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Sandler RD, Vital EM, Mahmoud K, Prabu A, Riddell C, Teh LS, Edwards CJ, Yee CS. Revision to the musculoskeletal domain of the BILAG-2004 index to incorporate ultrasound findings. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2024; 63:498-505. [PMID: 37225418 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/kead241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To improve the definitions of inflammatory arthritis within the musculoskeletal (MSK) domain of the BILAG-2004 index by incorporating imaging findings and clinical features predictive of response to treatment. METHODS The BILAG MSK Subcommittee proposed revisions to the BILAG-2004 index definitions of inflammatory arthritis, based on review of evidence in two recent studies. Data from these studies were pooled and analysed to determine the impact of the proposed changes on the severity grading of inflammatory arthritis. RESULTS The revised definition for severe inflammatory arthritis includes definition of 'basic activities of daily living'. For moderate inflammatory arthritis, it now includes synovitis, defined by either observed joint swelling or MSK US evidence of inflammation in joints and surrounding structures. For mild inflammatory arthritis, the definition now includes reference to symmetrical distribution of affected joints and guidance on how US may help re-classify patients as moderate or no inflammatory arthritis. Data from two recent SLE trials were analysed (219 patients). A total of 119 (54.3%) were graded as having mild inflammatory arthritis (BILAG-2004 Grade C). Of these, 53 (44.5%) had evidence of joint inflammation (synovitis or tenosynovitis) on US. Applying the new definition increased the number of patients classified as moderate inflammatory arthritis from 72 (32.9%) to 125 (57.1%), while patients with normal US (n = 66/119) could be recategorized as BILAG-2004 Grade D (inactive disease). CONCLUSIONS Proposed changes to the definitions of inflammatory arthritis in the BILAG-2004 index will result in more accurate classification of patients who are more or less likely to respond to treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert D Sandler
- Department of Rheumatology, Doncaster and Bassetlaw, Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Doncaster, UK
| | - Edward M Vital
- NIHR Leeds Biomedical Research Centre, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, UK
- Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Khaled Mahmoud
- NIHR Leeds Biomedical Research Centre, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, UK
- Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Athiveeraramapandian Prabu
- Department of Rheumatology, Sandwell and West, Birmingham Hospitals NHS Trust, Birmingham, UK
- Rheumatology Research Group, Institute of Inflammation and Aging, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Claire Riddell
- Department of Rheumatology, Musgrave Park Hospital, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust, Belfast, UK
| | - Lee-Suan Teh
- Department of Rheumatology, Royal Blackburn Teaching Hospital, East Lancashire Hospitals NHS Trust, Blackburn, UK
- Faculty of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK
| | - Christopher J Edwards
- NIHR Southampton Clinical Research Facility, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
| | - Chee-Seng Yee
- Department of Rheumatology, Doncaster and Bassetlaw, Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Doncaster, UK
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Mishra D, Kashyap A, Srivastav T, Yadav A, Pandey S, Majhi MM, Verma K, Prabu A, Singh V. Enzymatic and biochemical properties of lens in age-related cataract versus diabetic cataract: A narrative review. Indian J Ophthalmol 2023; 71:2379-2384. [PMID: 37322647 PMCID: PMC10417962 DOI: 10.4103/ijo.ijo_1784_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Cataract is the leading cause of blindness worldwide. There is an increased incidence of cataract formation in the diabetic population due to several factors. Diabetes mellitus accelerates the development of cataract. Oxidative stress results in most of the diabetic complications including diabetic cataract. Oxidative stress leading to the expression of various enzymes has also been proven as crucial for cataractous changes in the lens in old age. A narrative review was undertaken to investigate the expression of different biochemical parameters as well as enzymes in diabetic and senile cataracts. Identification of these parameters is crucial for the prevention and treatment of blindness. Combinations of MeSH terms and key words were used to do literature search in PubMed. The search resulted 35 articles and among them, 13 were relevant to the topic and were included in synthesis of results. Seventeen different types of enzymes were identified in the senile and diabetic cataracts. Seven biochemical parameters were also identified. Alteration in biochemical parameters and expression of enzymes were comparable. Majority of the parameters were raised or altered in diabetic cataract compared to senile cataract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak Mishra
- Regional Institute of Ophthalmology, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Anurag Kashyap
- Regional Institute of Ophthalmology, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Tanmay Srivastav
- MAA Vindhyavasini Autonomous State Medical College, Mirzapur, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Archana Yadav
- Regional Institute of Ophthalmology, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Swasti Pandey
- Regional Institute of Ophthalmology, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | | | - Kirti Verma
- Regional Institute of Ophthalmology, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - A Prabu
- Government Tiruvannamalai Medical College and Hospital, Tiruvannamalai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Vibha Singh
- Regional Institute of Ophthalmology, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Denton CP, De Lorenzis E, Roblin E, Goldman N, Alcacer-Pitarch B, Blamont E, Buch M, Carulli M, Cotton C, del Galdo F, Derrett-Smith E, Douglas K, Farrington S, Fligelstone K, Gompels L, Griffiths B, Herrick A, Hughes M, Pain C, Pantano G, Pauling J, Prabu A, O’Donoghue N, Renzoni E, Royle J, Samaranayaka M, Spierings J, Tynan A, Warburton L, Ong V. Management of systemic sclerosis: British Society for Rheumatology guideline scope. Rheumatol Adv Pract 2023; 7:rkad022. [PMID: 36923262 PMCID: PMC10010890 DOI: 10.1093/rap/rkad022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
This guideline will provide a practical roadmap for management of SSc that builds upon the previous treatment guideline to incorporate advances in evidence-based treatment and increased knowledge about assessment, classification and management. General approaches to management as well as treatment of specific complications will be covered, including lung, cardiac, renal and gastrointestinal tract disease, as well as RP, digital vasculopathy, skin manifestations, calcinosis and impact on quality of life. It will include guidance related to emerging approved therapies for interstitial lung disease and account for National Health Service England prescribing policies and national guidance relevant to SSc. The guideline will be developed using the methods and processes outlined in Creating Clinical Guidelines: Our Protocol. This development process to produce guidance, advice and recommendations for practice has National Institute for Health and Care Excellence accreditation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher P Denton
- Centre for Rheumatology, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, UK
| | - Enrico De Lorenzis
- Department of Rheumatology, Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Elen Roblin
- Centre for Rheumatology, Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Nina Goldman
- Centre for Rheumatology, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, UK
| | - Begonya Alcacer-Pitarch
- Department of Rheumatology, Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | | | - Maya Buch
- Department of Rheumatology, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Maresa Carulli
- Department of Rheumatology, Hammersmith Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Caroline Cotton
- Department of Rheumatology, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK
| | - Francesco del Galdo
- Department of Rheumatology, Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | | | - Karen Douglas
- Department of Rheumatology, Dudley Group NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Sue Farrington
- Department of Rheumatology, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Kim Fligelstone
- Centre for Rheumatology, Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Luke Gompels
- Department of Rheumatology, Somerset NHS Foundation Trust, Taunton, UK
| | | | - Ariane Herrick
- Department of Rheumatology, Hammersmith Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Michael Hughes
- Department of Rheumatology, Hammersmith Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Clare Pain
- Department of Rheumatology, Alder Hey Children’s Hospital, Liverpool, UK
| | | | - John Pauling
- Department of Rheumatology, North Bristol NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol, UK
| | | | - Nuala O’Donoghue
- Department of Rheumatology, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Salford, UK
| | - Elisabetta Renzoni
- Interstitial Lung Disease Unit, Royal Brompton NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Jeremy Royle
- Department of Rheumatology, University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Leicester, UK
| | | | - Julia Spierings
- Department of Rheumatology, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Aoife Tynan
- Centre for Rheumatology, Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | | | - Voon Ong
- Centre for Rheumatology, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, UK
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Yee CS, Gordon C, Akil M, Lanyon P, Edwards CJ, Isenberg DA, Rahman A, Teh LS, Tosounidou S, Stevens R, Prabu A, Griffiths B, McHugh N, Bruce IN, Ahmad Y, Khamashta MA, Farewell VT. The BILAG-2004 index is associated with development of new damage in SLE. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2023; 62:668-675. [PMID: 35686924 PMCID: PMC9891406 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/keac334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether BILAG-2004 index is associated with the development of damage in a cohort of SLE patients. Mortality and development of damage were examined. METHODS This was a multicentre longitudinal study. Patients were recruited within 12 months of achieving fourth ACR classification criterion for SLE. Data were collected on disease activity, damage, SLE-specific drug exposure, cardiovascular risk factors, antiphospholipid syndrome status and death at every visit. This study ran from 1 January 2005 to 31 December 2017. Descriptive statistics were used to analyse mortality and development of new damage. Poisson regression was used to examine potential explanatory variables for development of new damage. RESULTS A total of 273 SLE patients were recruited with total follow-up of 1767 patient-years (median 73.4 months). There were 6348 assessments with disease activity scores available for analysis. During follow-up, 13 deaths and 114 new damage items (in 83 patients) occurred. The incidence rate for development of damage was higher in the first 3 years before stabilizing at a lower rate. Overall rate for damage accrual was 61.1 per 1000 person-years (95% CI: 50.6, 73.8). Analysis showed that active disease scores according to BILAG-2004 index (systems scores of A or B, counts of systems with A and BILAG-2004 numerical score) were associated with development of new damage. Low disease activity (LDA) states [BILAG-2004 LDA and BILAG Systems Tally (BST) persistent LDA] were inversely associated with development of damage. CONCLUSIONS BILAG-2004 index is associated with new damage. BILAG-2004 LDA and BST persistent LDA can be considered as treatment targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chee-Seng Yee
- Department of Rheumatology, Doncaster and Bassetlaw Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Doncaster
| | - Caroline Gordon
- Rheumatology Research Group, Institute of Inflammation of Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham
| | - Mohammed Akil
- Department of Rheumatology, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Sheffield
| | - Peter Lanyon
- Department of Rheumatology, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham
| | - Christopher J Edwards
- Musculoskeletal Research Unit, NIHR Southampton Clinical Research Facility, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton
| | - David A Isenberg
- Centre For Rheumatology, Division of Medicine, University College London, London
| | - Anisur Rahman
- Centre For Rheumatology, Division of Medicine, University College London, London
| | - Lee-Suan Teh
- Department of Rheumatology, Royal Blackburn Teaching Hospital, Blackburn.,Faculty of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Preston
| | - Sofia Tosounidou
- Department of Rheumatology, Sandwell and West Birmingham Hospitals NHS Trust, Birmingham
| | - Robert Stevens
- Department of Rheumatology, Doncaster and Bassetlaw Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Doncaster
| | | | - Bridget Griffiths
- Department of Rheumatology, Newcastle-upon-Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle-upon-Tyne
| | - Neil McHugh
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Bath
| | - Ian N Bruce
- Centre for Epidemiology Versus Arthritis, The University of Manchester and NIHR Manchester Biomedical Research Centre, Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester
| | - Yasmeen Ahmad
- Department of Rheumatology, Betsi Cadwaladr University Health Board, Wales
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Nair A, Mishra D, Prabu A. Cataract surgical training among residents in India: Results from a survey. Indian J Ophthalmol 2023. [DOI: 10.4103/ijo.ijo_1935_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/10/2023] Open
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Ajibade A, Pandian H, Jain N, Gupta L, Laxminarayan R, Moorthy A, Amarasena R, Cox N, Sapkota H, Kakade G, Elamanchi S, Prabu A, Al-Samaraaie E, Barkham N. Effectiveness and safety of secukinumab in ankylosing spondylitis: real-life data from Midlands Ankylosing Spondylitis Collaboration (MASC). Rheumatol Adv Pract 2023; 7:rkad029. [PMID: 36938322 PMCID: PMC10023240 DOI: 10.1093/rap/rkad029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Adeola Ajibade
- Correspondence to: Adeola Ajibade, Rheumatology Unit, Musgrove Park Hospital, Parkfield Drive, Taunton TA1 5DA, UK. E-mail:
| | - Haridha Pandian
- Rheumatology Department, Royal Wolverhampton Hospitals NHS Trust, Wolverhampton, UK
| | - Nibha Jain
- Rheumatology Department, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester, UK
| | - Latika Gupta
- Rheumatology Department, Royal Wolverhampton Hospitals NHS Trust, Wolverhampton, UK
- Rheumatology Department, City Hospital, Sandwell and West Birmingham Hospitals NHS Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Ramasharan Laxminarayan
- Rheumatology Department, University Hospitals of Derby and Burton NHS Foundation Trust, Derby, UK
| | - Arumugam Moorthy
- Rheumatology Department, City Hospital, Sandwell and West Birmingham Hospitals NHS Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Roshan Amarasena
- Rheumatology Department, The Robert Jones & Agnes Hunt Orthopaedic Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Oswestry, UK
| | - Natasha Cox
- Primary Health Care Sciences, Keele University, Newcastle-under-Lyme, UK
| | - Hem Sapkota
- Rheumatology Department, Royal Wolverhampton Hospitals NHS Trust, Wolverhampton, UK
| | - Girish Kakade
- Rheumatology Department, Royal Wolverhampton Hospitals NHS Trust, Wolverhampton, UK
| | - Srinivasa Elamanchi
- Rheumatology Department, City Hospital, Sandwell and West Birmingham Hospitals NHS Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Athiveeraramapandian Prabu
- Rheumatology Department, City Hospital, Sandwell and West Birmingham Hospitals NHS Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Elaf Al-Samaraaie
- Rheumatology Department, City Hospital, Sandwell and West Birmingham Hospitals NHS Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Nick Barkham
- Rheumatology Department, Royal Wolverhampton Hospitals NHS Trust, Wolverhampton, UK
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Oldroyd AGS, Lilleker JB, Amin T, Aragon O, Bechman K, Cuthbert V, Galloway J, Gordon P, Gregory WJ, Gunawardena H, Hanna MG, Isenberg D, Jackman J, Kiely PDW, Livermore P, Machado PM, Maillard S, McHugh N, Murphy R, Pilkington C, Prabu A, Rushe P, Spinty S, Swan J, Tahir H, Tansley SL, Truepenny P, Truepenny Y, Warrier K, Yates M, Papadopoulou C, Martin N, McCann L, Chinoy H. British Society for Rheumatology guideline on management of paediatric, adolescent and adult patients with idiopathic inflammatory myopathy. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2022; 61:1760-1768. [PMID: 35355064 PMCID: PMC9398208 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/keac115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander G S Oldroyd
- NIHR Manchester Biomedical Research Centre, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK.,Centre for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK.,Centre for Epidemiology Versus Arthritis, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.,Department of Rheumatology, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Salford, UK
| | - James B Lilleker
- Centre for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK.,Manchester Centre for Clinical Neurosciences, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Salford, UK
| | - Tania Amin
- Department of Paediatric Rheumatology, Leeds Children's Hospital, Leeds, UK
| | - Octavio Aragon
- Pharmacy Department, Alder Hey Children's Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK.,School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Katie Bechman
- Centre for Rheumatic Diseases, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Verna Cuthbert
- Department of Paediatric Rheumatology, Royal Manchester Children's Hospital, Manchester, UK
| | - James Galloway
- Centre for Rheumatic Diseases, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Patrick Gordon
- Department of Rheumatology, King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - William J Gregory
- Department of Rheumatology, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Salford, UK.,Department of Health Professions, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
| | - Harsha Gunawardena
- Department of Rheumatology, North Bristol NHS Trust, Bristol, UK.,Department of Clinical and Academic Rheumatology, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Michael G Hanna
- Queen Square Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - David Isenberg
- Department of Rheumatology, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, UK
| | - John Jackman
- Department of Rheumatology, Nuffield Orthopaedic Centre, Oxford, UK
| | - Patrick D W Kiely
- Department of Rheumatology, St George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.,Institute of Medical and Biomedical Education, St George's, University of London, London, UK
| | - Polly Livermore
- Department of Paediatric Rheumatology, Great Ormond Street Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.,NIHR Great Ormond Street and University College London Biomedical Research Centre, London, UK
| | - Pedro M Machado
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, Centre for Rheumatology, University College London, London, UK.,NIHR University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre, University College London Hospitals (UCLH) NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.,Department of Rheumatology, Northwick Park Hospital, London North West University Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Sue Maillard
- Department of Paediatric Rheumatology, Great Ormond Street Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Neil McHugh
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - Ruth Murphy
- Department of Dermatology, Sheffield University Teaching Hospitals, Sheffield, UK
| | - Clarissa Pilkington
- Department of Paediatric Rheumatology, Great Ormond Street Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Athiveeraramapandian Prabu
- Rheumatology Research Group, Institute of Inflammation and Aging, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.,Department of Rheumatology, Sandwell and West Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | | | - Stefan Spinty
- Department of Paediatric Neurology, Alder Hey Children's NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK
| | - Joanne Swan
- Juvenile Dermatomyositis Parent Representative
| | - Hasan Tahir
- Department of Rheumatology, Royal Free London NHS Trust, London, UK.,Division of Medicine, University College London, London, UK
| | - Sarah L Tansley
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Bath, UK.,Royal National Hospital for Rheumatic Diseases, Royal United Hospitals Bath NHS Foundation Trust, Bath, UK
| | | | | | - Kishore Warrier
- Department of Paediatric Rheumatology, Nottingham Children's Hospital, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, UK
| | - Mark Yates
- Centre for Rheumatic Diseases, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Charalampia Papadopoulou
- Department of Paediatric Rheumatology, Great Ormond Street Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Neil Martin
- Department of Paediatric Rheumatology, Royal Hospital for Children, Glasgow, UK.,Scottish Paediatric & Adolescent Rheumatology Network, Glasgow, Scotland
| | - Liza McCann
- Department of Paediatric Rheumatology, Alder Hey Children's NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK
| | - Hector Chinoy
- NIHR Manchester Biomedical Research Centre, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK.,Centre for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK.,Department of Rheumatology, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Salford, UK
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Yee CS, Gordon C, Akil M, Lanyon P, Edwards CJ, Isenberg D, Rahman A, Teh LS, Tosounidou S, Stevens R, Prabu A, Griffiths B, Mchugh N, Bruce IN, Ahmad Y, Khamashta M, Farewell V. POS0106 BILAG-2004 LDA AND BST LDA ARE VALID TREAT TO TARGET IN SLE. Ann Rheum Dis 2021. [DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2021-eular.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Background:Low disease activity state has been defined using SLEDAI and used as treatment target in SLE. However, there has not been any such definition using BILAG-2004 index (BILAG-2004).Objectives:This study was to determine if low disease activity state according to BILAG-2004 is valid for use as treatment target in SLE. We also assessed disease activity longitudinally using BILAG-2004 systems tally (BST). BST is an alternative way of representing BILAG-2004 scores that combines the flexibility and simplification of numerical scoring of BILAG-2004 with the clinical intuitiveness of BILAG-2004 structure.Methods:This was a prospective multi-centre longitudinal study in the UK of an inception cohort of SLE patients (recruited within 12 months of achieving 1997 ACR revised criteria for SLE). Data were collected on disease activity (BILAG-2004 and BILAG2004-Pregnancy Index during pregnancy), SLICC/ACR DI (SDI), cumulative drug exposure and death at every visit. This study ran from 1st January 2005 to 31st December 2017. Four low disease activity states (LDA) were defined using BILAG-2004: 1) BILAG-2004 LDA when all 9 systems had scores of C, D or E on assessment (no Grade A or B), 2) BST LDA when there was persistent score of C, D or E in all 9 systems between 2 consecutive visits (equivalent to 2 consecutive visits with BILAG-2004 LDA), 3) BILAG-2004 Remission when all 9 systems had scores of D or E on assessment and 4) Persistent Remission when there was persistent score of D or E in all 9 systems between 2 consecutive visits. Longitudinal analysis using Poisson regression with random effects model was used with development of new damage as the outcome of interest. Gender, cardiovascular risk factors, antiphospholipid syndrome status and most drugs (except hydroxychloroquine, glucocorticoids, mycophenolate and cyclophosphamide) were excluded from the model as they were not associated with development of damage in univariate analysis.Results:273 patients were recruited (91.2% female, 59.3% Caucasian, 17.2% African/Caribbean, 17.2% South Asian) with mean age at recruitment of 38.5 years (SD 14.8). 97.8% had no damage at recruitment (2.2% had SDI score of 1). Median follow-up was 73.4 months (range: 1.8, 153.8) with total follow-up of 1767 patient-years. There were 13 deaths and 114 new damage items occurred during follow-up. There were 6674 assessments with disease activity score: 319 assessments with Grade A activity in 95 patients (84.6% had only 1 system with grade A, range: 1 - 4) and 1704 assessments with Grade A or B activity in 239 patients (78.7% had only 1 system with Grade A or B, range: 1 - 5).BILAG-2004 LDA was achieved in 74.5% of assessments (from 271 patients). BILAG-2004 Remission occurred in 28.2% of assessments (from 234 patients).6401 observations with BST were available (1 observation derived from change in activity between 2 consecutive assessments) and 63.7% were in BST LDA. There was no observation with Persistent Remission between consecutive visits.Table 1 summarises multivariate analysis which showed BILAG-2004 LDA to be inversely associated with damage. Similar results were obtained with BILAG-2004 Remission (RR 0.60 with 95% CI 0.38, 0.96) and BST LDA (RR 0.65 with 95% CI 0.43, 0.99). Cumulative drug exposure since recruitment for mycophenolate was protective against new damage (RR 0.99 with 95% CI 0.99, 0.99).Table 1.VariableRelative Risk (95% CI) for New DamageEthnicityAfro-Caribbean1.22 (0.68, 2.18)South Asian1.81 (0.97, 3.38)Others2.22 (0.63, 7.85)Age at diagnosis1.06 (1.04, 1.08)Prior SDI score0.68 (0.43, 1.06)BILAG-2004 LDA0.60 (0.39, 0.94)Hydroxychloroquine since last visit (per g)0.99 (0.98, 0.99)Steroids since last visit (per 100mg)1.02 (1.01, 1.03)Cyclophosphamide since last visit (per g)1.67 (1.15, 2.41)Conclusion:BILAG-2004 LDA and BST LDA are valid treatment targets in SLE. BILAG-2004 Remission and Persistent Remission are uncommon, which make them unrealistic as a treatment target.References:[1]Yee C. S., et al. The BILAG-2004 systems tally – a novel way of representing the BILAG-2004 index scores longitudinally. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2012; 51[11]: 2099-2105.Acknowledgements :Versus Arthritis, Vifor PharmaDisclosure of Interests:Chee-Seng Yee Consultant of: Bristol Myers Squibb, ImmuPharma, Grant/research support from: Vifor Pharma, Caroline Gordon Speakers bureau: UCB, Consultant of: Center for Disease Control, Astra-Zeneca, MGP, Sanofi and UCB, Mohammed Akil: None declared, Peter Lanyon: None declared, Christopher John Edwards Consultant of: Glaxo Smith Kline, Roche, Grant/research support from: Glaxo Smith Kline, Roche, David Isenberg: None declared, Anisur Rahman: None declared, Lee-Suan Teh: None declared, Sofia Tosounidou: None declared, Robert Stevens: None declared, Ahtiveer Prabu: None declared, Bridget Griffiths: None declared, Neil McHugh: None declared, Ian N. Bruce: None declared, Yasmeen Ahmad: None declared, Munther Khamashta: None declared, Vernon Farewell: None declared
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Yee CS, Farewell V, Akil M, Lanyon P, Edwards CJ, Isenberg D, Rahman A, Teh LS, Tosounidou S, Stevens R, Prabu A, Griffiths B, Mchugh N, Bruce IN, Ahmad Y, Khamashta M, Gordon C. POS0111 DEVELOPMENT OF DAMAGE AND MORTALITY IN AN INCEPTION COHORT OF SLE PATIENTS. Ann Rheum Dis 2021. [DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2021-eular.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Background:There had been very limited data on the development of damage and mortality in an inception cohort of SLE patients who were recruited very soon after diagnosis.Objectives:This study aimed to analyse the development of damage and death in an inception cohort of SLE patients recruited within 1 year of diagnosis with up to 13 years of follow-up.Methods:This was a prospective multi-centre longitudinal study in the UK of SLE patients recruited within 12 months of achieving 1997 ACR revised criteria for SLE. Data were collected on BILAG-2004, BILAG2004-Pregnancy Index (during pregnancy), SLICC/ACR DI (SDI), cumulative drug exposure and death at every visit. Information on cardiovascular risk factors and antiphospholipid syndrome status were also collected. This study ran from 1st January 2005 to 31st December 2017. Mortality and development of damage were analysed.Results:There were 273 patients recruited (91.2% female, 59.3% Caucasian, 17.2% African/Caribbean, 17.2% South Asian) with mean age at recruitment of 38.5 years (SD 14.8). 97.8% had no damage at recruitment (2.2% had SDI score of 1). Median follow-up was 73.4 months (range: 1.8, 153.8) with total follow-up of 1767 patient-years.There were 13 deaths (4.8%): 76.9% female, 84.6% Caucasian, 15.4% South Asian, mean age 62.6 years (± SD 15.8) and mean disease duration 3 years (± SD 1.8). Causes of death were cancer in 5 (38.5%), infection in 3 (23.1%), ischaemic heart disease in 1 (7.7%) and unknown in 4 (30.8%).114 new damage items in 83 patients occurred during follow-up. The distribution of damage was musculoskeletal (21, 18.4%), ophthalmic (18, 15.8%), neuropsychiatric (18, 15.8%), renal (14, 12.3%), malignancy (12, 10.5%), cutaneous (7, 6.1%), GIT (7, 6.1%), cardiac (6, 5.3%), pulmonary (4, 3.5%), diabetes mellitus (4, 3.5%) and vascular (3, 2.6%). The rate of development of damage appears to be higher in the first 3 years which subsequently stabilised (Table 1).Table 1.Incidence rate of development of damage over period of follow-up at 3 yearly intervalsPeriod of follow-up (year)Person-years at riskNumber of new items of damageIncidence rate, per 1000 person-years (95% CI)0 – 3753.46079.6 (61.8, 102.6)3 – 6534.03158.1 (40.8, 82.6)6 – 9321.21237.4 (21.2, 35.8)9 – 12152.5532.8 (13.6, 78.7)> 125.90-Conclusion:Mortality is uncommon during the first 12 years of follow-up for newly diagnosed SLE patients. However, development of damage appears to be higher in the first 3 years before stabilizing to a lower rate subsequently.Acknowledgements:Versus Arthritis, VIfor PharmaDisclosure of Interests:Chee-Seng Yee Consultant of: Bristol Myer Squibb, ImmuPharma, Grant/research support from: Vifor Pharma, Vernon Farewell: None declared, Mohammed Akil: None declared, Peter Lanyon: None declared, Christopher John Edwards Consultant of: Glaxo Smith Kline, Roche, Grant/research support from: Glaxo Smith Kline, Roche, David Isenberg: None declared, Anisur Rahman: None declared, Lee-Suan Teh: None declared, Sofia Tosounidou: None declared, Robert Stevens: None declared, Ahtiveer Prabu: None declared, Bridget Griffiths: None declared, Neil McHugh: None declared, Ian N. Bruce: None declared, Yasmeen Ahmad: None declared, Munther Khamashta: None declared, Caroline Gordon Speakers bureau: UCB, Consultant of: Center for Disease Control, Astra-Zeneca, MGP, Sanofi and UCB
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Yee CS, Farewell V, Akil M, Lanyon P, Edwards CJ, Isenberg D, Rahman A, Teh LS, Tosounidou S, Stevens R, Prabu A, Griffiths B, Mchugh N, Bruce IN, Ahmad Y, Khamashta M, Gordon C. POS0705 BILAG-2004 INDEX ACTIVE DISEASE PREDICTS DEVELOPMENT OF DAMAGE. Ann Rheum Dis 2021. [DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2021-eular.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Background:BILAG-2004 Index (BILAG-2004) has undergone construct and criterion validity and is used to assess disease activity in SLE. However, its predictive validity has yet to be established.Objectives:This study was to determine if disease activity according to BILAG-2004 was predictive of development of damage in an inception cohort.Methods:This was a prospective multi-centre longitudinal study in the UK of an inception cohort of SLE patients (recruited within 12 months of achieving 1997 ACR revised criteria for SLE). Data were collected on disease activity (BILAG-2004 and BILAG2004-Pregnancy Index during pregnancy), SLICC/ACR DI (SDI), cumulative drug exposure and death at every visit. Information on cardiovascular risk factors (hypertension, diabetes mellitus, hypercholesterolaemia and smoking status) and antiphospholipid syndrome status were also collected. This study ran from 1st January 2005 to 31st December 2017. Longitudinal analysis using Poisson regression with random effects model was used to determine predictors of development of new damage. Death was not included in the analysis due to small numbers.Results:273 patients were recruited (91.2% female, 59.3% Caucasian, 17.2% African/Caribbean, 17.2% South Asian) with mean age at recruitment of 38.5 years (SD 14.8). 97.8% had no damage at recruitment (2.2% had SDI score of 1). Median follow-up was 73.4 months (range: 1.8, 153.8) with total follow-up of 1767 patient-years. Prevalence of risk factors during follow-up were: hypertension 23.1%, hypercholesterolaemia 35.5%, diabetes mellitus 5.5%, smoker or ex-smoker 44% and antiphospholipid syndrome 7%. There were 13 deaths and 114 new damage items occurred during follow-up.There were 6674 assessments with disease activity score: 293 assessments with Grade A activity in 95 patients (92.4% had only 1 system with grade A, range: 1 - 4) and 1704 assessments with Grade A or B activity in 239 patients (78.7% had only 1 system with Grade A or B, range: 1 - 5).Univariate analysis showed that gender, cardiovascular risk factors, antiphospholipid syndrome and most drug exposure (except hydroxychloroquine, glucocorticoids, mycophenolate and cyclophosphamide) were not associated with new damage (they were not included in the multivariate analysis).Table 1 summarises multivariate analysis. Similar results were obtained when the disease activity variable was changed to Number of Systems with Grade A per assessment (RR 2.04 with 95% CI: 1.05, 3.94). Analysis using BILAG-2004 systems tally showed that persistent minimal disease was protective of development of damage (RR 0.74 with 95% CI: 0.57, 0.95). Cumulative drug exposure since recruitment for mycophenolate was protective against new damage (RR 0.99 with 95% CI 0.99, 0.99) but not cumulative drug exposure since last visit.VariableRisk Ratio (95% CI) for New DamageEthnicity Afro-Caribbean1.21 (0.68, 2.17) South Asian1.81 (0.97, 3.36) Others2.37 (0.68, 8.20)Age at diagnosis1.06 (1.04, 1.08)Prior SDI score0.69 (0.44, 1.08)Constitutional A or Bunreliable estimate due to low numbersMucocutaneous A or B1.80 (1.04, 3.14)Neuropsychiatric A or B4.68 (1.68, 13.05)Musculoskeletal A or B0.76 (0.33, 1.73)Cardiorespiratory A or B0.35 (0.05, 2.59)GIT A or Bunreliable estimate due to low numbersOphthalmic A or Bunreliable estimate due to low numbersRenal A or B2.08 (0.99, 4.40)Haematological A or B4.37 (1.15, 16.65)Hydroxychloroquine since last visit (per g)0.99 (0.98, 0.99)Prednisolone since last visit (per 100mg)1.01 (1.00, 1.02)Cyclophosphamide since last visit (per g)1.42 (0.94, 2.14)Conclusion:Active disease (Grade A or B) according to BILAG-2004 index is predictive of development of new damage in SLE patients.References:[1]Yee C. S., et al. The BILAG-2004 systems tally – a novel way of representing the BILAG-2004 index scores longitudinally. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2012; 51[11]: 2099-2105.Acknowledgements:Versus Arthritis and Vifor PharmaDisclosure of Interests:Chee-Seng Yee Consultant of: Bristol Myers Squibb, ImmuPharma, Grant/research support from: Vifor Pharma, Vernon Farewell: None declared, Mohammed Akil: None declared, Peter Lanyon: None declared, Christopher John Edwards Consultant of: Glaxo Smith Kline, Roche, Grant/research support from: Glaxo Smith Kline, Roche, David Isenberg: None declared, Anisur Rahman: None declared, Lee-Suan Teh: None declared, Sofia Tosounidou: None declared, Robert Stevens: None declared, Ahtiveer Prabu: None declared, Bridget Griffiths: None declared, Neil McHugh: None declared, Ian N. Bruce: None declared, Yasmeen Ahmad: None declared, Munther Khamashta: None declared, Caroline Gordon Speakers bureau: UCB, Consultant of: Center for Disease Control, Astra-Zeneca, MGP, Sanofi and UCB
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Yee CS, Gordon C, Isenberg DA, Griffiths B, Teh LS, Bruce IN, Ahmad Y, Rahman A, Prabu A, Akil M, McHugh N, Edwards CJ, D'Cruz D, Khamashta MA, Farewell VT. Comparison of responsiveness of BILAG-2004, SLEDAI-2000 and BILAG Systems Tally (BST). Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken) 2021; 74:1623-1630. [PMID: 33787088 DOI: 10.1002/acr.24606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare the responsiveness of BILAG-2004 and SLEDAI-2000 disease activity indices and determine if there was any added value in combining BILAG-2004, BILAG System Tally (BST) or simplified BST (sBST) with SLEDAI-2000. METHODS This was a multi-centre longitudinal study of SLE patients. Data were collected on BILAG-2004, SLEDAI-2000 and therapy on consecutive assessments in routine practice. The external responsiveness of the indices was assessed by determining the relationship between change in disease activity and change in therapy between two consecutive visits. Comparison of indices and their derivatives was performed by assessing the main effects of the indices using logistic regression. ROC curves analysis was used to describe the performance of these indices individually and in various combinations and comparisons of AUC were performed. RESULTS There were 1414 observations from 347 patients. Both BILAG-2004 and SLEDAI-2000 maintained an independent relationship with change in therapy when compared. There was some improvement in responsiveness when continuous SLEDAI-2000 variables (change in score and score of previous visit) were combined with BILAG-2004 system scores. Dichotomisation of BILAG-2004 or SLEDAI-2000 resulted in poorer performance. BST and sBST had similar responsiveness as the combination of SLEDAI-2000 variables and BILAG-2004 system scores. There was little benefit in combining SLEDAI-2000 with BST or sBST. CONCLUSIONS The BILAG-2004 index had comparable responsiveness to SLEDAI-2000. There was some benefit in combining both indices. Dichotomisation of BILAG-2004 and SLEDAI-2000 leads to suboptimal performance. BST and sBST performed well on their own; sBST is recommended for its simplicity and clinical meaningfulness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chee-Seng Yee
- Doncaster and Bassetlaw, Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Doncaster, UK
| | | | | | - Bridget Griffiths
- Newcastle-upon-Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK
| | - Lee-Suan Teh
- Royal Blackburn Teaching Hospital, Blackburn, UK.,University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK
| | | | | | | | | | - Mohammed Akil
- Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Sheffield, UK
| | - Neil McHugh
- Royal National Hospital for Rheumatic Diseases NHS Trust, Bath, UK
| | - Christopher J Edwards
- NIHR Southampton Clinical Research Facility, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
| | - David D'Cruz
- Louise Coote Lupus Unit, Guy's Hospital, London, UK
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Prabu A, Premkumar IJI, Pradeep A. An Assessment on the Nanoparticles-Dispersed Aloe vera Biodiesel Blends on the Performance, Combustion and Emission Characteristics of a DI Diesel Engine. Arab J Sci Eng 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s13369-019-03781-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Adizie T, Elamanchi S, Prabu A, Pace AV, Laxminarayan R, Barkham N. Knowledge of features of inflammatory back pain in primary care in the West Midlands: a cross-sectional survey in the United Kingdom. Rheumatol Int 2018; 38:1859-1863. [PMID: 30027350 DOI: 10.1007/s00296-018-4058-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGES There is a relative lack of confidence among GPs in the assessment and management of IBP vs. mechanical back pain. A simple screening tool for SpA, applicable in primary care urgently needs to be developed. It is reasonable for patients with symptoms suggestive of inflammatory back pain to be referred to secondary care without further investigations. The objective of this study was to assess current practice of our local general practitioners (GPs) in using clinical features, as well as radiological and laboratory investigations to assess patients with IBP. An online, observational questionnaire-based survey was done in 10 West Midlands CCGs including disparate geographical and socioeconomic areas. The survey consisted of 23 questions based on Calin, Berlin and ESSG Criteria for spondyloarthropathies. GPs were asked to rate the importance of a range of symptoms as indications of IBP IBP (10 point scale, range 1-10), and what their views were on which were the most important treatments for patients with suspected inflammatory back pain(4 point scale, range 1-4). The 4 most important symptoms for predicting inflammatory back pain according to our local cohort of GPs were 'morning stiffness' 'sleep disturbances caused by back pain' 'insidious onset' and 'age of onset' < 45. Among the treatment options, NSAIDs were ranked as the most important treatment option for IBP. DMARDS were rated as the next most important treatment option, ahead of physiotherapy and anti-TNF therapy. This study has highlighted relative lack of confidence among GPs in the assessment of IBP. Whether this reflects a need for education or poor performance of these questions in primary care populations requires further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Adizie
- Rheumatology Department, The Royal Wolverhampton NHS Trust, Wolverhampton New Cross Hospital, Wolverhampton Rd, Heath Town, Wolverhampton, WV10 0QP, UK
| | - S Elamanchi
- Sandwell and West Birmingham Hospitals NHS Trust, Rheumatology Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - A Prabu
- Sandwell and West Birmingham Hospitals NHS Trust, Rheumatology Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - A V Pace
- Dudley Group of Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Rheumatology, Dudley, West Midlands, DY1 2HQ, UK
| | - R Laxminarayan
- Burton Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Rheumatology Burton on Trent, Staffordshire, UK
| | - N Barkham
- Rheumatology Department, The Royal Wolverhampton NHS Trust, Wolverhampton New Cross Hospital, Wolverhampton Rd, Heath Town, Wolverhampton, WV10 0QP, UK.
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Hughes M, Bhushan M, Chakravarty K, Denton CP, Dubey S, Guiducci S, Muir L, Ong V, Parker L, Pauling J, Prabu A, Ravenscroft J, Roberts C, Rogers C, Tracey A, Herrick AL. O16 A study examining the reliability of digital ulcer definitions as proposed by the UK Scleroderma Study Group: challenges and insights for future clinical trial design. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/key075.198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Hughes
- Centre for Musculoskeletal Research, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester, Salford, UNITED KINGDOM
| | - Monica Bhushan
- Department of Dermatology, Blackpool Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Lytham St Annes, UNITED KINGDOM
| | - Kuntal Chakravarty
- Centre for Rheumatology and Connective Tissue Diseases, Royal Free Hospital, London, UNITED KINGDOM
| | - Christopher P Denton
- Centre for Rheumatology and Connective Tissue Diseases, Royal Free Hospital, London, UNITED KINGDOM
| | - Shirish Dubey
- Department of Rheumatology, University Hosptal Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Coventry, UNITED KINGDOM
| | - Serena Guiducci
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, ITALY
| | - Lindsay Muir
- Department of Hand Surgery, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Salford, UNITED KINGDOM
| | - Voon Ong
- Centre for Rheumatology and Connective Tissue Diseases, Royal Free Hospital, London, UNITED KINGDOM
| | - Louise Parker
- Centre for Rheumatology and Connective Tissue Diseases, Royal Free Hospital, London, UNITED KINGDOM
| | - John Pauling
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Bath, UNITED KINGDOM
| | | | - Janet Ravenscroft
- Member of Working Group, contact via Professor Herrick, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UNITED KINGDOM
| | - Christopher Roberts
- Centre for Biostatistics, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UNITED KINGDOM
| | - Christine Rogers
- The University of Manchester, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UNITED KINGDOM
| | - Andrew Tracey
- Centre for Musculoskeletal Research, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester, Salford, UNITED KINGDOM
| | - Ariane L Herrick
- Centre for Musculoskeletal Research, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester, Salford, UNITED KINGDOM
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Hughes M, Tracey A, Bhushan M, Chakravarty K, Denton CP, Dubey S, Guiducci S, Muir L, Ong V, Parker L, Pauling JD, Prabu A, Rogers C, Roberts C, Herrick AL. Reliability of digital ulcer definitions as proposed by the UK Scleroderma Study Group: A challenge for clinical trial design. J Scleroderma Relat Disord 2018; 3:170-174. [PMID: 29876526 DOI: 10.1177/2397198318764796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Introduction The reliability of clinician grading of systemic sclerosis-related digital ulcers has been reported to be poor to moderate at best, which has important implications for clinical trial design. The aim of this study was to examine the reliability of new proposed UK Scleroderma Study Group digital ulcer definitions among UK clinicians with an interest in systemic sclerosis. Methods Raters graded (through a custom-built interface) 90 images (80 unique and 10 repeat) of a range of digital lesions collected from patients with systemic sclerosis. Lesions were graded on an ordinal scale of severity: 'no ulcer', 'healed ulcer' or 'digital ulcer'. Results A total of 23 clinicians - 18 rheumatologists, 3 dermatologists, 1 hand surgeon and 1 specialist rheumatology nurse - completed the study. A total of 2070 (1840 unique + 230 repeat) image gradings were obtained. For intra-rater reliability, across all images, the overall weighted kappa coefficient was high (0.71) and was moderate (0.55) when averaged across individual raters. Overall inter-rater reliability was poor (0.15). Conclusion Although our proposed digital ulcer definitions had high intra-rater reliability, the overall inter-rater reliability was poor. Our study highlights the challenges of digital ulcer assessment by clinicians with an interest in systemic sclerosis and provides a number of useful insights for future clinical trial design. Further research is warranted to improve the reliability of digital ulcer definition/rating as an outcome measure in clinical trials, including examining the role for objective measurement techniques, and the development of digital ulcer patient-reported outcome measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Hughes
- Centre for Musculoskeletal Research, The University of Manchester, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Andrew Tracey
- Centre for Musculoskeletal Research, The University of Manchester, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Monica Bhushan
- Department of Dermatology, Blackpool Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Clifton Hospital, Lytham St Annes, UK
| | - Kuntal Chakravarty
- Centre for Rheumatology and Connective Tissue Diseases, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK
| | - Christopher P Denton
- Centre for Rheumatology and Connective Tissue Diseases, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK
| | - Shirish Dubey
- Department of Rheumatology, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Coventry, UK
| | - Serena Guiducci
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Lindsay Muir
- Department of Hand Surgery, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Salford, UK
| | - Voon Ong
- Centre for Rheumatology and Connective Tissue Diseases, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK
| | - Louise Parker
- Centre for Rheumatology and Connective Tissue Diseases, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK
| | - John D Pauling
- Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - Athiveeraramapandian Prabu
- Rheumatology Department, Birmingham City Hospital, Sandwell and West Birmingham Hospitals NHS Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | | | - Christopher Roberts
- Centre for Biostatistics, Institute of Population Health, School of Medicine, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Ariane L Herrick
- Centre for Musculoskeletal Research, The University of Manchester, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK.,NIHR Manchester Biomedical Research Centre, Central Manchester NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
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Malik F, Cahill J, Breese M, Bhole MV, Prabu A, Douglas KMJ. 202. Isolated Anti-Ro52 Antibodies: Clinical Significance in Routine Practice. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2014. [DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/keu114.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Abstract
Pulmonary hypertension (PH) can occur at any time during the course of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), and can be independent of lupus disease activity in other systems. The pathogenesis of PH in SLE can be multifactorial, but pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is the commonest cause of PH in SLE. The international PH registries have published that approximately 15% of connective tissue disease-associated PH is lupus related in their cohorts. As the symptoms of PH in SLE can be mild and non-specific in early stages, an increasing awareness of this devastating complication is essential for early diagnosis. Echocardiographic evaluation of several right heart variables in addition to systolic pulmonary artery pressure estimation reduces false positive rates for PH detection. Antiphospholipid antibodies may predict SLE-PAH. Prompt treatment of PAH with newer PAH therapy as well as immunosuppression can reduce morbidity and prolong survival. The survival in SLE-associated PAH is better compared with systemic sclerosis-associated PH but worse than idiopathic PAH. Pregnancy in SLE-PAH can result in a fatal outcome, especially in severe and poorly controlled PH at onset.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Prabu
- Department of Rheumatology, School of Immunity and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Department of Rheumatology, Worcester Acute Hospitals NHS Trust, Worcester, UK
| | - C Gordon
- Department of Rheumatology, School of Immunity and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Department of Rheumatology, Sandwell and West Birmingham Hospitals NHS Trust, Birmingham, UK
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Cornell P, Trehane A, Thompson P, Rahmeh F, Greenwood M, Baqai TJ, Cambridge S, Shaikh M, Rooney M, Donnelly S, Tahir H, Ryan S, Kamath S, Hassell A, McCuish WJ, Bearne L, Mackenzie-Green B, Price E, Williamson L, Collins D, Tang E, Hayes J, McLoughlin YM, Chamberlain V, Campbell S, Shah P, McKenna F, Cornell P, Westlake S, Thompson P, Richards S, Homer D, Gould E, Empson B, Kemp P, Richards AG, Walker J, Taylor S, Bari SF, Alachkar M, Rajak R, Lawson T, O'Sullivan M, Samant S, Butt S, Gadsby K, Flurey CA, Morris M, Hughes R, Pollock J, Richards P, Hewlett S, Edwards KR, Rowe I, Sanders T, Dunn K, Konstantinou K, Hay E, Jones LE, Adams J, White P, Donovan-Hall M, Hislop K, Barbosa Boucas S, Nichols VP, Williamson EM, Toye F, Lamb SE, Rodham K, Gavin J, Watts L, Coulson N, Diver C, Avis M, Gupta A, Ryan SJ, Stangroom S, Pearce JM, Byrne J, Manning VL, Hurley M, Scott DL, Choy E, Bearne L, Taylor J, Morris M, Dures E, Hewlett S, Wilson A, Adams J, Larkin L, Kennedy N, Gallagher S, Fraser AD, Shrestha P, Batley M, Koduri G, Scott DL, Flurey CA, Morris M, Hughes R, Pollock J, Richards P, Hewlett S, Kumar K, Raza K, Nightingale P, Horne R, Chapman S, Greenfield S, Gill P, Ferguson AM, Ibrahim F, Scott DL, Lempp H, Tierney M, Fraser A, Kennedy N, Barbosa Boucas S, Hislop K, Dziedzic K, Arden N, Burridge J, Hammond A, Stokes M, Lewis M, Gooberman-Hill R, Coales K, Adams J, Nutland H, Dean A, Laxminarayan R, Gates L, Bowen C, Arden N, Hermsen L, Terwee CB, Leone SS, vd Zwaard B, Smalbrugge M, Dekker J, vd Horst H, Wilkie R, Ferguson AM, Nicky Thomas V, Lempp H, Cope A, Scott DL, Simpson C, Weinman J, Agarwal S, Kirkham B, Patel A, Ibrahim F, Barn R, Brandon M, Rafferty D, Sturrock R, Turner D, Woodburn J, Rafferty D, Paul L, Marshall R, Gill J, McInnes I, Roderick Porter D, Woodburn J, Hennessy K, Woodburn J, Steultjens M, Siddle HJ, Hodgson RJ, Hensor EM, Grainger AJ, Redmond A, Wakefield RJ, Helliwell PS, Hammond A, Rayner J, Law RJ, Breslin A, Kraus A, Maddison P, Thom JM, Newcombe LW, Woodburn J, Porter D, Saunders S, McCarey D, Gupta M, Turner D, McGavin L, Freeburn R, Crilly A, Lockhart JC, Ferrell WR, Goodyear C, Ledingham J, Waterman T, Berkin L, Nicolaou M, Watson P, Lillicrap M, Birrell F, Mooney J, Merkel PA, Poland F, Spalding N, Grayson P, Leduc R, Shereff D, Richesson R, Watts RA, Roussou E, Thapper M, Bateman J, Allen M, Kidd J, Parsons N, Davies D, Watt KA, Scally MD, Bosworth A, Wilkinson K, Collins S, Jacklin CB, Ball SK, Grosart R, Marks J, Litwic AE, Sriranganathan MK, Mukherjee S, Khurshid MA, Matthews SM, Hall A, Sheeran T, Baskar S, Muether M, Mackenzie-Green B, Hetherington A, Wickrematilake G, Williamson L, Daniels LE, Gwynne CE, Khan A, Lawson T, Clunie G, Stephenson S, Gaffney K, Belsey J, Harvey NC, Clarke-Harris R, Murray R, Costello P, Garrett E, Holbrook J, Teh AL, Wong J, Dogra S, Barton S, Davies L, Inskip H, Hanson M, Gluckman P, Cooper C, Godfrey K, Lillycrop K, Anderton T, Clarke S, Rao Chaganti S, Viner N, Seymour R, Edwards MH, Parsons C, Ward K, Thompson J, Prentice A, Dennison E, Cooper C, Clark E, Cumming M, Morrison L, Gould VC, Tobias J, Holroyd CR, Winder N, Osmond C, Fall C, Barker D, Ring S, Lawlor D, Tobias J, Davey Smith G, Cooper C, Harvey NC, Toms TE, Afreedi S, Salt K, Roskell S, Passey K, Price T, Venkatachalam S, Sheeran T, Davies R, Southwood TR, Kearsley-Fleet L, Hyrich KL, Kingsbury D, Quartier P, Patel G, Arora V, Kupper H, Mozaffarian N, Kearsley-Fleet L, Baildam E, Beresford MW, Davies R, Foster HE, Mowbray K, Southwood TR, Thomson W, Hyrich KL, Saunders E, Baildam E, Chieng A, Davidson J, Foster H, Gardner-Medwin J, Wedderburn L, Thomson W, Hyrich K, McErlane F, Beresford M, Baildam E, Chieng SE, Davidson J, Foster HE, Gardner-Medwin J, Lunt M, Wedderburn L, Thomson W, Hyrich K, Rooney M, Finnegan S, Gibson DS, Borg FA, Bale PJ, Armon K, Cavelle A, Foster HE, McDonagh J, Bale PJ, Armon K, Wu Q, Pesenacker AM, Stansfield A, King D, Barge D, Abinun M, Foster HE, Wedderburn L, Stanley K, Morrissey D, Parsons S, Kuttikat A, Shenker N, Garrood T, Medley S, Ferguson AM, Keeling D, Duffort P, Irving K, Goulston L, Culliford D, Coakley P, Taylor P, Hart D, Spector T, Hakim A, Arden N, Mian A, Garrood T, Magan T, Chaudhary M, Lazic S, Sofat N, Thomas MJ, Moore A, Roddy E, Peat G, Rees F, Lanyon P, Jordan N, Chaib A, Sangle S, Tungekar F, Sabharwal T, Abbs I, Khamashta M, D'Cruz D, Dzifa Dey I, Isenberg DA, Chin CW, Cheung C, Ng M, Gao F, Qiong Huang F, Thao Le T, Yong Fong K, San Tan R, Yin Wong T, Julian T, Parker B, Al-Husain A, Yvonne Alexander M, Bruce I, Jordan N, Abbs I, D'cruz D, McDonald G, Miguel L, Hall C, Isenberg DA, Magee A, Butters T, Jury E, Yee CS, Toescu V, Hickman R, Leung MH, Situnayake D, Bowman S, Gordon C, Yee CS, Toescu V, Hickman R, Leung MH, Situnayake D, Bowman S, Gordon C, Lazarus MN, Isenberg DA, Ehrenstein M, Carter LM, Isenberg DA, Ehrenstein MR, Chanchlani N, Gayed M, Yee CS, Gordon C, Ball E, Rooney M, Bell A, Reynolds JA, Ray DW, O'Neill T, Alexander Y, Bruce I, Sutton EJ, Watson KD, Isenberg D, Rahman A, Gordon C, Yee CS, Lanyon P, Jayne D, Akil M, D'Cruz D, Khamashta M, Lutalo P, Erb N, Prabu A, Edwards CJ, Youssef H, McHugh N, Vital E, Amft N, Griffiths B, Teh LS, Zoma A, Bruce I, Durrani M, Jordan N, Sangle S, D'Cruz D, Pericleous C, Ruiz-Limon P, Romay-Penabad Z, Carrera-Marin A, Garza-Garcia A, Murfitt L, Driscoll PC, Giles IP, Ioannou Y, Rahman A, Pierangeli SS, Ripoll VM, Lambrianides A, Heywood WE, Ioannou J, Giles IP, Rahman A, Stevens C, Dures E, Morris M, Knowles S, Hewlett S, Marshall R, Reddy V, Croca S, Gerona D, De La Torre Ortega I, Isenberg DA, Leandro M, Cambridge G, Reddy V, Cambridge G, Isenberg DA, Glennie M, Cragg M, Leandro M, Croca SC, Isenberg DA, Giles I, Ioannou Y, Rahman A, Croca SC, Isenberg DA, Giles I, Ioannou Y, Rahman A, Artim Esen B, Pericleous C, MacKie I, Ioannou Y, Rahman A, Isenberg DA, Giles I, Skeoch S, Haque S, Pemberton P, Bruce I. BHPR: Audit and Clinical Evaluation * 103. Dental Health in Children and Young Adults with Inflammatory Arthritis: Access to Dental Care. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2013. [DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/ket196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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Yee CS, Gordon C, Isenberg DA, Griffiths B, Teh LS, Bruce IN, Ahmad Y, Rahman A, Prabu A, Akil M, McHugh N, Edwards C, D'Cruz D, Khamashta MA, Farewell VT. The BILAG-2004 systems tally--a novel way of representing the BILAG-2004 index scores longitudinally. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2012; 51:2099-105. [PMID: 22908329 PMCID: PMC3475981 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/kes207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This was an exploratory analysis to develop a new way of representing BILAG-2004 system scores longitudinally that would be clinically meaningful and easier to analyse in comparison with multiple categorical variables. METHODS Data from a multicentre longitudinal study of SLE patients (the BILAG-2004 index and therapy collected at every visit) were used. External responsiveness analysis of the index suggested the possibility of using counts of systems with specified transitions in scores as a basis to analyse the system scores. Exploratory analyses with multinomial logistic regression were used to examine the appropriateness of this new method of analysing BILAG-2004 system scores. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was used to assess the performance of this approach. RESULTS There were 1414 observations from 347 patients. A novel method was devised based on counts of systems with defined transitions in score (BILAG-2004 systems tally, BST). It has six components (systems with major deterioration, systems with minor deterioration, systems with persistent significant activity, systems with major improvement, systems with minor improvement and systems with persistent minimal or no activity). This was further simplified (simplified BST, sBST) into three components (systems with active/worsening disease, systems with improving disease and systems with persistent minimal or no activity). Both versions had expected associations with change in therapy. ROC curve analyses demonstrated that both versions had similar good performance characteristics (areas under the curve >0.80) in predicting increase in therapy. CONCLUSION The BST and sBST provide alternative approaches to representing BILAG-2004 disease activity longitudinally. Further validation of their use is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chee-Seng Yee
- Department of Rheumatology, Doncaster Royal Infirmary, Armthorpe Road, Doncaster DN2 5LT, UK
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Mehndiratta A, Kapal JM, Prabu A. Iodine mapping in brain tumor imaging using dual-energy computed tomography. Med Hypotheses 2011; 76:764. [PMID: 21354713 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2011.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2011] [Accepted: 02/04/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Yee CS, Farewell VT, Isenberg DA, Griffiths B, Teh LS, Bruce IN, Ahmad Y, Rahman A, Prabu A, Akil M, McHugh N, Edwards C, D'Cruz D, Khamashta MA, Gordon C. The use of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Disease Activity Index-2000 to define active disease and minimal clinically meaningful change based on data from a large cohort of systemic lupus erythematosus patients. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2011; 50:982-8. [PMID: 21245073 PMCID: PMC3077910 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/keq376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives. To examine SLEDAI-2000 cut-off scores for definition of active SLE and to determine the sensitivity to change of SLEDAI-2000 for the assessment of SLE disease activity and minimal clinically meaningful changes in score. Methods. Data from two multi-centre studies were used in the analysis: in a cross-sectional and a longitudinal fashion. At every assessment, data were collected on SLEDAI-2000 and treatment. The cross-sectional analysis with receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves was used to examine the appropriate SLEDAI-2000 score to define active disease and increase in therapy was the reference standard. In the longitudinal analysis, sensitivity to change of SLEDAI-2000 was assessed with multinomial logistic regression. ROC curves analysis was used to examine possible cut-points in score changes associated with change in therapy, and mean changes were estimated. Results. In the cross-sectional analysis, the most appropriate cut-off scores for active disease were 3 or 4. In the longitudinal analysis, the best model for predicting treatment increase was with the change in SLEDAI-2000 score and the score from the previous visit as continuous variables. The use of cut-points was less predictive of treatment change than the use of continuous score. The mean difference in the change in SLEDAI-2000 scores, adjusted for prior score, between patients with treatment increase and those without was 2.64 (95% CI 2.16, 3.14). Conclusions. An appropriate SLEDAI-2000 score to define active disease is 3 or 4. SLEDAI-2000 index is sensitive to change. The use of SLEDAI-2000 as a continuous outcome is recommended for comparative purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chee-Seng Yee
- Rheumatology Research Group, School of Immunity and Infection, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, The Medical School (East Wing), University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
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Yee CS, Cresswell L, Farewell V, Rahman A, Teh LS, Griffiths B, Bruce IN, Ahmad Y, Prabu A, Akil M, McHugh N, D'Cruz D, Khamashta MA, Isenberg DA, Gordon C. Numerical scoring for the BILAG-2004 index. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2010; 49:1665-9. [PMID: 20181671 PMCID: PMC2919194 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/keq026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective. To develop an additive numerical scoring scheme for the BILAG-2004 index. Methods. SLE patients were recruited into this multi-centre cross-sectional study. At every assessment, data were collected on disease activity and therapy. Logistic regression was used to model an increase in therapy, as an indicator of active disease, by the BILAG-2004 index score in the nine systems. As both indicate inactivity, scores of D and E were set to 0 and used as the baseline in the fitted model. The models were used to determine the numerical values for Grades A–C. Different scoring schemes were compared. Results. There were 1510 assessments from 369 SLE patients. The coding schemes suggested for the Classic BILAG index (A = 12, B = 5, C = 1, D/E = 0 and A = 9, B = 3, C = 1, D/E = 0) did not fit the data well. A coding scheme (A = 12, B = 8, C = 1 and D/E = 0) was recommended, based on analysis results and consistency with the numerical coding scheme of the Classic BILAG index. Conclusion. A reasonable additive numerical scoring scheme based on treatment decision for the BILAG-2004 index is A = 12, B = 8, C = 1, D = 0 and E = 0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chee-Seng Yee
- Rheumatology Research Group, School of Immunity and Infection, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, The Medical School, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
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Cresswell L, Yee CS, Farewell V, Rahman A, Teh LS, Griffiths B, Bruce IN, Ahmad Y, Prabu A, Akil M, McHugh N, Toescu V, D'Cruz D, Khamashta MA, Maddison P, Isenberg DA, Gordon C. Numerical scoring for the Classic BILAG index. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2009; 48:1548-52. [PMID: 19779027 PMCID: PMC2777486 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/kep183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective. To develop an additive numerical scoring scheme for the Classic BILAG index. Methods. SLE patients were recruited into this multi-centre cross-sectional study. At every assessment, data were collected on disease activity and therapy. Logistic regression was used to model an increase in therapy, as an indicator of active disease, by the Classic BILAG score in eight systems. As both indicate inactivity, scores of D and E were set to 0 and used as the baseline in the fitted model. The coefficients from the fitted model were used to determine the numerical values for Grades A, B and C. Different scoring schemes were then compared using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves. Validation analysis was performed using assessments from a single centre. Results. There were 1510 assessments from 369 SLE patients. The currently used coding scheme (A = 9, B = 3, C = 1 and D/E = 0) did not fit the data well. The regression model suggested three possible numerical scoring schemes: (i) A = 11, B = 6, C = 1 and D/E = 0; (ii) A = 12, B = 6, C = 1 and D/E = 0; and (iii) A = 11, B = 7, C = 1 and D/E = 0. These schemes produced comparable ROC curves. Based on this, A = 12, B = 6, C = 1 and D/E = 0 seemed a reasonable and practical choice. The validation analysis suggested that although the A = 12, B = 6, C = 1 and D/E = 0 coding is still reasonable, a scheme with slightly less weighting for B, such as A = 12, B = 5, C = 1 and D/E = 0, may be more appropriate. Conclusions. A reasonable additive numerical scoring scheme based on treatment decision for the Classic BILAG index is A = 12, B = 5, C = 1, D = 0 and E = 0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynne Cresswell
- MRC Biostatistics Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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Prabu A, Patel K, Yee CS, Nightingale P, Situnayake RD, Thickett DR, Townend JN, Gordon C. Prevalence and risk factors for pulmonary arterial hypertension in patients with lupus. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2009; 48:1506-11. [PMID: 19671698 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/kep203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is associated with rapid deterioration and poor prognosis in SLE, especially during pregnancy. The prevalence of PAH in SLE in non-tertiary centres is uncertain. This study aims to estimate the point prevalence of PAH and identify risk factors for PAH in a large cohort of SLE patients. METHODS A prospective cross-sectional study of 288 patients with SLE were recruited from lupus clinics in Birmingham, UK. Resting transthoracic echocardiography was performed to estimate the pulmonary artery pressures and to assess cardiac morphology and function. PAH was defined as systolic pulmonary artery pressure (sPAP) >30 mmHg. We assessed potential risk factors such as the presence of lung disease, respiratory muscle weakness, autoantibodies, smoking, RP and APS. RESULTS Of 288 patients who consented for participation, 283 patients were suitable for analysis. Twelve patients were found to have PAH with sPAP >30 mmHg. The range of sPAP in our PAH patients was 31-59 mmHg and three patients had sPAP >40 mmHg. The only significant risk factor for PAH was LAC (P = 0.005). CONCLUSIONS The point prevalence of PAH was 4.2% in our cohort of patients with SLE. Most of the PAH cases were found to be of mild severity (<40 mmHg). The significant association of LAC and presence of APS in PAH cases suggests that thrombosis may play an important role in PAH with SLE. This is important, as it is treatable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athiveeraramapandian Prabu
- Department of Rheumatology, Division of Infection and Immunology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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Yee CS, Farewell V, Isenberg DA, Griffiths B, Teh LS, Bruce IN, Ahmad Y, Rahman A, Prabu A, Akil M, McHugh N, Edwards C, D'Cruz D, Khamashta MA, Maddison P, Gordon C. The BILAG-2004 index is sensitive to change for assessment of SLE disease activity. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2009; 48:691-5. [PMID: 19395542 PMCID: PMC2681285 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/kep064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective. To determine if the BILAG-2004 index is sensitive to change for assessment of SLE disease activity. Methods. This was a prospective multi-centre longitudinal study of SLE patients. At every assessment, data were collected on disease activity (BILAG-2004 index) and treatment. Analyses were performed using overall BILAG-2004 index score (as determined by the highest score achieved by any of the individual systems) and all the systems scores. Sensitivity to change was assessed by determining the relationship between change in disease activity and change in therapy between two consecutive visits. Statistical analyses were performed using multinomial logistic regression. Results. There were 1761 assessments from 347 SLE patients that contributed 1414 observations for analysis. An increase in therapy between visits occurred in 22.7% observations, while 37.3% had a decrease in therapy and in 40.0% therapy was unchanged. Increase in overall BILAG-2004 index score was associated with increase in therapy and inversely associated with decrease in therapy. Decrease in overall BILAG-2004 index score was associated with decrease in therapy and was inversely associated with increase in therapy. Changes in overall BILAG-2004 index score were differentially related to change in therapy, with greater change in score having greater predictive power. Increase in the scores of most systems was independently associated with an increase in treatment and there was no significant association between decreases in the score of any system with an increase in therapy. Conclusions. The BILAG-2004 index is sensitive to change and is suitable for use in longitudinal studies of SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chee-Seng Yee
- Rheumatology Research Group, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
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Abstract
We present a retrospective review of 11 patients with refractory systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) treated with rituximab after failing corticosteroids and at least one other immunosuppressive drug. We measured clinical response using the Classic British Isles Lupus Assessment Group (BILAG) index, serum complement and reduction in maintenance prednisolone dose. B cells were measured using flow cytometry, and lung function testing was used to assess severe pulmonary disease (three patients). The median patient age was 42 years (range, 25–64) with median disease duration 6 years (range, 2–12). In all, 10 of 11 patients responded initially, with median global BILAG reduction of 7.5 at 6 months ( P = 0.007), with loss of all A and B scores by 7 months. Rituximab treatment was associated with normalisation of complement (C3 P = 0.008, C4 P = 0.018) and reduction in steroid requirement, median reduction 15 mg/day ( P = 0.036). In 9 of 10 patients who responded, all other immunosuppressants were stopped. There was no significant difference in anti-dsDNA antibody titres in these responders, but they were negative or had low titres at baseline. B-cell depletion continued for median 4 months (range, 2–9), and disease flare occurred at a median 6.6 months (range, 1.5–23) and was preceded by B-cell recovery in all but two patients. Rituximab was beneficial in refractory SLE including severe neurological and cardiorespiratory disease by inducing disease remission, allowing withdrawal of other agents and reduction in steroid requirement. Rituximab appeared to stabilise and possibly improve progressive lung disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- JA Reynolds
- Department of Rheumatology, City Hospital, Birmingham, West Midlands, UK
| | - V Toescu
- Department of Rheumatology, City Hospital, Birmingham, West Midlands, UK; Department of Rheumatology, Division of Immunity and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - CS Yee
- Department of Rheumatology, City Hospital, Birmingham, West Midlands, UK; Department of Rheumatology, Division of Immunity and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - A Prabu
- Department of Rheumatology, City Hospital, Birmingham, West Midlands, UK; Department of Rheumatology, Division of Immunity and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - D Situnayake
- Department of Rheumatology, City Hospital, Birmingham, West Midlands, UK
| | - C Gordon
- Department of Rheumatology, City Hospital, Birmingham, West Midlands, UK; Department of Rheumatology, Division of Immunity and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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Yee CS, Farewell V, Isenberg DA, Rahman A, Teh LS, Griffiths B, Bruce IN, Ahmad Y, Prabu A, Akil M, McHugh N, D'Cruz D, Khamashta MA, Maddison P, Gordon C. British Isles Lupus Assessment Group 2004 index is valid for assessment of disease activity in systemic lupus erythematosus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 56:4113-9. [PMID: 18050213 PMCID: PMC2659367 DOI: 10.1002/art.23130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Objective To determine the construct and criterion validity of the British Isles Lupus Assessment Group 2004 (BILAG-2004) index for assessing disease activity in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Methods Patients with SLE were recruited into a multicenter cross-sectional study. Data on SLE disease activity (scores on the BILAG-2004 index, Classic BILAG index, and Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Disease Activity Index 2000 [SLEDAI-2K]), investigations, and therapy were collected. Overall BILAG-2004 and overall Classic BILAG scores were determined by the highest score achieved in any of the individual systems in the respective index. Erythrocyte sedimentation rates (ESRs), C3 levels, C4 levels, anti–double-stranded DNA (anti-dsDNA) levels, and SLEDAI-2K scores were used in the analysis of construct validity, and increase in therapy was used as the criterion for active disease in the analysis of criterion validity. Statistical analyses were performed using ordinal logistic regression for construct validity and logistic regression for criterion validity. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) were calculated. Results Of the 369 patients with SLE, 92.7% were women, 59.9% were white, 18.4% were Afro-Caribbean and 18.4% were South Asian. Their mean ± SD age was 41.6 ± 13.2 years and mean disease duration was 8.8 ± 7.7 years. More than 1 assessment was obtained on 88.6% of the patients, and a total of 1,510 assessments were obtained. Increasing overall scores on the BILAG-2004 index were associated with increasing ESRs, decreasing C3 levels, decreasing C4 levels, elevated anti-dsDNA levels, and increasing SLEDAI-2K scores (all P < 0.01). Increase in therapy was observed more frequently in patients with overall BILAG-2004 scores reflecting higher disease activity. Scores indicating active disease (overall BILAG-2004 scores of A and B) were significantly associated with increase in therapy (odds ratio [OR] 19.3, P < 0.01). The BILAG-2004 and Classic BILAG indices had comparable sensitivity, specificity, PPV, and NPV. Conclusion These findings show that the BILAG-2004 index has construct and criterion validity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chee-Seng Yee
- Department of Rheumatology, Division of Infection and Immunity, Medical School, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
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Yee CS, Isenberg DA, Prabu A, Sokoll K, Teh LS, Rahman A, Bruce IN, Griffiths B, Akil M, McHugh N, D'Cruz D, Khamashta MA, Maddison P, Zoma A, Gordon C. BILAG-2004 index captures systemic lupus erythematosus disease activity better than SLEDAI-2000. Ann Rheum Dis 2007; 67:873-6. [PMID: 17519277 DOI: 10.1136/ard.2007.070847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the reliability of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Disease Activity Index (SLEDAI)-2000 index in routine practice and its ability to capture disease activity as compared with the British Isles Lupus Assessment Group (BILAG)-2004 index. METHODS Patients with systemic lupus erythematosus from 11 centres were assessed separately by two raters in routine practice. Disease activity was assessed using the BILAG-2004 and SLEDAI-2000 indices. The level of agreement for items was used to assess the reliability of SLEDAI-2000. The ability to detect disease activity was assessed by determining the number of patients with a high activity on BILAG-2004 (overall score A or B) but low SLEDAI-2000 score (<6) and number of patients with low activity on BILAG-2004 (overall score C, D or E) but high SLEDAI-2000 score (>or=6). Treatment of these patients was analysed, and the increase in treatment was used as the gold standard for active disease. RESULTS 93 patients (90.3% women, 69.9% Caucasian) were studied: mean age was 43.8 years, mean disease duration 10 years. There were 43 patients (46.2%) with a difference in SLEDAI-2000 score between the two raters and this difference was >or=4 in 19 patients (20.4%). Agreement for each of the items in SLEDAI-2000 was between 81.7 and 100%. 35 patients (37.6%) had high activity on BILAG-2004 but a low SLEDAI-2000 score, of which 48.6% had treatment increased. There were only five patients (5.4%) with low activity on BILAG-2004 but a high SLEDAI-2000 score. CONCLUSIONS SLEDAI-2000 is a reliable index to assess systemic lupus erythematosus disease activity but it is less able than the BILAG-2004 index to detect active disease requiring increased treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- C-S Yee
- Department of Rheumatology, Division of Immunity and Infection, The Medical School (East Wing), University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
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Callaghan R, Prabu A, Allan RB, Clarke AE, Sutcliffe N, Pierre YS, Gordon C, Bowman SJ. Direct healthcare costs and predictors of costs in patients with primary Sjogren's syndrome. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2007; 46:105-11. [PMID: 16728437 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/kel155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To analyse the healthcare usage, direct healthcare costs and predictors of cost in primary Sjögren's syndrome (PSS) in the UK and to compare the findings with the data from healthy control groups and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients. METHODS A total of 129 patients with PSS (American-European criteria), 91 with RA and 92 controls, were included in the study. All groups were age-matched females and all completed questionnaires on health status (SF-36) and healthcare utilization (economic component of the Stanford Health Assessment Questionnaire). Annual direct healthcare costs were calculated (and expressed in 2004 UK pound sterling) and predictors of costs for each patient group were determined by regression analyses. Age, health status, disease duration and anti-Ro/La antibody positivity were used as potential predictor variables. RESULTS Mean age was similar in the PSS (59.2 yrs, S.D. 11.6), RA (60.3 yrs, S.D. 10.5) and control groups (57.7 yrs, S.D. 12.5). The mean disease duration was 5.4 yrs (S.D. 4.8) in the PSS group and 13.4 yrs (S.D. 11.4) in the RA group. The mean annual total direct cost per patient [95% confidence interval (CI)] was 2188 pounds sterling (1831 and 2546 pounds sterling) in the PSS group, 2693 pounds sterling(2069 and 3428 pounds sterling) in the RA group and 949 pounds sterling (741 and 1156 pounds sterling) in the control group. The costs in the PSS group were greater than for the RA and control groups for visits to all healthcare professionals (total) as well as visits to the dentist, dental hospital and ophthalmologist. The costs in the PSS and RA groups were higher than in controls for diagnostic tests and visits to hospital and the accident and emergency (A&E) department. The PSS group also incurred higher costs than controls, but lower costs than the RA group, for visits to a rheumatologist, urine and blood tests, assistive devices and drug therapy. Regression analysis identified the SF-36 physical function subscale as the best predictor of costs in PSS patients as well as controls and the mental health subscale in RA patients. CONCLUSION This is the first study to evaluate direct healthcare costs in patients with PSS. PSS has a significant impact on the healthcare system, similar to that of RA, by more than doubling costs compared with control patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Callaghan
- Rheumatology Department, Division of Immunity and Infection, The University of Birmingham, UK.
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Yee CS, Farewell V, Isenberg DA, Prabu A, Sokoll K, Teh LS, Rahman A, Bruce IN, Griffiths B, Akil M, McHugh N, D'Cruz D, Khamashta MA, Bowman S, Maddison P, Zoma A, Allen E, Gordon C. Revised British Isles Lupus Assessment Group 2004 index: A reliable tool for assessment of systemic lupus erythematosus activity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 54:3300-5. [PMID: 17009266 DOI: 10.1002/art.22162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To test the interrater reliability of the revised British Isles Lupus Assessment Group 2004 (BILAG-2004) index for the assessment of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) activity. METHODS Patients with SLE were recruited from 11 centers. Two physician raters separately assessed the patients' disease activity using the BILAG-2004 index in routine clinical practice. Scores ranged from A (for very active disease) to E (for inactivity). Two reliability exercises were performed. Changes were made to the index after the first exercise (E1), and additional training was provided to the raters before the second exercise (E2). E1 and E2 involved 12 and 14 raters, respectively. Interrater reliability was assessed using kappa statistics and intraclass correlation coefficients. Levels of agreement and the extent of major disagreement were also examined. Major disagreement was defined as a score difference between raters of A versus C, D, or E or B versus D or E. RESULTS For each exercise, 97 patients were recruited. In E1, the mean age of the patients was 42.3 years (range 18.5-82.2 years), 89.7% were women, and 74.2% were white, 8.2% were Afro-Caribbean, and 13.4% were South Asian, and in E2, the mean age was 43.7 years (range 17.7-75 years), 90.7% were women, and 68% were white, 15.5% were Afro-Caribbean, and 11.3% were South Asian. The mean disease duration was 9.4 years (range 0-32.1 years) for patients in E1 and 10 years (range 0-34.8 years) in E2. There was improvement in the interrater reliability and the level of agreement from E1 to E2. Further improvement was achieved after removal of poorly performing items. CONCLUSION The BILAG-2004 index is a reliable tool to assess SLE activity. The use of a well-defined glossary and training of raters are essential to ensure the optimal performance of the index.
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Prabu A, Bhosle J, Duddy MJ, Thomas AMC, Rankin ECC. Anaemia in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis recovering from revision of a hip replacement. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2005; 44:1461. [PMID: 16049046 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/kei042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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Prabu A, Marshall T, Gordon C, Plant T, Bawendi A, Heaton S, Jobson S, Briggs D, Bowman SJ. Use of patient age and anti-Ro/La antibody status to determine the probability of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and sicca symptoms fulfilling criteria for secondary Sjögren's syndrome. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2003; 42:189-91. [PMID: 12509639 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/keg048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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