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Amoyav B, Bloom AI, Goldstein Y, Miller R, Sharam M, Fluksman A, Benny O. Drug-Eluting Porous Embolic Microspheres for Trans-Arterial Delivery of Dual Synergistic Anticancer Therapy for the Treatment of Liver Cancer. Adv Healthc Mater 2023; 12:e2301548. [PMID: 37315950 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202301548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Blockage of blood supply while administering chemotherapy to tumors, using trans-arterial chemoembolization (TACE), is the most common treatment for intermediate and advanced-stage unresectable Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, HCC is characterized by a poor prognosis and high recurrence rates (≈30%), partly due to a hypoxic pro-angiogenic and pro-cancerous microenvironment. This study investigates how modifying tissue stress while improving drug exposure in target organs may maximize the therapeutic outcomes. Porous degradable polymeric microspheres (MS) are designed to obtain a gradual occlusion of the hepatic artery that nourishes the liver, while enabling efficient drug perfusion to the tumor site. The fabricated porous MS are introduced intrahepatically and designed to release a combination therapy of Doxorubicin (DOX) and Tirapazamine (TPZ), which is a hypoxia-activated prodrug. Liver cancer cell lines that are treated with the combination therapy under hypoxia reveal a synergic anti-proliferation effect. An orthotopic liver cancer model, based on N1-S1 hepatoma in rats, is used for the efficacy, biodistribution, and safety studies. Porous DOX-TPZ MS are very effective in suppressing tumor growth in rats, and induction tissue necrosis is associated with high intratumor drug concentrations. Porous particles without drugs show some advantages over nonporous particles, suggesting that morphology may affect the treatment outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benzion Amoyav
- The Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, The Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 91120, Israel
| | - Allan I Bloom
- Department of Medical Imaging-Interventional Radiology, Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, 911200, Israel
| | - Yoel Goldstein
- The Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, The Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 91120, Israel
| | - Rafael Miller
- Department of General Surgery, Kaplan Medical Center, Affiliated to Hebrew University Jerusalem, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Mariana Sharam
- Authority for Biological and Biomedical Models, Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, 911200, Israel
| | - Arnon Fluksman
- The Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, The Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 91120, Israel
| | - Ofra Benny
- The Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, The Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 91120, Israel
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2
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Fluksman A, Lafuente A, Braunstein R, Steinberg E, Friedman N, Yekhin Z, Roca AG, Nogues J, Hazan R, Sepulveda B, Benny O. Modular Drug-Loaded Nanocapsules with Metal Dome Layers as a Platform for Obtaining Synergistic Therapeutic Biological Activities. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2023; 15:50330-50343. [PMID: 37861446 PMCID: PMC10623511 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c07188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Multifunctional drug-loaded polymer-metal nanocapsules have attracted increasing attention in drug delivery due to their multifunctional potential endowed by drug activity and response to physicochemical stimuli. Current chemical synthesis methods of polymer/metal capsules require specific optimization of the different components to produce particles with precise properties, being particularly complex for Janus structures combining polymers and ferromagnetic and highly reactive metals. With the aim to generate tunable synergistic nanotherapeutic actuation with enhanced drug effects, here we demonstrate a versatile hybrid chemical/physical fabrication strategy to incorporate different functional metals with tailored magnetic, optical, or chemical properties on solid drug-loaded polymer nanoparticles. As archetypical examples, we present poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles (diameters 100-150 nm) loaded with paclitaxel, indocyanine green, or erythromycin that are half-capped by either Fe, Au, or Cu layers, respectively, with application in three biomedical models. The Fe coating on paclitaxel-loaded nanocapsules permitted efficient magnetic enhancement of the cancer spheroid assembly, with 40% reduction of the cross-section area after 24 h, as well as a higher paclitaxel effect. In addition, the Fe-PLGA nanocapsules enabled external contactless manipulation of multicellular cancer spheroids with a speed of 150 μm/s. The Au-coated and indocyanine green-loaded nanocapsules demonstrated theranostic potential and enhanced anticancer activity in vitro and in vivo due to noninvasive fluorescence imaging with long penetration near-infrared (NIR) light and simultaneous photothermal-photodynamic actuation, showing a 3.5-fold reduction in the tumor volume growth with only 5 min of NIR illumination. Finally, the Cu-coated erythromycin-loaded nanocapsules exhibited enhanced antibacterial activity with a 2.5-fold reduction in the MIC50 concentration with respect to the free or encapsulated drug. Altogether, this technology can extend a nearly unlimited combination of metals, polymers, and drugs, thus enabling the integration of magnetic, optical, and electrochemical properties in drug-loaded nanoparticles to externally control and improve a wide range of biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnon Fluksman
- Institute
for Drug Research (IDR), School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 9112102 Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Aritz Lafuente
- Catalan
Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and BIST, Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat
Autònoma de Barcelona, Campus UAB, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ron Braunstein
- Institute
of Biomedical and Oral Research (IBOR), Faculty of Dental Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 9112102 Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Eliana Steinberg
- Institute
for Drug Research (IDR), School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 9112102 Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Nethanel Friedman
- Institute
for Drug Research (IDR), School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 9112102 Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Zhanna Yekhin
- Department
of Bone Marrow Transplantation and Cancer Immunotherapy, Hadassah
Medical Center, The Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 9112102 Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Alejandro G. Roca
- Catalan
Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and BIST, Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep Nogues
- Catalan
Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and BIST, Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
- ICREA, Pg. Lluís Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ronen Hazan
- Institute
of Biomedical and Oral Research (IBOR), Faculty of Dental Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 9112102 Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Borja Sepulveda
- Instituto
de Microelectronica de Barcelona (IMB-CNM, CSIC), Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ofra Benny
- Institute
for Drug Research (IDR), School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 9112102 Jerusalem, Israel
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3
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Fluksman A, Lafuente A, Li Z, Sort J, Lope-Piedrafita S, Esplandiu MJ, Nogues J, Roca AG, Benny O, Sepulveda B. Efficient Tumor Eradication at Ultralow Drug Concentration via Externally Controlled and Boosted Metallic Iron Magnetoplasmonic Nanocapsules. ACS Nano 2023; 17:1946-1958. [PMID: 36468629 PMCID: PMC9933591 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c05733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
With the aim to locally enhance the efficacy of cancer nanotherapies, here we present metal iron based magnetoplasmonic drug-loaded nanocapsules (MAPSULES), merging powerful external magnetic concentration in the tumor and efficient photothermal actuation to locally boost the drug therapeutic action at ultralow drug concentrations. The MAPSULES are composed of paclitaxel-loaded polylactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) nanoparticles partially coated by a nanodome shape iron/silica semishell. The iron semishell has been designed to present a ferromagnetic vortex for incorporating a large quantity of ferromagnetic material while maintaining high colloidal stability. The large iron semishell provides very strong magnetic manipulation via magnetophoretic forces, enabling over 10-fold higher trapping efficiency in microfluidic channels than typical superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles. Moreover, the iron semishell exhibits highly damped plasmonic behavior, yielding intense broadband absorbance in the near-infrared biological windows and photothermal efficiency similar to the best plasmonic nanoheaters. The in vivo therapeutic assays in a mouse xenograft tumor model show a high amplification of the therapeutic effects by combining magnetic concentration and photothermal actuation in the tumor, leading to a complete eradication of the tumors at ultralow nanoparticle and drug concentration (equivalent to only 1 mg/kg PLGA nanoparticles containing 8 μg/kg of paclitaxel, i.e., 100-500-fold lower than the therapeutic window of the free and PLGA encapsulated drug and 13-3000-fold lower than current nanotherapies combining paclitaxel and light actuation). These results highlight the strength of this externally controlled and amplified therapeutic approach, which could be applied to locally boost a wide variety of drugs for different diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnon Fluksman
- Institute
for Drug Research (IDR), School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 9190501Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Aritz Lafuente
- Catalan
Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and BIST,
Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat
Autònoma de Barcelona, Campus UAB, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Zhi Li
- Catalan
Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and BIST,
Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Sort
- Universitat
Autònoma de Barcelona, Campus UAB, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
- ICREA, Pg. Lluís Companys 23, 08010Barcelona, Spain
| | - Silvia Lope-Piedrafita
- Universitat
Autònoma de Barcelona, Campus UAB, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria José Esplandiu
- Catalan
Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and BIST,
Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep Nogues
- Catalan
Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and BIST,
Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
- ICREA, Pg. Lluís Companys 23, 08010Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alejandro G. Roca
- Catalan
Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and BIST,
Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ofra Benny
- Institute
for Drug Research (IDR), School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 9190501Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Borja Sepulveda
- Instituto
de Microelectronica de Barcelona (IMB-CNM, CSIC), Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
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4
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Steinberg E, Fluksman A, Zemmour C, Tischenko K, Karsch-Bluman A, Brill-Karniely Y, Birsner AE, D'Amato RJ, Benny O. Low dose amiodarone reduces tumor growth and angiogenesis. Sci Rep 2020; 10:18034. [PMID: 33093573 PMCID: PMC7582908 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-75142-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Amiodarone is an anti-arrhythmic drug that was approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 1985. Pre-clinical studies suggest that Amiodarone induces cytotoxicity in several types of cancer cells, thus making it a potential candidate for use as an anti-cancer treatment. However, it is also known to cause a variety of severe side effects. We hypothesized that in addition to the cytotoxic effects observed in cancer cells Amiodarone also has an indirect effect on angiogensis, a key factor in the tumor microenvironment. In this study, we examined Amiodarone's effects on a murine tumor model comprised of U-87 MG glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) cells, known to form highly vascularized tumors. We performed several in vitro assays using tumor and endothelial cells, along with in vivo assays utilizing three murine models. Low dose Amiodarone markedly reduced the size of GBM xenograft tumors and displayed a strong anti-angiogenic effect, suggesting dual cancer fighting properties. Our findings lay the ground for further research of Amiodarone as a possible clinical agent that, used in safe doses, maintains its dual properties while averting the drug's harmful side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliana Steinberg
- The Institute for Drug Research, The School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Arnon Fluksman
- The Institute for Drug Research, The School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Chalom Zemmour
- The Institute for Drug Research, The School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Katerina Tischenko
- The Institute for Drug Research, The School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Adi Karsch-Bluman
- The Institute for Drug Research, The School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Yifat Brill-Karniely
- The Institute for Drug Research, The School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Amy E Birsner
- Vascular Biology Program, Department of Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Robert J D'Amato
- Vascular Biology Program, Department of Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ofra Benny
- The Institute for Drug Research, The School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel.
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5
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Fluksman A, Steinberg E, Orehov N, Shai E, Lahiani A, Katzhendler J, Marcinkiewicz C, Lazarovici P, Benny O. Integrin α 2β 1-Targeted Self-Assembled Nanocarriers for Tumor Bioimaging. ACS Appl Bio Mater 2020; 3:6059-6070. [DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.0c00662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Arnon Fluksman
- Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91121, Israel
| | - Eliana Steinberg
- Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91121, Israel
| | - Natalie Orehov
- Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91121, Israel
| | - Ela Shai
- Department of Hematology, Coagulation Unit, Hadassah−Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem 91121, Israel
| | - Adi Lahiani
- Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91121, Israel
| | - Jehoshua Katzhendler
- Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91121, Israel
| | - Cezary Marcinkiewicz
- Department of Biology, Temple University College of Science and Technology, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, United States
| | - Philip Lazarovici
- Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91121, Israel
| | - Ofra Benny
- Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91121, Israel
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6
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Lazarovici P, Lahiani A, Gincberg G, Haham D, Fluksman A, Benny O, Marcinkiewicz C, Lelkes PI. Nerve Growth Factor-Induced Angiogenesis: 1. Endothelial Cell Tube Formation Assay. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1727:239-250. [PMID: 29222786 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7571-6_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Nerve growth factor (NGF) is a neurotrophin promoting survival, proliferation, differentiation, and neuroprotection in the embryonal and adult nervous system. NGF also induces angiogenic effects in the cardiovascular system, which may be beneficial in engineering new blood vessels and for developing novel anti-angiogenesis therapies for cancer. Angiogenesis is a cellular process characterized by a number of events, including endothelial cell migration, invasion, and assembly into capillaries. In vitro endothelial tube formation assays are performed using primary human umbilical vein endothelial cells, human aortic endothelial cells, and other human or rodent primary endothelial cells isolated from the vasculature of both tumors and normal tissues. Immortalized endothelial cell lines are also used for these assays. When seeded onto Matrigel, these cells reorganize to create tubelike structure, which may be used as models for studying some aspects of in vitro angiogenesis. Image acquisition by light and fluorescence microscopy and/or quantification of fluorescently labeled cells can be carried out manually or digitally, using commercial software and automated image processing. Here we detail materials, procedure, assay conditions, and cell labeling for quantification of endothelial cell tube formation. This model can be applied to study cellular and molecular mechanisms by which NGF or other neurotrophins promote angiogenesis. This model may also be useful for the development of potential angiogenic and/or anti-angiogenic drugs targeting NGF receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Lazarovici
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Institute for Drug Research, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel.
| | - Adi Lahiani
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Institute for Drug Research, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Galit Gincberg
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Institute for Drug Research, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Dikla Haham
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Institute for Drug Research, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Arnon Fluksman
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Institute for Drug Research, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ofra Benny
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Institute for Drug Research, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Cezary Marcinkiewicz
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Peter I Lelkes
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Larush L, Kaner I, Fluksman A, Tamsut A, Pawar AA, Lesnovski P, Benny O, Magdassi S. 3D printing of responsive hydrogels for drug-delivery systems. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.2217/3dp-2017-0009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
3D printing technology has enabled unprecedented flexibility in the design and manufacturing of complex objects, which can be utilized in personalized and programmable medicine. The aim of this study is to evaluate the potential of 3D printing by digital light processing to fabricate drug-loaded systems with special designs and unique drug-release characteristics, which otherwise are not possible to fabricate by conventional pharmaceutical manufacturing methods. Oral dosage forms of pH responsive hydrogels were 3D printed using acrylic acid monomer, cross-linker (polyethylene glycol diacrylate) and photoinitiator (2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl-diphenylphosphine oxide [TPO] nanoparticles). Sulforhodamine B, a pH independent fluorescent dye, was used to model a small molecule hydrophilic drug. The printed structures exhibited pH responsive swelling and the effect of pH and tablets’ surface area were studied on drug release. The tablets showed higher swelling and faster drug release at higher pH, making them a promising system for enhancing drug absorption in the intestine. Structures with large surface area and complex structures showed enhanced swelling and faster drug release and vice versa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liraz Larush
- Casali Center of Applied Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Givat Ram, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Inon Kaner
- Department of Medicine, Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Arnon Fluksman
- Department of Medicine, Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Aviad Tamsut
- Department of Medicine, Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Amol Ashok Pawar
- Casali Center of Applied Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Givat Ram, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Polina Lesnovski
- Casali Center of Applied Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Givat Ram, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Ofra Benny
- Department of Medicine, Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Shlomo Magdassi
- Casali Center of Applied Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Givat Ram, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
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