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Gorissen SHM, Trommelen J, Kouw IWK, Holwerda AM, Pennings B, Groen BBL, Wall BT, Churchward-Venne TA, Horstman AMH, Koopman R, Burd NA, Fuchs CJ, Dirks ML, Res PT, Senden JMG, Steijns JMJM, de Groot LCPGM, Verdijk LB, van Loon LJC. Protein Type, Protein Dose, and Age Modulate Dietary Protein Digestion and Phenylalanine Absorption Kinetics and Plasma Phenylalanine Availability in Humans. J Nutr 2020; 150:2041-2050. [PMID: 32069356 PMCID: PMC7398787 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxaa024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dietary protein ingestion stimulates muscle protein synthesis by providing amino acids to the muscle. The magnitude and duration of the postprandial increase in muscle protein synthesis rates are largely determined by dietary protein digestion and amino acid absorption kinetics. OBJECTIVE We assessed the impact of protein type, protein dose, and age on dietary protein digestion and amino acid absorption kinetics in vivo in humans. METHODS We included data from 18 randomized controlled trials with a total of 602 participants [age: 53 ± 23 y; BMI (kg/m2): 24.8 ± 3.3] who consumed various quantities of intrinsically l-[1-13C]-phenylalanine-labeled whey (n = 137), casein (n = 393), or milk (n = 72) protein and received intravenous infusions of l-[ring-2H5]-phenylalanine, which allowed us to assess protein digestion and phenylalanine absorption kinetics and the postprandial release of dietary protein-derived phenylalanine into the circulation. The effect of aging on these processes was assessed in a subset of 82 young (aged 22 ± 3 y) and 83 older (aged 71 ± 5 y) individuals. RESULTS A total of 50% ± 14% of dietary protein-derived phenylalanine appeared in the circulation over a 5-h postprandial period. Casein ingestion resulted in a smaller (45% ± 11%), whey protein ingestion in an intermediate (57% ± 10%), and milk protein ingestion in a greater (65% ± 13%) fraction of dietary protein-derived phenylalanine appearing in the circulation (P < 0.001). The postprandial availability of dietary protein-derived phenylalanine in the circulation increased with the ingestion of greater protein doses (P < 0.05). Protein digestion and phenylalanine absorption kinetics were attenuated in older when compared with young individuals, with 45% ± 10% vs. 51% ± 14% of dietary protein-derived phenylalanine appearing in the circulation, respectively (P = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Protein type, protein dose, and age modulate dietary protein digestion and amino acid absorption kinetics and subsequent postprandial plasma amino acid availability in vivo in humans. These trials were registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT00557388, NCT00936039, NCT00991523, NCT01317511, NCT01473576, NCT01576848, NCT01578590, NCT01615276, NCT01680146, NCT01820975, NCT01986842, and NCT02596542, and at http://www.trialregister.nl as NTR3638, NTR3885, NTR4060, NTR4429, and NTR4492.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan H M Gorissen
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+ (MUMC+), Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Jorn Trommelen
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+ (MUMC+), Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Imre W K Kouw
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+ (MUMC+), Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Andrew M Holwerda
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+ (MUMC+), Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Bart Pennings
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+ (MUMC+), Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Bart B L Groen
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+ (MUMC+), Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Benjamin T Wall
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+ (MUMC+), Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Tyler A Churchward-Venne
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+ (MUMC+), Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Astrid M H Horstman
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+ (MUMC+), Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - René Koopman
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+ (MUMC+), Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Nicholas A Burd
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+ (MUMC+), Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Cas J Fuchs
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+ (MUMC+), Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Marlou L Dirks
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+ (MUMC+), Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Peter T Res
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+ (MUMC+), Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Joan M G Senden
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+ (MUMC+), Maastricht, Netherlands
| | | | | | - Lex B Verdijk
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+ (MUMC+), Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Luc J C van Loon
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+ (MUMC+), Maastricht, Netherlands,Address correspondence to LJCvL (e-mail: )
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Horstman AMH, Kouw IWK, van Dijk JW, Hamer HM, Groen BBL, van Kranenburg J, Gorissen SHM, van Loon LJC. The Muscle Protein Synthetic Response to Whey Protein Ingestion Is Greater in Middle-Aged Women Compared With Men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2019; 104:994-1004. [PMID: 30423113 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2018-01734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Muscle mass maintenance is largely regulated by the postprandial rise in muscle protein synthesis rates. It remains unclear whether postprandial protein handling differs between women and men. METHODS Healthy men (43 ± 3 years; body mass index, 23.4 ± 0.4 kg/m2; n = 12) and women (46 ± 2 years; body mass index, 21.3 ± 0.5 kg/m2; n = 12) received primed continuous infusions of l-[ring-2H5]-phenylalanine and l-[ring-3,5-2H2]-tyrosine and ingested 25 g intrinsically l-[1-13C]-phenylalanine-labeled whey protein. Blood samples and muscle biopsies were collected to assess dietary protein digestion and amino acid absorption kinetics as well as basal and postprandial myofibrillar protein synthesis rates. RESULTS Plasma phenylalanine and leucine concentrations rapidly increased after protein ingestion (both P < 0.001), with no differences between middle-aged women and men (Time × Sex, P = 0.307 and 0.529, respectively). The fraction of dietary protein-derived phenylalanine that appeared in the circulation over the 5-hour postprandial period averaged 56 ± 1% and 53 ± 1% in women and men, respectively (P = 0.145). Myofibrillar protein synthesis rates increased (Time, P = 0.010) from 0.035 ± 0.004%/h and 0.030 ± 0.002%/h in the postabsorptive state (t test, P = 0.319) to 0.045 ± 0.002%/h and 0.034 ± 0.002%/h in the 5-hour postprandial phase in middle-aged women and men, respectively, with higher postprandial myofibrillar protein synthesis rates in women compared with men (t test, P = 0.005). Middle-aged women showed a greater increase in myofibrillar protein synthesis rates during the early (0 to 2 hours) postprandial period compared with men (Time × Sex, P = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS There are no differences in postabsorptive myofibrillar protein synthesis rates between middle-aged women and men. The myofibrillar protein synthetic response to the ingestion of 25 g whey protein is greater in women than in men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrid M H Horstman
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, Netherlands
- TIFN Top Institute Food and Nutrition, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Imre W K Kouw
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, Netherlands
- TIFN Top Institute Food and Nutrition, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Jan-Willem van Dijk
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, Netherlands
- TIFN Top Institute Food and Nutrition, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Henrike M Hamer
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, Netherlands
- TIFN Top Institute Food and Nutrition, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Bart B L Groen
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, Netherlands
- TIFN Top Institute Food and Nutrition, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Janneau van Kranenburg
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, Netherlands
- TIFN Top Institute Food and Nutrition, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Stefan H M Gorissen
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, Netherlands
- TIFN Top Institute Food and Nutrition, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Luc J C van Loon
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, Netherlands
- TIFN Top Institute Food and Nutrition, Wageningen, Netherlands
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Kouw IWK, Groen BBL, Smeets JSJ, Kramer IF, van Kranenburg JMX, Nilwik R, Geurts JAP, Ten Broeke RHM, Poeze M, van Loon LJC, Verdijk LB. One Week of Hospitalization Following Elective Hip Surgery Induces Substantial Muscle Atrophy in Older Patients. J Am Med Dir Assoc 2018; 20:35-42. [PMID: 30108034 DOI: 10.1016/j.jamda.2018.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Revised: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Short successive periods of skeletal muscle disuse have been suggested to substantially contribute to the observed loss of skeletal muscle mass over the life span. Hospitalization of older individuals due to acute illness, injury, or major surgery generally results in a mean hospital stay of 5 to 7 days, during which the level of physical activity is strongly reduced. We hypothesized that hospitalization following elective total hip arthroplasty is accompanied by substantial leg muscle atrophy in older men and women. DESIGN AND PARTICIPANTS Twenty-six older patients (75 ± 1 years) undergoing elective total hip arthroplasty participated in this observational study. MEASUREMENTS On hospital admission and on the day of discharge, computed tomographic (CT) scans were performed to assess muscle cross-sectional area (CSA) of both legs. During surgery and on the day of hospital discharge, a skeletal muscle biopsy was taken from the m. vastus lateralis of the operated leg to assess muscle fiber type-specific CSA. RESULTS An average of 5.6 ± 0.3 days of hospitalization resulted in a significant decline in quadriceps (-3.4% ± 1.0%) and thigh muscle CSA (-4.2% ± 1.1%) in the nonoperated leg (P < .05). Edema resulted in a 10.3% ± 1.7% increase in leg CSA in the operated leg (P < .05). At hospital admission, muscle fiber CSA was smaller in the type II vs type I fibers (3326 ± 253 μm2 vs 4075 ± 279 μm2, respectively; P < .05). During hospitalization, type I and II muscle fiber CSA tended to increase, likely due to edema in the operated leg (P = .10). CONCLUSIONS Six days of hospitalization following elective total hip arthroplasty leads to substantial leg muscle atrophy in older patients. Effective intervention strategies are warranted to prevent the loss of muscle mass induced by short periods of muscle disuse during hospitalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imre W K Kouw
- Department of Human Biology, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre+, The Netherlands
| | - Bart B L Groen
- Department of Human Biology, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre+, The Netherlands
| | - Joey S J Smeets
- Department of Human Biology, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre+, The Netherlands
| | - Irene Fleur Kramer
- Department of Human Biology, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre+, The Netherlands; Department of Surgery, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre+, The Netherlands
| | - Janneau M X van Kranenburg
- Department of Human Biology, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre+, The Netherlands
| | - Rachél Nilwik
- Department of Human Biology, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre+, The Netherlands
| | - Jan A P Geurts
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Care and Public Health Research Institute (CAPHRI), Maastricht University Medical Centre+, The Netherlands
| | - René H M Ten Broeke
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Care and Public Health Research Institute (CAPHRI), Maastricht University Medical Centre+, The Netherlands
| | - Martijn Poeze
- Department of Surgery, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre+, The Netherlands
| | - Luc J C van Loon
- Department of Human Biology, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre+, The Netherlands
| | - Lex B Verdijk
- Department of Human Biology, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre+, The Netherlands.
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Niemeijer VM, Snijders T, Verdijk LB, van Kranenburg J, Groen BBL, Holwerda AM, Spee RF, Wijn PFF, van Loon LJC, Kemps HMC. Skeletal muscle fiber characteristics in patients with chronic heart failure: impact of disease severity and relation with muscle oxygenation during exercise. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2018; 125:1266-1276. [PMID: 30091667 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00057.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Skeletal muscle function in patients with heart failure and reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) greatly determines exercise capacity. However, reports on skeletal muscle fiber dimensions, fiber capillarization, and their physiological importance are inconsistent. METHODS Twenty-five moderately-impaired patients with HFrEF and 25 healthy control (HC) subjects underwent muscle biopsy sampling. Type I and type II muscle fiber characteristics were determined by immunohistochemistry. In patients with HFrEF, enzymatic oxidative capacity was assessed, and pulmonary oxygen uptake (VO2) and skeletal muscle oxygenation during maximal and moderate-intensity exercise were measured using near-infrared spectroscopy. RESULTS While muscle fiber cross-sectional area (CSA) was not different between patients with HFrEF and HC, percentage of type I fibers was higher in HC (46±15% versus 37±12%, respectively, P=0.041). Fiber type distribution and CSA were not different between patients in New York Heart Association (NYHA) class II and III. Type I muscle fiber capillarization was higher in HFrEF compared with controls (capillary-to-fiber perimeter exchange (CFPE) index: 5.70±0.92 versus 5.05±0.82, respectively, P=0.027). Patients in NYHA class III had slower VO2 and muscle deoxygenation kinetics during onset of exercise, and lower muscle oxidative capacity than those in class II (P<0.05). Also, fiber capillarization was lower, but not compared with HC. Higher CFPE index was related to faster deoxygenation (rspearman=-0.682, P=0.001), however, not to muscle oxidative capacity (r=-0.282, P=0.216). CONCLUSIONS Type I muscle fiber capillarization is higher in HFrEF compared with HC, but not in patients with greater exercise impairment. Greater capillarization may positively affect VO2 kinetics by enhancing muscle oxygen diffusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor M Niemeijer
- Department of Cardiology, Máxima Medical Centre, Veldhoven, the Netherlands, Netherlands
| | - Tim Snijders
- Human Movement Sciences, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Netherlands
| | - Lex B Verdijk
- Human Movement Sciences, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Netherlands
| | - Janneau van Kranenburg
- Human Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+ (MUMC+)
| | - Bart B L Groen
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Netherlands
| | | | - Ruud F Spee
- Department of Cardiology, Maxima Medical Center, Netherlands
| | - Pieter F F Wijn
- Department of Applied Physics, Eindhoven University of Technology
| | - Luc J C van Loon
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Netherlands
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Groen BBL, Horstman AMH, Hamer HM, de Haan M, van Kranenburg J, Bierau J, Poeze M, Wodzig WKWH, Rasmussen BB, van Loon LJC. Increasing Insulin Availability Does Not Augment Postprandial Muscle Protein Synthesis Rates in Healthy Young and Older Men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2016; 101:3978-3988. [PMID: 27745529 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2016-1436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Skeletal muscle protein synthesis is highly responsive to food intake. It has been suggested that the postprandial increase in circulating insulin modulates the muscle protein synthetic response to feeding. OBJECTIVE The objective of the study was to investigate whether a greater postprandial rise in circulating insulin level increases amino acid uptake in muscle and augments postprandial muscle protein synthesis rates. PARTICIPANTS AND DESIGN Forty-eight healthy young (age 22 ± 1 y; body mass index 22.0 ± 0.3 kg/m2) and older males (age 68 ± 1 y; body mass index 26.3 ± 0.4 kg/m2) ingested 20 g intrinsically L-[1-13C]-leucine- and L-[1-13C]-phenylalanine-labeled casein protein with or without local insulin infusion. Primed continuous infusions of L-[1-13C]-leucine and L-[ring-2H5]-phenylalanine were applied, with arterial and venous blood samples and muscle biopsies being collected during a 5-hour postprandial period. RESULTS Insulin administration did not increase overall leg blood flow (P = .509) but increased amino acid uptake over the leg in both young and older subjects (P = .003). The greater amino acid uptake over the leg did not further increase postprandial muscle protein synthesis rates (0.050% ± 0.006% and 0.037% ± 0.004% per hour vs 0.044% ± 0.004% and 0.037% ± 0.002% per hour in the insulin-stimulated vs control condition in the young and older groups, respectively; P = .804) and did not affect postprandial deposition of dietary protein-derived amino acids in de novo muscle protein (P = .872). CONCLUSION Greater postprandial plasma insulin availability stimulates amino acid uptake over the leg but does not further augment postprandial muscle protein synthesis rates or stimulate the postprandial deposition of protein derived amino acids into de novo muscle protein in healthy young and older men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bart B L Groen
- Top Institute Food and Nutrition (B.B.L.G., A.M.H.H., H.M.H., J.v.K., L.J.C.v.L.), 6709 PG Wageningen, The Netherlands; Departments of Human Biology and Movement Sciences (B.B.L.G., A.M.H.H., H.M.H., L.J.C.v.L.), Radiology (M.d.H.), Clinical Genetics, and Surgery (M.P.), Laboratory Biochemical Genetics (J.B.), and Central Diagnostic Laboratory (W.K.W.H.W.), Maastricht University Medical Centre, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands; and Department of Nutrition and Metabolism (B.B.R.), University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77550
| | - Astrid M H Horstman
- Top Institute Food and Nutrition (B.B.L.G., A.M.H.H., H.M.H., J.v.K., L.J.C.v.L.), 6709 PG Wageningen, The Netherlands; Departments of Human Biology and Movement Sciences (B.B.L.G., A.M.H.H., H.M.H., L.J.C.v.L.), Radiology (M.d.H.), Clinical Genetics, and Surgery (M.P.), Laboratory Biochemical Genetics (J.B.), and Central Diagnostic Laboratory (W.K.W.H.W.), Maastricht University Medical Centre, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands; and Department of Nutrition and Metabolism (B.B.R.), University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77550
| | - Henrike M Hamer
- Top Institute Food and Nutrition (B.B.L.G., A.M.H.H., H.M.H., J.v.K., L.J.C.v.L.), 6709 PG Wageningen, The Netherlands; Departments of Human Biology and Movement Sciences (B.B.L.G., A.M.H.H., H.M.H., L.J.C.v.L.), Radiology (M.d.H.), Clinical Genetics, and Surgery (M.P.), Laboratory Biochemical Genetics (J.B.), and Central Diagnostic Laboratory (W.K.W.H.W.), Maastricht University Medical Centre, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands; and Department of Nutrition and Metabolism (B.B.R.), University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77550
| | - Michiel de Haan
- Top Institute Food and Nutrition (B.B.L.G., A.M.H.H., H.M.H., J.v.K., L.J.C.v.L.), 6709 PG Wageningen, The Netherlands; Departments of Human Biology and Movement Sciences (B.B.L.G., A.M.H.H., H.M.H., L.J.C.v.L.), Radiology (M.d.H.), Clinical Genetics, and Surgery (M.P.), Laboratory Biochemical Genetics (J.B.), and Central Diagnostic Laboratory (W.K.W.H.W.), Maastricht University Medical Centre, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands; and Department of Nutrition and Metabolism (B.B.R.), University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77550
| | - Janneau van Kranenburg
- Top Institute Food and Nutrition (B.B.L.G., A.M.H.H., H.M.H., J.v.K., L.J.C.v.L.), 6709 PG Wageningen, The Netherlands; Departments of Human Biology and Movement Sciences (B.B.L.G., A.M.H.H., H.M.H., L.J.C.v.L.), Radiology (M.d.H.), Clinical Genetics, and Surgery (M.P.), Laboratory Biochemical Genetics (J.B.), and Central Diagnostic Laboratory (W.K.W.H.W.), Maastricht University Medical Centre, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands; and Department of Nutrition and Metabolism (B.B.R.), University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77550
| | - Jörgen Bierau
- Top Institute Food and Nutrition (B.B.L.G., A.M.H.H., H.M.H., J.v.K., L.J.C.v.L.), 6709 PG Wageningen, The Netherlands; Departments of Human Biology and Movement Sciences (B.B.L.G., A.M.H.H., H.M.H., L.J.C.v.L.), Radiology (M.d.H.), Clinical Genetics, and Surgery (M.P.), Laboratory Biochemical Genetics (J.B.), and Central Diagnostic Laboratory (W.K.W.H.W.), Maastricht University Medical Centre, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands; and Department of Nutrition and Metabolism (B.B.R.), University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77550
| | - Martijn Poeze
- Top Institute Food and Nutrition (B.B.L.G., A.M.H.H., H.M.H., J.v.K., L.J.C.v.L.), 6709 PG Wageningen, The Netherlands; Departments of Human Biology and Movement Sciences (B.B.L.G., A.M.H.H., H.M.H., L.J.C.v.L.), Radiology (M.d.H.), Clinical Genetics, and Surgery (M.P.), Laboratory Biochemical Genetics (J.B.), and Central Diagnostic Laboratory (W.K.W.H.W.), Maastricht University Medical Centre, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands; and Department of Nutrition and Metabolism (B.B.R.), University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77550
| | - Will K W H Wodzig
- Top Institute Food and Nutrition (B.B.L.G., A.M.H.H., H.M.H., J.v.K., L.J.C.v.L.), 6709 PG Wageningen, The Netherlands; Departments of Human Biology and Movement Sciences (B.B.L.G., A.M.H.H., H.M.H., L.J.C.v.L.), Radiology (M.d.H.), Clinical Genetics, and Surgery (M.P.), Laboratory Biochemical Genetics (J.B.), and Central Diagnostic Laboratory (W.K.W.H.W.), Maastricht University Medical Centre, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands; and Department of Nutrition and Metabolism (B.B.R.), University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77550
| | - Blake B Rasmussen
- Top Institute Food and Nutrition (B.B.L.G., A.M.H.H., H.M.H., J.v.K., L.J.C.v.L.), 6709 PG Wageningen, The Netherlands; Departments of Human Biology and Movement Sciences (B.B.L.G., A.M.H.H., H.M.H., L.J.C.v.L.), Radiology (M.d.H.), Clinical Genetics, and Surgery (M.P.), Laboratory Biochemical Genetics (J.B.), and Central Diagnostic Laboratory (W.K.W.H.W.), Maastricht University Medical Centre, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands; and Department of Nutrition and Metabolism (B.B.R.), University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77550
| | - Luc J C van Loon
- Top Institute Food and Nutrition (B.B.L.G., A.M.H.H., H.M.H., J.v.K., L.J.C.v.L.), 6709 PG Wageningen, The Netherlands; Departments of Human Biology and Movement Sciences (B.B.L.G., A.M.H.H., H.M.H., L.J.C.v.L.), Radiology (M.d.H.), Clinical Genetics, and Surgery (M.P.), Laboratory Biochemical Genetics (J.B.), and Central Diagnostic Laboratory (W.K.W.H.W.), Maastricht University Medical Centre, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands; and Department of Nutrition and Metabolism (B.B.R.), University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77550
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Dirks ML, Groen BBL, Franssen R, van Kranenburg J, van Loon LJC. Neuromuscular electrical stimulation prior to presleep protein feeding stimulates the use of protein-derived amino acids for overnight muscle protein synthesis. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2016; 122:20-27. [PMID: 27789768 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00331.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Revised: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Short periods of muscle disuse result in substantial skeletal muscle atrophy. Recently, we showed that both neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) as well as presleep dietary protein ingestion represent effective strategies to stimulate muscle protein synthesis rates. In this study, we test our hypothesis that NMES can augment the use of presleep protein-derived amino acids for overnight muscle protein synthesis in older men. Twenty healthy, older [69 ± 1 (SE) yr] men were subjected to 24 h of bed rest, starting at 8:00 AM. In the evening, volunteers were subjected to 70-min 1-legged NMES, while the other leg served as nonstimulated control (CON). Immediately following NMES, 40 g of intrinsically l-[1-13C]-phenylalanine labeled protein was ingested prior to sleep. Blood samples were taken throughout the night, and muscle biopsies were obtained from both legs in the evening and the following morning (8 h after protein ingestion) to assess dietary protein-derived l-[1-13C]-phenylalanine enrichments in myofibrillar protein. Plasma phenylalanine concentrations and plasma l-[1-13C]-phenylalanine enrichments increased significantly following protein ingestion and remained elevated for up to 6 h after protein ingestion (P < 0.05). During overnight sleep, myofibrillar protein-bound l-[1-13C]-phenylalanine enrichments (MPE) increased to a greater extent in the stimulated compared with the control leg (0.0344 ± 0.0019 vs. 0.0297 ± 0.0016 MPE, respectively; P < 0.01), representing 18 ± 6% greater incorporation of presleep protein-derived amino acids in the NMES compared with CON leg. In conclusion, application of NMES prior to presleep protein feeding stimulates the use of dietary protein-derived amino acids for overnight muscle protein synthesis in older men. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) as well as presleep dietary protein ingestion represent effective strategies to stimulate muscle protein synthesis rates. Here we demonstrate that in older men after a day of bed rest, the application of NMES prior to presleep protein feeding stimulates the use of dietary protein-derived amino acids for overnight muscle protein synthesis by 18% compared with presleep protein feeding only.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlou L Dirks
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands
| | - Bart B L Groen
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands
| | - Rinske Franssen
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands
| | - Janneau van Kranenburg
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands
| | - Luc J C van Loon
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands
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Groen BBL, Horstman AM, Hamer HM, de Haan M, van Kranenburg J, Bierau J, Poeze M, Wodzig WKWH, Rasmussen BB, van Loon LJC. Post-Prandial Protein Handling: You Are What You Just Ate. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0141582. [PMID: 26556791 PMCID: PMC4640549 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0141582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Protein turnover in skeletal muscle tissue is highly responsive to nutrient intake in healthy adults. Objective To provide a comprehensive overview of post-prandial protein handling, ranging from dietary protein digestion and amino acid absorption, the uptake of dietary protein derived amino acids over the leg, the post-prandial stimulation of muscle protein synthesis rates, to the incorporation of dietary protein derived amino acids in de novo muscle protein. Design 12 healthy young males ingested 20 g intrinsically [1-13C]-phenylalanine labeled protein. In addition, primed continuous L-[ring-2H5]-phenylalanine, L-[ring-2H2]-tyrosine, and L-[1-13C]-leucine infusions were applied, with frequent collection of arterial and venous blood samples, and muscle biopsies throughout a 5 h post-prandial period. Dietary protein digestion, amino acid absorption, splanchnic amino acid extraction, amino acid uptake over the leg, and subsequent muscle protein synthesis were measured within a single in vivo human experiment. Results 55.3±2.7% of the protein-derived phenylalanine was released in the circulation during the 5 h post-prandial period. The post-prandial rise in plasma essential amino acid availability improved leg muscle protein balance (from -291±72 to 103±66 μM·min-1·100 mL leg volume-1; P<0.001). Muscle protein synthesis rates increased significantly following protein ingestion (0.029±0.002 vs 0.044±0.004%·h-1 based upon the muscle protein bound L-[ring-2H5]-phenylalanine enrichments (P<0.01)), with substantial incorporation of dietary protein derived L-[1-13C]-phenylalanine into de novo muscle protein (from 0 to 0.0201±0.0025 MPE). Conclusion Ingestion of a single meal-like amount of protein allows ~55% of the protein derived amino acids to become available in the circulation, thereby improving whole-body and leg protein balance. About 20% of the dietary protein derived amino acids released in the circulation are taken up in skeletal muscle tissue following protein ingestion, thereby stimulating muscle protein synthesis rates and providing precursors for de novo muscle protein synthesis. Trial Registration trialregister.nl 3638
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Affiliation(s)
- Bart B. L. Groen
- Top Institute Food and Nutrition, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Astrid M. Horstman
- Top Institute Food and Nutrition, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Henrike M. Hamer
- Top Institute Food and Nutrition, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Michiel de Haan
- Department of Radiology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Janneau van Kranenburg
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Jörgen Bierau
- Laboratory Biochemical Genetics, Department of Clinical Genetics, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Martijn Poeze
- Department of Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Will K. W. H. Wodzig
- Central Diagnostic Laboratory, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Blake B. Rasmussen
- Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Luc J. C. van Loon
- Top Institute Food and Nutrition, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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8
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Wall BT, Gorissen SH, Pennings B, Koopman R, Groen BBL, Verdijk LB, van Loon LJC. Aging Is Accompanied by a Blunted Muscle Protein Synthetic Response to Protein Ingestion. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0140903. [PMID: 26536130 PMCID: PMC4633096 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0140903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Progressive loss of skeletal muscle mass with aging (sarcopenia) forms a global health concern. It has been suggested that an impaired capacity to increase muscle protein synthesis rates in response to protein intake is a key contributor to sarcopenia. We assessed whether differences in post-absorptive and/or post-prandial muscle protein synthesis rates exist between large cohorts of healthy young and older men. PROCEDURES We performed a cross-sectional, retrospective study comparing in vivo post-absorptive muscle protein synthesis rates determined with stable isotope methodologies between 34 healthy young (22±1 y) and 72 older (75±1 y) men, and post-prandial muscle protein synthesis rates between 35 healthy young (22±1 y) and 40 older (74±1 y) men. FINDINGS Post-absorptive muscle protein synthesis rates did not differ significantly between the young and older group. Post-prandial muscle protein synthesis rates were 16% lower in the older subjects when compared with the young. Muscle protein synthesis rates were >3 fold more responsive to dietary protein ingestion in the young. Irrespective of age, there was a strong negative correlation between post-absorptive muscle protein synthesis rates and the increase in muscle protein synthesis rate following protein ingestion. CONCLUSIONS Aging is associated with the development of muscle anabolic inflexibility which represents a key physiological mechanism underpinning sarcopenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Toby Wall
- NUTRIM School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, 6200 MD, The Netherlands
| | - Stefan H. Gorissen
- NUTRIM School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, 6200 MD, The Netherlands
| | - Bart Pennings
- NUTRIM School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, 6200 MD, The Netherlands
| | - René Koopman
- NUTRIM School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, 6200 MD, The Netherlands
| | - Bart B. L. Groen
- NUTRIM School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, 6200 MD, The Netherlands
| | - Lex B. Verdijk
- NUTRIM School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, 6200 MD, The Netherlands
| | - Luc J. C. van Loon
- NUTRIM School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, 6200 MD, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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Trommelen J, Groen BBL, Hamer HM, de Groot LCPGM, van Loon LJC. MECHANISMS IN ENDOCRINOLOGY: Exogenous insulin does not increase muscle protein synthesis rate when administered systemically: a systematic review. Eur J Endocrinol 2015; 173:R25-34. [PMID: 25646407 DOI: 10.1530/eje-14-0902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Though it is well appreciated that insulin plays an important role in the regulation of muscle protein metabolism, there is much discrepancy in the literature on the capacity of exogenous insulin administration to increase muscle protein synthesis rates in vivo in humans. OBJECTIVE To assess whether exogenous insulin administration increases muscle protein synthesis rates in young and older adults. DESIGN A systematic review of clinical trials was performed and the presence or absence of an increase in muscle protein synthesis rate was reported for each individual study arm. In a stepwise manner, multiple models were constructed that excluded study arms based on the following conditions: model 1, concurrent hyperaminoacidemia; model 2, insulin-induced hypoaminoacidemia; model 3, supraphysiological insulin concentrations; and model 4, older, more insulin resistant, subjects. CONCLUSIONS From the presented data in the current systematic review, we conclude that: i) exogenous insulin and amino acid administration effectively increase muscle protein synthesis, but this effect is attributed to the hyperaminoacidemia; ii) exogenous insulin administered systemically induces hypoaminoacidemia which obviates any insulin-stimulatory effect on muscle protein synthesis; iii) exogenous insulin resulting in supraphysiological insulin levels exceeding 50, 000 pmol/l may effectively augment muscle protein synthesis; iv) exogenous insulin may have a diminished effect on muscle protein synthesis in older adults due to age-related anabolic resistance; and v) exogenous insulin administered systemically does not increase muscle protein synthesis in healthy, young adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorn Trommelen
- Department of Human Movement SciencesFaculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Maastricht University, PO Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The NetherlandsDivision of Human NutritionWageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Bart B L Groen
- Department of Human Movement SciencesFaculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Maastricht University, PO Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The NetherlandsDivision of Human NutritionWageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Henrike M Hamer
- Department of Human Movement SciencesFaculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Maastricht University, PO Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The NetherlandsDivision of Human NutritionWageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Lisette C P G M de Groot
- Department of Human Movement SciencesFaculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Maastricht University, PO Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The NetherlandsDivision of Human NutritionWageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Luc J C van Loon
- Department of Human Movement SciencesFaculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Maastricht University, PO Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The NetherlandsDivision of Human NutritionWageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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10
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Groen BBL, Hamer HM, Snijders T, van Kranenburg J, Frijns D, Vink H, van Loon LJC. Skeletal muscle capillary density and microvascular function are compromised with aging and type 2 diabetes. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2014; 116:998-1005. [DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00919.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Adequate muscle perfusion is required for the maintenance of skeletal muscle mass. Impairments in microvascular structure and/or function with aging and type 2 diabetes have been associated with the progressive loss of skeletal muscle mass. Our objective was to compare muscle fiber type specific capillary density and endothelial function between healthy young men, healthy older men, and age-matched type 2 diabetes patients. Fifteen healthy young men (24 ± 1 yr), 15 healthy older men (70 ± 2 yr), and 15 age-matched type 2 diabetes patients (70 ± 1 yr) were selected to participate in the present study. Whole body insulin sensitivity, muscle fiber type specific capillary density, sublingual microvascular density, and dimension of the erythrocyte-perfused boundary region were assessed to evaluate the impact of aging and/or type 2 diabetes on microvascular structure and function. Whole body insulin sensitivity was significantly lower at a more advanced age, with lowest values reported in the type 2 diabetic patients. In line, skeletal muscle capillary contacts were much lower in the older and older type 2 diabetic patients when compared with the young. Sidestream darkfield imaging showed a significantly greater thickness of the erythrocyte perfused boundary region in the type 2 diabetic patients compared with the young. Skeletal muscle capillary density is reduced with aging and type 2 diabetes and accompanied by impairments in endothelial glycocalyx function, which is indicative of compromised vascular function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bart B. L. Groen
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands; and
| | - Henrike M. Hamer
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands; and
| | - Tim Snijders
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands; and
| | - Janneau van Kranenburg
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands; and
| | - Dionne Frijns
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands; and
| | - Hans Vink
- Department of Physiology, CARIM School for Cardiovascular Disease, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Luc J. C. van Loon
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands; and
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11
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Kiskini A, Hamer HM, Wall BT, Groen BBL, de Lange A, Bakker JA, Senden JMG, Verdijk LB, van Loon LJC. The muscle protein synthetic response to the combined ingestion of protein and carbohydrate is not impaired in healthy older men. Age (Dordr) 2013; 35:2389-2398. [PMID: 23529503 PMCID: PMC3824983 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-013-9522-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2012] [Accepted: 03/08/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Aging is associated with a progressive decline in skeletal muscle mass. It has been hypothesized that an attenuated muscle protein synthetic response to the main anabolic stimuli may contribute to the age-related loss of muscle tissue. The aim of the present study was to compare the muscle protein synthetic response following ingestion of a meal-like amount of dietary protein plus carbohydrate between healthy young and older men. Twelve young (21 ± 1 years) and 12 older (75 ± 1 years) men consumed 20 g of intrinsically L-[1-(13)C]phenylalanine-labeled protein with 40 g of carbohydrate. Ingestion of specifically produced intrinsically L-[1-(13)C]phenylalanine-labeled protein allowed us to assess the subsequent incorporation of casein-derived amino acids into muscle protein. Blood samples were collected at regular intervals, with muscle biopsies obtained prior to and 2 and 6 h after protein plus carbohydrate ingestion. The acute post-prandial rise in plasma glucose and insulin concentrations was significantly greater in the older compared with the younger males. Plasma amino acid concentrations increased rapidly following drink ingestion in both groups. However, plasma leucine concentrations were significantly lower at t = 90 min in the older when compared with the young group (P < 0.05). Muscle protein-bound L-[1-(13)C]phenylalanine enrichments increased to 0.0071 ± 0.0016 and 0.0072 ± 0.0013 mole percent excess (MPE) at 2 h and 0.0229 ± 0.0016 and 0.0213 ± 0.0024 MPE at 6 h following ingestion of the intrinsically labeled protein in the young and older males, respectively, with no differences between groups (P > 0.05). We conclude that the use of dietary protein-derived amino acids for muscle protein synthesis is not impaired in healthy older men following intake of protein plus carbohydrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Kiskini
- />Department of Human Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, PO Box 616, Maastricht, 6200 MD the Netherlands
| | - Henrike M. Hamer
- />Department of Human Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, PO Box 616, Maastricht, 6200 MD the Netherlands
| | - Benjamin T. Wall
- />Department of Human Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, PO Box 616, Maastricht, 6200 MD the Netherlands
| | - Bart B. L. Groen
- />Department of Human Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, PO Box 616, Maastricht, 6200 MD the Netherlands
| | - Anneke de Lange
- />Department of Human Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, PO Box 616, Maastricht, 6200 MD the Netherlands
| | - Jaap A. Bakker
- />Department of Clinical Genetics, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Joan M. G. Senden
- />Department of Human Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, PO Box 616, Maastricht, 6200 MD the Netherlands
| | - Lex B. Verdijk
- />Department of Human Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, PO Box 616, Maastricht, 6200 MD the Netherlands
| | - Luc J. C. van Loon
- />Department of Human Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, PO Box 616, Maastricht, 6200 MD the Netherlands
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12
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Pennings B, Groen BBL, van Dijk JW, de Lange A, Kiskini A, Kuklinski M, Senden JMG, van Loon LJC. Minced beef is more rapidly digested and absorbed than beef steak, resulting in greater postprandial protein retention in older men. Am J Clin Nutr 2013; 98:121-8. [PMID: 23636241 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.112.051201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Older individuals generally experience a reduced food-chewing efficiency. As a consequence, food texture may represent an important factor that modulates dietary protein digestion and absorption kinetics and the subsequent postprandial protein balance. OBJECTIVE We assessed the effect of meat texture on the dietary protein digestion rate, amino acid availability, and subsequent postprandial protein balance in vivo in older men. DESIGN Ten older men (mean ± SEM age: 74 ± 2 y) were randomly assigned to a crossover experiment that involved 2 treatments in which they consumed 135 g of specifically produced intrinsically L-[1-(13)C]phenylalanine-labeled beef, which was provided as beef steak or minced beef. Meat consumption was combined with continuous intravenous L-[ring-(2)H5]phenylalanine and L-[ring-(2)H2]tyrosine infusion to assess beef protein digestion and absorption kinetics as well as whole-body protein balance and skeletal muscle protein synthesis rates. RESULTS Meat protein-derived phenylalanine appeared more rapidly in the circulation after minced beef than after beef steak consumption (P < 0.05). Also, its availability in the circulation during the 6-h postprandial period was greater after minced beef than after beef steak consumption (61 ± 3% compared with 49 ± 3%, respectively; P < 0.01). The whole-body protein balance was more positive after minced beef than after beef steak consumption (29 ± 2 compared with 19 ± 3 μmol phenylalanine/kg, respectively; P < 0.01). Skeletal muscle protein synthesis rates did not differ between treatments when assessed over a 6-h postprandial period. CONCLUSIONS Minced beef is more rapidly digested and absorbed than beef steak, which results in increased amino acid availability and greater postprandial protein retention. However, this does not result in greater postprandial muscle protein synthesis rates. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01145131.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bart Pennings
- Top Institute Food & Nutrition, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Burd NA, Pennings B, Groen BBL, Gijsen AP, Senden JMG, van Loon LJC. The single biopsy approach is reliable for the measurement of muscle protein synthesis rates in vivo in older men. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2012; 113:896-902. [PMID: 22815390 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00513.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We aimed to assess the reliability of the single biopsy approach for calculating muscle protein synthesis rates compared with the well described sequential muscle biopsy approach following a primed continuous infusion of L-[ring-(2)H(5)]phenylalanine and GC-MS analysis in older men. Two separate experimental infusion protocols, with differing stable isotope amino acid incorporation times, were employed consisting of n = 27 (experiment 1) or n = 9 (experiment 2). Specifically, mixed muscle protein FSR were calculated from baseline plasma protein enrichments and muscle protein enrichments obtained at 90 min or 50 min (1BX SHORT), 210 min or 170 min (1BX LONG), and between the muscle protein enrichments obtained at 90 and 210 min or 50 min and 170 min (2BX) of the infusion for experiments 1 and 2, respectively. In experiment 2, we also assessed the error that is introduced to the single muscle biopsy approach when nontracer naive subjects are recruited for participation in a primed continuous infusion of isotope-labeled amino acids. In experiment 1, applying the individual plasma protein enrichment values to the single muscle biopsy approach resulted in no differences in muscle protein FSR between the 1BX SHORT (0.031 ± 0.003%·h(-1)), 1BX LONG (0.032 ± 0.002%·h(-1)), or the 2BX approach (0.034 ± 0.002%·h(-1)). A significant correlation in muscle protein FSR was observed only between the 1BX LONG and 2BX approach (r = 0.8; P < 0.001). Similar results were observed in experiment 2. In addition, using the single biopsy approach in nontracer naïve state results in a muscle protein FSR that is negative for both the 1BX SHORT (-0.67 ± 0.051%·h(-1)) and 1BX LONG (-0.19 ± 0.051%·h(-1)) approaches. This is the first study to demonstrate that the single biopsy approach, coupled with the background enrichment of L-[ring-(2)H(5)]-phenylalanine of mixed plasma proteins, generates data that are similar to using the sequential muscle biopsy approach in the elderly population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas A Burd
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre (MUMC Maastricht, the Netherlands
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Burd NA, Groen BBL, Beelen M, Senden JMG, Gijsen AP, van Loon LJC. The reliability of using the single-biopsy approach to assess basal muscle protein synthesis rates in vivo in humans. Metabolism 2012; 61:931-6. [PMID: 22209666 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2011.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2011] [Revised: 10/25/2011] [Accepted: 11/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
It has recently been proposed that basal muscle protein synthesis can be effectively assessed by measuring the background enrichment in total plasma protein, thereby omitting the initial biopsy, and determining the difference in enrichment from a single muscle biopsy obtained during a primed continuous infusion of isotope-labeled amino acids. We determined the reliability of calculating basal mixed muscle protein fractional synthetic rates (FSRs) from mixed plasma proteins and a single muscle biopsy compared against the sequential muscle biopsy approach. Ten men (age, 23 ± 1 years; body mass index, 22 ± 1 kg∙m(-2)) received muscle biopsies of the vastus lateralis after 2 and 4 hours of a primed continuous infusion of l-[ring-(13)C(6)]phenylalanine. Mixed muscle protein FSR was calculated from baseline plasma enrichments and muscle protein enrichments determined from the biopsy at 2 hours (1BX SHORT) or 4 hours (1BX LONG), or between muscle protein enrichments at 2 and 4 hours (2BX) of the infusion. No differences (P = .50) were observed in mixed muscle protein FSR, using plasma [ring-(13)C(6)]phenylalanine enrichments as the precursor, between the 1BX SHORT (0.031% ± 0.010%∙h(-1)), 1BX LONG (0.032% ± 0.007%∙h(-1)), or 2BX (0.035% ± 0.011%∙h(-1)) approach. A significant correlation was observed between the calculated muscle protein FSR assessed using the 1BX LONG and 2BX approach (r = 0.7, P = .02). Our data demonstrate that the single-biopsy approach, irrespective of whether the biopsy is obtained at 2 or 4 hours, can be used as a surrogate for the sequential-biopsy approach to determine basal muscle protein synthesis in a group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas A Burd
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+(MUMC+), PO Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Groen BBL, Res PT, Pennings B, Hertle E, Senden JMG, Saris WHM, van Loon LJC. Intragastric protein administration stimulates overnight muscle protein synthesis in elderly men. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2012; 302:E52-60. [PMID: 21917635 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00321.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The loss of skeletal muscle mass with aging has been attributed to an impaired muscle protein synthetic response to food intake. Therefore, nutritional strategies are targeted to modulate postprandial muscle protein accretion in the elderly. The purpose of this study was to assess the impact of protein administration during sleep on in vivo protein digestion and absorption kinetics and subsequent muscle protein synthesis rates in elderly men. Sixteen healthy elderly men were randomly assigned to an experiment during which they were administered a single bolus of intrinsically l-[1-(13)C]phenylalanine-labeled casein protein (PRO) or a placebo (PLA) during sleep. Continuous infusions with l-[ring-(2)H(5)]phenylalanine and l-[ring-(2)H(2)]tyrosine were applied to assess in vivo dietary protein digestion and absorption kinetics and subsequent muscle protein synthesis rates during sleep. We found that exogenous phenylalanine appearance rates increased following protein administration. The latter stimulated protein synthesis, resulting in a more positive overnight whole body protein balance (0.30 ± 0.1 vs. 11.8 ± 1.0 μmol phenylalanine·kg(-1)·h(-1) in PLA and PRO, respectively; P < 0.05). In agreement, overnight muscle protein fractional synthesis rates were much greater in the PRO experiment (0.045 ± 0.002 vs. 0.029 ± 0.002%/h, respectively; P < 0.05) and showed abundant incorporation of the amino acids ingested via the intrinsically labeled protein (0.058 ± 0.006%/h). This is the first study to show that dietary protein administration during sleep is followed by normal digestion and absorption kinetics, thereby stimulating overnight muscle protein synthesis. Dietary protein administration during sleep stimulates muscle protein synthesis and improves overnight whole body protein balance. These findings may provide a basis for novel interventional strategies to attenuate muscle mass loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bart B L Groen
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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