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Averbook BJ, Jukic D, Rao JS, Panneerselvam A, Delman K, Zager JS, Sabel M, Pittelkow MR, Swetter S, Kirkwood JM. First analysis of an international pediatric melanoma and atypical melanocytic neoplasm database. J Clin Oncol 2009. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2009.27.15_suppl.9013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
9013 Background: Pediatric melanoma (PM) care has been extrapolated from adult melanoma data. PM and atypical melanocytic neoplasms (AMNs) appear to have different biology. An international database (DB) was developed to clarify their behavior. Methods: IRB approval was obtained at 12 institutions. An SQL-DB was developed for web entry of de-identified demographic and pathologic data for PM and AMN patients (pts) < 21yr through an honest broker system at the University of Pittsburgh. Institutions retained a key of pts entered with assigned numbers for quality assurance and updates. Statistical analysis used Kaplan-Meier survival curves, univariate linear trends and log rank tests. In situ melanoma was excluded from PM survival analysis. Results: 828 pts were registered as of 31 Oct 2008 (ages 11mo-23; median 15yr). 34 pts 21–23yr entered were left in the DB for statistical comparison. Diagnosis years ranged from 1936–2008. 455 pts had complete follow-up. Too few AMN pts had complete follow-up for analysis (18/208). After excluding 32 in situ and 40 with other incomplete data, 365 PM out of 415 total PM were evaluable for OS and 351 for DFS (Stage IV removed). Mean/median age for evaluable PM pts was 16.44/17-yrs (range 1–21yr). 591 pts were age 10–20 while 203 were < 10. Sentinel lymph node (SLN) biopsy showed spread in 30.1 % PM pts (compared to 50% [4/8] of AMN SLN pts). 10-yr PM OS was 80.6%, and pts 0–10 yr had 100% 10-yr OS compared to 69.6% for pts age 10–15 and 79.49% for age 15–20 (p= 0.1473). OS did not differ significantly by gender. Stage predicted OS (p<0.0001). 10-yr OS was 94.13% for Stage I (n=174), 79.62% for stage II (n=67) & 77.14% for stage III (n=75). Thickness affected 10-yr OS: 0–1mm=97% (n=147), 1.1–2mm 70% (n=84), 2.01–4mm 78% (n=71) & >4mm 81% (n=25), p= 0.0099. Survival was similar for pts with PM > 1mm of the several T stage groupings. Ulceration adversely affected OS (p=0.022). Mitosis, defined as present/absent did not alter survival. Nodal metastasis correlated with worse OS (p= 0.170). Conclusions: Stage, thickness, ulceration, and nodal status are significant predictors of OS for PM. Further study will focus on multivariable analysis of PM and AMNs after updating pts, increasing accrual, and cleaning data. No significant financial relationships to disclose.
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Affiliation(s)
- B. J. Averbook
- Metrohealth Medical Center/CWRU, Cleveland, OH; University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA; Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Emory University, Atlanta, GA; H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL; University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI; Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Stanford University/VA Palo Alto, Stanford, CA
| | - D. Jukic
- Metrohealth Medical Center/CWRU, Cleveland, OH; University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA; Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Emory University, Atlanta, GA; H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL; University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI; Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Stanford University/VA Palo Alto, Stanford, CA
| | - J. S. Rao
- Metrohealth Medical Center/CWRU, Cleveland, OH; University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA; Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Emory University, Atlanta, GA; H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL; University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI; Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Stanford University/VA Palo Alto, Stanford, CA
| | - A. Panneerselvam
- Metrohealth Medical Center/CWRU, Cleveland, OH; University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA; Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Emory University, Atlanta, GA; H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL; University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI; Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Stanford University/VA Palo Alto, Stanford, CA
| | - K. Delman
- Metrohealth Medical Center/CWRU, Cleveland, OH; University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA; Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Emory University, Atlanta, GA; H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL; University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI; Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Stanford University/VA Palo Alto, Stanford, CA
| | - J. S. Zager
- Metrohealth Medical Center/CWRU, Cleveland, OH; University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA; Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Emory University, Atlanta, GA; H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL; University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI; Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Stanford University/VA Palo Alto, Stanford, CA
| | - M. Sabel
- Metrohealth Medical Center/CWRU, Cleveland, OH; University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA; Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Emory University, Atlanta, GA; H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL; University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI; Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Stanford University/VA Palo Alto, Stanford, CA
| | - M. R. Pittelkow
- Metrohealth Medical Center/CWRU, Cleveland, OH; University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA; Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Emory University, Atlanta, GA; H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL; University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI; Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Stanford University/VA Palo Alto, Stanford, CA
| | - S. Swetter
- Metrohealth Medical Center/CWRU, Cleveland, OH; University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA; Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Emory University, Atlanta, GA; H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL; University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI; Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Stanford University/VA Palo Alto, Stanford, CA
| | - J. M. Kirkwood
- Metrohealth Medical Center/CWRU, Cleveland, OH; University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA; Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Emory University, Atlanta, GA; H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL; University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI; Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Stanford University/VA Palo Alto, Stanford, CA
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Kim JA, Averbook BJ, Chambers K, Rothchild K, Kjaergaard J, Papay R, Shu S. Divergent effects of 4-1BB antibodies on antitumor immunity and on tumor-reactive T-cell generation. Cancer Res 2001; 61:2031-7. [PMID: 11280763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Abstract
4-1BB is an inducible receptor-like protein expressed rapidly by both CD4 and CD8 T-cells after activation. 4-1BB cross-linking, either by binding to 4-1BBL or by antibody ligation, delivers a costimulatory signal to enhance T-cell activation and proliferation. Previous studies have demonstrated that the administration of 4-1BB monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) induces antitumor immune responses. In the current study using several murine tumors, we examined the systemic effects of 4-1BB mAb on the growth of s.c., intracranial (i.c.), and pulmonary metastases. In addition, the effects of 4-1BB mAb on the generation of antitumor effector T cells were examined. Treatment of 3-day i.c. MCA 205 sarcoma and GL261 glioma with the antibody resulted in prolongation of survival and cure of disease in some mice, whereas only minimal therapeutic effects were observed in established s.c. and pulmonary tumors. No antitumor effects against the poorly immunogenic B16/D5 melanoma were observed. Interestingly, successful treatment of i.c. tumors induced concomitant regression of s.c. tumors. Experiments using severe combined immunodeficient mice and mice depleted of either CD4 or CD8 T cells demonstrated T-cell dependence of the antitumor effects. For generation of effector T cells in the tumor-draining lymph nodes (LNs), administration of 4-1BB mAb had adverse effects, despite the apparent hypertrophy of the LNs. During in vitro activation of tumor-draining LN T cells with anti-CD3 and interleukin 2, the 4-1BB mAb augmented proliferation, resulting in an increase in CD8 T cells. However, they were less therapeutic than not treated LN cells. In adoptive immunotherapy, the coadministration of 4-1BB mAb enhanced the therapeutic efficacy. These results thus demonstrate the limits and potential advantages of 4-1BB antibody interactions with antitumor T cells in vivo and in vitro and suggest that therapeutic interactions of the antibody may be used in a variety of immunotherapeutic approaches.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacology
- Antibody-Dependent Cell Cytotoxicity/immunology
- Antigens, CD
- Brain Neoplasms/immunology
- Brain Neoplasms/therapy
- Epitopes/immunology
- Female
- Lung Neoplasms/immunology
- Lung Neoplasms/secondary
- Lung Neoplasms/therapy
- Lymph Nodes/cytology
- Lymph Nodes/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, SCID
- Neoplasms, Experimental/immunology
- Neoplasms, Experimental/therapy
- Phenotype
- Receptors, Nerve Growth Factor/immunology
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor Superfamily, Member 9
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Kim
- Department of General Surgery and Center for Surgery Research, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Ohio 44195, USA.
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Averbook BJ, Cleveland RP, Viscusi C, Papay R. Coinfusion of irradiated splenocytes with low titer tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes augments antitumor efficacy in adoptive immunotherapy. J Immunother 1999; 22:124-34. [PMID: 10093037 DOI: 10.1097/00002371-199903000-00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
We hypothesized that adoptively increasing the density of antigen-presenting cells (APCs) at a tumor site would improve tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte (TIL) in vivo antitumor efficacy. Irradiated splenocytes were used as crude APCs. Alone, they did not have in vitro antitumor activity nor did they augment TIL efficacy in vitro. Pulmonary metastases were established by intravenous (i.v.) injection of 5 x 10(5) MC-38 tumor into irradiated C57B1/6 mice (500 cGy). After 3 days, MC-38 TIL (0.1, 0.5, and 1 x 10(6) cells) +/- irradiated splenocytes (5,000 cGy) as APCs were administered intravenously (0.25, 0.5, and 1 x 10(6) cells) to each group (n = 5/group). Interleukin-2 (60,000 IU) was injected intraperitoneally three times daily for 3 days. Mice were sacrificed 9 days later and metastases elaborated in blinded fashion. A titer of 1 x 10(6) TIL, completely eradicated pulmonary metastases. In two consecutive experiments, when increasing titers of irradiated splenocytes were coinfused with a constant titer of TIL that did not completely eradicate pulmonary metastases, a moderate reduction in pulmonary metastases was observed. The contribution of splenocytes to an improvement in TIL antitumor efficacy was not altered when irradiated splenocytes derived from mice bearing 10-day subcutaneous MC-38 tumors were used. The coinfusion of nonirradiated splenocytes did not improve TIL antitumor in vivo activity. Activated B cells (expressing ICAM-1, B7.1, and B7.2) had no effect on in vitro tumor lysis and did not augment in vivo TIL efficacy. The results show a modest but statistically significant improvement in adoptive immunotherapy antitumor efficacy with fewer TIL by coinfusion of irradiated splenocytes. Further studies to characterize the active potential APC cell subpopulation and to clarify the mechanism(s) responsible for in vivo augmentation of TIL antitumor efficacy are in progress.
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Affiliation(s)
- B J Averbook
- Department of Surgery, MetroHealth Medical Center/Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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Abstract
BACKGROUND A univariate and multivariate statistical analysis of a single surgeon's experience with resectable malignant melanoma during 26 years (November 1970 to August 1996) was conducted. METHODS Six hundred twenty consecutive patients were registered. Univariate analysis of disease-free survival (DFS) and melanoma survival (MS) was calculated by the Kaplan-Meier method and correlated to American Joint Committee on Cancer stage, thickness, ulceration, site, lymph node involvement, age, sex, type, and excision margins. Linear trends, log-rank test, and pairwise comparisons were used to discriminate differences in survival curves. A Cox proportional hazards model was used for multivariate analysis and determination of relative risk. RESULTS Univariate analysis of stage, thickness (in millimeters), ulceration, lymph node involvement, age, type, and margins of excision were predictive of DFS (5 years, 85.7%; 10 years, 82.5%) and MS (5 years, 92.2%; 10 years, 87.8%) (P < .01). Multivariate analysis revealed correlations with thickness, ulceration, and age in predicting DFS (relative risk = 2.75, 2.21, and 1.47, respectively) and MS (relative risk = 2.66, 2.47, and 1.48, respectively). The 5-year MS rate was 73.3% and 93.3% for patients with positive and negative lymph nodes, respectively. Of 133 patients who underwent lymph node dissection, 28 (21.1%) had nodal metastases. Patients with primary melanomas thicker than 4 mm had 50% metastatic involvement of their lymph nodes. CONCLUSIONS Our findings reveal that thickness, ulceration, and age are the most important predicting factors in DFS and MS. The data support including ulceration and age in modifying American Joint Committee on Cancer staging for melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- B J Averbook
- Department of Surgery, MetroHealth Medical Center/Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44109-1998, USA
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