation change distinctively across adult age, we tested here the hypothesis that the effect of sleep deprivation on mood is stronger in young than in older adults. In an experimental design, young (18–30 years) and older adults (60–72 years) participated in either a sleep control (young, n = 63; older, n = 47) or a total sleep deprivation condition (young, n = 61; older, n = 47). Sleepiness, mood and common symptoms of sleep deprivation were measured using established questionnaires and ratings. Sleep‐deprived participants felt more sleepy, stressed and cold, and reported lower vigour and positive affect, regardless of age. All the other outcome measures (negative affect, depression, confusion, tension, anger, fatigue, total mood disturbance, hunger, cognitive attenuation, irritability) showed a weaker response to sleep deprivation in the older group, as indicated by age*sleep deprivation interactions (ps < 0.05). The results show that older adults are emotionally less affected by sleep deprivation than young adults. This tolerance was mainly related to an attenuated increase in negative mood. This could possibly be related to the well‐known positivity effect, which suggests that older adults prioritize regulating their emotions to optimize well‐being. The results also highlight that caution is warranted when generalizing results from sleep deprivation studies across the adult lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Schwarz
- Stress Research Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - John Axelsson
- Stress Research Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Sandra Tamm
- Stress Research Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Håkan Fischer
- Department of Psychology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Göran Kecklund
- Stress Research Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Torbjörn Åkerstedt
- Stress Research Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
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Schwarz J, Gerhardsson A, van Leeuwen W, Lekander M, Ericson M, Fischer H, Kecklund G, Åkerstedt T. Does sleep deprivation increase the vulnerability to acute psychosocial stress in young and older adults? Psychoneuroendocrinology 2018; 96:155-165. [PMID: 29982098 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2018.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Revised: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 06/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Sleep loss and psychosocial stress often co-occur in today's society, but there is limited knowledge on the combined effects. Therefore, this experimental study investigated whether one night of sleep deprivation affects the response to a psychosocial challenge. A second aim was to examine if older adults, who may be less affected by both sleep deprivation and stress, react differently than young adults. 124 young (18-30 years) and 94 older (60-72 years) healthy adults participated in one of four conditions: i. normal night sleep & Placebo-Trier Social Stress Test (TSST), ii. normal night sleep & Trier Social Stress Test, iii. sleep deprivation & Placebo-TSST, iv. sleep deprivation & TSST. Subjective stress ratings, heart rate variability (HRV), salivary alpha amylase (sAA) and cortisol were measured throughout the protocol. At the baseline pre-stress measurement, salivary cortisol and subjective stress values were higher in sleep deprived than in rested participants. However, the reactivity to and recovery from the TSST was not significantly different after sleep deprivation for any of the outcome measures. Older adults showed higher subjective stress, higher sAA and lower HRV at baseline, indicating increased basal autonomic activity. Cortisol trajectories and HRV slightly differed in older adults compared with younger adults (regardless of the TSST). Moreover, age did not moderate the effect of sleep deprivation. Taken together, the results show increased stress levels after sleep deprivation, but do not confirm the assumption that one night of sleep deprivation increases the responsivity to an acute psychosocial challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Schwarz
- Stress Research Institute, Stockholm University, Sweden; Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Sweden.
| | - Andreas Gerhardsson
- Stress Research Institute, Stockholm University, Sweden; Department of Psychology, Stockholm University, Sweden
| | | | - Mats Lekander
- Stress Research Institute, Stockholm University, Sweden; Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Sweden
| | - Mats Ericson
- Division of Ergonomics, CBH-School, Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden
| | - Håkan Fischer
- Department of Psychology, Stockholm University, Sweden
| | - Göran Kecklund
- Stress Research Institute, Stockholm University, Sweden; Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Sweden
| | - Torbjörn Åkerstedt
- Stress Research Institute, Stockholm University, Sweden; Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Sweden
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Gerhardsson A, Åkerstedt T, Axelsson J, Fischer H, Lekander M, Schwarz J. Effect of sleep deprivation on emotional working memory. J Sleep Res 2018; 28:e12744. [PMID: 30091275 PMCID: PMC7379257 DOI: 10.1111/jsr.12744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Revised: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The emotional dysregulation and impaired working memory found after sleep loss can have severe implications for our daily functioning. Considering the intertwined relationship between emotion and cognition in stimuli processing, there could be further implications of sleep deprivation in high‐complex emotional situations. Although studied separately, this interaction between emotion and cognitive processes has been neglected in sleep research. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of 1 night of sleep deprivation on emotional working memory. Sixty‐one healthy participants (mean age: 23.4 years) were either sleep deprived for 1 night (n = 30) or had a normal night’s sleep (n = 31). They performed an N‐back task with two levels of working memory load (1‐back and 3‐back) using positive, neutral and negative picture scenes. Sleep deprivation, compared with full night sleep, impaired emotional working memory accuracy, but not reaction times. The sleep‐deprived participants, but not the controls, responded faster to positive than to negative and neutral pictures. The effect of sleep deprivation was similar for both high and low working memory loads. The results showed that although detrimental in terms of accuracy, sleep deprivation did not impair working memory speed. In fact, our findings indicate that positive stimuli may facilitate working memory processing speed after sleep deprivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Gerhardsson
- Department of Psychology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.,Stress Research Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Torbjörn Åkerstedt
- Stress Research Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - John Axelsson
- Stress Research Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Håkan Fischer
- Department of Psychology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mats Lekander
- Stress Research Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Johanna Schwarz
- Stress Research Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
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Gerhardsson A, Fischer H, Lekander M, Kecklund G, Axelsson J, Åkerstedt T, Schwarz J. Emotional working memory in older adults after total sleep deprivation. Sleep Med 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2017.11.321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Abstract
In our daily perception of facial expressions, we depend on an ability to generalize across the varied distances at which they may appear. This is important to how we interpret the quality and the intensity of the expression. Previous research has not investigated whether this so called perceptual constancy also applies to the experienced intensity of facial expressions. Using a psychophysical measure (Borg CR100 scale) the present study aimed to further investigate perceptual constancy of happy and angry facial expressions at varied sizes, which is a proxy for varying viewing distances. Seventy-one (42 females) participants rated the intensity and valence of facial expressions varying in distance and intensity. The results demonstrated that the perceived intensity (PI) of the emotional facial expression was dependent on the distance of the face and the person perceiving it. An interaction effect was noted, indicating that close-up faces are perceived as more intense than faces at a distance and that this effect is stronger the more intense the facial expression truly is. The present study raises considerations regarding constancy of the PI of happy and angry facial expressions at varied distances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Gerhardsson
- Stress Research Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm Sweden ; Department of Psychology, Stockholm University, Stockholm Sweden
| | - Lennart Högman
- Department of Psychology, Stockholm University, Stockholm Sweden
| | - Håkan Fischer
- Department of Psychology, Stockholm University, Stockholm Sweden
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Stern RL, Fraass BA, Gerhardsson A, McShan DL, Lam KL. Generation and use of measurement-based 3-D dose distributions for 3-D dose calculation verification. Med Phys 1992; 19:165-73. [PMID: 1620042 DOI: 10.1118/1.596873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
A 3-D radiation therapy treatment planning system calculates dose to an entire volume of points and therefore requires a 3-D distribution of measured dose values for quality assurance and dose calculation verification. To measure such a volumetric distribution with a scanning ion chamber is prohibitively time consuming. A method is presented for the generation of a 3-D grid of dose values based on beam's-eye-view (BEV) film dosimetry. For each field configuration of interest, a set of BEV films at different depths is obtained and digitized, and the optical densities are converted to dose. To reduce inaccuracies associated with film measurement of megavoltage photon depth doses, doses on the different planes are normalized using an ion-chamber measurement of the depth dose. A 3-D grid of dose values is created by interpolation between BEV planes along divergent beam rays. This matrix of measurement-based dose values can then be compared to calculations over the entire volume of interest. This method is demonstrated for three different field configurations. Accuracy of the film-measured dose values is determined by 1-D and 2-D comparisons with ion chamber measurements. Film and ion chamber measurements agree within 2% in the central field regions and within 2.0 mm in the penumbral regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- R L Stern
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor 48109
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Abstract
An aquaplast mask/marker immobilization system for the routine radiation therapy treatment of head and neck disease is described. The system utilizes a commercially available thermoplastic mesh indexed and mounted to a rigid frame attached to the therapy couch. The apparatus is designed to permit CT, MRI, and PET diagnostic scans of the patient to be performed in the simulation and treatment position utilizing the same mask, thereby facilitating image correlation. Studies employing weekly simulation indicate that patient treatment position movement can be restricted to 3 mm over the course of treatment. This easily constructed system permits rapid mask formation to be performed on the treatment simulator, resulting in an immobilization device comparable to masks produced with vacuum-forming techniques. Details of construction, verification, and central axis CT, MRI, PET markers are offered.
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Affiliation(s)
- A F Thornton
- University of Michigan Medical Center, Department of Radiation Oncology, Ann Arbor 48109
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Ten Haken RK, Forman JD, Heimburger DK, Gerhardsson A, McShan DL, Perez-Tamayo C, Schoeppel SL, Lichter AS. Treatment planning issues related to prostate movement in response to differential filling of the rectum and bladder. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1991; 20:1317-24. [PMID: 2045306 DOI: 10.1016/0360-3016(91)90244-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 250] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Conventional stimulation for patients with localized prostatic carcinoma often includes opacification of the dose limiting adjacent normal tissues. However, CT-based treatment planning is performed with the bladder and the rectum naturally filled or emptied. These latter conditions more closely approximate those in place at treatment Comparison of these CT-based treatment plans to simulator films taken with the rectum and bladder opacified yielded indirect evidence of movement of the prostate gland by 0.5 cm or more in 31 of 50 consecutive patients. The range of motion was 0 to 2 cm with an average of 0.5 cm (1.0 cm in the 31 patients). Six additional patients (five with local recurrence following I-125 seed implantation) were analyzed separately using CT scans. Registered CT images (3 mm slices) taken with the rectum and bladder full and/or empty provided direct evidence of prostate movement in 3 of the 6 patients. The dosimetric consequences of this movement are demonstrated using 3-dimensional dose distributions.
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Affiliation(s)
- R K Ten Haken
- University of Michigan Medical Center, Department of Radiation Oncology, Ann Arbor 48109-0010
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Thornton AF, Ten Haken RK, Gerhardsson A, Correll M. Three-dimensional motion analysis of an improved head immobilization system for simulation, CT, MRI, and PET imaging. Radiother Oncol 1991; 20:224-8. [PMID: 2068339 DOI: 10.1016/0167-8140(91)90120-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
A mask/marker immobilization system for the routine radiation therapy treatment of head and neck disease is described, utilizing a commercially available thermoplastic mesh, indexed and mounted to a rigid frame attached to the therapy couch. Designed to permit CT, MRI, and PET diagnostic scans of the patient to be performed in the simulation and treatment position employing the same mask, the system has been tested in order to demonstrate the reproducibility of immobilization throughout a radical course of irradiation. Three-dimensional analysis of patient position over an 8-week course of daily radiation treatment has been performed for nine patients from digitization of anatomic points identified on orthogonal radiographs. Studies employing weekly simulation indicate that patient treatment position movement can be restricted to 2 mm over the course of treatment. This easily constructed system permits rapid mask formation to be performed on the treatment simulator, resulting in an immobilization device comparable to masks produced with vacuum-forming techniques. Details of motion analysis and central axis CT, MRI, and PET markers are offered.
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Affiliation(s)
- A F Thornton
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor 48109-0010
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Lindelöf B, Karlberg J, Lyckefält S, Gerhardsson A. Grenz ray therapy: practical aspects of protecting office personnel from radiation. Photodermatol 1988; 5:248-51. [PMID: 3249682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The exposure to grenz rays of office personnel handling a grenz ray unit working with 10 kV voltage was investigated for different treatment situations. Scattered and leakage radiation, and primary radiation at some distance from the grenz ray unit were measured. Air absorption was found to be most important. Direct exposure of the operator to the primary grenz ray beam at a distance of 4 m was practically nil. At a distance of 2 m from the unit, the operator is permitted to be exposed 100 h per year; at a distance of 1 m, the permitted exposure of the direct beam is 3 h per year. Scattered and leakage radiation from the unit was of no importance and certain clothing was demonstrated to promote absorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Lindelöf
- Department of Dermatology, Karolinska Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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