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Abstract
Immunotherapy is currently approved for a subset of patients diagnosed with advanced triple negative breast cancer (TNBC), based on the phase III randomized controlled trial, IMpassion130. The anti-programmed cell death ligand-1 (PD-L1) immune checkpoint inhibitor atezolizumab combined with nanoparticle albumin-bound (nab)-paclitaxel is currently the standard first-line therapy in patients with metastatic TNBC who have a PD-L1-positive peritumoral immune infiltrate. Although this approval is limited to only a subset of patients, strategies to expand indications in breast cancer for this treatment modality are being extensively evaluated. A substantial need exists for the identification of patient characteristics, disease settings, immune markers, ideal partners for combination with immune checkpoint inhibitors, and the ideal sequence with traditional anticancer therapies. Additionally, in light of the results of the KEYNOTE-522 study of adjuvant pembrolizumab in TNBC, evaluation of immunotherapy in the early disease setting is a subject of great interest. This review article discusses current knowledge on immune checkpoint inhibitors in clinical practice, and provides an overview of a variety of markers evaluated to predict benefit of immunotherapy and of promising new strategies to enhance immune response and enable more patients to benefit from immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Antonio C Buzaid
- Centro Oncológico da Beneficência Portuguesa de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Centro Oncológico do Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jose Perez-Garcia
- IOB Institute of Oncology, Quiron Group, Barcelona, Spain
- Medica Scientia Innovation Research (MedSIR), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Javier Cortes
- IOB Institute of Oncology, Quiron Group, Barcelona, Spain.
- Medica Scientia Innovation Research (MedSIR), Barcelona, Spain.
- Medica Scientia Innovation Research (MedSIR), New Jersey, USA.
- Vall D´Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Barcelona, Spain.
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de Melo Gagliato D, C Buzaid A, Perez-Garcia JM, Llombart A, Cortes J. CDK4/6 Inhibitors in Hormone Receptor-Positive Metastatic Breast Cancer: Current Practice and Knowledge. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E2480. [PMID: 32882980 PMCID: PMC7563142 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12092480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Treatment paradigms in advanced hormone receptor (HR)-positive breast cancer were substantially transformed with cyclin-dependent kinase 4 and 6 inhibitors (CDK4/6i) approval. The addition of these drugs to endocrine treatment profoundly improved progression-free and overall survival. Additionally, other important endpoints, such as the response rate, time to chemotherapy, and a delay in quality of life deterioration, were positively impacted by CDK4/6 inhibitors' addition to the treatment of advanced HR-positive breast cancer. This review article will summarize current knowledge on CDK4/6 inhibitors in clinical practice for advanced HR-positive metastatic breast cancer, as well as describe recent efforts to more precisely characterize mechanisms of sensitivity and resistance to these drugs, both on the molecular and clinical characterization level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debora de Melo Gagliato
- Centro Oncológico Antonio Ermírio de Moraes, Beneficência Portuguesa de São Paulo, 01323001 São Paulo, Brazil; (D.d.M.G.); (A.C.B.)
| | - Antonio C Buzaid
- Centro Oncológico Antonio Ermírio de Moraes, Beneficência Portuguesa de São Paulo, 01323001 São Paulo, Brazil; (D.d.M.G.); (A.C.B.)
- Centro Oncológico Hospital Israelita Albert Eisntein, 05652900 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jose Manuel Perez-Garcia
- Baselga Institute of Oncology, Quiron University Hospital Barcelona, 08023 Barcelona, Spain; (J.M.P.-G.); (A.L.)
| | - Antonio Llombart
- Baselga Institute of Oncology, Quiron University Hospital Barcelona, 08023 Barcelona, Spain; (J.M.P.-G.); (A.L.)
| | - Javier Cortes
- Ramon y Cajal University Hospital, 28034 Madrid, Spain
- Vall d’Hebron Institute of Oncology, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
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Souza IL, Fernandes Í, Taranto P, Buzaid AC, Schvartsman G. Immune-related pneumonitis with nivolumab and ipilimumab during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Eur J Cancer 2020; 135:147-149. [PMID: 32585589 PMCID: PMC7298497 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2020.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ive L Souza
- Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, Brazil
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4
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Schvartsman G, Taranto P, Glitza IC, Agarwala SS, Atkins MB, Buzaid AC. Management of metastatic cutaneous melanoma: updates in clinical practice. Ther Adv Med Oncol 2019; 11:1758835919851663. [PMID: 31205512 PMCID: PMC6535734 DOI: 10.1177/1758835919851663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, several drugs have been approved for the treatment of patients with metastatic cutaneous melanoma, completely reshaping the landscape of this aggressive disease. Immune therapy with cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 and programmed cell death-1 inhibitors yielded significant and durable responses, achieving long-term disease control in up to 40% of the patients. BRAF inhibitors (BRAFi), in combination with MEK inhibitors, also resulted in improved overall survival compared with single-agent BRAFi in patients with BRAFV600-mutated metastatic melanoma. The optimized sequencing and duration of treatment, however, is yet to be found. In this article, we thoroughly review current data and discuss how to best sequence the various treatment modalities available at present, based on four distinct clinical presentations commonly seen in clinic. In addition, we review treatment options beyond checkpoint inhibitors and targeted therapy, which may be required by patients failing such effective treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Schvartsman
- Centro de Oncologia e Hematologia - Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, 627 Albert Einstein Avenue, São Paulo, SP 05653-120, Brazil
| | - Patricia Taranto
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Isabella C Glitza
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Sanjiv S Agarwala
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, and Temple University, Easton, PA, USA
| | - Michael B Atkins
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Georgetown-Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Antonio C Buzaid
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, SP, Brazila and Department of Medical Oncology, A Beneficência Portuguesa de São Paulo - BP, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Hyams DM, Cook RW, Buzaid AC. Identification of risk in cutaneous melanoma patients: Prognostic and predictive markers. J Surg Oncol 2019; 119:175-186. [PMID: 30548543 PMCID: PMC6590387 DOI: 10.1002/jso.25319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
New therapeutic modalities for melanoma promise benefit in selected individuals. Efficacy appears greater in patients with lower tumor burden, suggesting an important role for risk-stratified surveillance. Robust predictive markers might permit optimization of agent to patient, while low-risk prognostic markers might guide more conservative management. This review evaluates protein, gene, and multiplexed marker panels that may contribute to better risk assessment and improved management of patients with cutaneous melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M. Hyams
- Desert Surgical Oncology, Eisenhower Medical CenterRancho MirageCalifornia
| | - Robert W. Cook
- R&D and Medical Affairs, Castle Biosciences, IncFriendswoodTexas
| | - Antonio C. Buzaid
- Oncology Center, Hospital Israelita Albert EinsteinSão PauloBrazil
- Centro Oncológico Antonio Ermírio de Moraes, Beneficência Portuguesa de São PauloSão PauloBrazil
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Amarante MPF, D'Alpino RD, Gomes JR, Moreira RB, Sousa TTSD, Kawamura C, Cruz MRDS, Maluf FC, Buzaid AC, Costa MADSB. Brain metastasis are more frequent in EGFR mutated than in wild-type lung adenocarcinoma. J Clin Oncol 2015. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2015.33.15_suppl.e19069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Moreira RB, Cruz MRS, Gomes JR, Sousa TTSD, Amarante MPF, Schutz F, Costa MA, Kawamura Haddad C, Schmerling R, Maluf FC, Buzaid AC, D'Alpino RD. Impact of comprehensive tumor profiling using a targeted next-generation sequencing panel in Brazil. J Clin Oncol 2015. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2015.33.15_suppl.e22175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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8
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Moreira RB, D'Alpino RD, Sousa TTSD, Lino ADR, Gomes JR, Amarante MPF, Kawamura Haddad C, Schmerling R, Maluf FC, Buzaid AC. The Brazilian experience with biochemotherapy for metastatic melanoma: Long-term results in 163 patients. J Clin Oncol 2015. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2015.33.15_suppl.e20073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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9
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Gomes JR, Amarante MPF, D'Alpino RD, Moreira RB, Sousa TTSD, Lino ADR, Cruz MRS, Costa MA, Schutz F, Kawamura Haddad C, Schmerling R, Maluf FC, Buzaid AC. Mutation profile in non-small cell lung cancer: Analysis of a Brazilian population. J Clin Oncol 2015. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2015.33.15_suppl.e19115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Fabio Schutz
- Antonio Ermirio de Moraes Oncology Center, São Paulo, Brazil
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Amarante MPF, Gomes JR, Kawamura C, Schmerling R, Sousa TTSD, Moreira RB, Buzaid AC, Costa MADSB, Maluf FC, D'Alpino RD. Palliative intra-arterial high-dose cisplatin for inoperable sarcoma. J Clin Oncol 2015. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2015.33.15_suppl.e21521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Gomes JR, Moreira RB, D'Alpino RD, Cruz MRS, Sousa TTSD, Amarante MPF, Costa MA, Schutz F, Kawamura Haddad C, Schmerling R, Maluf FC, Buzaid AC. Next-generation sequencing in metastatic lung cancer patients: Translation from sequence data into clinical practice. J Clin Oncol 2015. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2015.33.15_suppl.e12521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Fabio Schutz
- Antonio Ermirio de Moraes Oncology Center, São Paulo, Brazil
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Nagourney RA, Gansl RC, Lopes G, Buzaid AC, Maluf FC, D'Amora P, Yamaguchi NH, Silva FC, De Mello AN. Cost benefit analysis of laboratory directed chemotherapy for advanced pancreatic cancer in U.S. and Brazilian patients. J Clin Oncol 2015. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2015.33.15_suppl.e17782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Gilberto Lopes
- Centro Paulista de Oncologia and HCor Onco, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Paulo D'Amora
- The Federal University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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Buzaid AC, Agarwala SS, Hauschild A, Atkins M. Algorithm for the management of metastatic cutaneous melanoma. Chin Clin Oncol 2015; 3:32. [PMID: 25841458 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2304-3865.2014.07.01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2014] [Accepted: 06/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Over the last 4 years, various drugs have been approved for the treatment of metastatic cutaneous melanoma. Ipilimumab, an anti-CTLA-4 inhibitor that stimulates antitumor immunity, was the first agent to improve overall survival both in first line and in previously treated patients. Ipilimumab results in long term disease control in approximately 20% of the patients. Vemurafenib was the first BRAF inhibitor (BRAFi) approved and also resulted in improved overall survival compared with dacarbazine in patients with BRAF mutated metastatic melanoma. More recently, another BRAFi, dabrafenib, and a MEK inhibitor, trametinib, were approved either alone or in combination as they each showed significant antitumor activity relative to dacarbazine and the combination appeared superior to dabrafenib monotherapy. The major feature of such tumor targeted therapy is its high response rate (40-70%) and the rapidity of the responses, resulting in prompt clinical improvement. However, unlike immunotherapy, targeted therapy does not result in long-term treatment free survival. In this paper, we discuss how best to integrate the currently available treatment options including high-dose interleukin-2 (HD IL-2), systemic chemotherapy, ipilimumab and tumor targeted therapy in various clinical scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sanjiv S Agarwala
- Temple University School of Medicine, St. Luke's Hospital & Health Network, Bethlehem, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Axel Hauschild
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Michael Atkins
- Georgetown-Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA
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Agarwala SS, Guo J, Buzaid AC. Systemic treatment of cutaneous and mucosal melanoma. Chin Clin Oncol 2015; 3:25. [PMID: 25841452 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2304-3865.2014.08.07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sanjiv S Agarwala
- Professor of Medicine at Temple University School of Medicine, Chief of Medical Oncology at St. Luke's Hospital & Health Network, Bethlehem, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Jun Guo
- The Key laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Renal cancer and Melanoma, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing 100000, China.
| | - Antonio C Buzaid
- Chairman, Centro Oncológico Antonio Ermírio de Moraes, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Alessandretti MB, Moreira RB, Brandao EP, Gomes JR, Amarante MPF, Lino ADR, Martins Junior RM, Abrahao CM, Sousa TTSD, Peixoto RD, Cruz MR, Maluf FC, Buzaid AC. Safety and efficacy of modified dose-attenuated FOLFIRINOX chemotherapy in patients over 65 years with advanced pancreatic adenocarcinoma. J Clin Oncol 2015. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2015.33.3_suppl.468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
468 Background: There is only limited data regarding efficacy and safety of FOLFIRINOX in elderly patients with advanced pancreatic adenocarcinoma. We aim to evaluate our experience with dose-reduced FOLFIRINOX in patients > 65 years-old. Methods: All patients > 65 years-old with biopsy-proven advanced pancreatic adenocarcinoma who received at least one cycle of modified dose-attenuatedFOLFIRINOX (no bolus FU and reduced dose of oxaliplatin and/or irinotecan) at our institution were identified. Results: Twenty-one consecutive patients (62% males) were reviewed. Median age was 67 (range 65-79). Grade 3/4 toxicities were reported in 7 (33%) patients ; the most common toxicities were anemia (62%), and nausea/vomiting (45%). Elevations in AST and/or ALT above the upper limit of normality were identified in 38%. No deaths due to toxicities were reported. Prophylactic granulocyte colony stimulator factor (G-CSF) was given in 16 (70 %) patients. Dose reductions were substantial with median reductions of 27,8 % (range 15 - 50%) for 5-FU, 27,1% (range 6-50%) for oxaliplatin and 25% (range 12-75%) for irinotecan. Median overall survival (OS) was 11,8 months (95% CI 10,2 - 13,3). Median progression free survival (PFS) was 6,9 months (95% CI 5,3 - 8,5). Conclusions: Modified dose-attenuated FOLFIRINOX is a reasonable option for elderly patients with advanced pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Adverse events were manageable and no deaths due to toxicity were reported. Median OS and PFS were similar to the pivotal phase III trial, demonstrating that dose-attenuated FOLFIRINOX may be beneficial to elderly patients.
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Lino ADR, Moreira RB, Gomes JR, Sousa TTSD, Abrahao CM, Martins Junior RM, Alessandretti MB, Amarante MPF, Schutz FAB, Kawamura C, Schmerling R, Cruz MR, Maluf FC, Buzaid AC, Peixoto RD. Impact of first-line fluorouracil, leucovorin, oxaliplatin, and docetaxel (FLOT) for patients with advanced gastroesophageal adenocarcinoma: A retrospective analysis. J Clin Oncol 2015. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2015.33.3_suppl.216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
216 Background: Despite a large number of randomized trials, there is no consensus as to the best regimen for advanced gastroesophageal cancer. Combination therapy with docetaxel, cisplatin, and 5-FU has shown increased response rates, progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS), but at the cost of significant toxicity. Based on a small phase II study, FLOT has been adopted by some groups given its better toxicity profile. We aim at reporting our experience with this regimen Methods: Patients with unresectable advanced gastroesophageal adenocarcinoma who received FLOT (oxaliplatin 85 mg/m2, leucovorin 200 mg/m2, and fluorouracil 2600 mg/m2 as a 24h infusion in combination with docetaxel 50 mg/m2 on day 1 every 2 weeks) as first-line therapy at our institution were retrospectively evaluated. PFS and OS were estimated by the Kaplan-Meier method. Results: A total of 23 patients were reviewed, most of them with metastatic disease (60%). Median age was 56 years (range 26–76) and 74% were male. Median PFS and OS were 5,2 (95% CI 4,0-6,3) and 8,5 months (95% CI 4,4-12,6), respectively. Only 13%of the patients experienced prolonged PFS (>12 months). There were no deaths due to the treatment. Conclusions: Before FLOT could be adopted as a first-line regimen for metastatic gastroesophageal cancer, phase III trials are urgently needed comparing FLOT with more traditional regimens.
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Almeida TL, Gomes JR, Machado MCC, Buzaid AC, Maluf FC. RAS mutations and their correlation with survival of patients with advanced pancreatic adenocarcinoma. J Clin Oncol 2015. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2015.33.3_suppl.325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
325 Background: The prognosis of pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PA) remains poor despite FOLFIRINOX and nab-paclitaxel-gemcitabine based chemotherapy. The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) has a major role in pancreatic cancer carcinogenesis.The RAS status showed to be a predictive factor for response to anti-EGFR therapy in colon cancer. We aim to analyze the K-RAS and N-RAS status in PA and its prognostic impact. Methods: Retrospective analysis included 24 patients with metastatic (67%) or locally advanced (29%) PA at diagnosis (AEMOC, Brazil). K-RAS and N-RAS profile were performed by polymerase chain reaction and bidirectional sequencing (codons 12, 13, 61, 117, 146). The results were then analyzed in regards to overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) in PA. Results: The sample showed: median age of 63 years (28-86), 62.5% male, 45.8% smoker, head site (67%), ductal (68%), and mild differentiation features (45%). The first-line therapy was FOLFIRINOX (62.5%) and gemcitabine (33.3%). The median PFS and OS were 6.5 and 13 months (mo), respectively. Nineteen patients (79.1%) presented mutation in K-RAS: four c.35G>A (G12D), four c.34G>C (G12R), four c.35G>T (G12V), three c.35G>C (G12A), one c.437C>T (A146V), and one c.34G>T (G12C). Mutation in N-RAS (c.38G>A (G13D) was detected in only one patient (4%). The only independent factor for survival was K-RAS status: the c.35G>A (G12D) polymorphism yielded worse PFS and OS when compared to non-c.35G>A (G12D) mutation: 3 vs 7 mo [HR 0.25, 95% CI, (0.04–1.63)] for PFS (p<0,0043) and 3.5 vs13 mo [HR 0.17, 95% CI, 0.01-1.58)] for OS (p<0,0001), respectively. Conclusions: K-RAS was the only prognostic factor for PFS and OS, with the polymorphism c.35G>A (G12D) being related to a worse prognostic. Further studies are necessary to better evaluate whether K-RAS and N-RAS status is prognostic and/or predictive factor.
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Moreira RB, Alessandretti MB, Abrahao CM, Lino ADR, Sousa TTSD, Amarante MPF, Gomes JR, Martins Junior RM, Carvalho RFD, Kawamura Haddad C, Schutz FAB, Peixoto RD, Cruz MR, Maluf FC, Buzaid AC. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) in metastatic gastrointestinal cancer (mGIC) patients: Translation from sequence data into clinical practice. J Clin Oncol 2015. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2015.33.3_suppl.72] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
72 Background: A considerable number of patients with mGIC progress after exhausting all approved standard therapies but maintain an adequate performance status and could be candidates for further treatment. We aim at reviewing our experience with the use of a NGS platform in refractory mGIC and its clinical utility. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed demographics, NGS results, and the suggested therapies received by patients undergoing NGS (Foundation Medicine, Cambridge, MA, USA): exonic sequencing of 236 genes and selective intronic sequencing from 19 genes for refractory mGIC. Co-primary endpoints were the percentage of patients with targeted therapy options uncovered by mutational profiling and the percentage of them who received genotype-directed therapy. Results: Samples from 32 patients were tested. Primary tumors consisted of colorectal adenocarcinoma (37,5%), pancreatic adenocarcinoma (31,2%), gastric adenocarcinoma (12,5%), cholangiocarcinoma (12,5%) and hepatocellular carcinoma (6%). Most patients (87,5%) were found to harbor potentially actionable genetic alterations involving mitogen-activated protein kinase (93,7%), phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-AKT (18,7%), p53 (50%) and cell-cycle regulation (9%) pathways. Of the 6 patients who received the suggested targeted therapy, 4 achieved an objective response. Conclusions: Mutational profiling using a targeted NGS panel identified potentially actionable alterations in the majority of advanced gastrointestinal cancer patients. The assay provided clinical benefit in 12% of the patients.
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Moreira RB, Alessandretti MB, Lino ADR, Martins Junior RM, Amarante MPF, Gomes JR, Sousa TTSD, Abrahao CM, Kawamura Haddad C, Peixoto RD, Maluf FC, Buzaid AC, Cruz MR. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) in advanced pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PA): A Brazilian experience. J Clin Oncol 2015. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2015.33.3_suppl.315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
315 Background: Metastatic PA is a lethal malignancy with poor prognosis and limited therapeutic options. We hypothesized that a comprehensive next-generation sequencing (NGS) assay could identify novel therapy targets not routinely explored in PA patients. Methods: We included patients with advanced pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PA) with accessible lesion for biopsy. Paraffin-embedded tumor tissues were evaluated by the method of NGS (Foundation Medicine, Cambridge, MA, USA). Hybridization capture of 3,769 exons from 236 cancer-related genes and 47 introns of 19 genes commonly rearranged in cancer was applied to ≥ 50 ng of DNA extracted from 10 PA specimens and sequenced to high, uniform coverage. Genomic alterations (GAs), were characterized and reported for each patient sample. Actionable GAs were defined as those identifying anti-cancer targeted therapies either available on the market or in registered clinical trials. Results: A total of 10 PA patients were included. Median age was 56 years (range 31-79). All cases harbored at least one GA with a mean of 2.7 actionable GAs per tumor. The most common actionable GAs were KRAS (90%), PTCH1 (20%), STK11 (10%) and GNAS (10%). KRAS mutations potentially treatable with MEK-inhibitor were identified in 9 patients. However, none of them received a MEK-inhibitor. Activating STK11 point mutations not detectable by IHC/FISH, potentially targetable with m-Tor inhibitor therapies were identified in 1 patient, who received everolimus and had a long-lasting (> 6 months) partial response. Conclusions: NGS of PA was able to reveal genomic alterations that may be potentially responsive to available targeted therapy. We are just at the dawn of exploring this strategy and NGS can effectively contribute for increasing the understanding of the disease.
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Lino ADR, Martins Junior RM, Abrahao CM, Moreira RB, Sousa TTSD, Gomes JR, Alessandretti MB, Amarante MPF, Ferrian AM, Schutz FAB, Kawamura C, Schmerling R, Cruz MR, Peixoto RD, Machado MCC, Buzaid AC, Maluf FC. Role of second-line gemcitabine after FOLFIRINOX failure in advanced pancreatic adenocarcinoma: A retrospective analysis. J Clin Oncol 2015. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2015.33.3_suppl.473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
473 Background: Cancer of the exocrine pancreas is a highly lethal malignancy. Based on a phase III study, FOLFIRINOX regimen became the standard first-line treatment for patients with good performance status. However, the optimal management strategy for patients who fail initial FOLFIRINOX remains undefined. We aim at reporting our experience with single-agent gemcitabine as a second-line treatment for advanced pancreatic cancer patients who progressed on FOLFIRINOX. Methods: Patients with advanced exocrine pancreatic adenocarcinoma who received gemcitabine (1.000 mg/m² on days 1, 8 and 15 every 4 weeks) until disease progression, as second-line therapy after FOLFIRINOX failure at our institution were retrospectively evaluated. Progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) were estimated by the Kaplan-Meier method. Results: A total of 20 patients were reviewed. Most of them (60%) had metastatic disease while 40% had locally advanced tumors. Median age was 60 years (range 43–74) and 80% were male. Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status was 0 or 1 in 65% and 2 or 3 in 35% of the patients. Median time on prior FOLFIRINOX therapy was 5 months. Median PFS and OS with gemcitabine were 2,0 (95% CI 1,2-2,8) and 5,7 months (95% CI 3,9-7,4), respectively. There were no deaths due to the treatment. Conclusions: In this study, gemcitabine was a reasonable second-line treatment option for patients with advanced pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Phase III trials are urgently needed exploring the role of gemcitabine in the second-line setting.
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Carvalho RFD, Gil E, Moreira RB, Peixoto RD, Amarante MPF, Zanuncio P, Ferrigno R, Moraes P, Maluf FC, Buzaid AC, Cruz MRDS. Induction FOLFIRINOX followed by chemoradiation with capecitabine for unresectable locally advanced pancreatic cancer (LAPC): Preliminary data. J Clin Oncol 2015. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2015.33.3_suppl.458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
458 Background: FOLFIRINOX was found to have higher response rates and overall survival (OS) compared to gemcitabine-based regimens in the metastatic setting. However, the contribution of chemoradiotherapy to outcomes after FOLFIRINOX in LAPC remains uncertain. We aim at evaluating our experience with FOLFIRINOX followed by chemoradiation (IMRT) with capecitabine for patients with LAPC. Methods: Patients with unresectable LAPC who received induction FOLFIRINOX (5-fluorouracil, leucovorin, irinotecan and oxaliplatin) followed by chemoradiation with capecitabine at our institution were screened and accrued at the time of radiotherapy and are being followed prospectively. Radiation technique consisted of IMRT with simultaneous integrated boost (SIB) - dose of 45 Gy (1.8Gy/day) to high-risk lymph nodes and 55 Gy (2.2Gy/day) to the primary tumor. Progression-free survival (PFS) and OS were estimated by the Kaplan-Meier method. Results: Fourteen patients (58% female) were included in the analyses. Median age at diagnosis of LAPC was 61 years (range 38-78). Median number of FOLFIRINOX cycles was 11 (range 4-13). With a median follow up fo 11.7 months, 43% of the patients have died. Median PFS and OS were 15.9 (95% CI 6.8 – 25.1) and 16.7 months (95% CI 10.9 – 22.4), respectively. There were no treatment-related deaths. Conclusions: Our data suggest that sequential treatment with FOLFIRINOX followed by chemoradiation with capecitabine is feasible and may offer promising PFS and OS among selected patients with LAPC. Randomized trials are urgently needed to assess the role of sequential treatment in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Erlon Gil
- Centro Oncologico Antônio Ermírio de Moraes, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Pedro Zanuncio
- Centro Oncologico Antônio Ermírio de Moraes, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Robson Ferrigno
- Centro Oncologico Antônio Ermírio de Moraes, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paulo Moraes
- Centro Oncologico Antônio Ermírio de Moraes, São Paulo, Brazil
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Schmerling R, Herchenhorn D, Rinck JA, Camargo VPD, Camargo J, Serrano SV, Azevedo SJ, Barrios CH, Segalla JGM, Bertoni VD, Buzaid AC. Ipilimumab for stage unresectable III/IV melanoma: Brazilian experience in an expanded access program. J Clin Oncol 2014. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2014.32.15_suppl.e20045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel Herchenhorn
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Institute, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Jose Augusto Rinck
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
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Schutz FA, Buzaid AC, Sartor O. Taxanes in the management of metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer: efficacy and management of toxicity. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2014; 91:248-56. [PMID: 24613528 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2014.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2013] [Revised: 01/26/2014] [Accepted: 02/07/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Androgen deprivation is the therapy of choice in the majority of patients with metastatic prostate cancer. However, a state of castration resistance ultimately occurs after hormone therapy, thus defining metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC). mCRPC has historically been considered a relatively chemoresistant tumor. However, due to its ability to improve survival and the quality of life in comparison with mitoxantrone, docetaxel has been established as the standard chemotherapeutic agent for first-line therapy since 2004. Moreover, recent results have shown that the novel taxane cabazitaxel is able to prolong the overall survival of patients with mCRPC previously treated with docetaxel. Even though these taxanes display a favorable toxicity profile, their routine use in clinical practice requires knowledge about the most frequent and distinct adverse events that may result from their administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio A Schutz
- Hospital Sao Jose - Beneficencia Portuguesa de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Antonio C Buzaid
- Hospital Sao Jose - Beneficencia Portuguesa de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Oliver Sartor
- Tulane Cancer Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States
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Abstract
Background Radiation-induced necrosis is a complication of brain irradiation. Treatment options are limited. Methods The response to treatment with low-dose bevacizumab in 2 patients with radiation-induced necrosis was reported. Results Both patients with metastatic melanoma, aged 48 and 51 years, had significant symptomatic and radiological improvement with low-dose bevacizumab treatment. Doses as low as 5 mg/kg every 6 weeks and 7.5 mg/kg i.v. every 4 weeks were used and were highly effective. Conclusions Low-dose bevacizumab is a solid option in the management of edema associated with radiation necrosis.
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Park YS, Ji J, Zalcberg J, Elserafy MM, Buzaid AC. Oxaliplatin/5-Fluorouracil(5-Fu)-Based Adjuvant Chemotherapy in Colon Cancer: Results of the Accelox Registry. Ann Oncol 2013. [DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdt202.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Park YS, Ji J, Zalcberg JR, Elserafy MM, Buzaid AC. Global clinical experience with adjuvant oxaliplatin/5-fluorouracil (5-FU)-based chemotherapy for colon cancer: Outcomes of the ACCElox registry. J Clin Oncol 2013. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2013.31.15_suppl.e14624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
e14624 Background: The ACCElox registry assessed the therapeutic management of early stage colon cancer with oxaliplatin/5-FU-based regimen and duration of adjuvant chemotherapy in current clinical practice. Methods: Newly diagnosed patients (N=1,548) with stage II or III colon cancer, who had undergone complete resection of the primary tumor and treated with at least one dose of "oxaliplatin" were enrolled in this prospective observational study (Feb-2006–Jul-2008) and followed up till 36 months post-treatment. Results: 72.7% and 27.3% of the patients were diagnosed with stage III and stage II colon cancer, respectively. 1,152 (74.4%) patients completed the prescribed chemotherapy. The most frequent causes of discontinuation were refusal (9.0%), adverse events (AEs) (8.1%) or relapse/recurrence of disease (3.6%). Overall, 1,512 (97.6%) patients received at least one cycle of oxaliplatin regimen. Treatment delay occurred in 1,013 patients (67%), mainly attributed to AEs (40.9%) and personal inconvenience (35.5%). During the 3-year follow-up period disease relapse/recurrence occurred in 285 (18.4%) patients with similar rates in the three groups (FOLFOX: 18.1%, FLOX: 19%, and XELOX: 18.6%). Overall number of deaths reported at the end of 3- year study period was 72 (4.7%). Majority of AEs reported during treatment were of grade 1–2 and the most common ones were neutropenia (63.9%), thrombocytopenia (23.3%), diarrhea (9.7%), sensory neuropathy (4.5%) and infection (2.6%). Sensory neuropathy was the most frequent AEs reported at 6 and 12 months of post-treatment follow-up. Conclusions: A majority of the patients completed the prescribed oxaliplatin/5-FU regimen. No unexpected AEs were reported. Our results confirm the favorable benefit/risk profile of oxaliplatin/5-FU based regimens in clinical practice. [caption]Distribution and treatment outcomes.[caption] Clinical trial information: NCT01310972. [Table: see text]
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jiafu Ji
- Beijing Cancer Hospital, Beijing, China
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Silva FC, Maluf FC, Buzaid AC, Nagourney RA, Yamaguchi NH, D'Amora P, Evans S, Bernard PJ, Francisco F. International collaboration in personalized medicine for the treatment of advanced and drug-refractory cancers: Clinical application of human tumor primary culture analyses. J Clin Oncol 2013. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2013.31.15_suppl.e13562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
e13562 Background: Personalized oncology has advanced through genomic and proteomic platforms. BCR-abl; EGFr and ALK have provided drug-able targets and companion diagnostics in several diseases, yet many transforming events in humans are polygenic, complex and incompletely understood at a genomic level. Recognition that oncogenesis reflects changes in the cell and its micro environment has renewed interest in whole cell experimental models that capture native-state cell-cell, -stroma and -vascular signaling. Ex vivo analysis of programmed cell death (EVA/PCD) has been shown to correlate significantly with response, time to progression and survival (Nagourney, R. Curr. Treat Op Oncol, 2006).To explore EVA/PCD functional profiling in Brazil, hospital-based investigators, Centro de Genomas and Rational Therapeutics coordinated the transport of 67 surgical specimens for analyses. Methods: Dose-response curves using metabolic (ATP-content, mitochondrial) and morphologic endpoints, interpolated to LC50's and synergy by median-effect, were compared with databases to identify patient-specific profiles for cytotoxics, targeted agents and combinations. Reports provided day 7. Results: 62/67 (92%) provided adequate tumor for analysis; 39 male (58%); 28 (42%) female; 6 chemo-naive and 61 previously treated. Results provided for < 8 drugs in 14/62 (22%); 8-16 drugs in 34/62 (54%) and > 16 drugs in 14/62 (22%). Of 22 tumor types, breast (8); Melanoma (8); NSCLC (8); ovary (7); pancreas (7) and sarcoma (4) predominated. EVA/PCD was used to select the most active combinations. Agents selected, response rates and durations are being tabulated and will be reported. Conclusions: The transport, processing and reporting of human tumor primary culture analyses is feasible, providing results in 92% of specimens and median of 12 drugs evaluated (range 4-32). Preliminary outcomes in these drug-refractory patients reveal that novel, often unexpected drug combinations (Everolimus and Lapatinib in triple negative breast) were identified and provided objective tumor responses, supporting EVA/PCD in therapy selection (personalized therapy) and drug development.
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Schmerling RA, Loria D, Cinat G, Ramos WE, Cardona AF, Sánchez JL, Martinez-Said H, Buzaid AC. Cutaneous melanoma in Latin America: the need for more data. Rev Panam Salud Publica 2011; 30:431-8. [DOI: 10.1590/s1020-49892011001100005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2011] [Accepted: 06/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Bridges JFP, Anderson BO, Buzaid AC, Jazieh AR, Niessen LW, Blauvelt BM, Buchanan DR. Identifying important breast cancer control strategies in Asia, Latin America and the Middle East/North Africa. BMC Health Serv Res 2011; 11:227. [PMID: 21933435 PMCID: PMC3196699 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6963-11-227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2010] [Accepted: 09/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Breast cancer is the most frequent cause of cancer death in women worldwide, but global disparities in breast cancer control persist, due to a lack of a comprehensive breast cancer control strategy in many countries. OBJECTIVES To identify and compare the need for breast cancer control strategies in Asia, Latin America and the Middle East/North Africa and to develop a common framework to guide the development of national breast cancer control strategies. METHODS Data were derived from open-ended, semi-structured interviews conducted in 2007 with 221 clinicians, policy makers, and patient advocates; stratified across Asia (n = 97), Latin America (n = 46), the Middle East/North Africa (ME/NA) (n = 39) and Australia and Canada (n = 39). Respondents were identified using purposive and snowballing sampling. Interpretation of the data utilized interpretive phenomenological analysis where transcripts and field notes were coded and analyzed and common themes were identified. Analysis of regional variation was conducted based on the frequency of discussion and the writing of the manuscript followed the RATS guidelines. RESULTS Analysis revealed four major themes that form the foundation for developing national breast cancer control strategies: 1) building capacity; 2) developing evidence; 3) removing barriers; and 4) promoting advocacy - each specified across five sub-ordinate dimensions. The propensity to discuss most dimensions was similar across regions, but managing advocacy was discussed more frequently (p = 0.004) and organized advocacy was discussed less frequently (p < 0.001) in Australia and Canada. CONCLUSIONS This unique research identified common themes for the development of breast cancer control strategies, grounded in the experience of local practitioners, policy makers and advocacy leaders across diverse regions. Future research should be aimed at gathering a wider array of experiences, including those of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- John FP Bridges
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 624 N. Broadway, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Benjamin O Anderson
- Department of Surgery, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific St, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Antonio C Buzaid
- Hospital São Jose, Centro Avançado de Oncologia, Rua Martiniano de Carvalho, 951 - Bela Vista, 01321-001, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Abdul R Jazieh
- Department of Oncology, King Abdulaziz Medical City Riyadh, P.O. Box 14691, Riyadh, 11426, Saudi Arabia
| | - Louis W Niessen
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Health Policy and Practice, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of East Anglia, University Drive, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Barri M Blauvelt
- Institute for Global Health, University of Massachusetts, 715 North Pleasant Street, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - David R Buchanan
- Institute for Global Health, University of Massachusetts, 715 North Pleasant Street, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
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Buzaid AC, de Cerqueira Mathias C, Perazzo F, Simon SD, Fein L, Hidalgo J, Murad AM, Esser R, Senger S, Lerzo G. Cetuximab Plus Irinotecan in Pretreated Metastatic Colorectal Cancer Progressing on Irinotecan: The LABEL Study. Clin Colorectal Cancer 2010; 9:282-9. [DOI: 10.3816/ccc.2010.n.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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31
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Balch CM, Gershenwald JE, Soong SJ, Thompson JF, Atkins MB, Byrd DR, Buzaid AC, Cochran AJ, Coit DG, Ding S, Eggermont AM, Flaherty KT, Gimotty PA, Kirkwood JM, McMasters KM, Mihm MC, Morton DL, Ross MI, Sober AJ, Sondak VK. Final version of 2009 AJCC melanoma staging and classification. J Clin Oncol 2009; 27:6199-206. [PMID: 19917835 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2009.23.4799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3315] [Impact Index Per Article: 221.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To revise the staging system for cutaneous melanoma on the basis of data from an expanded American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) Melanoma Staging Database. METHODS The melanoma staging recommendations were made on the basis of a multivariate analysis of 30,946 patients with stages I, II, and III melanoma and 7,972 patients with stage IV melanoma to revise and clarify TNM classifications and stage grouping criteria. RESULTS Findings and new definitions include the following: (1) in patients with localized melanoma, tumor thickness, mitotic rate (histologically defined as mitoses/mm(2)), and ulceration were the most dominant prognostic factors. (2) Mitotic rate replaces level of invasion as a primary criterion for defining T1b melanomas. (3) Among the 3,307 patients with regional metastases, components that defined the N category were the number of metastatic nodes, tumor burden, and ulceration of the primary melanoma. (4) For staging purposes, all patients with microscopic nodal metastases, regardless of extent of tumor burden, are classified as stage III. Micrometastases detected by immunohistochemistry are specifically included. (5) On the basis of a multivariate analysis of patients with distant metastases, the two dominant components in defining the M category continue to be the site of distant metastases (nonvisceral v lung v all other visceral metastatic sites) and an elevated serum lactate dehydrogenase level. CONCLUSION Using an evidence-based approach, revisions to the AJCC melanoma staging system have been made that reflect our improved understanding of this disease. These revisions will be formally incorporated into the seventh edition (2009) of the AJCC Cancer Staging Manual and implemented by early 2010.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles M Balch
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Dermatology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, 600 N. Wolfe St, Osler 624, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA.
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Telló M, Oliveira L, Parise O, Buzaid AC, Oliveira RT, Zanella R, Cardona A. Electrochemical therapy to treat cancer (in vivo treatment). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 2007:3524-7. [PMID: 18002757 DOI: 10.1109/iembs.2007.4353091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this paper is to present the evaluations and results attained by our research group from the clinical applications of Electrochemical Therapy (EChT in short) on tumors, specifically of cats and dogs. Our in vivo results indicate that EChT is an effective cancer treatment. Application of EChT in human beings was approved by National Health Surveillance Agency, which is linked to the Brazilian Ministry of Health. To make EChT available for cancer patients in the Brazil, basic studies were conducted and a Phase I clinical trial was started.
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Neves AR, Ensina LFC, Anselmo LB, Leite KRM, Buzaid AC, Câmara-Lopes LH, Barbuto JAM. Dendritic cells derived from metastatic cancer patients vaccinated with allogeneic dendritic cell-autologous tumor cell hybrids express more CD86 and induce higher levels of interferon-gamma in mixed lymphocyte reactions. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2005; 54:61-6. [PMID: 15693140 PMCID: PMC11034268 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-004-0550-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2004] [Accepted: 04/12/2004] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are highly effective antigen-presenting cells that, when derived from cancer patients, seem to be functionally deficient. Herein, we show that vaccination with allogeneic DC-autologous tumor cell hybrids affects the phenotype and improves the function of monocyte-derived DCs (Mo-DCs) from cancer patients. Mononuclear cells were isolated from patients' peripheral blood by density gradient centrifugation, and adherent cells were cultured in medium containing GM-CSF plus IL-4 and, after 5 days, TNF-alpha. After 2 more days, Mo-DCs were harvested and their CD80, CD86, and CD83 expression was assessed by flow cytometry. They were also used as stimulators in mixed lymphocyte reactions (MLR), where IFN-gamma production was measured by ELISA. Mo-DCs from unvaccinated patients expressed significantly lower levels of CD86, and tended to express lower levels of CD83 than Mo-DCs from healthy donors. However, Mo-DCs generated after hybrid cell vaccination presented increased expression of the same markers and induced significantly higher levels of IFN-gamma in MLR. These results indicate that the use of allogeneic DC-based cancer vaccines induces recovery of DC function in metastatic cancer patients and, therefore, could precede the use of autologous DCs for vaccine preparation. Such an approach could be relevant and should be investigated in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreia R. Neves
- Departamento de Imunologia, ICB-USP, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 1730, São Paulo, SP 05508-000 Brazil
| | - Luis Felipe C. Ensina
- Departamento de Imunologia, ICB-USP, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 1730, São Paulo, SP 05508-000 Brazil
| | - Luciene B. Anselmo
- Departamento de Imunologia, ICB-USP, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 1730, São Paulo, SP 05508-000 Brazil
| | - Katia R. M. Leite
- Hospital Sirio-Libanês, R. Adma Jafet, 91, São Paulo, SP 01308-050 Brazil
| | - Antonio C. Buzaid
- Hospital Sirio-Libanês, R. Adma Jafet, 91, São Paulo, SP 01308-050 Brazil
| | | | - José Alexandre M. Barbuto
- Departamento de Imunologia, ICB-USP, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 1730, São Paulo, SP 05508-000 Brazil
- Hospital Sirio-Libanês, R. Adma Jafet, 91, São Paulo, SP 01308-050 Brazil
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Barbuto JAM, Ensina LFC, Neves AR, Bergami-Santos P, Leite KRM, Marques R, Costa F, Martins SC, Camara-Lopes LH, Buzaid AC. Dendritic cell-tumor cell hybrid vaccination for metastatic cancer. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2004; 53:1111-8. [PMID: 15185011 PMCID: PMC11032787 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-004-0551-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2004] [Accepted: 04/13/2004] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Dendritic cells are the most potent antigen-presenting cells, and the possibility of their use for cancer vaccination has renewed the interest in this therapeutic modality. Nevertheless, the ideal immunization protocol with these cells has not been described yet. In this paper we describe the preliminary results of a protocol using autologous tumor and allogeneic dendritic hybrid cell vaccination every 6 weeks, for metastatic melanoma and renal cell carcinoma (RCC) patients. Thirty-five patients were enrolled between March 2001 and March 2003. Though all patients included presented with large tumor burdens and progressive diseases, 71% of them experienced stability after vaccination, with durations up to 19 months. Among RCC patients 3/22 (14%) presented objective responses. The median time to progression was 4 months for melanoma and 5.7 months for RCC patients; no significant untoward effects were noted. Furthermore, immune function, as evaluated by cutaneous delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions to recall antigens and by peripheral blood proliferative responses to tumor-specific and nonspecific stimuli, presented a clear tendency to recover in vaccinated patients. These data indicate that dendritic cell-tumor cell hybrid vaccination affects the natural history of advanced cancer and provide support for its study in less advanced patients, who should, more likely, benefit even more from this approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Alexandre M Barbuto
- Departamento de Imunologia, ICB-USP, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 1730, São Paulo, SP 05508-000, Brazil.
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Buzaid AC. Management of metastatic cutaneous melanoma. Oncology (Williston Park) 2004; 18:1443-50; discussion 1457-9. [PMID: 15609471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Abstract
The results of treatment for metastatic melanoma remain disappointing. Single-agent chemotherapy produces response rates ranging from 8% to 15%, and combination chemotherapy, from 10% to 30%. However, these responses are usually not durable. Immunotherapy, particularly high-dose interleukin (IL)-2 (Proleukin), has also shown a low response rate of approximately 15%, although it is often long-lasting. In fact, a small but finite cure rate of about 5% has been reported with high-dose IL-2. Phase II studies of the combination of cisplatin-based chemotherapy with IL-2 and interferon-alfa, referred to as biochemotherapy, have shown overall response rates ranging from 40% to 60%, with durable complete remissions in approximately 8% to 10% of patients. Although the results of the phase II single-institution studies were encouraging, phase III multicenter studies have reported conflicting results, which overall have been predominantly negative. Various factors probably explain these discrepancies including different biochemotherapy regimens, patient selection, and, most importantly, "physician selection." Novel strategies are clearly needed, and the most encouraging ones for the near future include high-dose IL-2 in combination with adoptive transfer of selected tumor-reactive T cells after nonmyeloablative regimens, BRAF inhibitors in combination with chemotherapy, and the combination of chemotherapeutic agents and biochemotherapy with oblimersen sodium (Genasense).
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Balch CM, Soong SJ, Atkins MB, Buzaid AC, Cascinelli N, Coit DG, Fleming ID, Gershenwald JE, Houghton A, Kirkwood JM, McMasters KM, Mihm MF, Morton DL, Reintgen DS, Ross MI, Sober A, Thompson JA, Thompson JF. An evidence-based staging system for cutaneous melanoma. CA Cancer J Clin 2004; 54:131-49; quiz 182-4. [PMID: 15195788 DOI: 10.3322/canjclin.54.3.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 250] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A completely revised staging system for cutaneous melanoma was implemented in 2003. The changes were validated with a prognostic factors analysis involving 17,600 melanoma patients from prospective databases. This major collaborative study of predicting melanoma outcome was conducted specifically for this project, and the results were used to finalize the criteria for this evidence-based staging system. In fact, this was the largest prognostic factors analysis of prospectively followed melanoma patients ever conducted. Important results that shaped the staging criteria involved both the tumor-node-metastasis (TNM) criteria and stage grouping for all four stages of melanoma. Major changes in the staging include: (1) melanoma thickness and ulceration are the dominant predictors of survival in patients with localized melanoma (Stages I and II); deeper level of invasion (ie, IV and V) was independently associated with reduced survival only in patients with thin or T1 melanomas. (2) The number of metastatic lymph nodes and the tumor burden were the most dominant predictors of survival in patients with Stage III melanoma; patients with metastatic nodes detected by palpation had a shorter survival compared with patients whose nodal metastases were first detected by sentinel node excision of clinically occult or "microscopic" metastases. (3) The site of distant metastases (nonvisceral versus lung versus all other visceral metastatic sites) and the presence of elevated serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) were the dominant predictors of outcome in patients with Stage IV or distant metastases. (4) An upstaging was implemented for all patients with Stage I, II, and III disease when a primary melanoma is ulcerated by histopathological criteria. (5) Satellite metastases around a primary melanoma and in-transit metastases were merged into a single staging entity that is grouped into Stage III disease. (6) A new convention was implemented for defining clinical and pathological staging so as to take into account the new staging information gained from lymphatic mapping and sentinel node biopsy.
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Balch CM, Buzaid AC, Soong SJ, Atkins MB, Cascinelli N, Coit DG, Fleming ID, Gershenwald JE, Houghton A, Kirkwood JM, McMasters KM, Mihm MF, Morton DL, Reintgen DS, Ross MI, Sober A, Thompson JA, Thompson JF. New TNM melanoma staging system: linking biology and natural history to clinical outcomes. Semin Surg Oncol 2004; 21:43-52. [PMID: 12923915 DOI: 10.1002/ssu.10020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) implemented major revisions of the melanoma TNM and stage grouping criteria in the recently published 6th edition of the Staging Manual. The new staging system better reflects independent prognostic factors that are used in clinical trials and in reporting the outcomes of various melanoma treatment modalities. Major revisions include: 1) melanoma thickness and ulceration but not level of invasion to be used in the T classification, 2) the number of metastatic lymph nodes rather than their gross dimensions and the delineation of microscopic vs. macroscopic nodal metastases to be used in the N classification, 3) the site of distant metastases and the presence of elevated serum lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) to be used in the M classification, 4) an upstaging of all patients with Stage I, II, and III disease when a primary melanoma is ulcerated, 5) a merging of satellite metastases around a primary melanoma and in transit metastases into a single staging entity that is grouped into Stage III disease, and 6) a new convention for defining clinical and pathological staging so as to take into account the new staging information gained from intraoperative lymphatic mapping and sentinel node biopsy.
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Abstract
The combination of cisplatin-based chemotherapy with interleukin-2 and interferon-alpha, referred to as biochemotherapy or chemoimmunotherapy, has shown promising antitumor activity in patients with metastatic melanoma. Phase II studies have reported overall response rates ranging from 40 to 60%, with durable complete remissions in approximately 10% of the patients. Although the results of the phase II single institutional studies were encouraging, phase III studies have not shown consistent results. Many factors may explain this finding including small number of patients, lack of a proper phase II study to define the antitumor activity of a given biochemotherapy regimen, and principally lack of a multicenter phase II study to better define the response rate as well as to gain experience with an IL-2-based regimen in the community setting prior to conducting a phase III trial. Large randomized studies are ongoing and should better clarify the long-term impact of biochemotherapy on survival in patients with advanced melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio C Buzaid
- Oncology Center, Hospital Sirio-Libanes, Rua Adma Jafet 91, São Paulo, SP 01308-050, Brazil.
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Maranhão RC, Graziani SR, Yamaguchi N, Melo RF, Latrilha MC, Rodrigues DG, Couto RD, Schreier S, Buzaid AC. Association of carmustine with a lipid emulsion: in vitro, in vivo and preliminary studies in cancer patients. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2002; 49:487-98. [PMID: 12107554 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-002-0437-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2001] [Accepted: 01/25/2002] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We had previously shown in acute leukemia and in breast and ovary carcinoma patients that a cholesterol-rich emulsion (LDE) that binds to receptors for low-density lipoprotein (LDL) may concentrate in neoplastic tissues. In this study, the potential of LDE as a carrier for anticancer drugs was investigated. METHODS LDE was associated with carmustine, and the cytotoxicity of the LDE-carmustine complex was studied in a neoplastic cell line and its biodistribution was studied in mice. The plasma kinetics of the complex and its uptake by tumor and normal tissue were determined in cancer patients. Finally, an exploratory clinical study to determine the toxicity profile of LDE-carmustine at escalating dose levels was conducted in 42 advanced cancer patients refractory to conventional chemotherapy. RESULTS Carmustine formed a stable association with LDE. The pharmacological action of carmustine, as tested in cancer cells, was not diminished by association with LDE compared with the free drug and was indeed mediated by the LDL receptor. The biodistribution in mice and plasma kinetics in patients of the emulsion were not changed by association of the drug. The uptake of LDE-carmustine by tumor was severalfold greater than the uptake by the corresponding normal tissue. Finally, patients treated with LDE-carmustine showed negligible side effects even at very high dose levels. CONCLUSIONS Association with LDE preserves the cytotoxicity of carmustine and markedly diminishes its side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raul C Maranhão
- The Heart Institute of the Medical School Hospital, University of São Paulo, Brazil.
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40
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Eton O, Legha SS, Bedikian AY, Lee JJ, Buzaid AC, Hodges C, Ring SE, Papadopoulos NE, Plager C, East MJ, Zhan F, Benjamin RS. Sequential biochemotherapy versus chemotherapy for metastatic melanoma: results from a phase III randomized trial. J Clin Oncol 2002; 20:2045-52. [PMID: 11956264 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2002.07.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 292] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The addition of cytokines to chemotherapy has produced encouraging results in advanced melanoma. In this phase III trial, we compared the effects of chemotherapy (cisplatin, vinblastine, and dacarbazine [CVD]) with those of sequential biochemotherapy consisting of CVD plus interleukin-2 and interferon alfa-2b. PATIENTS AND METHODS Metastatic melanoma patients who had not previously received chemotherapy were stratified by prognostic factors and given chemotherapy or biochemotherapy. CVD consisted of dacarbazine (days 1 and 22) and cisplatin and vinblastine (days 1 to 4 and 22 to 25). Biochemotherapy involved CVD with vinblastine reduced 25% plus interleukin-2 by 24-hour continuous infusion (on days 5 to 8, 17 to 20, and 26 to 29) and interferon alfa-2b by subcutaneous injection (on days 5 to 9, 17 to 21, and 26 to 30). Response was assessed every 6 weeks. RESULTS Among 190 patients enrolled, 91 were assessable for biochemotherapy and 92 for chemotherapy. Ten percent of the patients were alive a median of 52 months from start of therapy. Response rates were 48% for biochemotherapy and 25% for chemotherapy (P =.001); six patients given biochemotherapy and two given chemotherapy had complete responses. Median time to progression (TTP) was 4.9 months for biochemotherapy and 2.4 months for chemotherapy (P =.008); median survival was 11.9 and 9.2 months, respectively (P =.06). The influence of treatment on TTP and survival was confirmed in multivariate analyses with other prognostic factors not included in the original stratification. Biochemotherapy produced substantially more constitutional, hemodynamic, and myelosuppressive toxic effects. CONCLUSION Cytokines substantially augment the antitumor activity of chemotherapy at the expense of considerable toxicity in patients with metastatic melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Eton
- Department Melanoma/Sarcoma, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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41
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Buzaid AC, Atkins M. Practical guidelines for the management of biochemotherapy-related toxicity in melanoma. Clin Cancer Res 2001; 7:2611-9. [PMID: 11555571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
Abstract
The combination of cisplatin-based chemotherapy with interleukin 2 (IL-2) and IFN-alpha, referred to as biochemotherapy or chemoimmunotherapy, has shown promising antitumor activity in patients with metastatic melanoma. Phase II studies have reported overall response rates ranging from 40 to 60%, with durable complete remissions in approximately 10% of the patients. Toxicity, however, is often severe and can be life-threatening if the healthcare team is not familiar with toxicity management. In this report, we briefly describe the clinical results of the most effective biochemotherapy regimens and provide a detailed description and management of the most common toxic effects, with emphasis on the concurrent biochemotherapy program initially developed at M. D. Anderson Cancer Center and currently being tested in a slightly modified version in two large-scale Intergroup Phase III trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Buzaid
- Oncology Center, Hospital Sirio-Libanes, Sao Paulo, SP 01308-050, Brazil.
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42
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Balch CM, Buzaid AC, Soong SJ, Atkins MB, Cascinelli N, Coit DG, Fleming ID, Gershenwald JE, Houghton A, Kirkwood JM, McMasters KM, Mihm MF, Morton DL, Reintgen DS, Ross MI, Sober A, Thompson JA, Thompson JF. Final version of the American Joint Committee on Cancer staging system for cutaneous melanoma. J Clin Oncol 2001; 19:3635-48. [PMID: 11504745 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2001.19.16.3635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1776] [Impact Index Per Article: 77.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To revise the staging system for cutaneous melanoma under the auspices of the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC). MATERIALS AND METHODS The prognostic factors analysis described in the companion publication (this issue), as well as evidence from the published literature, was used to assemble the tumor-node-metastasis criteria and stage grouping for the melanoma staging system. RESULTS Major changes include (1) melanoma thickness and ulceration but not level of invasion to be used in the T category (except for T1 melanomas); (2) the number of metastatic lymph nodes rather than their gross dimensions and the delineation of clinically occult (ie, microscopic) versus clinically apparent (ie, macroscopic) nodal metastases to be used in the N category; (3) the site of distant metastases and the presence of elevated serum lactic dehydrogenase to be used in the M category; (4) an upstaging of all patients with stage I, II, and III disease when a primary melanoma is ulcerated; (5) a merging of satellite metastases around a primary melanoma and in-transit metastases into a single staging entity that is grouped into stage III disease; and (6) a new convention for defining clinical and pathologic staging so as to take into account the staging information gained from intraoperative lymphatic mapping and sentinel node biopsy. CONCLUSION This revision will become official with publication of the sixth edition of the AJCC Cancer Staging Manual in the year 2002.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Balch
- Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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Ekmekcioglu S, Ellerhorst J, Smid CM, Prieto VG, Munsell M, Buzaid AC, Grimm EA. Inducible nitric oxide synthase and nitrotyrosine in human metastatic melanoma tumors correlate with poor survival. Clin Cancer Res 2000; 6:4768-75. [PMID: 11156233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
Despite recognition of the malignant potential of human melanomas, the mechanisms responsible for the pathobiological characteristics contributing to tumor growth, vascular invasiveness, and distant organ metastasis remain undefined. Recent studies have shown that various human tumors express an inducible form of nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and nitrotyrosine (NT), which suggests a mechanistic role of tumor-associated nitric oxide (NO) in tumorigenesis. We investigated iNOS and NT expression by immunohistochemistry in 20 human metastatic melanoma tissue specimens specifically with respect to iNOS-expressing cell types in the tumor area, pathological and clinical response to systemic therapy, potential role as a prognostic indicator, and NT formation. Our results showed that melanoma cells from 12 of 20 tumors express iNOS, yet the expression of this molecule in the tumor did not correlate with pathological or clinical response to therapy. More importantly, iNOS and NT expression by the melanoma cells strongly correlated with poor survival in patients with stage 3 disease (P < 0.001 and P = 0.020, respectively), suggesting a pathway whereby iNOS might contribute to enhanced tumor progression. In conclusion, our findings strongly suggest that iNOS expression has potential to be considered as a prognostic factor and NO as a critical mediator of an aggressive tumor phenotype in human metastatic melanomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ekmekcioglu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, University of Texas, M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston 77030, USA
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Gershenwald JE, Buzaid AC, Ross MI. Classification and staging of melanoma. Clin Lab Med 2000; 20:785-815. [PMID: 11221515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Abstract
Although a standardized and uniformly accepted cancer staging system is an essential and fundamental requirement to enable meaningful comparisons across patient populations, the sometimes capricious biologic behavior of melanoma makes developing such a staging system particularly difficult. Since the earliest well-documented attempts at classifying patients with cutaneous melanoma were described more than 50 years ago, the identification of increasingly powerful prognostic factors has led to sequential modifications of the cutaneous melanoma staging system. The current AJCC staging system is based on relatively well-established prognostic factors; however, several recent reports have identified additional prognostic factors not included in the current system, and other studies support the re-evaluation of some of the currently employed staging criteria. Some of the more controversial areas include the relevance of level of invasion versus tumor thickness, optimal cutoffs for tumor thickness, importance of ulceration, the grouping of satellites with in-transit metastases, the inclusion of microsatellites and local recurrences as a separate staging criterion, the replacement of size of nodal mass with number of positive nodes, the importance of nodal metastases in more than one nodal basin, and the prognostic significance of distant metastases. Future modifications of the staging system are anticipated to better incorporate these observations. Stage-specific staging recommendations for the patient with melanoma provide the clinician with a framework to most efficiently assess extent of disease in an era of cost-conscious clinical practice. In the asymptomatic patient with primary melanoma (stage I or II), we recommend a chest roentgenogram and evaluation of alkaline phosphatase and LDH levels; extensive radiologic evaluations are not indicated, because the rate of detection in this population is extremely low. Additional staging information should also be obtained by the technique of lymphatic mapping and sentinel lymphadenectomy. For patients with local-regional disease (stage III, satellites, and local recurrence), a selective approach to imaging studies is warranted. For this patient population, we recommend complete blood count, liver function tests including alkaline phosphatase and LDH, a chest roentgenogram, and a CT scan of the abdomen. Although the yield of these tests, particularly CT of the abdomen, in detecting distant metastases in asymptomatic patients is low, they may identify false-positive abnormalities and provide an important baseline for future studies in this high-risk population. For patients with disease below the waist or in the head and neck region, we recommend CT of the pelvis and CT of the neck, respectively. Additional studies should be done only if clinically indicated. Finally, patients with known systemic disease (stage IV) should be more comprehensively evaluated, because the likelihood of detecting asymptomatic metastases is higher. Accordingly, in addition to the work-up outlined previously for stage III patients, we also perform a CT scan of the chest and MR imaging of the brain; other studies (e.g., bone scan, gastrointestinal series) are performed on the basis of symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Gershenwald
- Department of Surgical Oncology, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
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Grimm EA, Smid CM, Lee JJ, Tseng CH, Eton O, Buzaid AC. Unexpected cytokines in serum of malignant melanoma patients during sequential biochemotherapy. Clin Cancer Res 2000; 6:3895-903. [PMID: 11051235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
Biochemotherapy, which combines traditional chemotherapy with immune modulating biologicals, produces an unexpectedly high response rate (>50%) in advanced melanoma patients. We hypothesize that immunological mechanism(s) are responsible for the increased response rate, and particularly that macrophage activation is involved in tumor reduction. Patients were randomized to receive chemotherapy, composed of cisplatin, vinblastine, and dacarbazine (CVD), or biochemotherapy, which is CVD followed by interleukin (IL)-2 and IFN-alpha2b (CVD-BIO). Laboratory analysis was performed on sera from 41 patients from each arm. Measurements of macrophage activation (neopterin), nitric oxide production (nitrite), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), IL-1alpha, IL-1beta, IFN-gamma, IL-6, IL-10, and soluble IL-2 receptor (sIL-2R) were performed. Six of the nine biological responses (nitrite, neopterin, IFN-gamma, IL-6, soluble IL-2R, and IL-10) significantly (P < 0.0002) increased in the CVD-BIO patients but not in the CVD patients. The increased IL-6 (P = 0.04) and IL-10 (P = 0.05) correlated with patient response, but only when the minor responders were included in the analysis. Evidence of macrophage activation was found in CVD-BIO patients and not in those receiving CVD alone. In addition, an unusual cytokine elaboration composed of IL-6, IFN-gamma, IL-10, nitrite, neopterin, and sIL-2R, but not the expected TNF-alpha and IL-1, was detected. A trend of higher increase in IL-6 and IL-10 in patients having clinical response was found, suggesting an incomplete Th2 pattern of cytokine elaboration. These data show that macrophage activation does not appear to be critical in the response to CVD-BIO, but that IL-10 and IL-6 induced by the BIO component of the CVD-BIO were associated with tumor regression, and that their biology should be pursued further in the analysis of mechanism(s) of response.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Grimm
- Department of Cancer Biology University of Texas, M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston 77030, USA
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47
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Gershenwald JE, Fischer D, Buzaid AC. Clinical classification and staging. Clin Plast Surg 2000; 27:361-76, viii. [PMID: 10941558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
The identification of increasingly powerful prognostic factors has led to sequential modifications of the cutaneous melanoma staging system. Changes in the staging system are anticipated as more refined prognostic factors are identified. This article provides an overview of the system, including a brief history and an introduction to recent advances in staging of patients with primary melanoma (i.e., sentinel lymphadenectomy). Practical recommendations for a stage-specific workup for the patient, which are especially important given the need for quality care in an increasingly cost-conscious environment, are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Gershenwald
- Department of Surgical Oncology, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, USA
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Abstract
Cutaneous melanoma is a significant and increasing clinical problem. Knowing accurately the prognosis in a given patient is critical for treatment decisions and for optimal patient education. In this article we discuss the most current information regarding prognostic factors in early-stage and advanced malignant melanoma. Tumor thickness and ulceration are the most important predictors for primary melanoma. Number of positive lymph nodes is the most powerful predictor for stage III patients, and sites of disease and lactase dehydrogenase levels are the most useful predictors in metastatic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Buzaid
- Oncology Center, Hospital Sirio-Libanês, Rua Adma Jafet 91, São Paulo, SP 01308-050, Brazil.
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Eton O, Buzaid AC, Bedikian AY, Smith TM, Papadopoulos NE, Ellerhorst JA, Hibberts JL, Legha SS, Benjamin RS. A Phase II study of ?decrescendo? interleukin-2 plus interferon-?-2a in patients with progressive metastatic melanoma after chemotherapy. Cancer 2000. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0142(20000401)88:7<1703::aid-cncr26>3.0.co;2-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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50
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Eton O, Buzaid AC, Bedikian AY, Smith TM, Papadopoulos NE, Ellerhorst JA, Hibberts JL, Legha SS, Benjamin RS. A phase II study of "decrescendo" interleukin-2 plus interferon-alpha-2a in patients with progressive metastatic melanoma after chemotherapy. Cancer 2000; 88:1703-9. [PMID: 10738230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The authors tested a biotherapy regimen involving recombinant interferon-alpha-2a (rIFN-alpha-2a) and recombinant human interleukin-2 (rhIL-2), given in a "decrescendo" schedule over 5 days, for its activity and toxicity in 21 patients who previously had received chemotherapy for advanced melanoma. METHODS Patients (15 men and 6 women) were given intravenous rhIL-2 at a dose of 18 MIU/m(2) over 6 hours, followed by 18 MIU/m(2) over 12 hours, then 18 MIU/m(2) over 24 hours, and finally 4.5 MIU/m(2)/day for 3 consecutive days. rIFN-alpha-2a (10 MIU/m(2)) was given subcutaneously on Days 1-5. Courses were repeated every 4 weeks. Tumor sites were measured every 8 weeks. Toxicity was recorded using National Cancer Institute Common Toxicity Criteria. RESULTS No major objective responses were noted. The median number of courses given was two. The median time to progression was 2 months and the median survival was 6 months (range, 2-25 months). However, 2 patients with melanoma involving >/= 2 visceral organs (1 with a high baseline serum lactate dehydrogenase level) and a third with soft tissue metastases achieved durable control of disease and were alive a median of 30+ months later. A fourth patient had a palliative response with reversal of melanosis and a survival of 7 months. This regimen was well tolerated and resulted in no serious long term adverse effects. CONCLUSIONS The response rate for this regimen was no greater than 10% with Type I and II errors each not exceeding 10%. Nevertheless, occasional durable control of disease and the nonoverlapping toxicity profile with prior chemotherapy support consideration of this regimen in these patients who have limited second-line treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Eton
- Department of Melanoma/Sarcoma, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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