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Edginton-White B, Maytum A, Kellaway SG, Goode DK, Keane P, Pagnuco I, Assi SA, Ames L, Clarke M, Cockerill PN, Göttgens B, Cazier JB, Bonifer C. A genome-wide relay of signalling-responsive enhancers drives hematopoietic specification. Nat Commun 2023; 14:267. [PMID: 36650172 PMCID: PMC9845378 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-35910-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Developmental control of gene expression critically depends on distal cis-regulatory elements including enhancers which interact with promoters to activate gene expression. To date no global experiments have been conducted that identify their cell type and cell stage-specific activity within one developmental pathway and in a chromatin context. Here, we describe a high-throughput method that identifies thousands of differentially active cis-elements able to stimulate a minimal promoter at five stages of hematopoietic progenitor development from embryonic stem (ES) cells, which can be adapted to any ES cell derived cell type. We show that blood cell-specific gene expression is controlled by the concerted action of thousands of differentiation stage-specific sets of cis-elements which respond to cytokine signals terminating at signalling responsive transcription factors. Our work provides an important resource for studies of hematopoietic specification and highlights the mechanisms of how and where extrinsic signals program a cell type-specific chromatin landscape driving hematopoietic differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Edginton-White
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Birmingham, B152TT, Birmingham, UK.
| | - A Maytum
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Birmingham, B152TT, Birmingham, UK
| | - S G Kellaway
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Birmingham, B152TT, Birmingham, UK
| | - D K Goode
- Department of Haematology, Wellcome and Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0AW, UK
| | - P Keane
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Birmingham, B152TT, Birmingham, UK
| | - I Pagnuco
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Birmingham, B152TT, Birmingham, UK
- Centre for Computational Biology, Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, B152TT, Birmingham, UK
| | - S A Assi
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Birmingham, B152TT, Birmingham, UK
| | - L Ames
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Birmingham, B152TT, Birmingham, UK
| | - M Clarke
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Birmingham, B152TT, Birmingham, UK
| | - P N Cockerill
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Birmingham, B152TT, Birmingham, UK
| | - B Göttgens
- Department of Haematology, Wellcome and Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0AW, UK
| | - J B Cazier
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Birmingham, B152TT, Birmingham, UK
- Centre for Computational Biology, Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, B152TT, Birmingham, UK
| | - C Bonifer
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Birmingham, B152TT, Birmingham, UK.
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2
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Lohoff T, Ghazanfar S, Missarova A, Koulena N, Pierson N, Griffiths JA, Bardot ES, Eng CHL, Tyser RCV, Argelaguet R, Guibentif C, Srinivas S, Briscoe J, Simons BD, Hadjantonakis AK, Göttgens B, Reik W, Nichols J, Cai L, Marioni JC. Integration of spatial and single-cell transcriptomic data elucidates mouse organogenesis. Nat Biotechnol 2022; 40:74-85. [PMID: 34489600 PMCID: PMC8763645 DOI: 10.1038/s41587-021-01006-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Molecular profiling of single cells has advanced our knowledge of the molecular basis of development. However, current approaches mostly rely on dissociating cells from tissues, thereby losing the crucial spatial context of regulatory processes. Here, we apply an image-based single-cell transcriptomics method, sequential fluorescence in situ hybridization (seqFISH), to detect mRNAs for 387 target genes in tissue sections of mouse embryos at the 8-12 somite stage. By integrating spatial context and multiplexed transcriptional measurements with two single-cell transcriptome atlases, we characterize cell types across the embryo and demonstrate that spatially resolved expression of genes not profiled by seqFISH can be imputed. We use this high-resolution spatial map to characterize fundamental steps in the patterning of the midbrain-hindbrain boundary (MHB) and the developing gut tube. We uncover axes of cell differentiation that are not apparent from single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) data, such as early dorsal-ventral separation of esophageal and tracheal progenitor populations in the gut tube. Our method provides an approach for studying cell fate decisions in complex tissues and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Lohoff
- Wellcome-Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Epigenetics Programme, Babraham Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | - S Ghazanfar
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - A Missarova
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - N Koulena
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - N Pierson
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - J A Griffiths
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Genomics Plc, Cambridge, UK
| | - E S Bardot
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - C-H L Eng
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - R C V Tyser
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - R Argelaguet
- Epigenetics Programme, Babraham Institute, Cambridge, UK
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - C Guibentif
- Wellcome-Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Sahlgrenska Center for Cancer Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - S Srinivas
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - J Briscoe
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - B D Simons
- Wellcome-Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- The Wellcome/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics, Centre for Mathematical Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - A-K Hadjantonakis
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - B Göttgens
- Wellcome-Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - W Reik
- Wellcome-Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
- Epigenetics Programme, Babraham Institute, Cambridge, UK.
- Centre for Trophoblast Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge, UK.
| | - J Nichols
- Wellcome-Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | - L Cai
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA.
| | - J C Marioni
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge, UK.
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge, UK.
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3
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Giotopoulos G, Chan WI, Horton SJ, Ruau D, Gallipoli P, Fowler A, Crawley C, Papaemmanuil E, Campbell PJ, Göttgens B, Van Deursen JM, Cole PA, Huntly BJP. The epigenetic regulators CBP and p300 facilitate leukemogenesis and represent therapeutic targets in acute myeloid leukemia. Oncogene 2016; 35:279-89. [PMID: 25893291 PMCID: PMC4729186 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2015.92] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Revised: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Growing evidence links abnormal epigenetic control to the development of hematological malignancies. Accordingly, inhibition of epigenetic regulators is emerging as a promising therapeutic strategy. The acetylation status of lysine residues in histone tails is one of a number of epigenetic post-translational modifications that alter DNA-templated processes, such as transcription, to facilitate malignant transformation. Although histone deacetylases are already being clinically targeted, the role of histone lysine acetyltransferases (KAT) in malignancy is less well characterized. We chose to study this question in the context of acute myeloid leukemia (AML), where, using in vitro and in vivo genetic ablation and knockdown experiments in murine models, we demonstrate a role for the epigenetic regulators CBP and p300 in the induction and maintenance of AML. Furthermore, using selective small molecule inhibitors of their lysine acetyltransferase activity, we validate CBP/p300 as therapeutic targets in vitro across a wide range of human AML subtypes. We proceed to show that growth retardation occurs through the induction of transcriptional changes that induce apoptosis and cell-cycle arrest in leukemia cells and finally demonstrate the efficacy of the KAT inhibitors in decreasing clonogenic growth of primary AML patient samples. Taken together, these data suggest that CBP/p300 are promising therapeutic targets across multiple subtypes in AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Giotopoulos
- Department of Haematology, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research and Addenbrookes Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Wellcome Trust - Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | - W-I Chan
- Department of Haematology, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research and Addenbrookes Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Wellcome Trust - Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, UK
- State Key laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau
| | - SJ Horton
- Department of Haematology, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research and Addenbrookes Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Wellcome Trust - Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | - D Ruau
- Department of Haematology, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research and Addenbrookes Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Wellcome Trust - Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | - P Gallipoli
- Department of Haematology, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research and Addenbrookes Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Wellcome Trust - Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | - A Fowler
- Department of Haematology, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research and Addenbrookes Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - C Crawley
- Department of Haematology, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research and Addenbrookes Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - PJ Campbell
- Department of Haematology, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research and Addenbrookes Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
| | - B Göttgens
- Department of Haematology, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research and Addenbrookes Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Wellcome Trust - Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | - JM Van Deursen
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - PA Cole
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - BJP Huntly
- Department of Haematology, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research and Addenbrookes Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Wellcome Trust - Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, UK
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Sive JI, Basilico S, Hannah R, Kinston SJ, Calero-Nieto FJ, Göttgens B. Genome-scale definition of the transcriptional programme associated with compromised PU.1 activity in acute myeloid leukaemia. Leukemia 2016; 30:14-23. [PMID: 26126967 PMCID: PMC4705427 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2015.172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Revised: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Transcriptional dysregulation is associated with haematological malignancy. Although mutations of the key haematopoietic transcription factor PU.1 are rare in human acute myeloid leukaemia (AML), they are common in murine models of radiation-induced AML, and PU.1 downregulation and/or dysfunction has been described in human AML patients carrying the fusion oncogenes RUNX1-ETO and PML-RARA. To study the transcriptional programmes associated with compromised PU.1 activity, we adapted a Pu.1-mutated murine AML cell line with an inducible wild-type PU.1. PU.1 induction caused transition from leukaemia phenotype to monocytic differentiation. Global binding maps for PU.1, CEBPA and the histone mark H3K27Ac with and without PU.1 induction showed that mutant PU.1 retains DNA-binding ability, but the induction of wild-type protein dramatically increases both the number and the height of PU.1-binding peaks. Correlating chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) Seq with gene expression data, we found that PU.1 recruitment coupled with increased histone acetylation induces gene expression and activates a monocyte/macrophage transcriptional programme. PU.1 induction also caused the reorganisation of a subgroup of CEBPA binding peaks. Finally, we show that the PU.1 target gene set defined in our model allows the stratification of primary human AML samples, shedding light on both known and novel AML subtypes that may be driven by PU.1 dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- J I Sive
- Department of Haematology, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research and Wellcome Trust and MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - S Basilico
- Department of Haematology, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research and Wellcome Trust and MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - R Hannah
- Department of Haematology, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research and Wellcome Trust and MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - S J Kinston
- Department of Haematology, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research and Wellcome Trust and MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - F J Calero-Nieto
- Department of Haematology, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research and Wellcome Trust and MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - B Göttgens
- Department of Haematology, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research and Wellcome Trust and MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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5
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Oram SH, Thoms J, Sive JI, Calero-Nieto FJ, Kinston SJ, Schütte J, Knezevic K, Lock RB, Pimanda JE, Göttgens B. Bivalent promoter marks and a latent enhancer may prime the leukaemia oncogene LMO1 for ectopic expression in T-cell leukaemia. Leukemia 2013; 27:1348-57. [PMID: 23302769 PMCID: PMC3677138 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2013.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
LMO1 is a transcriptional regulator and a T-acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (T-ALL) oncogene. Although first identified in association with a chromosomal translocation in T-ALL, the ectopic expression of LMO1 occurs far more frequently in the absence of any known mutation involving its locus. Given that LMO1 is barely expressed in any haematopoietic lineage, and activation of transcriptional drivers in leukaemic cells is not well described, we investigated the regulation of this gene in normal haematopoietic and leukaemic cells. We show that LMO1 has two promoters that drive reporter gene expression in transgenic mice to neural tissues known to express endogenous LMO1. The LMO1 promoters display bivalent histone marks in multiple blood lineages including T-cells, and a 3' flanking region at LMO1 +57 contains a transcriptional enhancer that is active in developing blood cells in transgenic mouse embryos. The LMO1 promoters become activated in T-ALL together with the 3' enhancer, which is bound in primary T-ALL cells by SCL/TAL1 and GATA3. Taken together, our results show that LMO1 is poised for expression in normal progenitors, where activation of SCL/TAL1 together with a breakdown of epigenetic repression of LMO1 regulatory elements induces ectopic LMO1 expression that contributes to the development and maintenance of T-ALL.
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Affiliation(s)
- S H Oram
- Department of Haematology, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research and Wellcome Trust and MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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6
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Ogilvy S, Ferreira R, Piltz SG, Bowen JM, Göttgens B, Green AR. The SCL +40 enhancer targets the midbrain together with primitive and definitive hematopoiesis and is regulated by SCL and GATA proteins. Mol Cell Biol 2007; 27:7206-19. [PMID: 17709394 PMCID: PMC2168913 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00931-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The SCL/Tal-1 gene encodes a basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor with key roles in hematopoietic and neural development. SCL is expressed in, and required for, both primitive and definitive erythropoiesis. Thus far, we have identified only one erythroid SCL enhancer. Located 40 kb downstream of exon 1a, the +40 enhancer displays activity in primitive erythroblasts. We demonstrate here that a 3.7-kb fragment containing this element also targets expression to the midbrain, a known site of endogenous SCL expression. Although the 3.7-kb construct was active in primitive, but not definitive, erythroblasts, a larger 5.0-kb fragment, encompassing the 3.7-kb region, was active in both fetal and adult definitive hematopoietic cells. This included Ter119+ erythroid cells along with fetal liver erythroid and myeloid progenitors. Unlike two other SCL hematopoietic enhancers (+18/19 and -4), +40 enhancer transgenes were inactive in the endothelium. A conserved 400-bp core region, essential for both hematopoietic and midbrain +40 enhancer activity in embryos, relied on two GATA/E-box motifs and was bound in vivo by GATA-1 and SCL in erythroid cells. These results suggest a model in which the SCL +18/19 and/or -4 enhancers initiate SCL expression in early mesodermal derivatives capable of generating blood and endothelium, with subsequent activation of the +40 enhancer via an autoregulatory loop.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ogilvy
- Department of Haematology, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, United Kingdom
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7
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Affiliation(s)
- B Göttgens
- Department of Haematology, Cambridge University, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 2XY, UK.
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Göttgens B, Gilbert JG, Barton LM, Grafham D, Rogers J, Bentley DR, Green AR. Long-range comparison of human and mouse SCL loci: localized regions of sensitivity to restriction endonucleases correspond precisely with peaks of conserved noncoding sequences. Genome Res 2001; 11:87-97. [PMID: 11156618 PMCID: PMC311011 DOI: 10.1101/gr.153001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2000] [Accepted: 10/12/2000] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Long-range comparative sequence analysis provides a powerful strategy for identifying conserved regulatory elements. The stem cell leukemia (SCL) gene encodes a bHLH transcription factor with a pivotal role in hemopoiesis and vasculogenesis, and it displays a highly conserved expression pattern. We present here a detailed sequence comparison of 193 kb of the human SCL locus to 234 kb of the mouse SCL locus. Four new genes have been identified together with an ancient mitochondrial insertion in the human locus. The SCL gene is flanked upstream by the SIL gene and downstream by the MAP17 gene in both species, but the gene order is not collinear downstream from MAP17. To facilitate rapid identification of candidate regulatory elements, we have developed a new sequence analysis tool (SynPlot) that automates the graphical display of large-scale sequence alignments. Unlike existing programs, SynPlot can display the locus features of more than one sequence, thereby indicating the position of homology peaks relative to the structure of all sequences in the alignment. In addition, high-resolution analysis of the chromatin structure of the mouse SCL gene permitted the accurate positioning of localized zones accessible to restriction endonucleases. Zones known to be associated with functional regulatory regions were found to correspond precisely with peaks of human/mouse homology, thus demonstrating that long-range human/mouse sequence comparisons allow accurate prediction of the extent of accessible DNA associated with active regulatory regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Göttgens
- The Wellcome Trust Centre for Molecular Mechanisms in Disease, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Addenbrooke's Hospital Site, Cambridge CB2 2XY, UK.
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Göttgens B, Barton LM, Gilbert JG, Bench AJ, Sanchez MJ, Bahn S, Mistry S, Grafham D, McMurray A, Vaudin M, Amaya E, Bentley DR, Green AR, Sinclair AM. Analysis of vertebrate SCL loci identifies conserved enhancers. Nat Biotechnol 2000; 18:181-6. [PMID: 10657125 DOI: 10.1038/72635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The SCL gene encodes a highly conserved bHLH transcription factor with a pivotal role in hemopoiesis and vasculogenesis. We have sequenced and analyzed 320 kb of genomic DNA composing the SCL loci from human, mouse, and chicken. Long-range sequence comparisons demonstrated multiple peaks of human/mouse homology, a subset of which corresponded precisely with known SCL enhancers. Comparisons between mammalian and chicken sequences identified some, but not all, SCL enhancers. Moreover, one peak of human/mouse homology (+23 region), which did not correspond to a known enhancer, showed significant homology to an analogous region of the chicken SCL locus. A transgenic Xenopus reporter assay was established and demonstrated that the +23 region contained a new neural enhancer. This combination of long-range comparative sequence analysis with a high-throughput transgenic bioassay provides a powerful strategy for identifying and characterizing developmentally important enhancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Göttgens
- University of Cambridge, Department of Haematology, MRC Centre, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 2QH, UK
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10
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Abstract
We describe here Tdr2, a new class of Tc1-like transposons in zebrafish. Tdr2 was identified from the genomic sequence of a zebrafish PAC (P1 artificial chromosome) clone, and fragments of Tdr2 were found in several zebrafish EST (expressed sequence tag) sequences. Predicted translation of the Tdr2 transposase gene showed that it was most closely related to Caenorhabditis elegans Tc3A, suggesting an ancient origin of the Tdr2 transposon. Tdr2 spans 1. 1kb and is flanked by inverted repeats of approx. 100bp. The 5' repeat is itself composed of an inverted repeat, raising the possibility of the formation of a cruciform DNA structure. Tdr2 transposons may facilitate the development of novel transposon-based tools for the genetic analysis of zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Göttgens
- Department of Haematology, Cambridge University, MRC Centre, Hills Road, Cambridge, UK.
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11
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Barton
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, MRC Centre, UK
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Sánchez M, Göttgens B, Sinclair AM, Stanley M, Begley CG, Hunter S, Green AR. An SCL 3′ enhancer targets developing endothelium together with embryonic and adult haematopoietic progenitors. Development 1999; 126:3891-904. [PMID: 10433917 DOI: 10.1242/dev.126.17.3891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The SCL gene encodes a basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor which is expressed in early haematopoietic progenitors throughout ontogeny and is essential for the normal development of blood and blood vessels. Transgenic studies have characterised spatially distinct 5′ enhancers which direct lacZ expression to subdomains of the normal SCL expression pattern, but the same elements failed to produce appropriate haematopoietic expression. We now describe an SCL 3′ enhancer with unique properties. It directed lacZ expression in transgenic mice to extra-embryonic mesoderm and subsequently to both endothelial cells and to a subset of blood cells at multiple sites of embryonic haematopoiesis including the yolk sac, para-aortic splanchnopleura and AGM region. The 3′ enhancer also targeted expression to haematopoietic progenitors in both foetal liver and adult bone marrow. Purified lacZ(+)cells were highly enriched for clonogenic myeloid and erythroid progenitors as well as day-12 spleen colony forming units (CFU-S). Within the total gated population from bone marrow, 95% of the myeloid and 90% of the erythroid colony-forming cells were contained in the lacZ(+) fraction, as were 98% of the CFU-S. Activation of the enhancer did not require SCL protein. On the contrary, transgene expression in yolk sacs was markedly increased in an SCL−/− background, suggesting that SCL is subject to negative autoregulation. Alternatively the SCL−/− environment may alter differentiation of extra-embryonic mesoderm and result in an increased number of cells capable of expressing high levels of the transgene. Our data represents the first description of an enhancer that integrates information necessary for expression in developing endothelium and early haematopoietic progenitors at distinct times and sites throughout ontogeny. This enhancer provides a potent tool for the manipulation of haematopoiesis and vasculogenesis in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Sánchez
- University of Cambridge, Department of Haematology, MRC Centre, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 2QH, UK
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13
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Sinclair AM, Göttgens B, Barton LM, Stanley ML, Pardanaud L, Klaine M, Gering M, Bahn S, Sanchez M, Bench AJ, Fordham JL, Bockamp E, Green AR. Distinct 5' SCL enhancers direct transcription to developing brain, spinal cord, and endothelium: neural expression is mediated by GATA factor binding sites. Dev Biol 1999; 209:128-42. [PMID: 10208748 DOI: 10.1006/dbio.1999.9236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The SCL gene encodes a basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor with a pivotal role in the development of endothelium and of all hematopoietic lineages. SCL is also expressed in the central nervous system, although its expression pattern has not been examined in detail and its function in neural development is unknown. In this article we present the first analysis of SCL transcriptional regulation in vivo. We have identified three spatially distinct regulatory modules, each of which was both necessary and sufficient to direct reporter gene expression in vivo to three different regions within the normal SCL expression domain, namely, developing endothelium, midbrain, and hindbrain/spinal cord. In addition we have demonstrated that GATA factor binding sites are essential for neural expression of the SCL constructs. The midbrain element was particularly powerful and axonal lacZ expression revealed the details of axonal projections, thus implicating SCL in the development of occulomotor, pupillary, or retinotectal pathways. The neural expression pattern of the SCL gene was highly conserved in mouse, chicken, and zebrafish embryos and the 5' region of the chicken SCL locus exhibited a striking degree of functional conservation in transgenic mice. These data suggest that SCL performs critical functions in neural development. The regulatory elements identified here provide important tools for analyzing these functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Sinclair
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, MRC Centre, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 2QH, United Kingdom
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14
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Abstract
The stem cell leukaemia (SCL) gene is a member of the basic helix-loop-helix family of transcription factors and is essential for the development of all haematopoietic lineages. SCL is expressed in pluripotent haematopoietic stem cells and also following commitment to the erythroid, mast and megakaryocytic lineages. The mechanisms responsible for this pattern of expression are poorly understood, but are likely to illuminate the molecular basis for stem cell development and lineage commitment. Here we present the first description of the regulation of the SCL gene in mast cells. In this study we systematically analysed the chromatin structure of a 45 kb region of the murine SCL locus in mast cells. The pattern of DNase 1 and restriction endonuclease hypersensitive sites in mast cells was distinct from, but overlapped with, the pattern previously described in erythroid and primitive myeloid cells. Each potential regulatory element was tested using transient reporter assays to assess their functional significance in mast cells. These studies identified two potent enhancers, one of which was downstream of the SCL gene. Further characterisation of this 3' enhancer demonstrated that it required the presence of two distinct DNase 1 hypersensitive sites for full activity, and that it was capable of stimulating transcription from both promoter 1a and 1b. Since the 3' enhancer is active in both erythroid and mast cells, it will now be important to see whether it is independently activated in these lineages, or whether it is also active in haematopoietic stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Fordham
- University of Cambridge, Department of Haematology, MRC Centre, UK
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15
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Bockamp EO, Fordham JL, Göttgens B, Murrell AM, Sanchez MJ, Green AR. Transcriptional regulation of the stem cell leukemia gene by PU.1 and Elf-1. J Biol Chem 1998; 273:29032-42. [PMID: 9786909 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.273.44.29032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The SCL gene, also known as tal-1, encodes a basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor that is pivotal for the normal development of all hematopoietic lineages. SCL is expressed in committed erythroid, mast, and megakaryocytic cells as well as in hematopoietic stem cells. Nothing is known about the regulation of SCL transcription in mast cells, and in other lineages GATA-1 is the only tissue-specific transcription factor recognized to regulate the SCL gene. We have therefore analyzed the molecular mechanisms underlying SCL expression in mast cells. In this paper, we demonstrate that SCL promoter 1a was regulated by GATA-1 together with Sp1 and Sp3 in a manner similar to the situation in erythroid cells. However, SCL promoter 1b was strongly active in mast cells, in marked contrast to the situation in erythroid cells. Full activity of promoter 1b was dependent on ETS and Sp1/3 motifs. Transcription factors PU.1, Elf-1, Sp1, and Sp3 were all present in mast cell extracts, bound to promoter 1b and transactivated promoter 1b reporter constructs. These data provide the first evidence that the SCL gene is a direct target for PU.1, Elf-1, and Sp3.
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Affiliation(s)
- E O Bockamp
- University of Cambridge, Department of Haematology, Medical Research Council Centre, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 2QH, United Kingdom
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16
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Abstract
The SCL gene encodes a basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factor that is essential for the development of all haematopoietic lineages. SCL is also expressed in endothelial cells, but its function is not essential for specification of endothelial progenitors and the role of SCL in endothelial development is obscure. We isolated the zebrafish SCL homologue and show that it was co-expressed in early mesoderm with markers of haematopoietic, endothelial and pronephric progenitors. Ectopic expression of SCL mRNA in zebrafish embryos resulted in overproduction of common haematopoietic and endothelial precursors, perturbation of vasculogenesis and concomitant loss of pronephric duct and somitic tissue. Notochord and neural tube formation were unaffected. These results provide the first evidence that SCL specifies formation of haemangioblasts, the proposed common precursor of blood and endothelial lineages. Our data also underline the striking similarities between the role of SCL in haematopoiesis/vasculogenesis and the function of other bHLH proteins in muscle and neural development.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Gering
- University of Cambridge, Department of Haematology, MRC Centre, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 2QH, UK
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17
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Göttgens B, Gilbert JG, Barton LM, Aparicio S, Hawker K, Mistry S, Vaudin M, King A, Bentley D, Elgar G, Green AR. The pufferfish SLP-1 gene, a new member of the SCL/TAL-1 family of transcription factors. Genomics 1998; 48:52-62. [PMID: 9503016 DOI: 10.1006/geno.1997.5162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The SCL/TAL-1 gene encodes a basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factor essential for the development of all hemopoietic lineages and also acts as a T-cell oncogene. Four related genes have been described in mammals (LYL-1, TAL-2, NSCL1, and NSCL2), all of which exhibit a high degree of sequence similarity to SCL/TAL-1 in the bHLH domain and two of which (LYL-1 and TAL-2) have also been implicated in the pathogenesis of T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. In this study we describe the identification and characterization of a pufferfish gene termed SLP-1, which represents a new member of this gene family. The genomic structure and sequence of SLP-1 suggests that it forms a subfamily with SCL/TAL-1 and LYL-1 and is most closely related to SCL/TAL-1. However, unlike SCL/TAL-1, SLP-1 is widely expressed. Sequence analysis of a whole cosmid containing SLP-1 shows that SLP-1 is flanked upstream by a zinc finger gene and a fork-head-domain gene and downstream by a heme-oxygenase and a RING finger gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Göttgens
- Department of Haematology, MRC Centre, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
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18
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Göttgens B, McLaughlin F, Bockamp EO, Fordham JL, Begley CG, Kosmopoulos K, Elefanty AG, Green AR. Transcription of the SCL gene in erythroid and CD34 positive primitive myeloid cells is controlled by a complex network of lineage-restricted chromatin-dependent and chromatin-independent regulatory elements. Oncogene 1997; 15:2419-28. [PMID: 9395238 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1201426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The SCL gene (also known as TAL-1) encodes a basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor that is essential for the development of all haematopoietic lineages, and ectopic expression of which results in T cell leukaemia. SCL is expressed in normal pluripotent haematopoietic stem cells and its expression is maintained during differentiation along erythroid, mast and megakaryocytic lineages, but is extinguished following commitment to other cell types. The mechanisms responsible for this pattern of expression are poorly understood, but are likely to illuminate the molecular basis for stem cell development and lineage commitment. We have identified multiple lineage-restricted DNase I hypersensitive sites in a 45 kb region spanning the murine SCL locus. Committed erythroid cells and CD34 positive primitive myeloid cells exhibited both shared and unique DNase I hypersensitive sites whereas none were found in T cells. The function of each hypersensitive site was studied using both transient and stable reporter assays in erythroid, primitive myeloid and T cells. Multiple positive and negative regulatory elements were characterised and found to display lineage-specificity, promoter-specificity and/or chromatin-dependence. These results represent the first description of key components of a complex network of regulatory elements controlling SCL expression during haematopoiesis.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, CD34/analysis
- Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Transcription Factors
- Cell Differentiation/genetics
- Cell Lineage/genetics
- Chromatin/physiology
- Chromatin/ultrastructure
- DNA-Binding Proteins/biosynthesis
- DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics
- Deoxyribonuclease I/metabolism
- Enhancer Elements, Genetic
- Erythroid Precursor Cells/cytology
- Erythroid Precursor Cells/metabolism
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Hematopoiesis/genetics
- Hematopoietic Stem Cells/cytology
- Hematopoietic Stem Cells/metabolism
- Leukemia, Erythroblastic, Acute/genetics
- Leukemia, Erythroblastic, Acute/pathology
- Mice
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins
- Regulatory Sequences, Nucleic Acid
- T-Cell Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia Protein 1
- Transcription Factors
- Transcription, Genetic
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- B Göttgens
- University of Cambridge, Department of Haematology, MRC Centre, UK
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19
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Bockamp EO, McLaughlin F, Göttgens B, Murrell AM, Elefanty AG, Green AR. Distinct mechanisms direct SCL/tal-1 expression in erythroid cells and CD34 positive primitive myeloid cells. J Biol Chem 1997; 272:8781-90. [PMID: 9079714 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.272.13.8781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The SCL/tal-1 gene (hereafter designated SCL) encodes a basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor which is pivotal for the normal development of all hematopoietic lineages and which is expressed in committed erythroid, mast, and megakaryocytic cells as well as in hematopoietic stem cells. The molecular basis for expression of SCL in stem cells and its subsequent modulation during lineage commitment is of fundamental importance for understanding how early "decisions" are made during hematopoiesis. We now compare the activity of SCL promoters 1a and 1b in erythroid cells and in CD34 positive primitive myeloid cells. SCL mRNA expression in CD34 positive myeloid cells did not require GATA-1. Promoter 1a activity was weak or absent in CD34 positive myeloid cells and appeared to correlate with the presence or absence of low levels of GATA-1. However, promoter 1b, which was silent in committed erythroid cells, was strongly active in transient assays using CD34 positive myeloid cells, and functioned in a GATA-independent manner. Interestingly, RNase protection assays demonstrated that endogenous promoter 1b was active in both erythroid and CD34 positive myeloid cells. These results demonstrate that fundamentally different mechanisms regulate the SCL promoter region in committed erythroid cells and in CD34 positive myeloid cells. Moreover these observations suggest that in erythroid, but not in CD34 positive myeloid cells, promoter 1b required integration in chromatin and/or additional sequences for its activity. Stable transfection experiments showed that both core promoters were silent following integration in erythroid or CD34 positive myeloid cells. Our data therefore indicate that additional regulatory elements were necessary for both SCL promoters to overcome chromatin-mediated repression.
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Affiliation(s)
- E O Bockamp
- University of Cambridge, Department of Haematology, Medical Research Council Centre, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 2QH, United Kingdom
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20
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Asimakopoulos FA, Hinshelwood S, Gilbert JG, Delibrias CC, Göttgens B, Fearon DT, Green AR. The gene encoding hematopoietic cell phosphatase (SHP-1) is structurally and transcriptionally intact in polycythemia vera. Oncogene 1997; 14:1215-22. [PMID: 9121771 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1200942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Polycythemia vera (PV) is an acquired clonal disorder characterized by increased production of mature red cells and growth of erythroid colonies in the absence of erythropoietin. Mutation of the erythropoietin receptor has been demonstrated to cause familial polycythemia, but no mutations have been found in PV. Moreover, both erythroid and myeloid progenitors from patients with PV have been reported to be hypersensitive to a number of different growth factors. Attention has therefore focused on post-receptor signal transduction pathways. The SHP-1 gene is an especially attractive candidate gene. Firstly, SHP-1 binds to and negatively regulates signalling from the erythropoietin receptor and is likely to regulate other cytokine receptors in a similar manner. Secondly, absence of SHP-1 protein in the motheaten mouse is accompanied by increased sensitivity of hematopoietic progenitors to a number of cytokines including erythropoietin. Thirdly, familial or sporadic polycythemia in man may result from mutations of the SHP-1 binding domain of the erythropoietin receptor. We have therefore searched for mutations of the SHP-1 gene in genomic DNA from patients with PV. In this disease the majority of peripheral blood lymphocytes are not part of the malignant clone and a variable proportion of myeloid cells may arise from normal progenitors. We have therefore chosen to study DNA from purified peripheral blood granulocytes obtained from nine women in whom the granulocytes were clonally derived. Southern analysis was used to show that the gene was not rearranged and densitometry confirmed the presence of two copies of the gene in each DNA sample. Sequencing of the entire coding region and all splice junctions revealed no mutations. Hematopoietic transcription factor binding sites in the SHP-1 promoter region were intact and the methylation status of the two SHP-1 promoters in PV patients was identical to that in three normal controls. Finally, we showed that levels of SHP-1 protein in granulocytes from patients was similar to those from normal controls. These results demonstrate that the SHP-1 gene is structurally and transcriptionally intact in patients with PV.
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Bockamp EO, McLaughlin F, Murrell AM, Göttgens B, Robb L, Begley CG, Green AR. Lineage-restricted regulation of the murine SCL/TAL-1 promoter. Blood 1995; 86:1502-14. [PMID: 7632958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The SCL/TAL-1 gene encodes a basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor that is expressed in multipotent hematopoietic progenitors before lineage commitment. Its expression is maintained during differentiation along erythroid, mast, and megakaryocytic lineages, but is repressed after commitment to nonexpressing lineages. To begin to address the molecular mechanisms underlying this complex pattern of expression, we have studied the regulation of the murine SCL promoter in erythroid and T-cell lines. Analysis of the methylation and chromatin structure of the SCL promoter region showed that SCL mRNA expression correlated with DNase hypersensitive sites and methylation status of the promoter. Transient reporter assays showed that promoter 1a was active in erythroid cells but not in T cells. Sequences between -187 and +26 were sufficient for lineage-restricted activity of promoter 1a. A joint promoter construct containing both promoter 1a and promoter 1b also exhibited lineage-restricted activity. Conserved GATA (-37), MAZ (+242), and ETS (+264) motifs were all shown to contribute to SCL promoter activity in erythroid cells, but several other motifs were not required for full promoter activity. The pattern of complexes binding to the +242 MAZ and +264 ETS sites were the same in erythroid and T cells. However, GATA-1 bound the -37 GATA site in erythroid cells, whereas in T cells GATA-3 was only able to bind weakly, if at all. Moreover, GATA-1 but not GATA-2 or GATA-3 was able to transactivate SCL promoter 1a in a T-cell environment. These results suggest that inactivity of SCL promoter 1a in T cells reflected the absence of GATA-1 rather than the presence of trans-dominant negative regulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- E O Bockamp
- University of Cambridge, Department of Haematology, MRC Centre, UK
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22
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Murrell AM, Bockamp EO, Göttgens B, Chan YS, Cross MA, Heyworth CM, Green AR. Discordant regulation of SCL/TAL-1 mRNA and protein during erythroid differentiation. Oncogene 1995; 11:131-9. [PMID: 7624120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The SCL/TAL1 gene was originally identified by virtue of its rearrangement and transcriptional activation in patients with T cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. It encodes a helix-loop-helix transcription factor, is not normally expressed in T cells, but is expressed in erythroid, mast, megakaryocytic and progenitor cells. Over-expression of sense and antisense constructs have implicated SCL as a positive regulator of erythroid differentiation. In addition we have previously shown that SCL mRNA levels undergo biphasic modulation during induced erythroid differentiation of murine erythroleukaemia (MEL) cells with a transient early fall followed by a late rise. In this paper we have studied expression of the SCL protein during erythroid differentiation and also the molecular basis for the raised SCL mRNA levels that accompany erythroid differentiation. We have generated an anti-SCL antiserum and used it to demonstrate that an early transient fall in SCL protein does not occur during induced differentiation of MEL cells. Furthermore SCL protein levels underwent a late fall in three different models of erythroid differentiation and in two models of myeloid differentiation. The fall in SCL protein levels during induced erythroid differentiation contrasted with the concomitant marked rise in SCL mRNA levels. These observations have significant implications for the mechanism by which SCL may regulate erythropoiesis. In addition we have demonstrated that the stability of SCL mRNA was only marginally enhanced during erythroid differentiation of MEL cells, whereas the activity of a luciferase reporter construct driven by the SCL promoter was increased 11- to 17-fold. Up-regulation of transcription therefore accounted for most of the increase in SCL mRNA levels during erythroid differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Murrell
- University of Cambridge, Department of Haematology, MRC Centre, UK
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23
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Abstract
The study of haemopoiesis enables us to address one of the central questions of developmental biology, concerning the molecular mechanisms by which a multipotent cell develops into distinct differentiated progeny. Recent work suggests specific roles for retinoic acid receptors at two distinct stages of haemopoiesis. Continuous cell lines of lymphohaemopoietic progenitors were established by infection with a retrovirus containing a dominant negative retinoic acid receptor. The cell lines depend on stem cell factor for their proliferation and can be induced to diffentiate into B-lymphocytes, erythrocytes, neutrophils, monocytes, mast cells and megakaryocytes. Since lymphohaemopoietic progenitors represent less than 0.01% of nucleated marrow cells, immortalised progenitors provide a valuable system with which to study haemopoiesis on a molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Göttgens
- Department of Haematology, Cambridge University, MRC Centre, UK
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24
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Kües U, Asante-Owusu RN, Mutasa ES, Tymon AM, Pardo EH, O'Shea SF, Göttgens B, Casselton LA. Two classes of homeodomain proteins specify the multiple a mating types of the mushroom Coprinus cinereus. Plant Cell 1994; 6:1467-1475. [PMID: 7994179 PMCID: PMC160534 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.6.10.1467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The A mating type locus of the mushroom Coprinus cinereus regulates essential steps in sexual development. The locus is complex and contains several functionally redundant, multiallelic genes that encode putative transcription factors. Here, we compare four genes from an A locus designated A42. Overall, the DNA sequences are very different (approximately 50% homology), but two classes of genes can be distinguished on the basis of a conserved homeodomain motif in their predicted proteins (HD1 and HD2). Development is postulated to be triggered by an HD1 and an HD2 gene from different A loci. Thus, proteins encoded by genes of the same locus must be distinguished from those encoded by another locus. Individual proteins of both classes recognize each other using the region N-terminal to the homeodomain. These N-terminal specificity regions (COP1 and COP2) are predicted to be helical and are potential dimerization interfaces. The amino acid composition of the C-terminal regions of HD1 proteins suggests a role in activation, and gene truncations indicate that this region is essential for function in vivo. A corresponding C-terminal region in HD2 proteins can be dispensed with in vivo. We will discuss these predicted structural features of the C. cinereus A proteins, their proposed interactions following a compatible cell fusion, and their similarities to the a1 and alpha 2 mating type proteins of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Kües
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, United Kingdom
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25
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Kües U, Göttgens B, Stratmann R, Richardson WV, O'Shea SF, Casselton LA. A chimeric homeodomain protein causes self-compatibility and constitutive sexual development in the mushroom Coprinus cinereus. EMBO J 1994; 13:4054-9. [PMID: 7915674 PMCID: PMC395326 DOI: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1994.tb06722.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The A mating type genes of the mushroom Coprinus cinereus encode two classes of putative transcription factor with distinctive homeodomain motifs (HD1 and HD2). A successful mating brings together different allelic forms of these genes and this triggers part of a developmental sequence required for sexual reproduction. In this report we provide evidence that this developmental programme is promoted by a physical interaction between the two classes of homeodomain protein. Rare dominant mutations conferring self-compatibility map to the A locus and result in constitutive operation of the A-regulated developmental pathway. Our molecular analysis of one of these mutations shows that it has generated a chimeric gene by inframe fusion of an HD2 and an HD1 gene. Fusion has overcome the normal incompatibility between two proteins coded by genes of the same A locus and generated a protein that is sufficient to promote development in the absence of any other active A mating type genes. The fusion protein retains most of the HD2 sequence, but only the C-terminal part of the HD1 protein. It has only the HD2 homeodomain motif as a potential DNA binding domain fused to an essential C-terminal region of the HD1 protein, which in a normal HD1-HD2 protein complex may be the major activation domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Kües
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, UK
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26
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Kües U, Richardson WV, Tymon AM, Mutasa ES, Göttgens B, Gaubatz S, Gregoriades A, Casselton LA. The combination of dissimilar alleles of the A alpha and A beta gene complexes, whose proteins contain homeo domain motifs, determines sexual development in the mushroom Coprinus cinereus. Genes Dev 1992; 6:568-77. [PMID: 1348484 DOI: 10.1101/gad.6.4.568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The A mating-type factor is one of two gene complexes that allows mating cells of the mushroom Coprinus cinereus to recognize self from nonself and to regulate a pathway of sexual development that leads to meiosis and sporulation. We have identified seven A genes separated into two subcomplexes corresponding to the classical A alpha and A beta loci. Four genes, one alpha and three beta, all coding for proteins with a homeo domain-related motif, determine A-factor specificity; their allelic forms are so different in sequence that they do not cross-hybridize. It requires only one of these four genes to be heteroallelic in a cell to trigger A-regulated sexual development, and it is the different combinations of their alleles that generate the multiple A factors found in nature. The other three genes cause no change in cell morphology and may regulate the activity of the four specificity genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Kües
- School of Biological Sciences, Queen Mary and Westfield College, London, UK
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