1
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Branstrom A, Cao L, Furia B, Trotta C, Santaguida M, Graci JD, Colacino JM, Ray B, Li W, Sheedy J, Mollin A, Yeh S, Kong R, Sheridan R, Baird JD, O'Keefe K, Spiegel R, Goodwin E, Keating S, Weetall M. Emvododstat, a Potent Dihydroorotate Dehydrogenase Inhibitor, Is Effective in Preclinical Models of Acute Myeloid Leukemia. Front Oncol 2022; 12:832816. [PMID: 35223511 PMCID: PMC8864546 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.832816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Blocking the pyrimidine nucleotide de novo synthesis pathway by inhibiting dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (DHODH) results in the cell cycle arrest and/or differentiation of rapidly proliferating cells including activated lymphocytes, cancer cells, or virally infected cells. Emvododstat (PTC299) is an orally bioavailable small molecule that inhibits DHODH. We evaluated the potential for emvododstat to inhibit the progression of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) using several in vitro and in vivo models of the disease. Broad potent activity was demonstrated against multiple AML cell lines, AML blasts cultured ex vivo from patient blood samples, and AML tumor models including patient-derived xenograft models. Emvododstat induced differentiation, cytotoxicity, or both in primary AML patient blasts cultured ex vivo with 8 of 10 samples showing sensitivity. AML cells with diverse driver mutations were sensitive, suggesting the potential of emvododstat for broad therapeutic application. AML cell lines that are not sensitive to emvododstat are likely to be more reliant on the salvage pathway than on de novo synthesis of pyrimidine nucleotides. Pharmacokinetic experiments in rhesus monkeys demonstrated that emvododstat levels rose rapidly after oral administration, peaking about 2 hours post-dosing. This was associated with an increase in the levels of dihydroorotate (DHO), the substrate for DHODH, within 2 hours of dosing indicating that DHODH inhibition is rapid. DHO levels declined as drug levels declined, consistent with the reversibility of DHODH inhibition by emvododstat. These preclinical findings provide a rationale for clinical evaluation of emvododstat in an ongoing Phase 1 study of patients with relapsed/refractory acute leukemias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur Branstrom
- Research, PTC Therapeutics, Inc., South Plainfield, NJ, United States
| | - Liangxian Cao
- Research, PTC Therapeutics, Inc., South Plainfield, NJ, United States
| | - Bansri Furia
- Research, PTC Therapeutics, Inc., South Plainfield, NJ, United States
| | | | | | - Jason D Graci
- Research, PTC Therapeutics, Inc., South Plainfield, NJ, United States
| | - Joseph M Colacino
- Research, PTC Therapeutics, Inc., South Plainfield, NJ, United States
| | - Balmiki Ray
- Research, PTC Therapeutics, Inc., South Plainfield, NJ, United States
| | - Wencheng Li
- Research, PTC Therapeutics, Inc., South Plainfield, NJ, United States
| | - Josephine Sheedy
- Research, PTC Therapeutics, Inc., South Plainfield, NJ, United States
| | - Anna Mollin
- Research, PTC Therapeutics, Inc., South Plainfield, NJ, United States
| | - Shirley Yeh
- Research, PTC Therapeutics, Inc., South Plainfield, NJ, United States
| | - Ronald Kong
- Research, PTC Therapeutics, Inc., South Plainfield, NJ, United States
| | | | - John D Baird
- Clinical, PTC Therapeutics, Inc., South Plainfield, NJ, United States
| | - Kylie O'Keefe
- Commercial, PTC Therapeutics, Inc., South Plainfield, NJ, United States
| | - Robert Spiegel
- Research, PTC Therapeutics, Inc., South Plainfield, NJ, United States
| | - Elizabeth Goodwin
- Scientific Writing, PTC Therapeutics, Inc., South Plainfield, NJ, United States
| | - Suzanne Keating
- Scientific Writing, PTC Therapeutics, Inc., South Plainfield, NJ, United States
| | - Marla Weetall
- Research, PTC Therapeutics, Inc., South Plainfield, NJ, United States
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2
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Jernigan F, Branstrom A, Baird JD, Cao L, Dali M, Furia B, Kim MJ, O'Keefe K, Kong R, Laskin OL, Colacino JM, Pykett M, Mollin A, Sheedy J, Dumble M, Moon YC, Sheridan R, Mühlethaler T, Spiegel RJ, Prota AE, Steinmetz MO, Weetall M. Preclinical and Early Clinical Development of PTC596, a Novel Small-Molecule Tubulin-Binding Agent. Mol Cancer Ther 2021; 20:1846-1857. [PMID: 34315764 PMCID: PMC9398121 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-20-0774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
PTC596 is an investigational small-molecule tubulin-binding agent. Unlike other tubulin-binding agents, PTC596 is orally bioavailable and is not a P-glycoprotein substrate. So as to characterize PTC596 to position the molecule for optimal clinical development, the interactions of PTC596 with tubulin using crystallography, its spectrum of preclinical in vitro anticancer activity, and its pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic relationship were investigated for efficacy in multiple preclinical mouse models of leiomyosarcomas and glioblastoma. Using X-ray crystallography, it was determined that PTC596 binds to the colchicine site of tubulin with unique key interactions. PTC596 exhibited broad-spectrum anticancer activity. PTC596 showed efficacy as monotherapy and additive or synergistic efficacy in combinations in mouse models of leiomyosarcomas and glioblastoma. PTC596 demonstrated efficacy in an orthotopic model of glioblastoma under conditions where temozolomide was inactive. In a first-in-human phase I clinical trial in patients with cancer, PTC596 monotherapy drug exposures were compared with those predicted to be efficacious based on mouse models. PTC596 is currently being tested in combination with dacarbazine in a clinical trial in adults with leiomyosarcoma and in combination with radiation in a clinical trial in children with diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - John D. Baird
- PTC Therapeutics, Inc., South Plainfield, New Jersey
| | - Liangxian Cao
- PTC Therapeutics, Inc., South Plainfield, New Jersey
| | - Mandar Dali
- PTC Therapeutics, Inc., South Plainfield, New Jersey
| | - Bansri Furia
- PTC Therapeutics, Inc., South Plainfield, New Jersey
| | - Min Jung Kim
- PTC Therapeutics, Inc., South Plainfield, New Jersey
| | - Kylie O'Keefe
- PTC Therapeutics, Inc., South Plainfield, New Jersey
| | - Ronald Kong
- PTC Therapeutics, Inc., South Plainfield, New Jersey
| | | | | | - Mark Pykett
- PTC Therapeutics, Inc., South Plainfield, New Jersey
| | - Anna Mollin
- PTC Therapeutics, Inc., South Plainfield, New Jersey
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Andrea E. Prota
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Division of Biology and Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Michel O. Steinmetz
- University of Basel, Biozentrum, Basel, Switzerland.,Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Division of Biology and Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Marla Weetall
- PTC Therapeutics, Inc., South Plainfield, New Jersey.,Corresponding Author: Marla Weetall, PTC Therapeutics, Inc. 100 Corporate Court, South Plainfield, NJ 07080. E-mail:
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3
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Cao L, Weetall M, Trotta C, Cintron K, Ma J, Kim MJ, Furia B, Romfo C, Graci JD, Li W, Du J, Sheedy J, Hedrick J, Risher N, Yeh S, Qi H, Arasu T, Hwang S, Lennox W, Kong R, Petruska J, Moon YC, Babiak J, Davis TW, Jacobson A, Almstead NG, Branstrom A, Colacino JM, Peltz SW. Targeting of Hematologic Malignancies with PTC299, A Novel Potent Inhibitor of Dihydroorotate Dehydrogenase with Favorable Pharmaceutical Properties. Mol Cancer Ther 2018; 18:3-16. [PMID: 30352802 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-18-0863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Revised: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
PTC299 was identified as an inhibitor of VEGFA mRNA translation in a phenotypic screen and evaluated in the clinic for treatment of solid tumors. To guide precision cancer treatment, we performed extensive biological characterization of the activity of PTC299 and demonstrated that inhibition of VEGF production and cell proliferation by PTC299 is linked to a decrease in uridine nucleotides by targeting dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (DHODH), a rate-limiting enzyme for de novo pyrimidine nucleotide synthesis. Unlike previously reported DHODH inhibitors that were identified using in vitro enzyme assays, PTC299 is a more potent inhibitor of DHODH in isolated mitochondria suggesting that mitochondrial membrane lipid engagement in the DHODH conformation in situ is required for its optimal activity. PTC299 has broad and potent activity against hematologic cancer cells in preclinical models, reflecting a reduced pyrimidine nucleotide salvage pathway in leukemia cells. Archived serum samples from patients treated with PTC299 demonstrated increased levels of dihydroorotate, the substrate of DHODH, indicating target engagement in patients. PTC299 has advantages over previously reported DHODH inhibitors, including greater potency, good oral bioavailability, and lack of off-target kinase inhibition and myelosuppression, and thus may be useful for the targeted treatment of hematologic malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangxian Cao
- PTC Therapeutics, Inc., South Plainfield, New Jersey.
| | - Marla Weetall
- PTC Therapeutics, Inc., South Plainfield, New Jersey
| | | | | | - Jiyuan Ma
- PTC Therapeutics, Inc., South Plainfield, New Jersey
| | - Min Jung Kim
- PTC Therapeutics, Inc., South Plainfield, New Jersey
| | - Bansri Furia
- PTC Therapeutics, Inc., South Plainfield, New Jersey
| | - Charles Romfo
- PTC Therapeutics, Inc., South Plainfield, New Jersey
| | - Jason D Graci
- PTC Therapeutics, Inc., South Plainfield, New Jersey
| | - Wencheng Li
- PTC Therapeutics, Inc., South Plainfield, New Jersey
| | - Joshua Du
- PTC Therapeutics, Inc., South Plainfield, New Jersey
| | | | - Jean Hedrick
- PTC Therapeutics, Inc., South Plainfield, New Jersey
| | - Nicole Risher
- PTC Therapeutics, Inc., South Plainfield, New Jersey
| | - Shirley Yeh
- PTC Therapeutics, Inc., South Plainfield, New Jersey
| | - Hongyan Qi
- PTC Therapeutics, Inc., South Plainfield, New Jersey
| | - Tamil Arasu
- PTC Therapeutics, Inc., South Plainfield, New Jersey
| | | | | | - Ronald Kong
- PTC Therapeutics, Inc., South Plainfield, New Jersey
| | | | | | - John Babiak
- PTC Therapeutics, Inc., South Plainfield, New Jersey
| | | | - Allan Jacobson
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | | | - Art Branstrom
- PTC Therapeutics, Inc., South Plainfield, New Jersey
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4
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Breuss MW, Sultan T, James KN, Rosti RO, Scott E, Musaev D, Furia B, Reis A, Sticht H, Al-Owain M, Alkuraya FS, Reuter MS, Abou Jamra R, Trotta CR, Gleeson JG. Autosomal-Recessive Mutations in the tRNA Splicing Endonuclease Subunit TSEN15 Cause Pontocerebellar Hypoplasia and Progressive Microcephaly. Am J Hum Genet 2016; 99:785. [PMID: 27588454 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2016.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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5
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Breuss M, Sultan T, James K, Rosti R, Scott E, Musaev D, Furia B, Reis A, Sticht H, Al-Owain M, Alkuraya F, Reuter M, Abou Jamra R, Trotta C, Gleeson J. Autosomal-Recessive Mutations in the tRNA Splicing Endonuclease Subunit TSEN15 Cause Pontocerebellar Hypoplasia and Progressive Microcephaly. Am J Hum Genet 2016; 99:228-35. [PMID: 27392077 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2016.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The tRNA splicing endonuclease is a highly evolutionarily conserved protein complex, involved in the cleavage of intron-containing tRNAs. In human it consists of the catalytic subunits TSEN2 and TSEN34, as well as the non-catalytic TSEN54 and TSEN15. Recessive mutations in the corresponding genes of the first three are known to cause pontocerebellar hypoplasia (PCH) types 2A-C, 4, and 5. Here, we report three homozygous TSEN15 variants that cause a milder version of PCH2. The affected individuals showed progressive microcephaly, delayed developmental milestones, intellectual disability, and, in two out of four cases, epilepsy. None, however, displayed the central visual failure seen in PCH case subjects where other subunits of the TSEN are mutated, and only one was affected by the extensive motor defects that are typical in other forms of PCH2. The three amino acid substitutions impacted the protein level of TSEN15 and the stoichiometry of the interacting subunits in different ways, but all resulted in an almost complete loss of in vitro tRNA cleavage activity. Taken together, our results demonstrate that mutations in any known subunit of the TSEN complex can cause PCH and progressive microcephaly, emphasizing the importance of its function during brain development.
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6
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Naryshkin NA, Weetall M, Dakka A, Narasimhan J, Zhao X, Feng Z, Ling KKY, Karp GM, Qi H, Woll MG, Chen G, Zhang N, Gabbeta V, Vazirani P, Bhattacharyya A, Furia B, Risher N, Sheedy J, Kong R, Ma J, Turpoff A, Lee CS, Zhang X, Moon YC, Trifillis P, Welch EM, Colacino JM, Babiak J, Almstead NG, Peltz SW, Eng LA, Chen KS, Mull JL, Lynes MS, Rubin LL, Fontoura P, Santarelli L, Haehnke D, McCarthy KD, Schmucki R, Ebeling M, Sivaramakrishnan M, Ko CP, Paushkin SV, Ratni H, Gerlach I, Ghosh A, Metzger F. Motor neuron disease. SMN2 splicing modifiers improve motor function and longevity in mice with spinal muscular atrophy. Science 2014; 345:688-93. [PMID: 25104390 DOI: 10.1126/science.1250127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 346] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a genetic disease caused by mutation or deletion of the survival of motor neuron 1 (SMN1) gene. A paralogous gene in humans, SMN2, produces low, insufficient levels of functional SMN protein due to alternative splicing that truncates the transcript. The decreased levels of SMN protein lead to progressive neuromuscular degeneration and high rates of mortality. Through chemical screening and optimization, we identified orally available small molecules that shift the balance of SMN2 splicing toward the production of full-length SMN2 messenger RNA with high selectivity. Administration of these compounds to Δ7 mice, a model of severe SMA, led to an increase in SMN protein levels, improvement of motor function, and protection of the neuromuscular circuit. These compounds also extended the life span of the mice. Selective SMN2 splicing modifiers may have therapeutic potential for patients with SMA.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marla Weetall
- PTC Therapeutics, 100 Corporate Court, South Plainfield, NJ 07080, USA
| | - Amal Dakka
- PTC Therapeutics, 100 Corporate Court, South Plainfield, NJ 07080, USA
| | - Jana Narasimhan
- PTC Therapeutics, 100 Corporate Court, South Plainfield, NJ 07080, USA
| | - Xin Zhao
- PTC Therapeutics, 100 Corporate Court, South Plainfield, NJ 07080, USA
| | - Zhihua Feng
- Section of Neurobiology, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Karen K Y Ling
- Section of Neurobiology, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Gary M Karp
- PTC Therapeutics, 100 Corporate Court, South Plainfield, NJ 07080, USA
| | - Hongyan Qi
- PTC Therapeutics, 100 Corporate Court, South Plainfield, NJ 07080, USA
| | - Matthew G Woll
- PTC Therapeutics, 100 Corporate Court, South Plainfield, NJ 07080, USA
| | - Guangming Chen
- PTC Therapeutics, 100 Corporate Court, South Plainfield, NJ 07080, USA
| | - Nanjing Zhang
- PTC Therapeutics, 100 Corporate Court, South Plainfield, NJ 07080, USA
| | | | - Priya Vazirani
- PTC Therapeutics, 100 Corporate Court, South Plainfield, NJ 07080, USA
| | | | - Bansri Furia
- PTC Therapeutics, 100 Corporate Court, South Plainfield, NJ 07080, USA
| | - Nicole Risher
- PTC Therapeutics, 100 Corporate Court, South Plainfield, NJ 07080, USA
| | - Josephine Sheedy
- PTC Therapeutics, 100 Corporate Court, South Plainfield, NJ 07080, USA
| | - Ronald Kong
- PTC Therapeutics, 100 Corporate Court, South Plainfield, NJ 07080, USA
| | - Jiyuan Ma
- PTC Therapeutics, 100 Corporate Court, South Plainfield, NJ 07080, USA
| | - Anthony Turpoff
- PTC Therapeutics, 100 Corporate Court, South Plainfield, NJ 07080, USA
| | - Chang-Sun Lee
- PTC Therapeutics, 100 Corporate Court, South Plainfield, NJ 07080, USA
| | - Xiaoyan Zhang
- PTC Therapeutics, 100 Corporate Court, South Plainfield, NJ 07080, USA
| | - Young-Choon Moon
- PTC Therapeutics, 100 Corporate Court, South Plainfield, NJ 07080, USA
| | | | - Ellen M Welch
- PTC Therapeutics, 100 Corporate Court, South Plainfield, NJ 07080, USA
| | - Joseph M Colacino
- PTC Therapeutics, 100 Corporate Court, South Plainfield, NJ 07080, USA
| | - John Babiak
- PTC Therapeutics, 100 Corporate Court, South Plainfield, NJ 07080, USA
| | - Neil G Almstead
- PTC Therapeutics, 100 Corporate Court, South Plainfield, NJ 07080, USA
| | - Stuart W Peltz
- PTC Therapeutics, 100 Corporate Court, South Plainfield, NJ 07080, USA.
| | - Loren A Eng
- SMA Foundation, 888 Seventh Avenue, Suite 400, New York, NY 10019, USA
| | - Karen S Chen
- SMA Foundation, 888 Seventh Avenue, Suite 400, New York, NY 10019, USA
| | - Jesse L Mull
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology and the Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Maureen S Lynes
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology and the Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Lee L Rubin
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology and the Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Paulo Fontoura
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Luca Santarelli
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Haehnke
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Roland Schmucki
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Martin Ebeling
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Manaswini Sivaramakrishnan
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Chien-Ping Ko
- Section of Neurobiology, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Sergey V Paushkin
- SMA Foundation, 888 Seventh Avenue, Suite 400, New York, NY 10019, USA
| | - Hasane Ratni
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Irene Gerlach
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Anirvan Ghosh
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Friedrich Metzger
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070 Basel, Switzerland.
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7
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Naryshkin N, Narasimhan J, Dakka A, Gabbeta V, Haley M, Crona J, Jung S, Vazirani P, Furia B, Qi H, Woll M, Yang T, Lee S, Choi S, Chen G, Zhang S, Zhang N, Huang S, Li C, Turpoff A, Hedrick J, Zhao X, Mollin A, Letinski S, Risher N, Paushkin S, Kobayashi D, McCarthy K, Pleiss M, Chen K, Almstead N, Colacino J, Babiak J, Peltz S, Karp G, Weetall M, Welch E. P3.12 Small molecule compounds that correct alternative splicing of the SMN2 gene and restore SMN protein expression and function. Neuromuscul Disord 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2011.06.906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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8
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Furia B, Deng L, Wu K, Baylor S, Kehn K, Li H, Donnelly R, Coleman T, Kashanchi F. Enhancement of nuclear factor-kappa B acetylation by coactivator p300 and HIV-1 Tat proteins. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:4973-80. [PMID: 11739381 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m107848200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB transcription factors are involved in the control of a large number of normal cellular and organismal processes, such as immune and inflammatory responses, developmental processes, cellular growth, and apoptosis. Transcription of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) genome depends on the intracellular environment where the integrate viral DNA is regulated by a complex interplay among viral regulatory proteins, such as Tat, and host cellular transcription factors, such as NF-kappaB, interacting with the viral long terminal repeat region. CBP (CREB-binding protein) and p300, containing an intrinsic histone acetyltransferase (HAT) activity, have emerged as coactivators for various DNA-binding transcription factors. Here, we show that the p50 subunit as well as the p50/p65 of NF-kappaB, and not other factors such as SP1, TFIIB, polymerase II, TFIIA, or p65, can be acetylated by CBP/p300 HAT domain. Acetylation of p50 was completely dependent on the presence of both HAT domain and Tat proteins, implying that Tat influences the transcription machinery by aiding CBP/p300 to acquire new partners and increase its functional repertoire. Three lysines, Lys-431, Lys-440, and Lys-441 in p50 were all acetylated in vitro, and a sequence similarity among p50, p53, Tat, and activin receptor type I on these particular lysines was observed. All proteins have been shown to be acetylated by the CBP/p300 HAT domain. Acetylated p50 increases its DNA binding properties, as evident by streptavidin/biotin pull-down assays when using labeled NF-kappaB oligonucleotides. Increased DNA binding on HIV-1 long terminal repeat coincided with increases in the rate of transcription. Therefore, we propose that acetylation of the DNA binding domain of NF-kappaB aids in nuclear translocation and enhanced transcription and also suggest that the substrate specificity of CBP/p300 can be altered by small peptide molecules, such as HIV-encoded Tat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bansri Furia
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey 07103, USA
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