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Jones CA, Watkins FS, Williams J, Lambros A, Callahan KE, Lawlor J, Williamson JD, High KP, Atkinson HH. A 360-degree assessment of teaching effectiveness using a structured-videorecorded observed teaching exercise for faculty development. Med Educ Online 2019; 24:1596708. [PMID: 30973089 PMCID: PMC8870659 DOI: 10.1080/10872981.2019.1596708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Revised: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Filming teaching sessions were reported in the medical literature in the 1980s and 1990s but appear to have been an underreported and/or underutilized teaching tool since that time. National faculty development programs, such as the Harvard Macy Institute (HMI) Program for Educators in Health Professions and the Stanford Faculty Development Center for Medical Teachers program, have attempted to bridge this gap in formal instruction in teaching skills through microteaching sessions involving videos for self- and peer-assessment and feedback. OBJECTIVE Current video-feedback faculty development initiatives are time intensive and impractical to implement broadly at an institutional level. Further, results of peer feedback have not been frequently reported in the literature at the institutional level. Our research aims to propose a convenient and effective process for incorporating video analysis into faculty devleopment programs. DESIGN Our work describes a novel technique using video-recorded, simulated teaching exercises to compile multi-dimensional feedback as an aid in faculty development programs that promote teaching-skill development. This research evaluated the effectiveness of a focused teaching practicum designed for faculty in multiple specialty departments with large numbers of older patients into a geriatrics-based faculty development program. Effectiveness of the practicum is evaluated using quantitative scoring and qualitative analysis of self-reflection as well as peer and trainee input. RESULTS VOTE sessions demonstrate an important exportable product which enable faculty to receive a detailed 360-degree assessment of their teaching. CONCLUSION This intervention can be easily replicated and revised, as needed, to fit into the educational curriculum at other academic medical centers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher A. Jones
- Section on Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Franklin S. Watkins
- Section on Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | | | - Ann Lambros
- Health and Exercise Science, Wake Forest University, Winston Salem, NC, USA
| | - Kathryn E. Callahan
- Section on Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Janice Lawlor
- Section on Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Jeff D. Williamson
- Section on Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Kevin P. High
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Infectious Diseases, Vice President Health System Affairs, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Hal H. Atkinson
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
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Carney PA, Palmer RT, Fuqua Miller M, Thayer EK, Estroff SE, Litzelman DK, Biagioli FE, Teal CR, Lambros A, Hatt WJ, Satterfield JM. Tools to Assess Behavioral and Social Science Competencies in Medical Education: A Systematic Review. Acad Med 2016; 91:730-42. [PMID: 26796091 PMCID: PMC4846480 DOI: 10.1097/acm.0000000000001090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Behavioral and social science (BSS) competencies are needed to provide quality health care, but psychometrically validated measures to assess these competencies are difficult to find. Moreover, they have not been mapped to existing frameworks, like those from the Liaison Committee on Medical Education (LCME) and Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME). This systematic review aimed to identify and evaluate the quality of assessment tools used to measure BSS competencies. METHOD The authors searched the literature published between January 2002 and March 2014 for articles reporting psychometric or other validity/reliability testing, using OVID, CINAHL, PubMed, ERIC, Research and Development Resource Base, SOCIOFILE, and PsycINFO. They reviewed 5,104 potentially relevant titles and abstracts. To guide their review, they mapped BSS competencies to existing LCME and ACGME frameworks. The final included articles fell into three categories: instrument development, which were of the highest quality; educational research, which were of the second highest quality; and curriculum evaluation, which were of lower quality. RESULTS Of the 114 included articles, 33 (29%) yielded strong evidence supporting tools to assess communication skills, cultural competence, empathy/compassion, behavioral health counseling, professionalism, and teamwork. Sixty-two (54%) articles yielded moderate evidence and 19 (17%) weak evidence. Articles mapped to all LCME standards and ACGME core competencies; the most common was communication skills. CONCLUSIONS These findings serve as a valuable resource for medical educators and researchers. More rigorous measurement validation and testing and more robust study designs are needed to understand how educational strategies contribute to BSS competency development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia A Carney
- P.A. Carney is professor of family medicine and of public health and preventive medicine, Oregon Health & Science University School of Medicine, Portland, Oregon. R.T. Palmer is assistant professor of family medicine, Oregon Health & Science University School of Medicine, Portland, Oregon. M.F. Miller is senior research assistant, Department of Family Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University School of Medicine, Portland, Oregon. E.K. Thayer is research assistant, Department of Family Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University School of Medicine, Portland, Oregon. S.E. Estroff is professor, Department of Social Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina. D.K. Litzelman is D. Craig Brater Professor of Medicine and senior director for research in health professions education and practice, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana. F.E. Biagioli is professor of family medicine, Oregon Health & Science University School of Medicine, Portland, Oregon. C.R. Teal is assistant professor, Department of Medicine, and director, Educational Evaluation and Research, Office of Undergraduate Medical Education, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas. A. Lambros is active emeritus associate professor, Social Sciences & Health Policy, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina. W.J. Hatt is programmer analyst, Department of Family Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University School of Medicine, Portland, Oregon. J.M. Satterfield is professor of clinical medicine, University of California, San Francisco, School of Medicine, San Francisco, California
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Atkinson HH, Lambros A, Davis BR, Lawlor JS, Lovato J, Sink KM, Demons JL, Lyles MF, Watkins FS, Callahan KE, Williamson JD. Teaching medical student geriatrics competencies in 1 week: an efficient model to teach and document selected competencies using clinical and community resources. J Am Geriatr Soc 2013; 61:1182-7. [PMID: 23710572 DOI: 10.1111/jgs.12314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The Association of American Medical Colleges (AAMC) and the John A. Hartford Foundation published geriatrics competencies for medical students in 2008 defining specific knowledge and skills that medical students should be able to demonstrate before graduation. Medical schools, often with limited geriatrics faculty resources, face challenges in teaching and assessing these competencies. As an initial step to facilitate more-efficient implementation of the competencies, a 1-week geriatrics rotation was developed for the third year using clinical, community, and self-directed learning resources. The Wake Forest University School of Medicine Acute Care for the Elderly Unit serves as home base, and each student selects a half-day outpatient or long-term care experience. Students also perform a home-based falls-risk assessment with a Meals-on-Wheels client. The objectives for the rotation include 20 of the 26 individual AAMC competencies and specific measurable tracking tasks for seven individual competencies. In the evaluation phase, 118 students completed the rotation. Feedback was positive, with an average rating of 7.1 (1 = worst, 10 = best). Students completed a 23-item pre- and post-knowledge test, and average percentage correct improved by 15% (P < .001); this improvement persisted at graduation (2 years after the pretest). On a 12-item survey of attitudes toward older adults, improvement was observed immediately after the rotation that did not persist at graduation. Ninety-seven percent of students documented completion of the competency-based tasks. This article provides details of development, structure, evaluation, and lessons learned that will be useful for other institutions considering a brief, concentrated geriatrics experience in the third year of medical school.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hal H Atkinson
- Section on Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, School of Medicine, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157, USA.
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Jones NL, Peiffer AM, Lambros A, Guthold M, Johnson AD, Tytell M, Ronca AE, Eldridge JC. Developing a problem-based learning (PBL) curriculum for professionalism and scientific integrity training for biomedical graduate students. J Med Ethics 2010; 36:614-9. [PMID: 20797979 PMCID: PMC3809997 DOI: 10.1136/jme.2009.035220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
A multidisciplinary faculty committee designed a curriculum to shape biomedical graduate students into researchers with a high commitment to professionalism and social responsibility and to provide students with tools to navigate complex, rapidly evolving academic and societal environments with a strong ethical commitment. The curriculum used problem-based learning (PBL), because it is active and learner-centred and focuses on skill and process development. Two courses were developed: Scientific Professionalism: Scientific Integrity addressed discipline-specific and broad professional norms and obligations for the ethical practice of science and responsible conduct of research (RCR). Scientific Professionalism: Bioethics and Social Responsibility focused on current ethical and bioethical issues within the scientific profession, and implications of research for society. Each small-group session examined case scenarios that included: (1) learning objectives for professional norms and obligations; (2) key ethical issues and philosophies within each topic area; (3) one or more of the RCR instructional areas; and (4) at least one type of moral reflection. Cases emphasised professional standards, obligations and underlying philosophies for the ethical practice of science, competing interests of stakeholders and oversight of science (internal and external). To our knowledge, this is the first use of a longitudinal, multi-semester PBL course to teach scientific integrity and professionalism. Both faculty and students endorsed the active learning approach for these topics, in contrast to a compliance-based approach that emphasises learning rules and regulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy L Jones
- Division Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA.
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Jones NL, Peiffer AM, Lambros A, Eldridge JC. Problem-based learning for professionalism and scientific integrity training of biomedical graduate students: process evaluation. J Med Ethics 2010; 36:620-6. [PMID: 20663754 PMCID: PMC3752918 DOI: 10.1136/jme.2009.035238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We conducted a process evaluation to (a) assess the effectiveness of a new problem-based learning curriculum designed to teach professionalism and scientific integrity to biomedical graduate students and (b) modify the course to enhance its relevance and effectiveness. The content presented realistic cases and issues in the practice of science, to promote skill development and to acculturate students to professional norms of science. METHOD We used 5-step Likert-scaled questions, open-ended questions, and interviews of students and facilitators to assess curricular effectiveness. RESULTS Both facilitators and students perceived course objectives were achieved. For example, respondents preferred active learning over lectures; both faculty and students perceived that the curriculum increased their understanding of norms, role obligations and responsibilities of professional scientists. They also reported an increased ability to identify ethical situations and felt that they had developed skills in moral reasoning and effective group work. CONCLUSIONS These data helped to improve course implementation and instructional material. For example, to correct a negative perception that this was an 'ethics' course, we redesigned case debriefing activities to reinforce learning objectives and important skills. We refined cases to be more engaging and relevant for students, and gave facilitators more specific training and resources for each case. The problem-based learning small group strategy can stimulate an environment whereby participants are more aware of ethical implications of science, and increase their socialisation and open communication about professional behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy L Jones
- Division Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, North Carolina, USA.
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Lambros A, Ober KP. Wake Forest University School of Medicine. Acad Med 2010; 85:S430-S433. [PMID: 20736601 DOI: 10.1097/acm.0b013e3181ea3759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
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Strowd RE, Lambros A. Impacting student anxiety for the USMLE Step 1 through process-oriented preparation. Med Educ Online 2010; 15:10.3402/meo.v15i0.4880. [PMID: 20198129 PMCID: PMC2830045 DOI: 10.3402/meo.v15i0.4880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2009] [Revised: 11/20/2009] [Accepted: 01/08/2010] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Standardized examinations are the key components of medical education. The USMLE Step 1 is the first of these important milestones. Success on this examination requires both content competency and efficient strategies for study and review. Students employ a wide variety of techniques in studying for this examination, with heavy reliance on personal study habits and advice from other students. Nevertheless, few medical curricula formally address these strategies. METHODS In response to student-generated critique at our institution, a five-part seminar series on process-oriented preparation was developed and implemented to address such concerns. The series focused on early guidance and preparation strategies for Step 1 and the many other important challenges in medical school. Emphasis was placed on facilitating conversation and mentorship opportunities between students. RESULTS & CONCLUSIONS A profoundly positive experience was reported by our medical students that included a decreased anxiety level for the Step 1 examination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roy E Strowd
- Department of Neurology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA.
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Strowd RE, Lambros A. Enhancing confidence through process-oriented preparation. Med Teach 2009; 31:870-871. [PMID: 19830894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
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Christiaanse ME, Russell EL, Crandall SJ, Lambros A, Manuel JC, Kirk JK. Development of an asset map of medical education research activity. J Contin Educ Health Prof 2008; 28:186-193. [PMID: 18712796 DOI: 10.1002/chp.173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Medical education research is gaining recognition as scholarship within academic medical centers. This survey was conducted at a medium-sized academic medical center in the United States. The purpose of the study was to learn faculty interest in research in medical education, so assets could be used to develop educational scholarship further. METHODS A cross-sectional study design was used to survey faculty activity and interest in medical education research at Wake Forest University School of Medicine (WFUSM). RESULTS Overall response rate was 31% (263 out of 855) of faculty. Over half (60%) indicated interest in education research with 18% of the respondents currently involved in education research. If faculty were aware that education scholarship can lead to advancement, they were more likely to be involved in conducting such research ( p < 0.01). A total of 22% did not understand what was meant by education research and 17% had no interest in education research. DISCUSSION Interest in medical education research and scholarship is evident at WFUSM. Experience in conducting education research and understanding of the nature of this type of research have not yet been fully developed. There appears to be a core set of faculty interested in conducting education research who may serve as a resource for faculty development in future medical education scholarship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary E Christiaanse
- Department of Pediatrics, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA.
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Zerefos C, Meleti C, Bais A, Lambros A. The recent UVB variability over southeastern Europe. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/1011-1344(95)07163-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Abstract
Cholinergic neurons in PNS and CNS are identified by the presence of choline acetyltransferase and the accumulation of choline by a high-affinity, sodium-coupled choline transporter to be used for acetylcholine synthesis. It appears that expression of choline acetyltransferase can be altered by several physiological conditions, including hormones and trophic factors, but little is known about control of expression of the sodium-coupled choline carrier or whether these two phenotypic markers are regulated similarly. In the present study, the cholinergic human neuroblastoma LA-N-2 was used to investigate regulation of expression of choline acetyltransferase and choline uptake activity associated with differentiation and neurite extension. Cells grown in serum-containing basal medium maintained a relatively undifferentiated morphology, expressed low levels of choline acetyltransferase activity, and accumulated choline by a sodium-dependent process followed by conversion to acetylcholine. Transfer of cells to an enriched, serum-free defined medium resulted in morphological and neurochemical differentiation, with an enhancement of cholinergic phenotype. Hemicholinium-sensitive choline uptake activity was increased about sixfold over a 4-day period, with no change in choline acetyltransferase or acetylcholinesterase specific activity. Acetylcholine synthesis was increased in parallel with the changes in choline accumulation; choline metabolism in the differentiated cells differed significantly from that observed in the undifferentiated cells, with proportionally less converted to phosphorylcholine and proportionally more remaining as unmetabolized choline and converted to acetylcholine. The enhanced choline accumulation appeared to be mediated by an increased number of choline carriers, demonstrated by increased binding of the affinity ligand [3H]-choline mustard to the transporter and by an increased Vmax for the uptake process. The increased expression of the transport function appeared to be under transcriptional control, as the enhancement of uptake was blocked by the RNA polymerase II inhibitor alpha-amanitin as well as by the protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide. These results show that expression of sodium-coupled choline carriers and choline acetyltransferase may be regulated separately in the differentiating neuroblastoma LA-N-2 and that neurotransmitter synthesis is controlled by provision of precursor rather than at the level of the biosynthetic enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Rylett
- Department of Physiology, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada
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