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Getting to the bottom of bycatch: a GIS-based toolbox to assess the risk of marine mammal bycatch. ENDANGER SPECIES RES 2020. [DOI: 10.3354/esr01037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Marine mammal bycatch poses a particular challenge in developing countries, where data to document bycatch and its effects are often lacking. Using the Bycatch Risk Assessment (ByRA) toolkit, based on InVEST open-source models, we chose 4 field sites in Southeast Asia with varying amounts of data on marine mammals and fishing occurrence: Trat province in the eastern Gulf of Thailand, the Sibu-Tinggi Islands and Kuching Bay, Malaysia, and Kien Giang Biosphere Reserve in southwestern Vietnam. These field sites have similar species of coastal marine mammals, small-scale and commercial fisheries, and support for research from universities and/or management. In Thailand and Kuching, results showed changing patterns of fishing and Irrawaddy dolphin Orcaella brevirostris habitat use across seasons, showing how bycatch risk could change throughout the year. Risk maps for dugongs Dugong dugon in peninsular Malaysia highlighted patterns of bycatch risk concentrated around a mainland fishing pier, and revealed high risk in a northern subregion. In Vietnam, first maps of bycatch risk for the Irrawaddy dolphin showed the highest risk driven by intensive use of gillnets and trawling gear. ByRA pinpointed areas of spatial and seasonal bycatch exposure, and estimated the consequence of bycatch on local species, providing managers with critical information on where to focus bycatch mitigation and meet new global standards for US Marine Mammal Protection Act and other international regulation (e.g. Official Journal of the European Union 2019; Regulation 2019/1241) compliance. The toolbox, a transferable open-source tool, can be used to guide fisheries management, marine mammal conservation, spatial planning, and further research.
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Differential roles of resistance to proactive interference and suppression of prepotent responses in overgeneral memory. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry 2018; 61:45-50. [PMID: 29906690 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2018.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Revised: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Overgeneral memory (OGM), difficulty in retrieving specific autobiographical memories, is a robust phenomenon related to the onset and course of depressive and posttraumatic stress disorders. Inhibitory mechanisms are theorized to underlie OGM; however, empirical support for this link is equivocal. The current study examines the differential roles of two aspects of inhibitory control in association with OGM: suppression of prepotent responses and resistance to proactive interference (PI). Only resistance to PI was expected to be negatively related to OGM, whereby individuals with greater ability to resist PI would have reduced OGM. METHOD Participants (n = 49) completed a self-report measure of depressive symptoms and engaged in two tasks aimed at assessing resistance to PI and suppression of prepotent responses. Participants also completed a task assessing overgeneral autobiographical memory. RESULTS As hypothesized, resistance to PI, but not suppression of prepotent responses negatively predicted OGM above and beyond the influence of depressive symptoms. LIMITATIONS Because a double dissociation was not examined, we cannot address the potential independence of the submechanisms of inhibitory control that we assessed. CONCLUSIONS Results exemplify the differential associations of two components of inhibition and OGM, suggesting that resistance to PI, in particular, may contribute to the development and/or maintenance of OGM and associated depressive disorders. Directions for future research are discussed.
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Hydroacoustics as a tool to examine the effects of Marine Protected Areas and habitat type on marine fish communities. Sci Rep 2018; 8:47. [PMID: 29335421 PMCID: PMC5768732 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-18353-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydroacoustic technologies are widely used in fisheries research but few studies have used them to examine the effects of Marine Protected Areas (MPAs). We evaluate the efficacy of hydroacoustics to examine the effects of closure to fishing and habitat type on fish populations in the Cabo Pulmo National Park (CPNP), Mexico, and compare these methods to Underwater Visual Censuses (UVC). Fish density, biomass and size were all significantly higher inside the CPNP (299%, 144% and 52% respectively) than outside in non-MPA control areas. These values were much higher when only accounting for the reefs within the CPNP (4715%, 6970% and 97% respectively) highlighting the importance of both habitat complexity and protection from fishing for fish populations. Acoustic estimates of fish biomass over reef-specific sites did not differ significantly from those estimated using UVC data, although acoustic densities were less due to higher numbers of small fish recorded by UVC. There is thus considerable merit in nesting UVC surveys, also providing species information, within hydroacoustic surveys. This study is a valuable starting point in demonstrating the utility of hydroacoustics to assess the effects of coastal MPAs on fish populations, something that has been underutilised in MPA design, formation and management.
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Minireview: Endocrine Disruptors: Past Lessons and Future Directions. Mol Endocrinol 2016; 30:833-47. [PMID: 27477640 PMCID: PMC4965846 DOI: 10.1210/me.2016-1096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Within the past few decades, the concept of endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) has risen from a position of total obscurity to become a focus of dialogue, debate, and concern among scientists, physicians, regulators, and the public. The emergence and development of this field of study has not always followed a smooth path, and researchers continue to wrestle with questions about the low-dose effects and nonmonotonic dose responses seen with EDCs, their biological mechanisms of action, the true pervasiveness of these chemicals in our environment and in our bodies, and the extent of their effects on human and wildlife health. This review chronicles the development of the unique, multidisciplinary field of endocrine disruption, highlighting what we have learned about the threat of EDCs and lessons that could be relevant to other fields. It also offers perspectives on the future of the field and opportunities to better protect human health.
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Persistence of an amphibian ranavirus in aquatic communities. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2014; 111:129-138. [PMID: 25266900 DOI: 10.3354/dao02774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Host-parasite dynamics can be strongly influenced by interactions with other members of the biotic community, particularly when the parasite spends some fraction of its life in the environment unprotected by its host. Ranaviruses-often lethal viruses of cold-blooded vertebrate hosts transmitted by direct contact, and via water and fomites-offer an interesting system for understanding these community influences. Previous laboratory studies have shown that ranaviruses can persist for anywhere from days to years, depending on the conditions, with much longer times under sterile conditions. To address the role of the biotic community and particulate matter on ranavirus persistence, we experimentally inoculated filter-sterilized, UV-treated, and unmanipulated pond water with a Frog virus 3 (FV3)-like Ranavirus and took samples over 78 d, quantifying viral titers with real-time quantitative PCR and plaque assays. Viral counts dropped quickly in all treatments, by an order of magnitude in under a day in unmanipulated pond water and in 8 d in filter-sterilized pond water. In a second experiment, we measured viral titers over 24 h in virus-spiked spring water with Daphnia pulex. Presence of D. pulex reduced the concentration of infectious ranavirus, but not viral DNA, by an order of magnitude in 24 h. D. pulex themselves did not accumulate the virus. We conclude that both microbial and zooplanktonic communities can play an important role in ranavirus epidemiology, rapidly inactivating ranavirus in the water and thereby minimizing environmental transmission. We suspect that interactions with the biotic community will be important for most pathogens with environmental resting or transmission stages.
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A new approach to synergize academic and guideline-compliant research: the CLARITY-BPA research program. Reprod Toxicol 2013; 40:35-40. [PMID: 23747832 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2013.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2013] [Accepted: 05/27/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Recently, medical research has seen a strong push toward translational research, or "bench to bedside" collaborations, that strive to enhance the utility of laboratory science for improving medical treatment. The success of that paradigm supports the potential application of the process to other fields, such as risk assessment. Close collaboration among academic, government, and industry scientists may enhance the translation of scientific findings to regulatory decision making. The National Toxicology Program (NTP), National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), and U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) developed a consortium-based research program to link more effectively academic and guideline-compliant research. An initial proof-of-concept collaboration, the Consortium Linking Academic and Regulatory Insights on BPA Toxicity (CLARITY-BPA), uses bisphenol A (BPA) as a test chemical. The CLARITY-BPA program combines a core perinatal guideline-compliant 2-year chronic toxicity study with mechanistic studies/endpoints conducted by academic investigators. Twelve extramural grantees were selected by NIEHS through an RFA-based initiative to participate in the overall study design and conduct disease-relevant investigations using tissues and animals from the core study. While the study is expected to contribute to our understanding of potential effects of BPA, it also has ramifications beyond this specific focus. Through CLARITY-BPA, NIEHS has established an unprecedented level of collaboration among extramural grantees and regulatory researchers. By drawing upon the strengths of academic and regulatory expertise and research approaches, CLARITY-BPA represents a potential new model for filling knowledge gaps, enhancing quality control, informing chemical risk assessment, and identifying new methods or endpoints for regulatory hazard assessments.
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Nano GO Consortium--a team science approach to assess engineered nanomaterials: reliable assays and methods. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2013; 121:A176-7. [PMID: 23733101 PMCID: PMC3672932 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1306866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
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ONE Nano: NIEHS's strategic initiative on the health and safety effects of engineered nanomaterials. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2013; 121:410-414. [PMID: 23407114 PMCID: PMC3620765 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1206091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2012] [Accepted: 02/07/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The past decade has seen tremendous expansion in the production and application of engineered nanomaterials (ENMs). The unique properties that make ENMs useful in the marketplace also make their interactions with biological systems difficult to anticipate and critically important to explore. Currently, little is known about the health effects of human exposure to these materials. OBJECTIVES As part of its role in supporting the National Nanotechnology Initiative, the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) has developed an integrated, strategic research program-"ONE Nano"-to increase our fundamental understanding of how ENMs interact with living systems, to develop predictive models for quantifying ENM exposure and assessing ENM health impacts, and to guide the design of second-generation ENMs to minimize adverse health effects. DISCUSSION The NIEHS's research investments in ENM health and safety include extramural grants and grantee consortia, intramural research activities, and toxicological studies being conducted by the National Toxicology Program (NTP). These efforts have enhanced collaboration within the nanotechnology research community and produced toxicological profiles for selected ENMs, as well as improved methods and protocols for conducting in vitro and in vivo studies to assess ENM health effects. CONCLUSION By drawing upon the strengths of the NIEHS's intramural, extramural, and NTP programs and establishing productive partnerships with other institutes and agencies across the federal government, the NIEHS's strategic ONE Nano program is working toward new advances to improve our understanding of the health impacts of engineered nanomaterials and support the goals of the National Nanotechnology Initiative.
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Consortium-based science: the NIEHS's multipronged, collaborative approach to assessing the health effects of bisphenol A. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2012; 120:1640-4. [PMID: 23052487 PMCID: PMC3548284 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1205330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2012] [Accepted: 09/25/2012] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bisphenol A (BPA) is a high production volume chemical used to make polycarbonate plastic and is found in many consumer products. Some studies using animal models have suggested that BPA exposures may have adverse health effects. However, research gaps have precluded a full understanding of the effects of BPA in humans and engendered controversies surrounding the chemical's potential toxicity. OBJECTIVES The National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) and National Toxicology Program (NTP) have developed an integrated, multipronged, consortium-based approach to optimize BPA-focused research investments to more effectively address data gaps and inform decision making. DISCUSSION NIEHS/NTP BPA research investments made over the past 4 years include extramural research grants, establishment of a BPA Grantee Consortium, intramural research activities on BPA's mechanisms of action, the launch of two clinical studies and an occupational study, development of a round-robin experiment to validate BPA measurements in human serum, and, in collaboration with the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), formation of a consortium to design and execute a chronic toxicity study of BPA in rats. The NIEHS's new consortium-based approach has led to more integrated, collaborative efforts and should improve our ability to resolve controversies over the potential human health effects of exposures to low levels of endocrine-active agents.
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Neuroimaging of language and aphasia after stroke. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2009; 7:230-3. [PMID: 17895089 DOI: 10.1016/s1052-3057(98)80031-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/1997] [Accepted: 01/08/1998] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the past 25 years, neuroimaging techniques have advanced rapidly. These techniques, including computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, positron emission tomography and single photon emission computed tomography, have improved our understanding of the relationships of language, language disorder, and brain language organization. In this article, we review the contribution of these neuroimaging techniques to the fields of brain language function and speech-language disorders after ischemic stroke. We also discuss the future of these techniques in the research and clinical arenas of ischemic stroke and aphasia rehabilitation.
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Parallel plate equipment for preparation of uniform gel sheets. Biotechnol Lett 2005; 27:737-9. [PMID: 16049744 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-005-5363-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2005] [Revised: 04/06/2005] [Accepted: 04/07/2005] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A method for the preparation of uniform gel-disks for enzyme and cell immobilisation, as well as for characterisation of gel mechanical stability, is described. The apparatus comprises a stainless steel base unit and glass parallel plates, designed to permit easy and fast production of multiple homogeneous gel sheets of variable thickness.
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Fate of phosphorus in dairy wastewater and poultry litter applied on grassland. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY 2004; 33:735-739. [PMID: 15074827 DOI: 10.2134/jeq2004.7350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Large and repeated manure applications can exceed the P sorption capacity of soil and increase P leaching and losses through subsurface drainage. The objective of this study was to evaluate the fate of P applied with increasing N rates in dairy wastewater or poultry litter on grassland during a 4-yr period. In addition to P recovery in forage, soil-test phosphorus (STP) was monitored at depths to 180 cm in a Darco loamy sand (loamy, siliceous, semiactive, thermic Grossarenic Paleudults) twice annually. A split-plot arrangement of a randomized complete block design comprised four annual N rates (0, 250, 500, and 1000 kg ha(-1)) for each nutrient source on coastal bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.] over-seeded with ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum L. cv. TAM90). Increasing annual rates of N and P in wastewater and poultry litter increased P removal in forage (P = 0.001). At the highest N rate of each nutrient source, less than 13% of applied P was recovered in forage. The highest N rates delivered 8 times more P in wastewater or 15 times more P in poultry litter than was removed in forage harvests during an average year. Compared with controls, annual P rates up to 188 kg ha(-1) in dairy wastewater did not increase STP concentrations at depths below 30 cm. In contrast, the highest annual P rate (590 kg ha(-1)) in poultry litter increased STP above that of controls at depth intervals to 120 cm during the first year of sampling. Increases in STP at depths below 30 cm in the Darco soil were indicative of excessive P rates that could contribute to nonpoint-source pollution in outflows from subsoil through subsurface drainage.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE In 90% of normal subjects, the left hemisphere is dominant for language function. We investigated whether congenital lesions of the left perisylvian regions altered cortical language representation in right-handed individuals. METHODS Using functional magnetic resonance imaging, we studied language hemispheric dominance in five right-handed adult patients with congenitally acquired arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) originating from left hemispheric cortical language regions. The AVMs had not caused neurological symptoms during early development, but patients presented as adults with migraine, seizure, or minor hemorrhage. Results obtained from the AVM patients were contrasted to those from right-handed brain-injured stroke patients recovering from aphasia and to those from right-handed normal subjects. RESULTS During silent picture naming and verb generation tasks, cortical language networks lateralized primarily to the right hemisphere in the AVM group, compared with the left hemisphere in the normal group. This right hemisphere-shifted language network in the AVM group exceeded the shifts toward right hemispheric dominance found in the stroke group. CONCLUSION Patients with AVMs affecting the left perisylvian regions recruited the right hemisphere into language processing networks during early development, presumably in response to congenitally aberrant circulation. This early right hemisphere recruitment in the AVM patients exceeded the similar process in the brains of stroke patients whose left cortical language networks were damaged in adulthood. Our data provide evidence of effective plasticity in the developing human brain compared with the mature brain response to injury. Knowledge of cortical language representation should assist presurgical planning in patients with developmental anomalies affecting apparently language-dominant brain regions.
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Cortical language lateralization in right handed normal subjects using functional magnetic resonance imaging. J Neurol Sci 2000; 175:17-27. [PMID: 10785252 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-510x(00)00269-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
In 95% of right handed individuals the left hemisphere is dominant for speech and language function. The evidence for this is accumulated primarily from clinical populations. We investigated cortical topography of language function and lateralization in a sample of the right handed population using functional magnetic resonance imaging and two lexical-semantic paradigms. Activated cortical language networks were assessed topographically and quantitatively by using a lateralization index. As a group, we observed left hemispheric language dominance. Individually, the lateralization index varied continuously from left hemisphere dominant to bilateral representation. In males, language primarily lateralized to left, and in females, approximately half had left lateralization and the other half had bilateral representation. Our data indicate that a previous view of female bilateral hemispheric dominance for language (McGlone, 1980. Sex differences in human brain asymmetry: a critical survey. Behav Brain Sci 3:215-263; Shaywitz et al., 1995. Sex differences in the functional organization of the brain for language. Nature 373:607-609) simplifies the complexity of cortical language distribution in this population. Analysis of the distribution of the lateralization index in our study allowed us to make this difference in females apparent.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Two mechanisms for recovery from aphasia, repair of damaged language networks and activation of compensatory areas, have been proposed. In this study, we investigated whether both mechanisms or one instead of the other take place in the brain of recovered aphasic patients. METHODS Using blood oxygenation level-dependent functional MRI (fMRI), we studied cortical language networks during lexical-semantic processing tasks in 7 right-handed aphasic patients at least 5 months after the onset of left-hemisphere stroke and had regained substantial language functions since then. RESULTS We found that in the recovered aphasic patient group, functional language activity significantly increased in the right hemisphere and nonsignificantly decreased in the left hemisphere compared with that in the normal group. Bilateral language networks resulted from partial restitution of damaged functions in the left hemisphere and activation of compensated (or recruited) areas in the right hemisphere. Failure to restore any language function in the left hemisphere led to predominantly right hemispheric networks in some individuals. However, better language recovery, at least for lexical-semantic processing, was observed in individuals who had bilateral rather than right hemisphere-predominant networks. CONCLUSIONS The results indicate that the restoration of left-hemisphere language networks is associated with better recovery and inversely related to activity in the compensated or recruited areas of the right hemisphere.
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Increased egg production in juvenile turkey hens after active immunization with vasoactive intestinal peptide. Poult Sci 1999; 78:899-901. [PMID: 10438136 DOI: 10.1093/ps/78.6.899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Juvenile turkey hens were actively immunized against vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) prior to photostimulation to evaluate its effect on enhancing egg production. VIP antibody titers were generated in the VIP immunized hens and a greater rate of egg production per hen was observed compared to controls. In addition, the first egg laying cycle was extended for an additional 7 wk without a significant decline in egg production. Over a 27-wk period, 116 settable eggs per hen were produced from the VIP immunized hens as compared to 102 and 90 eggs for the keyhole limpet hemocyanin and saline control groups, respectively. Based on the increased egg production and the extension of the first egg laying cycle, this experiment demonstrates that VIP immunization of turkey hens is potentially economically relevant.
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Modelling and simulation of polymerisation processes. Comput Chem Eng 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0098-1354(99)80092-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Development and evaluation of an ELISA to measure antibody responses to both the nucleocapsid and spike proteins of canine coronavirus. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOASSAY 1998; 19:1-22. [PMID: 9530608 DOI: 10.1080/01971529808005468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A rapid and reproducible enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed for detection of canine coronavirus (CCV) specific antibodies directed to both the nucleocapsid (NC) and the spike (S) proteins. The coating antigen, a methanol-treated, S-protein enriched preparation, was produced by subjecting infected cells to Triton X-114 detergent followed by phase separation. The sensitivity of this assay was determined by following the course of infection in dogs experimentally infected with CCV. The specificity of the antibody response was determined by Western blot analysis and supported the increased magnitude of the ELISA response and the presence of serum neutralizing (SN) antibody. Due to the sensitivity and specificity of the IgG response detected by this assay it can be used to determine both virus exposure and vaccine efficacy.
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Acoustic analysis of voice in individuals with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and perceptually normal vocal quality. J Voice 1997; 11:222-31. [PMID: 9181546 DOI: 10.1016/s0892-1997(97)80081-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Currently, early phonatory changes in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) are not well understood. The aim of this study was to compare acoustic parameters of voice in ALS subjects who demonstrated perceptually normal vocal quality on sustained phonation with a control group. We hypothesized that objective analysis of voice would reveal significant differences on specific acoustic parameters of voice compared to the control group. Results revealed statistically significant differences between the two groups on measures related to frequency range and phonatory stability. The findings suggest that early bulbar signs affecting the laryngeal system may be present in patients with ALS before the occurrence of perceptually aberrant vocal characteristics.
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Living Polymerisation Reactors. Part II. Theoretical and Experimental Tests on an Algorithm Which Predicts Mwds From CSTRs with Perturbed Feeds. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1080/10543414.1997.10662150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Abstract
Inflammatory changes following infection are central to the clinical manifestation of disease. However, information regarding such changes in animal disease is limited. In canine parvovirus infected puppies we measured the levels of acute phase proteins and changes in leukocyte phenotypes and cell trafficking by flow cytometry. These parameters correlated with conventional assessment of clinical disease in a vaccine efficacy study. Seropositive (CPV-2) 6-week-old puppies given three doses of a CPV-2 containing vaccine developed significant antibody titers and remained healthy after experimental infection with CPV-2b. Unvaccinated controls developed clinical signs and shed virus. Importantly, acute phase proteins became elevated, and lymphopenia, neutropenia and modulation of neutrophil-CD4 were detected in controls but not in vaccinates.
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Abstract
A fluorescence-based, T7 (Sequenase) dye terminator method for sequencing double-stranded DNA using strings of three contiguous hexamers as primers and single-stranded binding protein is described. In this method, the circular, supercoiled DNA vector pUC19 is first linearized with a restriction enzyme to create a sequenceable template. Sequencing is then accomplished using three cycles of "denaturation," annealing, and extension/termination. Twenty-two of 33 hexamer strings tested in a controlled study produced acceptable sequence, with read lengths varying from the mid 300s to the low 400s and a base-calling accuracy of at least 97%. To test its potential utility in directed DNA sequencing, the protocol was then used to completely sequence both strands of pUC19. For this test project, a total of 28 hexamer strings was used with an overall successful priming rate of 75%. The current protocol appears to be sufficiently robust to be used in the finishing phase of a shotgun sequencing project and is amenable to semiautomation. Prospects for using the protocol for full-scale directed sequencing as well as for full automation are discussed.
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Abstract
A modified vector, M13-102, is described which utilizes the previously reported M13-100 direct selection strategy for shotgun cloning [Guilfoyle and Smith, Nucleic Acids Res. 22 (1994) 100-107]. In these vectors, direct selection replaces the need for phosphatase treatment of vector DNA and is achieved by insertional inactivation of M13 gene X. When not inactivated, the engineered overproduction of the M13 gene X product mediates phage replication repression. M13-102 contains two new additions: (1) a sequence enabling triple-helix-mediated affinity capture (TAC) for purification of linearized vector DNA, and (2) universal primer sequences for wider compatibility with commercial instruments that support fluorescence-based sequencing. Using a biotinylated homopyrimidine oligodeoxyribonucleotide as third-strand probe, TAC is performed on streptavidin-coated magnetic beads [Ji et al., Genetics Analysis: Techniques and Applications 11 (1994) 43-47], and serves as a rapid and efficient alternative to gel purification. To reduce tandem insertions, phosphatase treatment of insert DNA was easily invoked without sacrificing cloning efficiency. The combined capabilities of direct selection, TAC purification and phosphatase treatment of inserts should facilitate library construction and improve overall library quality.
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Abstract
A solid-phase triple-helix-mediated affinity capture method is described for the purification of single-stranded M13 DNA for use as template in fluorescence-based DNA sequencing reactions. In this method, a biotinylated polypyrimidine oligonucleotide "loop" bound to streptavidin-coated magnetic beads is used to selectively capture single-stranded M13 DNA from high-titer phage supernatant through the formation of a cooperative triple helix (CTH) complex between the oligonucleotide and a polypurine site previously cloned into the M13 vector. Capture is accomplished at acidic pH to encourage triple-helix formation, while elution is performed at alkaline pH with heating to destroy the CTH complex. The beads can be reused up to three times without probe replenishment. Yields of M13 ssDNA in excess of 1 microgram per milliliter of culture are obtained, sufficient for use as template in fluorescence-based DNA sequencing reactions.
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Abstract
An alternative fluorescence-based method has been developed for the direct detection of small quantities of DNA in solution. In this system, a serine protease (elastase) is coupled to a DNA oligonucleotide through a disulfide linkage. A bis-(tetraalanine)-derivatized rhodamine molecule BZTAlaR) has been synthesized for use as a substrate. BZTAlaR is nonfluorescent in its derivatized form and shows negligible hydrolysis in solution. Cleavage of the tetraalanyl groups from the rhodamine portion of the molecule restores its fluorescence. Hybridization of the elastase-oligonucleotide conjugate to its target, capture of the conjugate-target complex with streptavidin-coated magnetic beads, addition of substrate, and subsequent detection of the target by fluorescence are accomplished in solution. Hybridization is rapid and specific, with over 90% of a target sequence successfully hybridized and captured. This method exhibits low background and an amplified fluorescent signal over time, resulting in a current detection limit of 0.49 fmol of elastase alone, or 2.64 fmol of conjugate, within 2 h.
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Optical isomers of rocastine and close analogues: synthesis and H1 antihistaminic activity of its enantiomers and their structural relationship to the classical antihistamines. J Med Chem 1991; 34:1314-28. [PMID: 1673158 DOI: 10.1021/jm00108a012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The enantiomers of 2-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-3,4-dihydro-4-methylpyrido[3,2-f]-1,4- oxazapine-5(2H)-thione (rocastine) and two of its more potent analogues were prepared with an enantiomeric purity of greater than 99.9%. The antihistaminic activity of these compounds was assessed by their ability to block histamine-induced lethality in guinea pigs and to inhibit [3H]mepyramine binding to guinea pig cortex. In this series, compounds having the R configuration at the 2-position are at least 300 times more potent than the S isomers. Conformational analysis and molecular modeling suggest that rocastine can adopt a conformation in which the pyridine ring, ether oxygen, and protonated amine functions are positioned similarly to the corresponding elements of the probable binding conformers of some of the more classical antihistamines. This conformation, boatlike in the oxazepine ring with the side chain quasi-equatorial and folded back toward the ring, is the likely binding conformer at the histamine H1 receptor, and the available structure-activity relationship data is consistent with this interpretation.
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Benzo- and pyrido-1,4-oxazepin-5-ones and -thiones: synthesis and structure-activity relationships of a new series of H1 antihistamines. J Med Chem 1989; 32:2178-99. [PMID: 2570152 DOI: 10.1021/jm00129a026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
A series of novel benzo- and pyrido-1,4-oxazepinones and -thiones which represents a new structural class of compounds possessing H1 antihistaminic activity was synthesized, and the SARs were evaluated. The antihistaminic activity was determined by blockade of histamine-induced lethality in guinea pigs. The sedative potential was determined by comparison of the EEG profiles of the compounds with those of known sedating and nonsedating antihistamines. Several of the compounds were shown to possess potent H1 antihistaminic activity and to be free of the cortical slowing with synchronized waves and spindling activity found in the EEG of sedative antihistamines. One compound, 2-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-3,4-dihydro-4-methylpyrido[3,2-f]-1,4- oxazepine-5(2H)-thione (rocastine) is currently undergoing clinical evaluation as a nonsedating H1 antihistamine.
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28
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The need for triage on questions related to efficacy: multiple comparisons and type II errors. J Clin Epidemiol 1988; 41:303-5. [PMID: 3339384 DOI: 10.1016/0895-4356(88)90135-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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29
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Abstract
Sixteen chronic schizophrenic subjects were treated for 3 months each with either a benzo-pyrone (Paroven/Venoruton, Zyma) or a placebo in a randomized, double-blind crossover trial. They continued to take their previous drug therapies. Therapeutic effects were measured by the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS), by self-assessment, and by assessment by a relative. Eleven patients completed the trial in relation to BPRS assessment. When on the active substance, as compared with the placebo, they showed a mean improvement of 27% (significant at the 1% level). Ten patients completed the trial in relation to the self and relative's assessments. There were improvements of 16% and 13%, respectively (significant at the 5% levels). Half the patients showed improvements on all the tests. Their improvements were 49%, 31%, and 21%, respectively. There was evidence that the active substance began to have an effect within 2 weeks. No side effects were observed with the active substance.
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Beneath the technological fix. Outliers and probability statements. JOURNAL OF CHRONIC DISEASES 1985; 38:957-61. [PMID: 3902864 DOI: 10.1016/0021-9681(85)90132-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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32
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Psycho-social achievement in the latency-aged child with spina bifida within the family structure. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR KINDERCHIRURGIE : ORGAN DER DEUTSCHEN, DER SCHWEIZERISCHEN UND DER OSTERREICHISCHEN GESELLSCHAFT FUR KINDERCHIRURGIE = SURGERY IN INFANCY AND CHILDHOOD 1984; 39 Suppl 2:138-40. [PMID: 6240851 DOI: 10.1055/s-2008-1044308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
This project aims: 1) to appraise the psycho-social development of a sample of latency-aged spina bifida children upon entry to school; 2) to learn about the social influences that promote or impede the child's development, and 3) to identify ways that psycho-social intervention can be useful to families in which there is a congenitally disabled child. A longitudinal, observational case study was conducted over a six month period. This approach provided information on the impact of social influences, disability, and trauma on the child's development. The results indicate that a delay in reaching the important physical milestones of independent locomotion and continence hinders the achievement of standard psycho-social developmental goals; it does not exclude their achievement. By the sixth month in first grade, all of the children had adapted satisfactorily to school. Thus, the difference between the able-bodied and the spina bifida child was not one of kind, but one of degree. Spina bifida was found to put no ceiling on the child's psycho-social development.
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A technique for identifying the subgroup membership of certain misarticulating children. JOURNAL OF SPEECH AND HEARING RESEARCH 1982; 25:162-166. [PMID: 7120953 DOI: 10.1044/jshr.2502.162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Cluster analysis was used to identify two homogeneous clusters of 8-9 1/2-year-old children who misarticulated /s/, /r/, or both. The analysis was based on the children's scores on 40 measures of language, reading, auditory processing, and other variables. Discriminant function analysis was then used to identify a subset of five measures and a means of computing classification scores. These measures and the classification scores can be used to identify the cluster membership of new subjects. The use of classification scores for identifying cluster membership was cross-validated against cluster analysis of a second group of children. The two clusters are described in terms of their performance on language and reading measures.
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36
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Assessment of parent-administered listening training for preschool children with articulation deficits. THE JOURNAL OF SPEECH AND HEARING DISORDERS 1978; 43:242-54. [PMID: 661262 DOI: 10.1044/jshd.4302.242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Two studies concerning preschool misarticulating children are reported. The first study was concerned with direct effects of two varieties of parent-administered listening training. The second study focused on the influence of that same training on children's responses to sound-production training. Subjects were assigned to one of three conditions: listening, reading-talking, and control. Children in the first group were provided training by their parents that was intended to focus the child's attention on consonants in syllables or words and to teach discrimination between correctly and incorrectly articulated consonants. Parents of children in the second group read to and talked with them about the material. Neither treatment group surpassed the control group in gains made on any auditory processing or articulatory measure employed, and some parents found the listening training frustrating. In the second study, a subset of the children in each of the three groups was given sound-production training. The data obtained did not show any effect from earlier listening experiences on sound-production performance.
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37
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Cimetidine in the treatment of duodenal ulcer: a multicenter double blind study. Gastroenterology 1978; 74:380-8. [PMID: 340325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
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38
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Delayed judgment speech-sound discrimination and /r/ or /s/ articulation status and improvement. JOURNAL OF SPEECH AND HEARING RESEARCH 1977; 20:704-17. [PMID: 604684 DOI: 10.1044/jshr.2004.704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
A delayed judgment test of speech-sound discrimination was correlated with measures of articulation status and articulation improvement with training in two groups of subjects, an /r/ group and an /s/ group. While the discrimination measures were reliable and internally consistent, discrimination-articulation correlations were low. Several possible psychometric explanations for the nonsignificant results are ruled out, and subject and task variables that might interfere with children's performance on discrimination measures are discussed.
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Factor analysis of measures of articulation, language, auditory processing, reading-spelling, and maxillofacial structure. JOURNAL OF SPEECH AND HEARING RESEARCH 1977; 20:319-24. [PMID: 895101 DOI: 10.1044/jshr.2002.319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
This study was concerned with the correspondence between the classification of measures by clinical judgement and by factor analysis. Forty-six measures were selected to assess language, auditory processing, reading-spelling, maxillofacial structure, articulation, and other processes. These were applied to 98 misarticulating eight- and nine-year-old children. Factors derived from the analysis corresponded well with categories the measures were selected to represent.
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40
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Identification and description of homogeneous subgroups within a sample of misarticulating children. JOURNAL OF SPEECH AND HEARING RESEARCH 1977; 20:263-92. [PMID: 895098 DOI: 10.1044/jshr.2002.263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
A multivariate, hierarchical clustering procedure was used to identify homogeneous subgroups among 98 misarticulating children age eight years through nine years, six months. Clustering was based on 40 tests or measures of language, auditory processing, school achievement, oral structure, oral form recognition, and other phenomena. Clusters were described and then compared for performance on measures of articulation status and articulation improvement with training. Clusters were also derived from subsets of children who misarticulated only one sound, either /s/or/r/. Also, the subset of children who misarticulated /s/ was compared with children who misarticulated /r/ for performance on the measures classified above. Few of the clusters identified differed in articulation status or improvement with training.
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41
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Psychometric data for the token test derived from 8- and 9-year-old children with articulation disorders. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN AUDIOLOGY SOCIETY 1977; 2:208-12. [PMID: 893190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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42
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Abstract
Pulmonary telangiectasia is an uncommon developmental anomaly characterized by minute arteriovenous fistulae disseminated throughout both lungs. It should be suspected in patients with cyanosis and digital clubbing who do not have chronic lung disease or a cyanotic cardiac anomaly. The presence of telangiectases of skin or mucous membranes in the patient or members of his family is an important diagnostic clue. The chest film usually shows a coarse spidery appearance of the peripheral vascular markings in the lungs. More specific findings are obtained in the pulmonary angiogram where the normally invisible capillary phase is replaced by irregular vascular channels bridging the peripheral branches of pulmonary arteries and veins. The intrapulmonary right-to-left shunt may be confirmed by pulmonary scintigraphy using technetium-labeled albumin. Two cases are presented with a brief review of the literature.
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43
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Abstract
10 children with articulation disorders were given training in recognition of forms through oral exploration of those forms. Training materials were divided into sets. Fewer trials were required to reach performance criteria from one set to another, and fewer errors were made as Ss progressed from set to set. The control procedure used indicated that information gained through oral study of the forms contributed to performance but was not necessary to performance improvement. No gains were observed in any of four articulation measures.
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44
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Abstract
A home training program for correction of articulation errors was tested with 8 children. The first week of the program involved short periods of word drill. The remaining 4 wk., parents were to listen daily to 40 conversational /s/ phone productions and to mark each production as correct or incorrect. Correct productions were rewarded by points to be accumulated and traded for prizes. Incorrect productions were corrected by the parent. Final probe scores did not differ significantly from mean baseline scores on a Sound Production Task. However, Talking Task and Reading Task measures showed differences significant at the .05 level. Four-month post-treatment scores indicated that gains made during the program were maintained.
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45
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Thromboembolism and oral contraceptives. (Letter to the editor). JAMA 1972; 222:90. [PMID: 12332554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/26/2023]
Abstract
The article by Drill and Calhoun (219: 583, 1972) and subsequent comments (220: 416, 1972, and 221: 194, 1972) on the problem of thromboembolic episodes and oral contraceptives consider at length the problems of retrospective and prospective studies. If the critical standards presented had been applied to the articles cited by Drill and Calhoun, there would not have been much left to discuss. The citations of Goldzieher and of Tyler, for example, are not to research reports but to short sections of articles of a very general nature. Tyler's comments are not even quantitative. 10 of the 15 articles cited by Drill and Calhoun in their principle tabulation (Table 3) were readily available to me. When I arranged these articles in order of scientific merit as regards the embolism problem, it became apparent that the better the quality of the scientific effort, the higher was the reported incidence of thromboembolism and the lower the number of subjects. It is very possible that the inclusion of a few casual reports with large numbers of subjects is producing an erroneous, low, overall incidence of thromboembolic episodes.
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46
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Thromboembolism and oral contraceptives. JAMA 1972; 222:90. [PMID: 5068693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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47
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Descriptive functions in disease. Biometrics 1971; 27:895-901. [PMID: 5138937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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48
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Design of experiments: the single cycle sine wave model. Biometrics 1971; 27:730-5. [PMID: 5116578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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49
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Voice analysis and behavior pattern. JAMA 1969; 209:562. [PMID: 5819431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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50
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A formalinized and adjuvanted rabies vaccine of tissue culture origin. VETERINARY MEDICINE, SMALL ANIMAL CLINICIAN : VM, SAC 1968; 63:983. [PMID: 5188327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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