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Whiteman AS, Bartsch AJ, Kang J, Johnson TD. Bayesian inference for brain activity from functional magnetic resonance imaging collected at two spatial resolutions. Ann Appl Stat 2022; 16:2626-2647. [DOI: 10.1214/22-aoas1606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew S. Whiteman
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan School of Public Health
| | - Andreas J. Bartsch
- Radiologie Bamberg and Department of Neuroradiology, University of Heidelberg
| | - Jian Kang
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan School of Public Health
| | - Timothy D. Johnson
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan School of Public Health
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Bilek E, Tomlinson RC, Whiteman AS, Johnson TD, Benedict C, Phan KL, Monk CS, Fitzgerald KD. Exposure-Focused CBT Outperforms Relaxation-Based Control in an RCT of Treatment for Child and Adolescent Anxiety. J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol 2021; 51:410-418. [PMID: 33905281 DOI: 10.1080/15374416.2021.1901230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Objective: The relative contribution of individual cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) components to treatment outcomes for child anxiety disorders (CADs) is unclear. Recent meta-analyses suggest that exposure may be the primary active ingredient in CBT for CADs, and that relaxation may be relatively less effective. This brief report tests the hypothesis that exposure-focused CBT (EF-CBT) would outperform a relaxation-based active therapy control (Relaxation Mentorship Training; RMT) for the treatment of CADs.Method: Participants were 102 youth with CADs (mean age = 11.91, 26 males; 76.4% White, 14.7% Multiracial, 3.9% Black, 3.9% Asian, 0.9% other/do not wish to identify) as part of an ongoing neuroimaging randomized controlled trial. Participants were randomly assigned (ratio 2:1) to receive 12 sessions of EF-CBT (n = 70) or RMT (n = 32). Clinical improvement was measured at Week 12 (Clinical Global Impression - Improvement scale; CGI-I); treatment response was defined as receiving a rating of "very much" or "much improved" on the CGI-I. Anxiety severity was measured at Weeks 1, 6, 9, 12 (Pediatric Anxiety Rating Scale; PARS). Outcome measures were completed by an independent evaluator unaware of condition.Results: EF-CBT exhibited 2.98 times higher odds of treatment completion than RMT; 13 treatment non-completers were included in analyses. Estimated treatment response rates were higher for EF-CBT (57.3%) than for RMT (19.2%). Longitudinal analyses indicated that EF-CBT was associated with faster and more pronounced anxiety reductions than RMT on the PARS (Hedges' g = .77).Conclusions: Results suggest that EF-CBT without relaxation is effective for CADs, and more effective than a relaxation-based intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Bilek
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan
| | | | - Andrew S Whiteman
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Michigan
| | - Timothy D Johnson
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Michigan
| | | | - K Luan Phan
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, The Ohio State University
| | - Christopher S Monk
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan.,Department of Psychology, University of Michigan
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Whiteman AS, Young DE, Budson AE, Stern CE, Schon K. Entorhinal volume, aerobic fitness, and recognition memory in healthy young adults: A voxel-based morphometry study. Neuroimage 2015; 126:229-38. [PMID: 26631814 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.11.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Revised: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Converging evidence supports the hypothesis effects of aerobic exercise and environmental enrichment are beneficial for cognition, in particular for hippocampus-supported learning and memory. Recent work in humans suggests that exercise training induces changes in hippocampal volume, but it is not known if aerobic exercise and fitness also impact the entorhinal cortex. In animal models, aerobic exercise increases expression of growth factors, including brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). This exercise-enhanced expression of growth hormones may boost synaptic plasticity, and neuronal survival and differentiation, potentially supporting function and structure in brain areas including but not limited to the hippocampus. Here, using voxel based morphometry and a standard graded treadmill test to determine cardio-respiratory fitness (Bruce protocol; ·VO2 max), we examined if entorhinal and hippocampal volumes were associated with cardio-respiratory fitness in healthy young adults (N=33). In addition, we examined if volumes were modulated by recognition memory performance and by serum BDNF, a putative marker of synaptic plasticity. Our results show a positive association between volume in right entorhinal cortex and cardio-respiratory fitness. In addition, average gray matter volume in the entorhinal cortex, bilaterally, was positively associated with memory performance. These data extend prior work on the cerebral effects of aerobic exercise and fitness to the entorhinal cortex in healthy young adults thus providing compelling evidence for a relationship between aerobic fitness and structure of the medial temporal lobe memory system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew S Whiteman
- Dept. of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston Univ., 2 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Center for Memory and Brain, Boston Univ., 2 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
| | - Daniel E Young
- College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Exercise and Health Sciences Program, Univ. of Massachusetts Boston, 100 Morrissey Blvd, Boston, MA 02125, USA.
| | - Andrew E Budson
- Dept. of Neurology, Boston Univ. School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA; VA Boston Healthcare System, 150 South Huntington St., Boston, MA 02130, USA.
| | - Chantal E Stern
- Dept. of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston Univ., 2 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Center for Memory and Brain, Boston Univ., 2 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
| | - Karin Schon
- Dept. of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston Univ., 2 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Center for Memory and Brain, Boston Univ., 2 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Dept. of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Boston Univ. School of Medicine, 72 East Concord St., Boston, MA, USA; Center for Biomedical Imaging, Boston Univ. School of Medicine, 650 Albany Street, Boston, MA, USA.
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Nauer RK, Whiteman AS, Dunne MF, Stern CE, Schon K. Hippocampal subfield and medial temporal cortical persistent activity during working memory reflects ongoing encoding. Front Syst Neurosci 2015; 9:30. [PMID: 25859188 PMCID: PMC4372545 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2015.00030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Accepted: 02/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous neuroimaging studies support a role for the medial temporal lobes in maintaining novel stimuli over brief working memory (WM) delays, and suggest delay period activity predicts subsequent memory. Additionally, slice recording studies have demonstrated neuronal persistent spiking in entorhinal cortex, perirhinal cortex (PrC), and hippocampus (CA1, CA3, subiculum). These data have led to computational models that suggest persistent spiking in parahippocampal regions could sustain neuronal representations of sensory information over many seconds. This mechanism may support both WM maintenance and encoding of information into long term episodic memory. The goal of the current study was to use high-resolution fMRI to elucidate the contributions of the MTL cortices and hippocampal subfields to WM maintenance as it relates to later episodic recognition memory. We scanned participants while they performed a delayed match to sample task with novel scene stimuli, and assessed their memory for these scenes post-scan. We hypothesized stimulus-driven activation that persists into the delay period-a putative correlate of persistent spiking-would predict later recognition memory. Our results suggest sample and delay period activation in the parahippocampal cortex (PHC), PrC, and subiculum (extending into DG/CA3 and CA1) was linearly related to increases in subsequent memory strength. These data extend previous neuroimaging studies that have constrained their analysis to either the sample or delay period by modeling these together as one continuous ongoing encoding process, and support computational frameworks that predict persistent activity underlies both WM and episodic encoding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel K. Nauer
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences and Center for Memory and Brain, Boston University, Boston, MAUSA
- Brain Plasticity and Neuroimaging Laboratory, Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MAUSA
| | - Andrew S. Whiteman
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences and Center for Memory and Brain, Boston University, Boston, MAUSA
| | - Matthew F. Dunne
- Brain Plasticity and Neuroimaging Laboratory, Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MAUSA
| | - Chantal E. Stern
- Brain Plasticity and Neuroimaging Laboratory, Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MAUSA
| | - Karin Schon
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences and Center for Memory and Brain, Boston University, Boston, MAUSA
- Brain Plasticity and Neuroimaging Laboratory, Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MAUSA
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Whiteman AS, Young DE, He X, Chen TC, Wagenaar RC, Stern CE, Schon K. Interaction between serum BDNF and aerobic fitness predicts recognition memory in healthy young adults. Behav Brain Res 2013; 259:302-12. [PMID: 24269495 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2013.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2013] [Revised: 10/16/2013] [Accepted: 11/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Convergent evidence from human and non-human animal studies suggests aerobic exercise and increased aerobic capacity may be beneficial for brain health and cognition. It is thought growth factors may mediate this putative relationship, particularly by augmenting plasticity mechanisms in the hippocampus, a brain region critical for learning and memory. Among these factors, glucocorticoids, brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), hormones that have considerable and diverse physiological importance, are thought to effect normal and exercise-induced hippocampal plasticity. Despite these predictions, relatively few published human studies have tested hypotheses that relate exercise and fitness to the hippocampus, and none have considered the potential links to all of these hormonal components. Here we present cross-sectional data from a study of recognition memory; serum BDNF, cortisol, IGF-1, and VEGF levels; and aerobic capacity in healthy young adults. We measured circulating levels of these hormones together with performance on a recognition memory task, and a standard graded treadmill test of aerobic fitness. Regression analyses demonstrated BDNF and aerobic fitness predict recognition memory in an interactive manner. In addition, IGF-1 was positively associated with aerobic fitness, but not with recognition memory. Our results may suggest an exercise adaptation-related change in the BDNF dose-response curve that relates to hippocampal memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew S Whiteman
- Department of Psychology and Center for Memory & Brain, Boston University, 2 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Daniel E Young
- Exercise and Health Sciences Department, College of Nursing and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Boston, 100 Morrissey Blvd., Boston, MA 02125, USA
| | - Xuemei He
- Department of Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Boston University School of Medicine, 85 East Newton Street, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Tai C Chen
- Department of Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Boston University School of Medicine, 85 East Newton Street, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Robert C Wagenaar
- Sargent College of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Boston University, 635 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Chantal E Stern
- Department of Psychology and Center for Memory & Brain, Boston University, 2 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Karin Schon
- Department of Psychology and Center for Memory & Brain, Boston University, 2 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, 650 Albany Street, Boston, MA 02118, USA.
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Whiteman AS. Confronting an outdated medical record system. Med Group Manage 1984; 31:56-8, 62. [PMID: 10265886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
When a new administrator was hired for a group practice, a vintage medical record system (late 1940s) was standing firmly in the way of clinic efficiency and was creating significant medical and legal problems as well. The technical and political obstacles confronted by the administrator in designing, implementing, and monitoring a new medical record system are examined in this case study.
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