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Izawa K, Kubosaki A, Kobayashi N, Akiyama Y, Yamazaki A, Hashimoto K, Konuma R, Kamata Y, Hara-Kudo Y, Hasegawa K, Ikaga T, Watanabe M. Comprehensive Fungal Community Analysis of House Dust Using Next-Generation Sequencing. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2020; 17:ijerph17165842. [PMID: 32806670 PMCID: PMC7460106 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17165842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Fungal community analyses in homes have been attracting attention because fungi are now generally considered to be allergens. Currently, these analyses are generally conducted using the culture method, although fungal communities in households often contain species that are difficult to culture. In contrast, next-generation sequencing (NGS) represents a comprehensive, labor- and time-saving approach that can facilitate species identification. However, the reliability of the NGS method has not been compared to that of the culture method. In this study, in an attempt to demonstrate the reliability of this application, we used the NGS method to target the internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1) in the fungal genome, conducted fungal community analyses for 18 house-dust samples and analyzed fungal community structures. The NGS method positively correlated with the culture method regarding the relative abundance of Aspergillus, Penicillium, Cladosporium and yeasts, which represent the major fungal components found in houses. Furthermore, several genera, such as Malassezia, could be sensitively detected. Our results imply that the reliability of the NGS method is comparable to that of the culture method and indicates that easily available databases may require modifications, including the removal of registrations that have not been sufficiently classified at the genus level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuki Izawa
- Department of Computer Science, School of Computing, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan; (K.I.); (Y.A.)
| | - Atsutaka Kubosaki
- Division of Microbiology, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-9501, Japan; (A.K.); (Y.H.-K.)
| | - Naoki Kobayashi
- Department of Food and Life Science, School of Life and Environmental Science, Azabu University, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5201, Japan;
| | - Yutaka Akiyama
- Department of Computer Science, School of Computing, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan; (K.I.); (Y.A.)
| | - Akiko Yamazaki
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Morioka, Iwate 020-8550, Japan;
| | - Kazuhiro Hashimoto
- Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management, FCG Research Institute, Inc., Koto-ku, Tokyo 135-0064, Japan;
| | - Rumi Konuma
- Tokyo Metropolitan Industrial Technology Research Institute, Koto-ku, Tokyo 135-0064, Japan;
| | - Yoichi Kamata
- Department of Food Design, Faculty of Nutritional Science, Koshien University, Takarazuka, Hyogo 665-0006, Japan;
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Faculty of Human Life Science, Senri Kinran University, Suita, Osaka 565-0873, Japan
| | - Yukiko Hara-Kudo
- Division of Microbiology, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-9501, Japan; (A.K.); (Y.H.-K.)
| | - Kenichi Hasegawa
- Department of Architecture and Environment Systems, Faculty of Systems Science and Technology, Akita Prefectural University, Yurihonjo, Akita 015-0055, Japan;
| | - Toshiharu Ikaga
- Department of System Design Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 223-8522, Japan;
| | - Maiko Watanabe
- Division of Microbiology, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-9501, Japan; (A.K.); (Y.H.-K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-44-270-6573
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Kubosaki A, Kobayashi N, Watanabe M, Yoshinari T, Takatori K, Kikuchi Y, Hara-Kudo Y, Terajima J, Sugita-Konishi Y. A New Protocol for the Detection of Sterigmatocystin-producing Aspergillus Section Versicolores Using a High Discrimination Polymerase. Biocontrol Sci 2020; 25:113-118. [PMID: 32507789 DOI: 10.4265/bio.25.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Aspergillus section Versicolores species, except Aspergillus sydowii, produce a carcinogenic mycotoxin sterigmatocystin (STC). Since these fungi are found in varied environmental milieu including indoor dust and food products, our aim was to develop a sensitive and convenient assay to detect STC producing fungal strains. We made use of a high discrimination DNA polymerase (HiDi DNA polymerase), for single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)-based PCR amplification. Using specific primer pairs based on the SNPs between A. sydowii and other strains of Aspergillus section Versicolores, we succeeded in amplifying the genomic DNA all target strains except A. sydowii. These results confirm that the SNP-based PCR amplification technique, using a high discrimination DNA polymerase, was a reliable and robust screening method for target fungal strains.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Naoki Kobayashi
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Azabu University
| | - Maiko Watanabe
- Division of Microbiology, National Institute of Health Sciences
| | | | - Kosuke Takatori
- Faculty of Healthcare Sciences, Center for Fungal Consultation, NPO Corporation
| | - Yutaka Kikuchi
- Division of Microbiology, National Institute of Health Sciences
| | | | - Jun Terajima
- Division of Microbiology, National Institute of Health Sciences
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Lizio M, Ishizu Y, Itoh M, Lassmann T, Hasegawa A, Kubosaki A, Severin J, Kawaji H, Nakamura Y, Suzuki H, Hayashizaki Y, Carninci P, Forrest ARR. Mapping Mammalian Cell-type-specific Transcriptional Regulatory Networks Using KD-CAGE and ChIP-seq Data in the TC-YIK Cell Line. Front Genet 2015; 6:331. [PMID: 26635867 PMCID: PMC4650373 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2015.00331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammals are composed of hundreds of different cell types with specialized functions. Each of these cellular phenotypes are controlled by different combinations of transcription factors. Using a human non islet cell insulinoma cell line (TC-YIK) which expresses insulin and the majority of known pancreatic beta cell specific genes as an example, we describe a general approach to identify key cell-type-specific transcription factors (TFs) and their direct and indirect targets. By ranking all human TFs by their level of enriched expression in TC-YIK relative to a broad collection of samples (FANTOM5), we confirmed known key regulators of pancreatic function and development. Systematic siRNA mediated perturbation of these TFs followed by qRT-PCR revealed their interconnections with NEUROD1 at the top of the regulation hierarchy and its depletion drastically reducing insulin levels. For 15 of the TF knock-downs (KD), we then used Cap Analysis of Gene Expression (CAGE) to identify thousands of their targets genome-wide (KD-CAGE). The data confirm NEUROD1 as a key positive regulator in the transcriptional regulatory network (TRN), and ISL1, and PROX1 as antagonists. As a complimentary approach we used ChIP-seq on four of these factors to identify NEUROD1, LMX1A, PAX6, and RFX6 binding sites in the human genome. Examining the overlap between genes perturbed in the KD-CAGE experiments and genes with a ChIP-seq peak within 50 kb of their promoter, we identified direct transcriptional targets of these TFs. Integration of KD-CAGE and ChIP-seq data shows that both NEUROD1 and LMX1A work as the main transcriptional activators. In the core TRN (i.e., TF-TF only), NEUROD1 directly transcriptionally activates the pancreatic TFs HSF4, INSM1, MLXIPL, MYT1, NKX6-3, ONECUT2, PAX4, PROX1, RFX6, ST18, DACH1, and SHOX2, while LMX1A directly transcriptionally activates DACH1, SHOX2, PAX6, and PDX1. Analysis of these complementary datasets suggests the need for caution in interpreting ChIP-seq datasets. (1) A large fraction of binding sites are at distal enhancer sites and cannot be directly associated to their targets, without chromatin conformation data. (2) Many peaks may be non-functional: even when there is a peak at a promoter, the expression of the gene may not be affected in the matching perturbation experiment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Lizio
- RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies Yokohama, Japan ; Division of Genomic Technologies, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yuri Ishizu
- RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies Yokohama, Japan ; Division of Genomic Technologies, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies Yokohama, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Itoh
- RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies Yokohama, Japan ; Division of Genomic Technologies, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies Yokohama, Japan ; RIKEN Preventive Medicine and Diagnosis Innovation Program Yokohama, Japan
| | - Timo Lassmann
- RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies Yokohama, Japan ; Division of Genomic Technologies, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies Yokohama, Japan ; Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia Subiaco, WA, Australia
| | - Akira Hasegawa
- RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies Yokohama, Japan ; Division of Genomic Technologies, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies Yokohama, Japan
| | | | - Jessica Severin
- RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies Yokohama, Japan ; Division of Genomic Technologies, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies Yokohama, Japan
| | - Hideya Kawaji
- RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies Yokohama, Japan ; Division of Genomic Technologies, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies Yokohama, Japan ; RIKEN Preventive Medicine and Diagnosis Innovation Program Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yukio Nakamura
- Cell Engineering Division, RIKEN BioResource Center Ibaraki, Japan
| | | | - Harukazu Suzuki
- RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies Yokohama, Japan ; Division of Genomic Technologies, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yoshihide Hayashizaki
- RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies Yokohama, Japan ; RIKEN Preventive Medicine and Diagnosis Innovation Program Yokohama, Japan
| | - Piero Carninci
- RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies Yokohama, Japan ; Division of Genomic Technologies, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies Yokohama, Japan
| | - Alistair R R Forrest
- RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies Yokohama, Japan ; Division of Genomic Technologies, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies Yokohama, Japan ; QEII Medical Centre and Centre for Medical Research, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, The University of Western Australia Nedlands, WA, Australia
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Roy S, Guler R, Parihar SP, Schmeier S, Kaczkowski B, Nishimura H, Shin JW, Negishi Y, Ozturk M, Hurdayal R, Kubosaki A, Kimura Y, de Hoon MJL, Hayashizaki Y, Brombacher F, Suzuki H. Batf2/Irf1 induces inflammatory responses in classically activated macrophages, lipopolysaccharides, and mycobacterial infection. J Immunol 2015; 194:6035-44. [PMID: 25957166 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1402521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Basic leucine zipper transcription factor Batf2 is poorly described, whereas Batf and Batf3 have been shown to play essential roles in dendritic cell, T cell, and B cell development and regulation. Batf2 was drastically induced in IFN-γ-activated classical macrophages (M1) compared with unstimulated or IL-4-activated alternative macrophages (M2). Batf2 knockdown experiments from IFN-γ-activated macrophages and subsequent expression profiling demonstrated important roles for regulation of immune responses, inducing inflammatory and host-protective genes Tnf, Ccl5, and Nos2. Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Beijing strain HN878)-infected macrophages further induced Batf2 and augmented host-protective Batf2-dependent genes, particularly in M1, whose mechanism was suggested to be mediated through both TLR2 and TLR4 by LPS and heat-killed HN878 (HKTB) stimulation experiments. Irf1 binding motif was enriched in the promoters of Batf2-regulated genes. Coimmunoprecipitation study demonstrated Batf2 association with Irf1. Furthermore, Irf1 knockdown showed downregulation of IFN-γ- or LPS/HKTB-activated host-protective genes Tnf, Ccl5, Il12b, and Nos2. Conclusively, Batf2 is an activation marker gene for M1 involved in gene regulation of IFN-γ-activated classical macrophages, as well as LPS/HKTB-induced macrophage stimulation, possibly by Batf2/Irf1 gene induction. Taken together, these results underline the role of Batf2/Irf1 in inducing inflammatory responses in M. tuberculosis infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sugata Roy
- Division of Genomic Technologies, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan; RIKEN Omics Science Center, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Reto Guler
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Cape Town Component, Cape Town 7925, South Africa; Division of Immunology, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, Health Science Faculty, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
| | - Suraj P Parihar
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Cape Town Component, Cape Town 7925, South Africa; Division of Immunology, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, Health Science Faculty, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
| | - Sebastian Schmeier
- Institute of Natural and Mathematical Sciences, Massey University, North Shore City 0745, New Zealand; and
| | - Bogumil Kaczkowski
- Division of Genomic Technologies, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan; RIKEN Omics Science Center, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Hajime Nishimura
- Division of Genomic Technologies, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan; RIKEN Omics Science Center, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Jay W Shin
- Division of Genomic Technologies, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan; RIKEN Omics Science Center, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Yutaka Negishi
- Division of Genomic Technologies, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan; RIKEN Omics Science Center, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Mumin Ozturk
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Cape Town Component, Cape Town 7925, South Africa; Division of Immunology, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, Health Science Faculty, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
| | - Ramona Hurdayal
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Cape Town Component, Cape Town 7925, South Africa; Division of Immunology, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, Health Science Faculty, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
| | | | | | - Michiel J L de Hoon
- Division of Genomic Technologies, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan; RIKEN Omics Science Center, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Yoshihide Hayashizaki
- RIKEN Omics Science Center, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan; RIKEN Preventive Medicine and Diagnosis Innovation Program, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Frank Brombacher
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Cape Town Component, Cape Town 7925, South Africa; Division of Immunology, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, Health Science Faculty, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa;
| | - Harukazu Suzuki
- Division of Genomic Technologies, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan; RIKEN Omics Science Center, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan;
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5
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Tomaru Y, Hasegawa R, Suzuki T, Sato T, Kubosaki A, Suzuki M, Kawaji H, Forrest ARR, Hayashizaki Y, Shin JW, Suzuki H. A transient disruption of fibroblastic transcriptional regulatory network facilitates trans-differentiation. Nucleic Acids Res 2014; 42:8905-13. [PMID: 25013174 PMCID: PMC4132712 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gku567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Revised: 06/11/2014] [Accepted: 06/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcriptional Regulatory Networks (TRNs) coordinate multiple transcription factors (TFs) in concert to maintain tissue homeostasis and cellular function. The re-establishment of target cell TRNs has been previously implicated in direct trans-differentiation studies where the newly introduced TFs switch on a set of key regulatory factors to induce de novo expression and function. However, the extent to which TRNs in starting cell types, such as dermal fibroblasts, protect cells from undergoing cellular reprogramming remains largely unexplored. In order to identify TFs specific to maintaining the fibroblast state, we performed systematic knockdown of 18 fibroblast-enriched TFs and analyzed differential mRNA expression against the same 18 genes, building a Matrix-RNAi. The resulting expression matrix revealed seven highly interconnected TFs. Interestingly, suppressing four out of seven TFs generated lipid droplets and induced PPARG and CEBPA expression in the presence of adipocyte-inducing medium only, while negative control knockdown cells maintained fibroblastic character in the same induction regime. Global gene expression analyses further revealed that the knockdown-induced adipocytes expressed genes associated with lipid metabolism and significantly suppressed fibroblast genes. Overall, this study reveals the critical role of the TRN in protecting cells against aberrant reprogramming, and demonstrates the vulnerability of donor cell's TRNs, offering a novel strategy to induce transgene-free trans-differentiations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Tomaru
- RIKEN Omics Science Center, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-Ku, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Ryota Hasegawa
- RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, Division of Genomic Technologies, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-Ku, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan Division of Genomic Information Resources, International Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, Yokohama City University, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Takahiro Suzuki
- RIKEN Omics Science Center, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-Ku, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, Division of Genomic Technologies, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-Ku, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Taiji Sato
- Discovery Pharmacology Department 1, Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, 1-135 Komakado, Gotemba, Shizuoka 412-8513, Japan
| | - Atsutaka Kubosaki
- RIKEN Omics Science Center, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-Ku, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Masanori Suzuki
- RIKEN Omics Science Center, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-Ku, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan Division of Genomic Information Resources, International Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, Yokohama City University, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Hideya Kawaji
- RIKEN Omics Science Center, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-Ku, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, Division of Genomic Technologies, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-Ku, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan RIKEN Preventive Medicine and Diagnosis Innovative Program, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Alistair R R Forrest
- RIKEN Omics Science Center, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-Ku, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, Division of Genomic Technologies, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-Ku, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Yoshihide Hayashizaki
- RIKEN Omics Science Center, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-Ku, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan RIKEN Preventive Medicine and Diagnosis Innovative Program, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Jay W Shin
- RIKEN Omics Science Center, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-Ku, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, Division of Genomic Technologies, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-Ku, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Harukazu Suzuki
- RIKEN Omics Science Center, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-Ku, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, Division of Genomic Technologies, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-Ku, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
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Kubosaki A, Tomaru Y, Furuhata E, Suzuki T, Shin JW, Simon C, Ando Y, Hasegawa R, Hayashizaki Y, Suzuki H. CpG site-specific alteration of hydroxymethylcytosine to methylcytosine beyond DNA replication. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2012; 426:141-7. [PMID: 22925887 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2012.08.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2012] [Accepted: 08/11/2012] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Hydroxymethylcytosines (hmC), one of several reported cytosine modifications, was recently found to be enriched in embryonic stem cells and neuronal cells, and thought to play an important role in regulating gene expression and cell specification. However, unlike methylcytosines (mC), the fate of hmC beyond DNA replication is not well understood. Here, to monitor the status of hmC during DNA replication, we prepared a stable episomal vector-based monitoring system called MoCEV in 293T cells. The MoCEV system containing fully hydroxymethylated-cytosine fragments revealed a significant modification towards mC after several rounds of DNA replication. Strikingly this modification was specifically observed at the CpG sites (71.9% of cytosines), whereas only 1.1% of modified cytosines were detected at the non-CpG sites. Since the unmodified MoCEV did not undergo any DNA methylation during cell division, the results strongly suggest that somatic cells undergo hmC to mC specifically at the CpG sites during cell division.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsutaka Kubosaki
- RIKEN Omics Science Center, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan.
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Shin JW, Suzuki T, Ninomiya N, Kishima M, Hasegawa Y, Kubosaki A, Yabukami H, Hayashizaki Y, Suzuki H. Establishment of single-cell screening system for the rapid identification of transcriptional modulators involved in direct cell reprogramming. Nucleic Acids Res 2012; 40:e165. [PMID: 22879381 PMCID: PMC3505982 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gks732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Combinatorial interactions of transcription modulators are critical to regulate cell-specific expression and to drive direct cell reprogramming (e.g. trans-differentiation). However, the identification of key transcription modulators from myriad of candidate genes is laborious and time consuming. To rapidly identify key regulatory factors involved in direct cell reprogramming, we established a multiplex single-cell screening system using a fibroblast-to-monocyte transition model. The system implements a single-cell 'shotgun-transduction' strategy followed by nested-single-cell-polymerase chain reaction (Nesc-PCR) gene expression analysis. To demonstrate this, we simultaneously transduced 18 monocyte-enriched transcription modulators in fibroblasts followed by selection of single cells expressing monocyte-specific CD14 and HLA-DR cell-surface markers from a heterogeneous population. Highly multiplex Nesc-PCR expression analysis revealed a variety of gene combinations with a significant enrichment of SPI1 (86/86) and a novel transcriptional modulator, HCLS1 (76/86), in the CD14(+)/HLA-DR(+) single cells. We could further demonstrate the synergistic role of HCLS1 in regulating monocyte-specific gene expressions and phagocytosis in dermal fibroblasts in the presence of SPI1. This study establishes a platform for a multiplex single-cell screening of combinatorial transcription modulators to drive any direct cell reprogramming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay W Shin
- Omics Science Center, RIKEN Yokohama, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
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8
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Suzuki T, Nakano-Ikegaya M, Yabukami-Okuda H, de Hoon M, Severin J, Saga-Hatano S, Shin JW, Kubosaki A, Simon C, Hasegawa Y, Hayashizaki Y, Suzuki H. Reconstruction of monocyte transcriptional regulatory network accompanies monocytic functions in human fibroblasts. PLoS One 2012; 7:e33474. [PMID: 22428058 PMCID: PMC3302774 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0033474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2011] [Accepted: 02/15/2012] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Transcriptional regulatory networks (TRN) control the underlying mechanisms behind cellular functions and they are defined by a set of core transcription factors regulating cascades of peripheral genes. Here we report SPI1, CEBPA, MNDA and IRF8 as core transcription factors of monocyte TRN and demonstrate functional inductions of phagocytosis, inflammatory response and chemotaxis activities in human dermal fibroblasts. The Gene Ontology and KEGG pathway analyses also revealed notable representation of genes involved in immune response and endocytosis in fibroblasts. Moreover, monocyte TRN-inducers triggered multiple monocyte-specific genes based on the transcription factor motif response analysis and suggest that complex cellular TRNs are uniquely amenable to elicit cell-specific functions in unrelated cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Suzuki
- Omics Science Center (OSC), RIKEN Yokohama Institute, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Mika Nakano-Ikegaya
- Omics Science Center (OSC), RIKEN Yokohama Institute, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | | | - Michiel de Hoon
- Omics Science Center (OSC), RIKEN Yokohama Institute, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Jessica Severin
- Omics Science Center (OSC), RIKEN Yokohama Institute, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Satomi Saga-Hatano
- Omics Science Center (OSC), RIKEN Yokohama Institute, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Jay W. Shin
- Omics Science Center (OSC), RIKEN Yokohama Institute, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Atsutaka Kubosaki
- Omics Science Center (OSC), RIKEN Yokohama Institute, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Christophe Simon
- Omics Science Center (OSC), RIKEN Yokohama Institute, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yuki Hasegawa
- Omics Science Center (OSC), RIKEN Yokohama Institute, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yoshihide Hayashizaki
- Omics Science Center (OSC), RIKEN Yokohama Institute, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
- Division of Genomic Information Resources, Supramolecular Biology, International Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Harukazu Suzuki
- Omics Science Center (OSC), RIKEN Yokohama Institute, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
- * E-mail:
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9
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Ando Y, Tomaru Y, Morinaga A, Burroughs AM, Kawaji H, Kubosaki A, Kimura R, Tagata M, Ino Y, Hirano H, Chiba J, Suzuki H, Carninci P, Hayashizaki Y. Nuclear pore complex protein mediated nuclear localization of dicer protein in human cells. PLoS One 2011; 6:e23385. [PMID: 21858095 PMCID: PMC3156128 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0023385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2011] [Accepted: 07/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Human DICER1 protein cleaves double-stranded RNA into small sizes, a crucial step in production of single-stranded RNAs which are mediating factors of cytoplasmic RNA interference. Here, we clearly demonstrate that human DICER1 protein localizes not only to the cytoplasm but also to the nucleoplasm. We also find that human DICER1 protein associates with the NUP153 protein, one component of the nuclear pore complex. This association is detected predominantly in the cytoplasm but is also clearly distinguishable at the nuclear periphery. Additional characterization of the NUP153-DICER1 association suggests NUP153 plays a crucial role in the nuclear localization of the DICER1 protein.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Hideya Kawaji
- RIKEN Omics Science Center, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | | | - Ryuichiro Kimura
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba, Japan
| | - Maiko Tagata
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yoko Ino
- Supramolecular Biology, International Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Hisashi Hirano
- Supramolecular Biology, International Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Joe Chiba
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba, Japan
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Forrest A, Kanamori-Katayama M, Tomaru Y, Lassmann T, Ninomiya N, Takahashi Y, de Hoon M, Kubosaki A, Kaiho A, Suzuki M, Yasuda J, Kawai J, Hayashizaki Y, Hume D, Suzuki H. P42. Induction of microRNAs, mir-155, mir-222, mir-424 and mir-503, promotes monocytic differentiation through combinatorial regulation. Differentiation 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2010.09.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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11
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Kubosaki A, Lindgren G, Tagami M, Simon C, Tomaru Y, Miura H, Suzuki T, Arner E, Forrest ARR, Irvine KM, Schroder K, Hasegawa Y, Kanamori-Katayama M, Rehli M, Hume DA, Kawai J, Suzuki M, Suzuki H, Hayashizaki Y. The combination of gene perturbation assay and ChIP-chip reveals functional direct target genes for IRF8 in THP-1 cells. Mol Immunol 2010; 47:2295-302. [PMID: 20573402 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2010.05.289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2010] [Revised: 05/24/2010] [Accepted: 05/24/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Gene regulatory networks in living cells are controlled by the interaction of multiple cell type-specific transcription regulators with DNA binding sites in target genes. Interferon regulatory factor 8 (IRF8), also known as interferon consensus sequence binding protein (ICSBP), is a transcription factor expressed predominantly in myeloid and lymphoid cell lineages. To find the functional direct target genes of IRF8, the gene expression profiles of siRNA knockdown samples and genome-wide binding locations by ChIP-chip were analyzed in THP-1 myelomonocytic leukemia cells. Consequently, 84 genes were identified as functional direct targets. The ETS family transcription factor PU.1, also known as SPI1, binds to IRF8 and regulates basal transcription in macrophages. Using the same approach, we identified 53 direct target genes of PU.1; these overlapped with 19 IRF8 targets. These 19 genes included key molecules of IFN signaling such as OAS1 and IRF9, but excluded other IFN-related genes amongst the IRF8 functional direct target genes. We suggest that IRF8 and PU.1 can have both combined, and independent actions on different promoters in myeloid cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsutaka Kubosaki
- RIKEN Omics Science Center, RIKEN Yokohama Institute, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
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12
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Kratz A, Arner E, Saito R, Kubosaki A, Kawai J, Suzuki H, Carninci P, Arakawa T, Tomita M, Hayashizaki Y, Daub CO. Core promoter structure and genomic context reflect histone 3 lysine 9 acetylation patterns. BMC Genomics 2010; 11:257. [PMID: 20409305 PMCID: PMC2867832 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-11-257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2009] [Accepted: 04/21/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Histone modifications play an important role in gene regulation. Acetylation of histone 3 lysine 9 (H3K9ac) is generally associated with transcription initiation and unfolded chromatin, thereby positively influencing gene expression. Deep sequencing of the 5' ends of gene transcripts using DeepCAGE delivers detailed information about the architecture and expression level of gene promoters. The combination of H3K9ac ChIP-chip and DeepCAGE in a myeloid leukemia cell line (THP-1) allowed us to study the spatial distribution of H3K9ac around promoters using a novel clustering approach. The promoter classes were analyzed for association with relevant genomic sequence features. RESULTS We performed a clustering of 4,481 promoters according to their surrounding H3K9ac signal and analyzed the clustered promoters for association with different sequence features. The clustering revealed three groups with major H3K9ac signal upstream, centered and downstream of the promoter. Narrow single peak promoters tend to have a concentrated activity of H3K9ac in the upstream region, while broad promoters tend to have a concentrated activity of H3K9ac and RNA polymerase II binding in the centered and downstream regions. A subset of promoters with high gene expression level, compared to subsets with low and medium gene expression, shows dramatic increase in H3K9ac activity in the upstream cluster only; this may indicate that promoters in the centered and downstream clusters are predominantly regulated at post-initiation steps. Furthermore, the upstream cluster is depleted in CpG islands and more likely to regulate un-annotated genes. CONCLUSIONS Clustering core promoters according to their surrounding acetylation signal is a promising approach for the study of histone modifications. When examining promoters clustered into groups according to their surrounding H3K9 acetylation signal, we find that the relative localization and intensity of H3K9ac is very specific depending on characteristic sequence features of the promoter. Experimental data from DeepCAGE and ChIP-chip experiments using undifferentiated (monocyte) and differentiated (macrophage) THP-1 cells leads us to the same conclusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton Kratz
- Keiko University, Graduate School of Media and Governance, Kanagawa, Japan
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13
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Ravasi T, Suzuki H, Cannistraci CV, Katayama S, Bajic VB, Tan K, Akalin A, Schmeier S, Kanamori-Katayama M, Bertin N, Carninci P, Daub CO, Forrest ARR, Gough J, Grimmond S, Han JH, Hashimoto T, Hide W, Hofmann O, Kamburov A, Kaur M, Kawaji H, Kubosaki A, Lassmann T, van Nimwegen E, MacPherson CR, Ogawa C, Radovanovic A, Schwartz A, Teasdale RD, Tegnér J, Lenhard B, Teichmann SA, Arakawa T, Ninomiya N, Murakami K, Tagami M, Fukuda S, Imamura K, Kai C, Ishihara R, Kitazume Y, Kawai J, Hume DA, Ideker T, Hayashizaki Y. An atlas of combinatorial transcriptional regulation in mouse and man. Cell 2010; 140:744-52. [PMID: 20211142 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2010.01.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 546] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2009] [Revised: 09/22/2009] [Accepted: 01/25/2010] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Combinatorial interactions among transcription factors are critical to directing tissue-specific gene expression. To build a global atlas of these combinations, we have screened for physical interactions among the majority of human and mouse DNA-binding transcription factors (TFs). The complete networks contain 762 human and 877 mouse interactions. Analysis of the networks reveals that highly connected TFs are broadly expressed across tissues, and that roughly half of the measured interactions are conserved between mouse and human. The data highlight the importance of TF combinations for determining cell fate, and they lead to the identification of a SMAD3/FLI1 complex expressed during development of immunity. The availability of large TF combinatorial networks in both human and mouse will provide many opportunities to study gene regulation, tissue differentiation, and mammalian evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Ravasi
- The FANTOM Consortium, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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14
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Forrest ARR, Kanamori-Katayama M, Tomaru Y, Lassmann T, Ninomiya N, Takahashi Y, de Hoon MJL, Kubosaki A, Kaiho A, Suzuki M, Yasuda J, Kawai J, Hayashizaki Y, Hume DA, Suzuki H. Induction of microRNAs, mir-155, mir-222, mir-424 and mir-503, promotes monocytic differentiation through combinatorial regulation. Leukemia 2009; 24:460-6. [DOI: 10.1038/leu.2009.246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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15
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Tomaru Y, Simon C, Forrest AR, Miura H, Kubosaki A, Hayashizaki Y, Suzuki M. Regulatory interdependence of myeloid transcription factors revealed by Matrix RNAi analysis. Genome Biol 2009; 10:R121. [PMID: 19883503 PMCID: PMC2810662 DOI: 10.1186/gb-2009-10-11-r121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2009] [Accepted: 11/02/2009] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The knockdown of 78 transcription factors in differentiating human THP-1 cells using matrix RNAi reveals their interdependence Background With the move towards systems biology, we need sensitive and reliable ways to determine the relationships between transcription factors and their target genes. In this paper we analyze the regulatory relationships between 78 myeloid transcription factors and their coding genes by using the matrix RNAi system in which a set of transcription factor genes are individually knocked down and the resultant expression perturbation is quantified. Results Using small interfering RNAs we knocked down the 78 transcription factor genes in monocytic THP-1 cells and monitored the perturbation of the expression of the same 78 transcription factors and 13 other transcription factor genes as well as 5 non-transcription factor genes by quantitative real-time RT-PCR, thereby building a 78 × 96 matrix of perturbation and measurement. This approach identified 876 cases where knockdown of one transcription factor significantly affected the expression of another (from a potential 7,488 combinations). Our study also revealed cell-type-specific transcriptional regulatory networks in two different cell types. Conclusions By considering whether the targets of a given transcription factor are naturally up- or downregulated during phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate-induced differentiation, we could classify these edges as pro-differentiative (229), anti-differentiative (76) or neither (571) using expression profiling data obtained in the FANTOM4 study. This classification analysis suggested that several factors could be involved in monocytic differentiation, while others such as MYB and the leukemogenic fusion MLL-MLLT3 could help to maintain the initial undifferentiated state by repressing the expression of pro-differentiative factors or maintaining expression of anti-differentiative factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Tomaru
- RIKEN Omics Science Center, RIKEN Yokohama Institute 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan.
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16
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Taft RJ, Glazov EA, Cloonan N, Simons C, Stephen S, Faulkner GJ, Lassmann T, Forrest ARR, Grimmond SM, Schroder K, Irvine K, Arakawa T, Nakamura M, Kubosaki A, Hayashida K, Kawazu C, Murata M, Nishiyori H, Fukuda S, Kawai J, Daub CO, Hume DA, Suzuki H, Orlando V, Carninci P, Hayashizaki Y, Mattick JS. Erratum: Corrigendum: Tiny RNAs associated with transcription start sites in animals. Nat Genet 2009. [DOI: 10.1038/ng0709-859a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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17
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Nishimura T, Kubosaki A, Ito Y, Notkins AL. Disturbances in the secretion of neurotransmitters in IA-2/IA-2beta null mice: changes in behavior, learning and lifespan. Neuroscience 2009; 159:427-37. [PMID: 19361477 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2009.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2008] [Revised: 12/24/2008] [Accepted: 01/07/2009] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Islet-associated protein 2 (IA-2) and IA-2beta are major autoantigens in type 1 diabetes and transmembrane proteins in dense core secretory vesicles (DCV) of neuroendocrine cells. The deletion of these genes results in a decrease in insulin secretion. The present study was initiated to test the hypothesis that this deletion not only affects the secretion of insulin, but has a more global effect on neuroendocrine secretion that leads to disturbances in behavior and learning. Measurement of neurotransmitters showed that norepinephrine, dopamine and 5-HT were significantly decreased in the brain of double knockout (DKO) mice (P<0.05 to <0.001). In tests evaluating anxiety-like behavior and conditioned-learning, the DKO mice showed a highly significant increase in anxiety-like behavior (P<0.01 to <0.001) and impairment of conditioned learning (P<0.01) as compared to WT mice. The DKO mice also displayed an increase in spontaneous and induced seizures (P<0.01) and age-related death. Contrary to the generally held view that IA-2 and IA-2beta are expressed exclusively in DCV, subcellular fractionation studies revealed that IA-2beta, but not IA-2, co-purifies with fractions rich in synaptic vesicles (SV), and that the secretion of dopamine, GABA and glutamate from the synaptosomes of the DKO mice was significantly decreased as was the number of SV (P<0.01). Taken together, these findings show that IA-2beta is present in both DCV and SV, and that the deletion of IA-2/IA-2beta has a global effect on the secretion of neurotransmitters. The impairment of secretion leads to behavioral and learning disturbances, seizures and reduced lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Nishimura
- Experimental Medicine Section, Oral Infection and Immunity Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-4322, USA
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18
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Taft RJ, Glazov EA, Cloonan N, Simons C, Stephen S, Faulkner GJ, Lassmann T, Forrest ARR, Grimmond SM, Schroder K, Irvine K, Arakawa T, Nakamura M, Kubosaki A, Hayashida K, Kawazu C, Murata M, Nishiyori H, Fukuda S, Kawai J, Daub CO, Hume DA, Suzuki H, Orlando V, Carninci P, Hayashizaki Y, Mattick JS. Tiny RNAs associated with transcription start sites in animals. Nat Genet 2009; 41:572-8. [PMID: 19377478 DOI: 10.1038/ng.312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 262] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2008] [Accepted: 12/06/2008] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
It has been reported that relatively short RNAs of heterogeneous sizes are derived from sequences near the promoters of eukaryotic genes. In conjunction with the FANTOM4 project, we have identified tiny RNAs with a modal length of 18 nt that map within -60 to +120 nt of transcription start sites (TSSs) in human, chicken and Drosophila. These transcription initiation RNAs (tiRNAs) are derived from sequences on the same strand as the TSS and are preferentially associated with G+C-rich promoters. The 5' ends of tiRNAs show peak density 10-30 nt downstream of TSSs, indicating that they are processed. tiRNAs are generally, although not exclusively, associated with highly expressed transcripts and sites of RNA polymerase II binding. We suggest that tiRNAs may be a general feature of transcription in metazoa and possibly all eukaryotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan J Taft
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Australia
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19
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Kubosaki A, Tomaru Y, Tagami M, Arner E, Miura H, Suzuki T, Suzuki M, Suzuki H, Hayashizaki Y. Genome-wide investigation of in vivo EGR-1 binding sites in monocytic differentiation. Genome Biol 2009; 10:R41. [PMID: 19374776 PMCID: PMC2688932 DOI: 10.1186/gb-2009-10-4-r41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2009] [Revised: 04/06/2009] [Accepted: 04/19/2009] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
A Genome-wide analysis of EGR-1 binding sites reveals co-localization with CpG islands and histone H3 lysine 9 binding. SP-1 binding occupancies near EGR-1 binding sites are dramatically altered. Background Immediate early genes are considered to play important roles in dynamic gene regulatory networks following exposure to appropriate stimuli. One of the immediate early genes, early growth response gene 1 (EGR-1), has been implicated in differentiation of human monoblastoma cells along the monocytic commitment following treatment with phorbol ester. EGR-1 has been thought to work as a modifier of monopoiesis, but the precise function of EGR-1 in monocytic differentiation has not been fully elucidated. Results We performed the first genome-wide analysis of EGR-1 binding sites by chromatin immunoprecipitation with promoter array (ChIP-chip) and identified EGR-1 target sites in differentiating THP-1 cells. By combining the results with previously reported FANTOM4 data, we found that EGR-1 binding sites highly co-localized with CpG islands, acetylated histone H3 lysine 9 binding sites, and CAGE tag clusters. Gene Ontology (GO) analysis revealed enriched terms, including binding of molecules, in EGR-1 target genes. In addition, comparison with gene expression profiling data showed that EGR-1 binding influenced gene expression. Moreover, observation of in vivo occupancy changes of DNA binding proteins following PMA stimulation indicated that SP1 binding occupancies were dramatically changed near EGR-1 binding sites. Conclusions We conclude that EGR-1 mainly recognizes GC-rich consensus sequences in promoters of active genes. GO analysis and gene expression profiling data confirm that EGR-1 is involved in initiation of information transmission in cell events. The observations of in vivo occupancy changes of EGR-1 and SP1 suggest that several types of interplay between EGR-1 and other proteins result in multiple responses to EGR-1 downstream genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsutaka Kubosaki
- RIKEN Omics Science Center, RIKEN Yokohama Institute 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
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20
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Sugita-Konishi Y, Kubosaki A, Takahashi M, Park BJ, Tanaka T, Takatori K, Hirose M, Shibutani M. Nivalenol and the targeting of the female reproductive system as well as haematopoietic and immune systems in rats after 90-day exposure through the diet. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2008; 25:1118-27. [PMID: 18798038 DOI: 10.1080/02652030802093892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Nivalenol (NIV) is considered to be an important trichothecene mycotoxin produced by Fusarium species because of its frequent contamination in wheat and barley worldwide. The present study examined the subchronic toxicity of NIV in male and female F344 rats fed diets containing 0, 6.25, 25 and 100 mg kg(-1) of the toxin for 90 days. During the experimental period there was a decrease in the white blood cell count at 100 mg kg(-1) in males and at > or =6.25 mg kg(-1) in females. Histopathologically, treatment-related changes were observed in the haematopoietic and immune systems in both sexes and in the female reproductive system at 100 mg kg(-1). Flow cytometric analysis of splenic cells revealed an elevation in the ratio of helper/cytotoxic T-lymphocytes at 100 mg kg(-1). In summary, NIV targets the female reproductive system as well as haematopoietic and immune systems in rats fed NIV for 90 days. Based on a significant decrease in white blood cells in female rats relative to controls, the lowest observable effect level was calculated as 0.4 mg kg(-1) body weight day(-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Sugita-Konishi
- Division of Microbiology, National Institute of Health Sciences, Tokyo, Japan.
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21
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Henquin JC, Nenquin M, Szollosi A, Kubosaki A, Notkins AL. Insulin secretion in islets from mice with a double knockout for the dense core vesicle proteins islet antigen-2 (IA-2) and IA-2beta. J Endocrinol 2008; 196:573-81. [PMID: 18310453 DOI: 10.1677/joe-07-0496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Islet antigen-2 (IA-2 or ICA 512) and IA-2beta (or phogrin) are major autoantigens in type 1 diabetes. They are located in dense core secretory vesicles including insulin granules, but their role in beta-cell function is unclear. Targeted disruption of either IA-2 or IA-2beta, or both, impaired glucose tolerance, an effect attributed to diminution of insulin secretion. In this study, we therefore characterized the dynamic changes in cytosolic Ca2+([Ca2+](c)) and insulin secretion in islets from IA-2/IA-2beta double knockout (KO) mice. High glucose (15 mM) induced biphasic insulin secretion in IA-2/IA-2beta KO islets, with a similar first phase and smaller second phase compared with controls. Since the insulin content of IA-2/IA-2beta KO islets was approximately 45% less than that of controls, fractional insulin secretion (relative to content) was thus increased during first phase and unaffected during second phase. This peculiar response occurred in spite of a slightly smaller rise in [Ca2+](c), could not be attributed to an alteration of glucose metabolism (NADPH fluorescence) and also was observed with tolbutamide. The dual control of insulin secretion via the K(ATP) channel-dependent triggering pathway and K(ATP) channel-independent amplifying pathway was unaltered in IA-2/IA-2beta KO islets, and so were the potentiations by acetylcholine or cAMP (forskolin). Intriguingly, amino acids, in particular the cationic arginine and lysine, induced larger fractional insulin secretion in IA-2/IA-2beta KO than control islets. In conclusion, IA-2 and IA-2beta are dispensable for exocytosis of insulin granules, but are probably more important for cargo loading and/or stability of dense core vesicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Claude Henquin
- Unit of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Louvain, UCL 55.30, Avenue Hippocrate 55, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium
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22
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Kubosaki A, Aihara M, Park BJ, Sugiura Y, Shibutani M, Hirose M, Suzuki Y, Takatori K, Sugita-Konishi Y. Immunotoxicity of nivalenol after subchronic dietary exposure to rats. Food Chem Toxicol 2008; 46:253-8. [PMID: 17881110 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2007.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2007] [Revised: 07/22/2007] [Accepted: 08/06/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Immunobiological effects of nivalenol (NIV), a trichothecene mycotoxin produced by Fusarium nivale, were examined in male F344 rats after 90-day dietary exposure at doses of 0, 0.4, 1.5, and 6.9 mg/kg body weight/day (0, 6.25, 25 and 100 ppm, respectively) in a subchronic toxicity study. With regards to the serum immunoglobulin levels, a slight increase of IgM was observed only at 6.9 mg/kg (26% increase), while levels of IgG and IgA did not fluctuate at any dose. Flow cytometric analysis of splenic cells revealed a dose-dependent decrease of T lymphocyte/B lymphocyte (CD3(+)/B220(+)) ratio from 1.5mg/kg and an elevated CD4(+)helper/CD8(+)cytotoxic T lymphocyte ratio at 6.9 mg/kg. Furthermore, increases of natural killer (NK) activity of splenic lymphocytes against YAC-1 target cells were observed at all doses, while the magnitude of changes was similar between 1.5 and 6.9 mg/kg. At 6.9 mg/kg, the reduction of the ratio of NKR-P1A(+) splenic cells, which is an indicator of NK cells in the spleen, was apparent. As with other previous studies of NIV, decreased body weight was observed from 1.5 mg/kg during the experiment in the present study. In summary, NIV affected immune function in rats after 90-day dietary exposure, the effects being apparent from 0.4 mg/kg judging from the increase of NK activity, although nutritional suppression might have influenced the immunological changes appeared from 1.5mg/kg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsutaka Kubosaki
- Division of Microbiology, National Institute of Health Sciences, 1-18-1 Kamiyoga, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 158-8501, Japan
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Kubosaki A, Nakamura S, Clark A, Morris JF, Notkins AL. Disruption of the transmembrane dense core vesicle proteins IA-2 and IA-2beta causes female infertility. Endocrinology 2006; 147:811-5. [PMID: 16269463 DOI: 10.1210/en.2005-0638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Female infertility is a worldwide problem affecting 10-15% of the population. The cause of the infertility in many cases is not known. In the present report, we demonstrate that alterations in two transmembrane structural proteins, IA-2 and IA-2beta, located in dense core secretory vesicles (DCV) of many endocrine and neuroendocrine cells, can result in female infertility. IA-2 and IA-2beta are best known as major autoantigens in type 1 diabetes, but their normal function has remained an enigma. Recently we showed in mice that deletion of IA-2 and/or IA-2beta results in impaired insulin secretion and glucose intolerance. We now report that double knockout (DKO), but not single knockout, female mice are essentially infertile. Vaginal smears showed a totally abnormal estrous cycle, and examination of the ovaries revealed normal-appearing oocytes but the absence of corpora lutea. The LH surge that is required for ovulation occurred in wild-type mice but not in DKO mice. Additional studies showed that the LH level in the pituitary of DKO female mice was decreased compared with wild-type mice. Treatment of DKO females with gonadotropins restored corpora lutea formation. In contrast to DKO female mice, DKO male mice were fertile and LH levels in the serum and pituitary were within the normal range. From these studies we conclude that the DCV proteins, IA-2 and IA-2beta, play an important role in LH secretion and that alterations in structural proteins of DCV can result in female infertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsutaka Kubosaki
- Experimental Medicine Section, Oral Infection and Immunity Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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Abstract
IA-2 and IA-2beta are members of the transmembrane protein tyrosine phosphatase family located in dense core vesicles of neuroendocrine cells, including the beta-cells of pancreatic islets. In the present study, by mating C57BL/6Nci IA-2(+/-) with IA-2beta(+/-) mice, we generated double knockout mice (IA-2(-/-)/IA-2beta(-/-)) to study the effect of the combined deletion of these two proteins on insulin secretion and blood glucose levels. The double knockout mice appeared healthy at birth and showed normal growth and development. Histological examination and immunostaining for insulin, glucagon, somatostatin, and pancreatic polypeptide revealed no difference between the double knockout and wild-type mice. Nonfasting blood glucose and insulin levels also were within the normal range. However, compared with the wild-type mice, the double knockout mice showed glucose intolerance and an absent first-phase insulin release curve. No evidence of insulin resistance was observed nor were there alterations in fasting blood glucose, insulin, or leptin levels in the double knockout mice maintained on a high-fat diet compared with the wild-type mice maintained on the same diet. In addition, to determine whether the combined deletion of IA-2 and IA-2beta played any role in the development of diabetes in NOD mice, we generated double knockout mice on the NOD/LtJ background. The incidence of diabetes in these mice was not significantly different than that in the wild-type mice. Taken together, our experiments show that the dense core vesicle proteins IA-2 and IA-2beta, alone or in combination, are involved in insulin secretion, but neither alone nor in combination are they required for the development of diabetes in NOD mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsutaka Kubosaki
- Experimental Medicine Section, Oral Infection and Immunity Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Building 30/Room 106, 30 Convent Dr., MSC 4322, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-4322, USA
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Shyu WC, Chen CP, Saeki K, Kubosaki A, Matusmoto Y, Onodera T, Ding DC, Chiang MF, Lee YJ, Lin SZ, Li H. Hypoglycemia enhances the expression of prion protein and heat-shock protein 70 in a mouse neuroblastoma cell line. J Neurosci Res 2005; 80:887-94. [PMID: 15884019 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.20509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Cellular prion protein (PrP(C)) expression can be regulated by heat-shock stress, and we designed the present study to determine whether hypoglycemia could affect PrP(C) expression. RT-PCR and Western blotting were used to measure the expression of PrP(C) and heat-shock protein (Hsp70) in mouse neuroblastoma (N18) cells cultured 3 hr to 3 days in media deprived of 97.5% (L) or 75% (M) of its glucose. Hypoglycemia caused a concomitant time-dependent and glucose dose-dependent increase in PrP(C) and Hsp70. In addition, hypoglycemia also increased phosphorylated c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) protein levels in a time-dependent manner. The upregulation of PrP(C) and Hsp70 under hypoglycemic conditions was disrupted by the specific JNK inhibitor SP600125. It was also found from in vitro studies that hypoglycemic conditions induced higher levels of PrP(C) promoter activity in PrP(C) promoters containing a heat-shock element (HSE) than in PrP(C) promoters lacking HSE. We propose that hypoglycemia-increased PrP(C) expression might be due to JNK phosphorylation of a heat-shock transcriptional factor, which then interacts with HSE in the promoter of PrP(C).
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Affiliation(s)
- W-C Shyu
- Neuro-Medical Scientific Center, Tzu-Chi Buddhist General Hospital, Hualien, Taiwan
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Kubosaki A, Gross S, Miura J, Saeki K, Zhu M, Nakamura S, Hendriks W, Notkins AL. Targeted disruption of the IA-2beta gene causes glucose intolerance and impairs insulin secretion but does not prevent the development of diabetes in NOD mice. Diabetes 2004; 53:1684-91. [PMID: 15220191 DOI: 10.2337/diabetes.53.7.1684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Insulinoma-associated protein (IA)-2beta, also known as phogrin, is an enzymatically inactive member of the transmembrane protein tyrosine phosphatase family and is located in dense-core secretory vesicles. In patients with type 1 diabetes, autoantibodies to IA-2beta appear years before the development of clinical disease. The genomic structure and function of IA-2beta, however, is not known. In the present study, we determined the genomic structure of IA-2beta and found that both human and mouse IA-2beta consist of 23 exons and span approximately 1,000 and 800 kb, respectively. With this information, we prepared a targeting construct and inactivated the mouse IA-2beta gene as demonstrated by lack of IA-2beta mRNA and protein expression. The IA-2beta(-/-) mice, in contrast to wild-type controls, showed mild glucose intolerance and impaired glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. Knockout of the IA-2beta gene in NOD mice, the most widely studied animal model for human type 1 diabetes, failed to prevent the development of cyclophosphamide-induced diabetes. We conclude that IA-2beta is involved in insulin secretion, but despite its importance as a major autoantigen in human type 1 diabetes, it is not required for the development of diabetes in NOD mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsutaka Kubosaki
- Experimental Medicine Section, Oral Infection and Immunity Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-4322, USA
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27
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Kawagishi A, Kubosaki A, Takeyama N, Sakudo A, Saeki K, Matsumoto Y, Hayashi T, Onodera T. Analysis of T-cell receptor Vbeta gene from infiltrating T cells in insulitis and myocarditis in encephalomyocarditis virus-infected BALB/C mice. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2003; 310:791-5. [PMID: 14550273 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2003.09.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Encephalomyocarditis (EMC) virus induces insulin-dependent diabetes and myocarditis in several strains of mice. The T-cell receptor (TCR) Vbeta genes of infiltrating T cells in the pancreas and myocardium of BALB/C mice infected with EMC virus D-variant (EMC-D virus) were analyzed. Using a nested two-step polymerase chain reaction (PCR), TCR Vbeta cDNAs were cloned and sequenced. Two and four kinds of TCR Vbeta clones were obtained from T cells infiltrating into the pancreas and myocardium of BALB/C mice infected with EMC-D virus, respectively. The infiltrating lymphocytes in the diabetic mice expressed Vbeta 8.1, 8.2, and 8.3 genes predominantly. Previously, the use of Vbeta 8.2 has been reported in autoimmune diseases such as murine experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) and non-obese diabetic (NOD) mouse. This study suggests that mice infected with EMC virus are a useful animal model for autoimmune diseases such as insulin-dependent diabetes.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Autoantigens/metabolism
- Autoimmunity
- Cloning, Molecular
- DNA, Complementary/metabolism
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/virology
- Encephalomyocarditis virus/immunology
- Genes, T-Cell Receptor/genetics
- Glucose Tolerance Test
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred NOD
- Models, Genetic
- Myocarditis/immunology
- Myocarditis/virology
- Myocardium/metabolism
- Pancreas/metabolism
- Polymerase Chain Reaction
- RNA/metabolism
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Aki Kawagishi
- Department of Molecular Immunology, School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, Japan
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Kubosaki A, Nishimura-Nasu Y, Nishimura T, Yusa S, Sakudo A, Saeki K, Matsumoto Y, Itohara S, Onodera T. Expression of normal cellular prion protein (PrP(c)) on T lymphocytes and the effect of copper ion: Analysis by wild-type and prion protein gene-deficient mice. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2003; 307:810-3. [PMID: 12878182 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-291x(03)01263-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this report was to determine the effect of prion protein (PrP) gene disruption on T lymphocyte function. Previous studies have suggested that normal cellular prion protein (PrP(c)) binds to copper and Cu(2+) is essential for interleukin-2 (IL-2) mRNA synthesis. In this study, IL-2 mRNA levels in a copper-deficient condition were investigated using T lymphocytes from prion protein gene-deficient (PrP(0/0)) and wild-type mice. Results showed that Cu(2+) deficiency had no effect on PrP(c) expression in Con A-activated splenocytes. However, a delay in IL-2 gene expression was observed in PrP(0/0) mouse T lymphocyte cultures using Con A and Cu(2+)-chelator. These results suggest that PrP(c) expression may play an important role in rapid Cu(2+) transfer in T lymphocytes. The rapid transfer of Cu(2+) in murine T lymphocytes could be one of the normal functions of PrP(c).
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsutaka Kubosaki
- Department of Molecular Immunology, School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
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Saeki K, Zhu M, Kubosaki A, Xie J, Lan MS, Notkins AL. Targeted disruption of the protein tyrosine phosphatase-like molecule IA-2 results in alterations in glucose tolerance tests and insulin secretion. Diabetes 2002; 51:1842-50. [PMID: 12031972 DOI: 10.2337/diabetes.51.6.1842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
IA-2 is a major autoantigen in type 1 diabetes. Autoantibodies to IA-2 appear years before the development of clinical disease and are being widely used as predictive markers to identify individuals at risk for developing type 1 diabetes. IA-2 is an enzymatically inactive member of the transmembrane protein tyrosine phosphatase family and is an integral component of secretory granules in neuroendocrine cells. To study its function, we generated IA-2-deficient mice. Northern and Western blot analysis showed that neither IA-2 mRNA nor protein was expressed. Physical examination of the IA-2(- /-) animals and histological examination of tissues failed to reveal any abnormalities. Nonfasting blood glucose levels, measured over 6 months, were slightly elevated in male IA-2(-/-) as compared to IA-2(+ /+) littermates, but remained within the nondiabetic range. Glucose tolerance tests, however, revealed statistically significant elevation of glucose in both male and female IA-2(-/-) mice and depressed insulin release. In vitro glucose stimulation of isolated islets showed that male and female mice carrying the disrupted gene released 48% (P < 0.001) and 42% (P < 0.01) less insulin, respectively, than mice carrying the wild-type gene. We concluded that IA-2 is involved in glucose-stimulated insulin secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiichi Saeki
- Experimental Medicine Section, Oral Infection and Immunity Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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Seo SW, Hara K, Kubosaki A, Nasu Y, Nishimura T, Saeki K, Matsumoto Y, Endo H, Onodera T. Comparative analysis of the prion protein open reading frame nucleotide sequences of two wild ruminants, the moufflon and golden takin. Intervirology 2002; 44:359-63. [PMID: 11805443 DOI: 10.1159/000050072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The prion protein (PrP) nucleotide sequences of two ruminants were determined in order to elucidate the differences in susceptibility to spongiform encephalopathy agents in each species. The nucleotide sequences of PrP coding regions of the moufflon and the golden takin encompassed 771 bp in length. The PrP gene sequences of the golden takin were closely related to those of sheep with one amino acid difference. The PrP gene sequence of the moufflon was identical to that of sheep. The similarities between the PrP genes of these two animals and sheep imply that the species barriers between these animals are small or non-existent. These PrP genes could be used to establish transgenic mice with higher susceptibility to prion-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- S W Seo
- Department of Molecular Immunology, School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, Japan.
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Abstract
We have identified ARAP1 and ARAP2 and examined ARAP1 as a possible link between phosphoinositide-, Arf-, and Rho-mediated cell signaling. ARAP1 contains Arf GAP, Rho GAP, Ankyrin repeat, Ras-associating, and five PH domains. In vitro, ARAP1 had Rho GAP and phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5) trisphosphate (PIP3)-dependent Arf GAP activity. ARAP1 associated with the Golgi. The Rho GAP activity mediated cell rounding and loss of stress fibers when ARAP1 was overexpressed. The Arf GAP activity mediated changes in the Golgi apparatus and the formation of filopodia, the latter a consequence of increased cellular activity of Cdc42. The Arf GAP and Rho GAP activities both contributed to inhibiting cell spreading. Thus, ARAP1 is a PIP3-dependent Arf GAP that regulates Arf-, Rho-, and Cdc42-dependent cell activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichi Miura
- Laboratory of Cellular Oncology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Shimizu S, Saito N, Kubosaki A, SungWook S, Takeyama N, Sakamoto T, Matsumoto Y, Saeki K, Matsumoto Y, Onodera T. Developmental expression and localization of IA-2 mRNA in mouse neuroendocrine tissues. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2001; 288:165-71. [PMID: 11594768 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.2001.5754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Islet antigen (IA)-2 is a novel autoantigen of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM), and belongs to a new class within the receptor-type protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) family characterized by lack of PTP enzymatic activity with conventional substrates. Its expression is restricted primarily to the pancreas, pituitary, and brain with the highest level in the brain. IA-2 mRNA expressions in the brain, pituitary and pancreas of 1-, 4-, and 8-week-old mice were examined. In situ hybridization of the brain revealed that IA-2 mRNA was expressed in the cerebral cortex, hippocampus, thalamus, choroid plexus, hypothalamus, Purkinje cells, and granular layer of the cerebellum. In the pituitary, IA-2 mRNA was located in the anterior and posterior pituitary by in situ hybridization. The pattern of IA-2 mRNA expression in normal male mouse brain at 1, 4, and 8 weeks of age by the Northern blot analysis was similar to that in the pituitary by RT-PCR analysis. The expression level was higher at 4 weeks and lower at 1 week of age. In the pancreas, IA-2 mRNA expressions detected by RT-PCR were highest at 8 weeks of age. These results indicated that the amount of mRNA expression increased in accordance to development in brain, pituitary, and pancreas.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Shimizu
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tokyo, Yayoi 1-1-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
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Kubosaki A, Yusa S, Nasu Y, Nishimura T, Nakamura Y, Saeki K, Matsumoto Y, Itohara S, Onodera T. Distribution of cellular isoform of prion protein in T lymphocytes and bone marrow, analyzed by wild-type and prion protein gene-deficient mice. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2001; 282:103-7. [PMID: 11263978 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.2001.4538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the authors investigated normal cellular prion protein (PrP(C)) expression on murine immune systems using prion protein gene-deficient mouse as negative control. Immunocytes expressing PrP(C) in adult and fetal mice were detected by flow cytometry with the monoclonal antibody against PrP(C), 6H4. Cells from thymus and bone marrow reacted positively with 6H4, while spleen cells, peritoneal cells, peripheral blood leukocytes, and intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes were nonreactive. In thymus, PrP(C) was observed in CD4(-)CD8(-) double-negative thymocytes. PrP(C+) cells of double-negative thymocytes belonged to the CD3(-) subset, but not to the CD3(+) subset. Triple-negative PrP(C+) thymocytes expressed CD44 or CD25 antigens. Furthermore, PrP(C) was observed in c-kit(+) bone marrow cells. In fetuses, PrP(C+) cells were observed in the liver and thymus at day 16.0 and 15.0 of gestation, respectively. These results demonstrated that PrP(C) is expressed on immature immunocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kubosaki
- Department of Molecular Immunology, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
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Kubosaki A, Ueno A, Matsumoto Y, Doi K, Saeki K, Onodera T. Analysis of prion protein mRNA by in situ hybridization in brain and placenta of sheep. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2000; 273:890-3. [PMID: 10891342 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.2000.3035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In this study, prion protein (PrP) mRNA was focally detected in brain and placenta of pregnant sheep by Northern blot analysis. In addition, host-encoded cellular prion protein (PrP(C)) was observed in brain and placenta of the ruminant by Western blot analysis as well. Localization of PrP mRNA in pregnant sheep tissues was rendered possible with in situ hybridization. In sheep brain, PrP mRNA was predominantly localized within large neocortical neurons in the cerebrum, Purkinje cells and neurons of the molecular and granule cell layers in the cerebellum. In the placenta, signals were observed in the myometrium, including stratum longitudinale tunicae muscles and circular layers of muscular tunics. In the caruncle and placentome, signals were stronger by in situ hybridization. Since accumulation of the scrapie isoform PrP (PrP(Sc)) is required to PrP(C), these results suggest that brain and placenta of sheep may be important organs and sites for the conversion of PrP(C) to PrP(Sc).
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kubosaki
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
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Kuwahara C, Kubosaki A, Nishimura T, Nasu Y, Nakamura Y, Saeki K, Matsumoto Y, Onodera T. Enhanced expression of cellular prion protein gene by insulin or nerve growth factor in immortalized mouse neuronal precursor cell lines. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2000; 268:763-6. [PMID: 10679279 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.2000.2152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
In order to understand the fundamental and putative roles of PrP(c) in the central nervous system, neuronal cell lines were established. Cells were immortalized by recombinant retrovirus vector-mediated transduction of SV40 T-antigen gene. Among these, two cell lines were selected based on their RT-PCR expressions of neuron-specific neurofilament (NF-H, NF-M) and cell morphology. These cell lines showed the properties of neuronal progenitor cells in antigenicity, morphology and responses to differentiating agents. Expression of PrP(c) was detected by immunocytochemical analysis. These cell lines responded to differentiating agents such as dibutyl cyclic AMP (dcAMP) and phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) before developing into neuronal-like cells. Neurite extensions were observed 20 min after incubation with the differentiating agents. Treatment with nerve growth factor (NGF) and insulin induced cell differentiation and enhanced expression of PrP gene (Prnp) mRNA and protein. The latter phenomenon was not inhibited by wortmannin, which is a specific inhibitor of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase. These results suggest that PrP(c) plays an important role in the differentiation-mediated classic signaling pathway of neuronal cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Kuwahara
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0032, Japan
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Mizoi S, Yoshino T, Momotani E, Kubosaki A, Nakamura Y, Onodera T. Exacerbated spongiform lesions in the cerebral cortex in Japanese sheep, in an outbreak of scrapie during 1984-1987. Jpn J Infect Dis 1999; 52:242-4. [PMID: 10738362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
The present study dealt with the pathology of natural scrapie in Japanese Suffolk sheep in a certain selected area. Vacuolations in the cytoplasm of neurons were conspicuous. They were particularly evident in many areas of the medulla and pons, extending into and through pedunculus cerebri and thalamus to the septal area and olfactory tubercle. Proliferation of astrocytes was also easily observed with glial fibrillary acidic protein staining. Neural vacuolations in the cerebral cortex were observed in 73% of the cases. Abnormal prion protein deposits were seen in all cases observed by hydrolytic autoclaving, and subsequent peroxidase and anti-peroxidase immunostaining. Abnormal prion protein staining was the most conspicuous in the polymorphic layers of the hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Mizoi
- Hokkaido Nemuro Livestock Hygiene Service Center, Hokkaido, Japan
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Kuwahara C, Takeuchi AM, Nishimura T, Haraguchi K, Kubosaki A, Matsumoto Y, Saeki K, Matsumoto Y, Yokoyama T, Itohara S, Onodera T. Prions prevent neuronal cell-line death. Nature 1999; 400:225-6. [PMID: 10421360 DOI: 10.1038/22241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 346] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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