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Rodríguez-Guerrero LA, Pérez-Urdiales I, Escrig-Piñol A, Jiménez-Lasserrotte MDM, Pastor-Bravo MDM, Mateos JT, Briones-Vozmediano E. Water insecurity among seasonal agriculture workers: perspectives from Spanish professionals. Int J Equity Health 2024; 23:31. [PMID: 38365766 PMCID: PMC10874045 DOI: 10.1186/s12939-024-02112-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Migrant seasonal agricultural workers face conditions of material vulnerability such as inadequate housing difficulties prevent access to running water supplies. The purpose of this study is to explore the perceptions of professionals involved in the care and support of seasonal migrant agricultural workers, as it relates to water access and water consumption and their impact on these workers' health, in a context of COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS A qualitative exploratory and descriptive study was conducted in 2021 as part of a larger research project, based on 63 personal semi-structured interviews with professionals who provided support to seasonal migrant agricultural workers in three Spanish autonomous regions. COREQ checklist was used for reporting. The interviews were recorded, transcribed, and imported into ATLAS.ti-9 for an inductive thematic analysis. RESULTS The results have been structured into two main themes: (1) Accessing and obtaining water; and (2) Health problems related to water consumption. Seasonal migrant agricultural workers experience barriers to obtaining safe water for hygiene, cleaning, food preparation and drinking. The implementation of regulations to reduce COVID-19 transmission resulted in improved hygiene levels in the migrants' quarters, including access to safe drinking water. CONCLUSION This study suggests that water insecurity experienced by migrant seasonal agricultural workers in Spain results from their poor living conditions and causes health problems related to a lack of hygiene and the use of unsafe water. Sustainable solutions are needed beyond the pandemic in order to provide migrant workers with adequate living conditions and ensure their water needs are fulfilled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Alejandro Rodríguez-Guerrero
- Health Care Research Group (GRECS), Biomedical Research Institute (IRB) of Lleida, Dr. Pifarré Foundation, Lleida, Spain
- Department of Nursing and Physiotherapy, University of Lleida, Lleida, Spain
| | - Iratxe Pérez-Urdiales
- Department of Nursing, University of the Basque Country, Member of the Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Astrid Escrig-Piñol
- ESIMar (Mar Nursing School), Universitat Pompeu Fabra-affiliated, Parc de Salut Mar, Barcelona, Spain
- SDHEd (Social Determinants and Health Education Research Group), IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - María Del Mar Pastor-Bravo
- Department of Nursing, University of Murcia, Cartagena, Murcia, Spain
- ENFERAVANZA, Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB-Arrixaca), Murcia, Spain
| | - José Tomás Mateos
- Health Care Research Group (GRECS), Biomedical Research Institute (IRB) of Lleida, Dr. Pifarré Foundation, Lleida, Spain.
- Department of Nursing and Physiotherapy, University of Lleida, Lleida, Spain.
- Society, Health, Education and Culture Research Group (GESEC), University of Lleida, Lleida, Spain.
| | - Erica Briones-Vozmediano
- Health Care Research Group (GRECS), Biomedical Research Institute (IRB) of Lleida, Dr. Pifarré Foundation, Lleida, Spain
- Department of Nursing and Physiotherapy, University of Lleida, Lleida, Spain
- Society, Health, Education and Culture Research Group (GESEC), University of Lleida, Lleida, Spain
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2
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Bosmans K, Vignola EF, Álvarez-López V, Julià M, Ahonen EQ, Bolíbar M, Gutiérrez-Zamora M, Ivarsson L, Kvart S, Muntaner C, O'Campo P, Ruiz ME, Vänerhagen K, Cuervo I, Davis L, Diaz I, Escrig-Piñol A, Gunn V, Lewchuk W, Östergren PO, Padrosa E, Vílchez D, Vives A, Vos M, Zaupa A, Bodin T, Baron SL. Experiences of insecurity among non-standard workers across different welfare states: A qualitative cross-country study. Soc Sci Med 2023; 327:115970. [PMID: 37210981 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2023.115970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
In recent decades, economic crises and political reforms focused on employment flexibilization have increased the use of non-standard employment (NSE). National political and economic contexts determine how employers interact with labour and how the state interacts with labour markets and manages social welfare policies. These factors influence the prevalence of NSE and the level of employment insecurity it creates, but the extent to which a country's policy context mitigates the health influences of NSE is unclear. This study describes how workers experience insecurities created by NSE, and how this influences their health and well-being, in countries with different welfare states: Belgium, Canada, Chile, Spain, Sweden, and the United States. Interviews with 250 workers in NSE were analysed using a multiple-case study approach. Workers in all countries experienced multiple insecurities (e.g., income and employment insecurity) and relational tension with employers/clients, with negative health and well-being influences, in ways that were shaped by social inequalities (e.g., related to family support or immigration status). Welfare state differences were reflected in the level of workers' exclusion from social protections, the time scale of their insecurity (threatening daily survival or longer-term life planning), and their ability to derive a sense of control from NSE. Workers in Belgium, Sweden, and Spain, countries with more generous welfare states, navigated these insecurities with greater success and with less influence on health and well-being. Findings contribute to our understanding of the health and well-being influences of NSE across different welfare regimes and suggest the need in all six countries for stronger state responses to NSE. Increased investment in universal and more equal rights and benefits in NSE could reduce the widening gap between standard and NSE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Bosmans
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Department of Sociology, Interface Demography, Pleinlaan 2, 1050, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Emilia F Vignola
- City University of New York Graduate School of Public Health and Health Policy, Department of Community Health and Social Sciences, 55 West 125th Street, New York, NY, 10027, United States.
| | | | - Mireia Julià
- ESIMar (Mar Nursing School), PSMAR, Universitat Pompeu Fabra-affiliated, C/ Doctor Aiguader 80, 08003, Barcelona, Spain; SDHEd (Social Determinants and Health Education Research Group), IMIM (Hospital Del Mar Medical Research Institute), C/ Doctor Aiguader 80, 08003, Barcelona, Spain; Research Group on Health Inequalities, Environment, and Employment Conditions (GREDS-EMCONET), Department of Political and Social Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, C/ Ramon Trias Fargas 25-27, 08005, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Emily Q Ahonen
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Health, Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine. 375 Chipeta Way, Salt Lake City, UT, 84108, United States.
| | - Mireia Bolíbar
- Research Group on Health Inequalities, Environment, and Employment Conditions (GREDS-EMCONET), Department of Political and Social Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, C/ Ramon Trias Fargas 25-27, 08005, Barcelona, Spain; Centre D'Estudis Sociològics Sobre La Vida Quotidiana I El Treball (QUIT), Sociology Department, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Cerdanyola Del, Vallès, Spain.
| | - Mariana Gutiérrez-Zamora
- Research Group on Health Inequalities, Environment, and Employment Conditions (GREDS-EMCONET), Department of Political and Social Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, C/ Ramon Trias Fargas 25-27, 08005, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Lars Ivarsson
- Karlstad Business School at Karlstad University. 65188, Karlstad, Sweden.
| | - Signild Kvart
- Unit of Occupational Medicine, Institute of Environmental Medicine (IMM), Karolinska Institutet, 11365, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Carles Muntaner
- Lawrence S. Bloomberg Faculty of Nursing, St. George Campus, 155 College, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Patricia O'Campo
- Unit of Occupational Medicine, Institute of Environmental Medicine (IMM), Karolinska Institutet, 11365, Stockholm, Sweden; Lawrence S. Bloomberg Faculty of Nursing, St. George Campus, 155 College, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; MAP Centre for Urban Health Solutions, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, Unity Health Toronto, 30 Bond Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5B 1W8, Canada.
| | - Marisol E Ruiz
- Department of Public Health, School of Medicine, Universidad Austral, Valdivia, 5090000, Chile.
| | | | - Isabel Cuervo
- Barry Commoner Center for Health and the Environment, Queens College, City University of New York, 311 Remsen Hall, 65-30 Kissena Blvd, Queens, NY, 11367, United States.
| | - Letitia Davis
- Retired, MA Department of Public Health, United States.
| | - Ignacio Diaz
- Department of Public Health, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, 8330077, Chile.
| | - Astrid Escrig-Piñol
- ESIMar (Mar Nursing School), PSMAR, Universitat Pompeu Fabra-affiliated, C/ Doctor Aiguader 80, 08003, Barcelona, Spain; SDHEd (Social Determinants and Health Education Research Group), IMIM (Hospital Del Mar Medical Research Institute), C/ Doctor Aiguader 80, 08003, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Virginia Gunn
- Unit of Occupational Medicine, Institute of Environmental Medicine (IMM), Karolinska Institutet, 11365, Stockholm, Sweden; MAP Centre for Urban Health Solutions, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, Unity Health Toronto, 30 Bond Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5B 1W8, Canada; School of Nursing, Cape Breton University, Sydney, NS B1M 1A2, Canada.
| | - Wayne Lewchuk
- Department of Economics and School of Labour Studies, McMaster University. 1280 Main St. West, Hamilton, L8S4M4, Canada.
| | - Per-Olof Östergren
- Social Medicine and Global Health, Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Jan Waldenströms Gata 35, SE, 20502, Malmö, Sweden.
| | - Eva Padrosa
- ESIMar (Mar Nursing School), PSMAR, Universitat Pompeu Fabra-affiliated, C/ Doctor Aiguader 80, 08003, Barcelona, Spain; SDHEd (Social Determinants and Health Education Research Group), IMIM (Hospital Del Mar Medical Research Institute), C/ Doctor Aiguader 80, 08003, Barcelona, Spain; Research Group on Health Inequalities, Environment, and Employment Conditions (GREDS-EMCONET), Department of Political and Social Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, C/ Ramon Trias Fargas 25-27, 08005, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - David Vílchez
- Research Group on Health Inequalities, Environment, and Employment Conditions (GREDS-EMCONET), Department of Political and Social Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, C/ Ramon Trias Fargas 25-27, 08005, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Alejandra Vives
- Department of Public Health, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, 8330077, Chile; CEDEUS-Center for Sustainable Urban Development, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, 7520246, Chile.
| | - Mattias Vos
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Department of Sociology, Interface Demography, Pleinlaan 2, 1050, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Alessandro Zaupa
- Department of Public Health, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, 8330077, Chile.
| | - Theo Bodin
- Unit of Occupational Medicine, Institute of Environmental Medicine (IMM), Karolinska Institutet, 11365, Stockholm, Sweden; Center for Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Stockholm Region, 11365, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Sherry L Baron
- Barry Commoner Center for Health and the Environment, Queens College, City University of New York, 311 Remsen Hall, 65-30 Kissena Blvd, Queens, NY, 11367, United States.
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Padrosa E, Julià M, Bolíbar M, Gutiérrez-Zamora M, Escrig-Piñol A. Non-standard employment and mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic in Spain: a qualitative study. Eur J Public Health 2022. [DOI: 10.1093/eurpub/ckac131.268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
The COVID-19 pandemic entailed a deep economic crisis that affected working populations globally. However, non-standard workers (NSW, understood as workers with temporary contracts, not working full-time, self-employed or not paying taxes/making active pension contributions) were more severely hit than workers with more stable and protected jobs. The aim of this study thus was to explore the experiences of NSW during the pandemic and how these affected their mental health in Spain, one of the countries in Europe with the highest shares of temporary and self-employment and the one that applied the most restrictive containment measures during the first waves of the pandemic.
Methods
As part of a larger multi-country study, 41 semi-structured interviews with NSW aged 25-55 were conducted between March-July 2021 and analyzed thematically.
Results
Analyses revealed that job loss or insecurity and subsequent reductions in income were central to the experience of NSW during the pandemic in Spain, which affected their mental health negatively. Both the existing social protection framework and the policies deployed during the pandemic to outweigh these consequences were perceived by NSW as insufficient or could not access them due to their condition of NSW. This was particularly the case for self-employed and temporary agency workers. Moreover, NSW expressed that containment measures and reductions in income prevented them from engaging in activities to cope with such adversities, aggravating their mental health.
Conclusions
These findings suggest that, in Spain, the pandemic intensified but also made more visible the defenselessness of NSW (especially self-employed and temporary agency workers) in terms of social protection in the event of sudden unemployment or reductions in income. This situation had harmful consequences for their mental health. Yet, new policies and measures fall short in fitting the necessities of an increasing share of the workforce.
Key messages
• In Spain, non-standard workers are more vulnerable to and defenseless against sudden unemployment or reductions in income.
• The pandemic intensified this problem and put them at higher risk of suffering from poor mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Padrosa
- ESIMar, Parc de Salut Mar, Universitat Pompeu Fabra , Barcelona, Spain
- SDHEd, IMIM , Barcelona, Spain
- GREDS, Universitat Pompeu Fabra , Barcelona, Spain
| | - M Julià
- ESIMar, Parc de Salut Mar, Universitat Pompeu Fabra , Barcelona, Spain
- SDHEd, IMIM , Barcelona, Spain
- GREDS, Universitat Pompeu Fabra , Barcelona, Spain
| | - M Bolíbar
- Department of Sociology, Universitat de Barcelona , Barcelona, Spain
- GREDS, Universitat Pompeu Fabra , Barcelona, Spain
| | - M Gutiérrez-Zamora
- GREDS, Universitat Pompeu Fabra , Barcelona, Spain
- JHU-UPF Public Policy Center, Universitat Pompeu Fabra , Barcelona, Spain
| | - A Escrig-Piñol
- ESIMar, Parc de Salut Mar, Universitat Pompeu Fabra , Barcelona, Spain
- SDHEd, IMIM , Barcelona, Spain
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4
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Urrego-Parra HN, Rodriguez-Guerrero LA, Pastells-Peiró R, Mateos-García JT, Gea-Sanchez M, Escrig-Piñol A, Briones-Vozmediano E. The Health of Migrant Agricultural Workers in Europe: A Scoping Review. J Immigr Minor Health 2022; 24:1580-1589. [PMID: 35133580 DOI: 10.1007/s10903-022-01330-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Agriculture is a niche market for migrant workers, and one of the sectors with the highest rates of accidents, deaths and work-related health problems. To review and synthesize existing literature on the health conditions of international migrant agricultural workers in Europe. A scoping review of scientific literature published until March 2021 was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, WoS and OpenGrey, following Arksey & O'Malley's theoretical framework where 5894 references were retrieved and screened. Nineteen articles were selected, reviewed and synthetized. The country with the highest number of studies published (n = 9) was Spain. The design of the studies was mainly cross-sectional (n = 13). The main health problems identified were: lower back pain and other musculoskeletal problems, dermatitis, gastrointestinal and respiratory infections, anxiety, stress, depression and barriers to access healthcare services. Migrant agricultural workers are a neglected population with conditions of vulnerability and precariousness, physical and mental health problems and poor working conditions. Interventions to reduce or eliminate language, cultural and administrative barriers to ensure access to healthcare services are needed, as well as designing a common European framework to protect the rights of migrant agricultural workers and their families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidy Natalia Urrego-Parra
- Research Group Health and Care of Collectives, Faculty of Nursing, Nacional University of Colombia, Bogotá, DC, Colombia
| | | | - Roland Pastells-Peiró
- Department of Nursing and Physiotherapy, University of Lleida, Lleida, Spain.,Health Care Research Group (GRECS) - Biomedical Research Institut (IRB) Lleida- Dr. Pifarre Foundation, Lleida, Spain.,Society, Health, Education and Culture Research Group (GESEC) of the University of Lleida, Lleida, Spain
| | - José Tomás Mateos-García
- Department of Nursing and Physiotherapy, University of Lleida, Lleida, Spain.,Health Care Research Group (GRECS) - Biomedical Research Institut (IRB) Lleida- Dr. Pifarre Foundation, Lleida, Spain.,Society, Health, Education and Culture Research Group (GESEC) of the University of Lleida, Lleida, Spain
| | - Montserrat Gea-Sanchez
- Department of Nursing and Physiotherapy, University of Lleida, Lleida, Spain. .,Health Care Research Group (GRECS) - Biomedical Research Institut (IRB) Lleida- Dr. Pifarre Foundation, Lleida, Spain. .,Society, Health, Education and Culture Research Group (GESEC) of the University of Lleida, Lleida, Spain.
| | - Astrid Escrig-Piñol
- ESIMar (Higher School of Nursing of the Sea), PSMAR (Centre affiliated to the Universitat Pompeu Fabra), Barcelona, Spain.,SDHEd (Research Group On Social Determinants and Health Education), IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, España
| | - Erica Briones-Vozmediano
- Department of Nursing and Physiotherapy, University of Lleida, Lleida, Spain.,Health Care Research Group (GRECS) - Biomedical Research Institut (IRB) Lleida- Dr. Pifarre Foundation, Lleida, Spain.,Society, Health, Education and Culture Research Group (GESEC) of the University of Lleida, Lleida, Spain
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5
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Briones-Vozmediano E, Andrés-Cabello S, Escrig-Piñol A, González-Rodríguez JA, Jiménez-Lasserrotte MDM, Julià-Travería R, Loezar-Hernández M, Tomás Mateos J, Pastells-Peiró R, Pastor-Bravo MDM, Pedreño-Cánovas A, Pérez-Urdiales I. [Agricultural work and migration in Spain: socio-labour precariousness and health (AGROMISALUD project)]. Gac Sanit 2021; 36:74-77. [PMID: 34656368 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaceta.2021.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the influence of job insecurity and social exclusion on the health of migrant men and women working in the agricultural sector in Spain. METHOD Qualitative and quantitative data will be collected in four Spanish autonomous regions (Catalonia, La Rioja, Murcia, and Andalusia) between 2021 and 2022. First, semi-structured personal interviews with at least 40 professional key informants or experts (from NGOs, associations, health, social services, trade unions, agricultural cooperatives, politics, and cultural mediators). Second, semi-structured personal interviews combined with participatory techniques (body mapping and photovoice) will be conducted with 40 migrant men and women working in agriculture. Thirdly, a cross-sectional study with an estimated sample of 400-500 migrants working in agriculture, based on the National Health Survey and the Living Conditions Survey.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica Briones-Vozmediano
- Departamento y Facultad de Enfermería y Fisioterapia, Universidad de Lleida, Lleida, España; Grup de Recerca en Cures de la Salut (GRECS), Institut de Recerca Biomèdica de Lleida, Fundación Pifarré, Lleida, España; Grupo de Estudios Sociedad, Salud, Educación y Cultura (GESEC), Universitat de Lleida, Lleida, España.
| | - Sergio Andrés-Cabello
- Departamento de Ciencias Humanas, Área de Sociología, Universidad de La Rioja, La Rioja, España
| | - Astrid Escrig-Piñol
- ESIMar (Escuela Superior de Enfermería del Mar), PSMAR (Centro adscrito a la Universitat Pompeu Fabra), SDHEd (Grupo de Investigación en Determinantes Sociales y Educación en Salud), IMIM (Instituto Hospital del Mar de Investigaciones Médicas), Barcelona, España
| | - Juan Agustín González-Rodríguez
- Departamento de Pedagogía, Universidad de Lleida, Lleida, España; Grup de Recerca Anàlisi Social i Educativa (GR-ASE), Universidad de Lleida, Lleida, España
| | | | - Ramon Julià-Travería
- Grup de Recerca Anàlisi Social i Educativa (GR-ASE), Universidad de Lleida, Lleida, España; Departamento de Geografía y Sociología, Universidad de Lleida, Lleida, España
| | - Mariana Loezar-Hernández
- Departamento y Facultad de Enfermería y Fisioterapia, Universidad de Lleida, Lleida, España; Grup de Recerca en Cures de la Salut (GRECS), Institut de Recerca Biomèdica de Lleida, Fundación Pifarré, Lleida, España; Grupo de Estudios Sociedad, Salud, Educación y Cultura (GESEC), Universitat de Lleida, Lleida, España
| | - José Tomás Mateos
- Departamento y Facultad de Enfermería y Fisioterapia, Universidad de Lleida, Lleida, España; Grup de Recerca en Cures de la Salut (GRECS), Institut de Recerca Biomèdica de Lleida, Fundación Pifarré, Lleida, España; Grupo de Estudios Sociedad, Salud, Educación y Cultura (GESEC), Universitat de Lleida, Lleida, España
| | - Roland Pastells-Peiró
- Departamento y Facultad de Enfermería y Fisioterapia, Universidad de Lleida, Lleida, España; Grup de Recerca en Cures de la Salut (GRECS), Institut de Recerca Biomèdica de Lleida, Fundación Pifarré, Lleida, España; Grupo de Estudios Sociedad, Salud, Educación y Cultura (GESEC), Universitat de Lleida, Lleida, España
| | - María Del Mar Pastor-Bravo
- Departamento de Enfermería, Universidad de Murcia, Cartagena (Murcia), España; ENFERAVANZA, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB-Arrixaca), Murcia, España
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