1
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Larraufie MH, Gao X, Xia X, Devine PJ, Kallen J, Liu D, Michaud G, Harsch A, Savage N, Ding J, Tan K, Mihalic M, Roggo S, Canham SM, Bushell SM, Krastel P, Gao J, Izaac A, Altinoglu E, Lustenberger P, Salcius M, Harbinski F, Williams ET, Zeng L, Loureiro J, Cong F, Fryer CJ, Klickstein L, Tallarico JA, Jain RK, Rothman DM, Wang S. Phenotypic screen identifies calcineurin-sparing FK506 analogs as BMP potentiators for treatment of acute kidney injury. Cell Chem Biol 2021; 28:1271-1282.e12. [PMID: 33894161 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2021.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a life-threatening disease with no known curative or preventive therapies. Data from multiple animal models and human studies have linked dysregulation of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling to AKI. Small molecules that potentiate endogenous BMP signaling should have a beneficial effect in AKI. We performed a high-throughput phenotypic screen and identified a series of FK506 analogs that act as potent BMP potentiators by sequestering FKBP12 from BMP type I receptors. We further showed that calcineurin inhibition was not required for this activity. We identified a calcineurin-sparing FK506 analog oxtFK through late-stage functionalization and structure-guided design. OxtFK demonstrated an improved safety profile in vivo relative to FK506. OxtFK stimulated BMP signaling in vitro and in vivo and protected the kidneys in an AKI mouse model, making it a promising candidate for future development as a first-in-class therapeutic for diseases with dysregulated BMP signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xiaolin Gao
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Xiaobo Xia
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Joerg Kallen
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Dong Liu
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Gregory Michaud
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Andreas Harsch
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Nik Savage
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jian Ding
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Kian Tan
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Manuel Mihalic
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Silvio Roggo
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Simon M Bushell
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Philipp Krastel
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jinhai Gao
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Aude Izaac
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Erhan Altinoglu
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Michael Salcius
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Fred Harbinski
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Eric T Williams
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Liling Zeng
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Joseph Loureiro
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Feng Cong
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Christy J Fryer
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | | | - Rishi K Jain
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Shaowen Wang
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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2
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Bokhovchuk F, Mesrouze Y, Izaac A, Meyerhofer M, Zimmermann C, Fontana P, Schmelzle T, Erdmann D, Furet P, Kallen J, Chène P. Molecular and structural characterization of a TEAD mutation at the origin of Sveinsson’s chorioretinal atrophy. FASEB J 2020. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.2020.34.s1.05546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Aude Izaac
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research
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3
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Kallen J, Izaac A, Chau S, Wirth E, Schoepfer J, Mah R, Schlapbach A, Stutz S, Vaupel A, Guagnano V, Masuya K, Stachyra T, Salem B, Chene P, Gessier F, Holzer P, Furet P. Front Cover: Structural States of Hdm2 and HdmX: X‐ray Elucidation of Adaptations and Binding Interactions for Different Chemical Compound Classes (ChemMedChem 14/2019). ChemMedChem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201900400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joerg Kallen
- Chemical Biology & TherapeuticsNovartis Institutes for BioMedical Research Novartis Campus 4002 Basel Switzerland
| | - Aude Izaac
- Chemical Biology & TherapeuticsNovartis Institutes for BioMedical Research Novartis Campus 4002 Basel Switzerland
| | - Suzanne Chau
- Chemical Biology & TherapeuticsNovartis Institutes for BioMedical Research Novartis Campus 4002 Basel Switzerland
| | - Emmanuelle Wirth
- Chemical Biology & TherapeuticsNovartis Institutes for BioMedical Research Novartis Campus 4002 Basel Switzerland
| | - Joseph Schoepfer
- Global Discovery ChemistryNovartis Institutes for BioMedical Research Novartis Campus 4002 Basel Switzerland
| | - Robert Mah
- Global Discovery ChemistryNovartis Institutes for BioMedical Research Novartis Campus 4002 Basel Switzerland
| | - Achim Schlapbach
- Global Discovery ChemistryNovartis Institutes for BioMedical Research Novartis Campus 4002 Basel Switzerland
| | - Stefan Stutz
- Global Discovery ChemistryNovartis Institutes for BioMedical Research Novartis Campus 4002 Basel Switzerland
| | - Andrea Vaupel
- Global Discovery ChemistryNovartis Institutes for BioMedical Research Novartis Campus 4002 Basel Switzerland
| | - Vito Guagnano
- Global Discovery ChemistryNovartis Institutes for BioMedical Research Novartis Campus 4002 Basel Switzerland
| | | | - Therese‐Marie Stachyra
- Disease Area OncologyNovartis Institutes for BioMedical Research Novartis Campus 4002 Basel Switzerland
| | - Bahaa Salem
- Global Discovery ChemistryNovartis Institutes for BioMedical Research Novartis Campus 4002 Basel Switzerland
| | - Patrick Chene
- Disease Area OncologyNovartis Institutes for BioMedical Research Novartis Campus 4002 Basel Switzerland
| | - Francois Gessier
- Global Discovery ChemistryNovartis Institutes for BioMedical Research Novartis Campus 4002 Basel Switzerland
| | - Philipp Holzer
- Global Discovery ChemistryNovartis Institutes for BioMedical Research Novartis Campus 4002 Basel Switzerland
| | - Pascal Furet
- Global Discovery ChemistryNovartis Institutes for BioMedical Research Novartis Campus 4002 Basel Switzerland
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4
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Kallen J, Izaac A, Chau S, Wirth E, Schoepfer J, Mah R, Schlapbach A, Stutz S, Vaupel A, Guagnano V, Masuya K, Stachyra TM, Salem B, Chene P, Gessier F, Holzer P, Furet P. Structural States of Hdm2 and HdmX: X-ray Elucidation of Adaptations and Binding Interactions for Different Chemical Compound Classes. ChemMedChem 2019; 14:1305-1314. [PMID: 31066983 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201900201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Hdm2 (human MDM2, human double minute 2 homologue) counteracts p53 function by direct binding to p53 and by ubiquitin-dependent p53 protein degradation. Activation of p53 by inhibitors of the p53-Hdm2 interaction is being pursued as a therapeutic strategy in p53 wild-type cancers. In addition, HdmX (human MDMX, human MDM4) was also identified as an important therapeutic target to efficiently reactivate p53, and it is likely that dual inhibition of Hdm2 and HdmX is beneficial. Herein we report four new X-ray structures for Hdm2 and five new X-ray structures for HdmX complexes, involving different classes of synthetic compounds (including the worldwide highest resolutions for Hdm2 and HdmX, at 1.13 and 1.20 Å, respectively). We also reveal the key additive 18-crown-ether, which we discovered to enable HdmX crystallization and show its stabilization of various Lys residues. In addition, we report the previously unpublished details of X-ray structure determinations for eight further Hdm2 complexes, including the clinical trial compounds NVP-CGM097 and NVP-HDM201. An analysis of all compound binding modes reveals new and deepened insight into the possible adaptations and structural states of Hdm2 (e.g., flip of F55, flip of Y67, reorientation of H96) and HdmX (e.g., flip of H55, dimer induction), enabling key binding interactions for different compound classes. To facilitate comparisons, we used the same numbering for Hdm2 (as in Q00987) and HdmX (as in O15151, but minus 1). Taken together, these structural insights should prove useful for the design and optimization of further selective and/or dual Hdm2/HdmX inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joerg Kallen
- Chemical Biology & Therapeutics, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Campus, 4002, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Aude Izaac
- Chemical Biology & Therapeutics, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Campus, 4002, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Suzanne Chau
- Chemical Biology & Therapeutics, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Campus, 4002, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Emmanuelle Wirth
- Chemical Biology & Therapeutics, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Campus, 4002, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Joseph Schoepfer
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Campus, 4002, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Robert Mah
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Campus, 4002, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Achim Schlapbach
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Campus, 4002, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Stutz
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Campus, 4002, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Andrea Vaupel
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Campus, 4002, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Vito Guagnano
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Campus, 4002, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Therese-Marie Stachyra
- Disease Area Oncology, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Campus, 4002, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Bahaa Salem
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Campus, 4002, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Chene
- Disease Area Oncology, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Campus, 4002, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Francois Gessier
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Campus, 4002, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Philipp Holzer
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Campus, 4002, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Pascal Furet
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Campus, 4002, Basel, Switzerland
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5
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Mesrouze Y, Bokhovchuk F, Izaac A, Meyerhofer M, Zimmermann C, Fontana P, Schmelzle T, Erdmann D, Furet P, Kallen J, Chène P. Adaptation of the bound intrinsically disordered protein YAP to mutations at the YAP:TEAD interface. Protein Sci 2019; 27:1810-1820. [PMID: 30058229 DOI: 10.1002/pro.3493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Revised: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Many interactions between proteins are mediated by intrinsically disordered regions (IDRs). Intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) do not adopt a stable three-dimensional structure in their unbound form, but they become more structured upon binding to their partners. In this communication, we study how a bound IDR adapts to mutations, preventing the formation of hydrogen bonds at the binding interface that needs a precise positioning of the interacting residues to be formed. We use as a model the YAP:TEAD interface, where one YAP (IDP) and two TEAD residues form hydrogen bonds via their side chain. Our study shows that the conformational flexibility of bound YAP and the reorganization of water molecules at the interface help to reduce the energetic constraints created by the loss of H-bonds at the interface. The residual flexibility/dynamic of bound IDRs and water might, therefore, be a key for the adaptation of IDPs to different interface landscapes and to mutations occurring at binding interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yannick Mesrouze
- Disease Area Oncology, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Fedir Bokhovchuk
- Disease Area Oncology, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Aude Izaac
- Chemical Biology & Therapeutics, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Marco Meyerhofer
- Disease Area Oncology, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Catherine Zimmermann
- Disease Area Oncology, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Patrizia Fontana
- Disease Area Oncology, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Tobias Schmelzle
- Disease Area Oncology, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Dirk Erdmann
- Disease Area Oncology, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Pascal Furet
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Joerg Kallen
- Chemical Biology & Therapeutics, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Chène
- Disease Area Oncology, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
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6
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Bokhovchuk F, Mesrouze Y, Izaac A, Meyerhofer M, Zimmermann C, Fontana P, Schmelzle T, Erdmann D, Furet P, Kallen J, Chène P. Molecular and structural characterization of a
TEAD
mutation at the origin of Sveinsson's chorioretinal atrophy. FEBS J 2019; 286:2381-2398. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.14817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fedir Bokhovchuk
- Disease Area Oncology Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research Basel Switzerland
| | - Yannick Mesrouze
- Disease Area Oncology Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research Basel Switzerland
| | - Aude Izaac
- Chemical Biology & Therapeutics Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research Basel Switzerland
| | - Marco Meyerhofer
- Disease Area Oncology Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research Basel Switzerland
| | - Catherine Zimmermann
- Disease Area Oncology Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research Basel Switzerland
| | - Patrizia Fontana
- Disease Area Oncology Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research Basel Switzerland
| | - Tobias Schmelzle
- Disease Area Oncology Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research Basel Switzerland
| | - Dirk Erdmann
- Disease Area Oncology Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research Basel Switzerland
| | - Pascal Furet
- Global Discovery Chemistry Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research Basel Switzerland
| | - Joerg Kallen
- Chemical Biology & Therapeutics Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research Basel Switzerland
| | - Patrick Chène
- Disease Area Oncology Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research Basel Switzerland
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7
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Kallen J, Bergsdorf C, Arnaud B, Bernhard M, Brichet M, Cobos-Correa A, Elhajouji A, Freuler F, Galimberti I, Guibourdenche C, Haenni S, Holzinger S, Hunziker J, Izaac A, Kaufmann M, Leder L, Martus HJ, von Matt P, Polyakov V, Roethlisberger P, Roma G, Stiefl N, Uteng M, Lerchner A. X-ray Structures and Feasibility Assessment of CLK2 Inhibitors for Phelan-McDermid Syndrome. ChemMedChem 2018; 13:1997-2007. [PMID: 29985556 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201800344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
CLK2 inhibition has been proposed as a potential mechanism to improve autism and neuronal functions in Phelan-McDermid syndrome (PMDS). Herein, the discovery of a very potent indazole CLK inhibitor series and the CLK2 X-ray structure of the most potent analogue are reported. This new indazole series was identified through a biochemical CLK2 Caliper assay screen with 30k compounds selected by an in silico approach. Novel high-resolution X-ray structures of all CLKs, including the first CLK4 X-ray structure, bound to known CLK2 inhibitor tool compounds (e.g., TG003, CX-4945), are also shown and yield insight into inhibitor selectivity in the CLK family. The efficacy of the new CLK2 inhibitors from the indazole series was demonstrated in the mouse brain slice assay, and potential safety concerns were investigated. Genotoxicity findings in the human lymphocyte micronucleus test (MNT) assay are shown by using two structurally different CLK inhibitors to reveal a major concern for pan-CLK inhibition in PMDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joerg Kallen
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Campus, 4002, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Christian Bergsdorf
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Campus, 4002, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Bertrand Arnaud
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Campus, 4002, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Mario Bernhard
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Campus, 4002, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Murielle Brichet
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Campus, 4002, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Amanda Cobos-Correa
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Campus, 4002, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Azeddine Elhajouji
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Campus, 4002, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Felix Freuler
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Campus, 4002, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ivan Galimberti
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Campus, 4002, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Christel Guibourdenche
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Campus, 4002, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Simon Haenni
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Campus, 4002, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sandra Holzinger
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Campus, 4002, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Juerg Hunziker
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Campus, 4002, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Aude Izaac
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Campus, 4002, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Markus Kaufmann
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Campus, 4002, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Lukas Leder
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Campus, 4002, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Hans-Joerg Martus
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Campus, 4002, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Peter von Matt
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Campus, 4002, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Valery Polyakov
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Campus, 4002, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Patrik Roethlisberger
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Campus, 4002, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Guglielmo Roma
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Campus, 4002, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Nikolaus Stiefl
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Campus, 4002, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Marianne Uteng
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Campus, 4002, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Lerchner
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Campus, 4002, Basel, Switzerland
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8
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Mesrouze Y, Meyerhofer M, Bokhovchuk F, Fontana P, Zimmermann C, Martin T, Delaunay C, Izaac A, Kallen J, Schmelzle T, Erdmann D, Chène P. Effect of the acylation of TEAD4 on its interaction with co-activators YAP and TAZ. Protein Sci 2017; 26:2399-2409. [PMID: 28960584 DOI: 10.1002/pro.3312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Revised: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The Hippo pathway is deregulated in various cancers, and the discovery of molecules that modulate this pathway may open new therapeutic avenues in oncology. TEA/ATTS domain (TEAD) transcription factors are the most distal elements of the Hippo pathway and their transcriptional activity is regulated by the Yes-associated protein (YAP). Amongst the various possibilities for targeting this pathway, inhibition of the YAP:TEAD interaction is an attractive strategy. It has been shown recently that TEAD proteins are covalently linked via a conserved cysteine to a fatty acid molecule (palmitate) that binds to a deep hydrophobic cavity present in these proteins. This acylation of TEAD seems to be required for efficient binding to YAP, and understanding how it modulates the YAP:TEAD interaction may provide useful information on the regulation of TEAD function. In this report we have studied the effect of TEAD4 acylation on its interaction with YAP and the other co-activator transcriptional co-activator with PDZ-binding motif (TAZ). We show in our biochemical and cellular assays that YAP and TAZ bind in a similar manner to acylated and non-acylated TEAD4. This indicates that TEAD4 acylation is not a prerequisite for its interaction with YAP or TAZ. However, we observed that TEAD4 acylation significantly enhances its stability, suggesting that it may help this transcription factor to acquire and/or maintain its active conformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yannick Mesrouze
- Disease Area Oncology, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Marco Meyerhofer
- Disease Area Oncology, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Fedir Bokhovchuk
- Disease Area Oncology, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Patrizia Fontana
- Disease Area Oncology, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Catherine Zimmermann
- Disease Area Oncology, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Typhaine Martin
- Disease Area Oncology, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Clara Delaunay
- Disease Area Oncology, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Aude Izaac
- Chemical Biology & Therapeutics, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Joerg Kallen
- Chemical Biology & Therapeutics, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Tobias Schmelzle
- Disease Area Oncology, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Dirk Erdmann
- Disease Area Oncology, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Chène
- Disease Area Oncology, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
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9
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Kallen J, Izaac A, Be C, Arista L, Orain D, Kaupmann K, Guntermann C, Hoegenauer K, Hintermann S. Structural States of RORγt: X-ray Elucidation of Molecular Mechanisms and Binding Interactions for Natural and Synthetic Compounds. ChemMedChem 2017; 12:1014-1021. [PMID: 28590087 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201700278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Revised: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The T-cell-specific retinoic acid receptor (RAR)-related orphan receptor-γ (RORγt) is a key transcription factor for the production of pro-inflammatory Th17 cytokines, which are implicated in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. Over the years, several structurally diverse RORγt inverse agonists have been reported, but combining high potency and good physicochemical properties has remained a challenging task. We recently reported a new series of inverse agonists based on an imidazopyridine core with good physicochemical properties and excellent selectivity. Herein we report eight new X-ray crystal structures for different classes of natural and synthetic compounds, including examples selected from the patent literature. Analysis of their respective binding modes revealed insight into the molecular mechanisms that lead to agonism, antagonism, or inverse agonism. We report new molecular mechanisms for RORγt agonism and propose a separation of the inverse agonists into two classes: those that act via steric clash and those that act via other mechanisms (for the latter, co-crystallization with a co-activator peptide and helix 12 in the agonist position is still possible). For the non-steric clash inverse agonists, we propose a new mechanism ("water trapping") which can be combined with other mechanisms (e.g., close contacts with H479). In addition, we compare the interactions made for selected compounds in the "back pocket" near S404 and in the "sulfate pocket" near R364 and R367. Taken together, these new mechanistic insights should prove useful for the design and optimization of further RORγt modulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joerg Kallen
- CBT, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Campus, 4002, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Aude Izaac
- CBT, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Campus, 4002, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Celine Be
- CBT, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Campus, 4002, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Luca Arista
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Campus, 4002, Basel, Switzerland
| | - David Orain
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Campus, 4002, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Klemens Kaupmann
- ATI, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Campus, 4002, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Christine Guntermann
- ATI, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Campus, 4002, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Klemens Hoegenauer
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Campus, 4002, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Samuel Hintermann
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Campus, 4002, Basel, Switzerland
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Kallen J, Goepfert A, Blechschmidt A, Izaac A, Geiser M, Tavares G, Ramage P, Furet P, Masuya K, Lisztwan J. Crystal Structures of Human MdmX (HdmX) in Complex with p53 Peptide Analogues Reveal Surprising Conformational Changes. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:8812-21. [PMID: 19153082 PMCID: PMC2659239 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m809096200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2008] [Revised: 01/16/2009] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
p53 tumor suppressor activity is negatively regulated through binding to the oncogenic proteins Hdm2 and HdmX. The p53 residues Leu(26), Trp(23), and Phe(19) are crucial to mediate these interactions. Inhibiting p53 binding to both Hdm2 and HdmX should be a promising clinical approach to reactivate p53 in the cancer setting, but previous studies have suggested that the discovery of dual Hdm2/HdmX inhibitors will be difficult. We have determined the crystal structures at 1.3 A of the N-terminal domain of HdmX bound to two p53 peptidomimetics without and with a 6-chlorine substituent on the indole (which binds in the same subpocket as Trp(23) of p53). The latter compound is the most potent peptide-based antagonist of the p53-Hdm2 interaction yet to be described. The x-ray structures revealed surprising conformational changes of the binding cleft of HdmX, including an "open conformation" of Tyr(99) and unexpected "cross-talk" between the Trp and Leu pockets. Notably, the 6-chloro p53 peptidomimetic bound with high affinity to both HdmX and Hdm2 (K(d) values of 36 and 7 nm, respectively). Our results suggest that the development of potent dual inhibitors for HdmX and Hdm2 should be feasible. They also reveal possible conformational states of HdmX, which should lead to a better prediction of its interactions with potential biological partners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joerg Kallen
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland.
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Izaac A, Schall CA, Mueser TC. Assessment of a preliminary solubility screen to improve crystallization trials: uncoupling crystal condition searches. Acta Crystallogr D Biol Crystallogr 2006; 62:833-42. [PMID: 16790940 DOI: 10.1107/s0907444906018385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2006] [Accepted: 05/17/2006] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The utility of a preliminary solubility screen has been assessed on ten test proteins. It is proposed that maximizing the protein solubility prior to crystal setups is likely to improve crystal growth. In crystallization setups, drops of a protein solution are mixed with various crystallization solutions which are then allowed to equilibrate. The protein solutions usually contain a salt and buffer which are present as a constant in all crystal screens. The propensity for crystallization, driven by three components of sparse-matrix screens, the buffers, salts and precipitating agents, could potentially be masked by the components of the protein solution. Ten test proteins were dissolved in a standard buffer (100 mM NaCl, 50 mM Tris-HCl pH 7.5) and in customized optimal buffers determined to maximize solubility. The proteins were then subjected to the Index (Hampton Research) 96-well sparse-matrix crystal screen and to a precipitant/precipitant-additive screen described here. Five of the ten proteins studied showed twofold to fourfold increases in the saturation level from standard to optimal buffer, two showed slight improvement and three showed a slight decrease. Microcrystals were obtained for all proteins and optimal buffer increased the appearance of crystals for eight of the ten proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aude Izaac
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606, USA
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