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McGRATH E, Mahony N, Fleming N, Donne B. Prediction of Rowing Functional Threshold Power Using Body Mass, Blood Lactate and GxT Peak Power Data. Int J Exerc Sci 2023; 16:31-41. [PMID: 37113513 PMCID: PMC10124727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
Functional Threshold Power (FTP) is a validated index of a maximal quasi steady-state cycling intensity. The central component of the FTP test is a maximal 20-min time-trial effort. A model to predict FTP from a cycling graded exercise test (m-FTP) was published that estimated FTP without the requirement of the exhaustive 20-min time-trial. The predictive model (m-FTP) was trained (developed to find the best combination of weights and bias) on a homogenous group of highly-trained cyclists and triathletes. This investigation appraised the external validity of the m-FTP model vis-à-vis the alternate modality of rowing. The reported m-FTP equation purports to be sensitive to both changing levels of fitness, and exercise capacity. To assess this claim, eighteen (7 female, 11 male) heterogeneously-conditioned rowers were recruited from regional rowing clubs. The first rowing test was a 3-min graded incremental test with a 1-min break between increments. The second test was a rowing adapted FTP test. There were no significant differences between rowing FTP (r-FTP) and m-FTP (230 ± 64 versus 233 ± 60 W, respectively, F = 1.13, P = 0.80). Computed Bland-Altman 95% LoA between r-FTP and m-FTP were (-18 W to + 15 W), sy.x was 7 W, and 95 %CI of regression were 0.97 to 0.99. The r-FTP equation was demonstrated to be effective in predicting a rowers 20-min maximum power; further appraisal of the physiological response to rowing for 60-min at the corresponding calculated FTP requires investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eanna McGRATH
- Human Performance Laboratory, Disciplines of Anatomy and Physiology, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, IRL
| | - Nick Mahony
- Human Performance Laboratory, Disciplines of Anatomy and Physiology, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, IRL
| | - Neil Fleming
- Human Performance Laboratory, Disciplines of Anatomy and Physiology, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, IRL
| | - Bernard Donne
- Human Performance Laboratory, Disciplines of Anatomy and Physiology, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, IRL
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McGRATH E, Mahony N, Fleming N, Benavoli A, Donne B. Prediction of Functional Threshold Power from Graded Exercise Test Data in Highly-Trained Individuals. Int J Exerc Sci 2022; 15:747-759. [PMID: 35992499 PMCID: PMC9365101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of the current investigation was to derive an equation that could predict Functional Threshold Power (FTP) from Graded Exercise Test (GxT) data. The FTP test has been demonstrated to represent the highest cycling power output that can be maintained in a quasi-steady state for 60-min. Previous investigations to determine a comparable marker derived from a Graded Exercise test have had limited success to date. Consequently, the current study aimed to predict FTP from GxT data to provide an additional index of cycling performance. FTP has been reported to provide an insight not provided by a GxT and, in addition, does not require a formal exercise testing facility. The study design facilitated a deliberate and transparent sequence of statistical decisions, resolved in part from the perspective of exercise physiology. Seventy triathletes (male n=50, female n=20) completed cycling GxT and FTP tests in sequential order. Collected data (power output, blood lactate indices, VO2peak, body mass) were analysed using stepwise regression to identify the key parameters for predicting FTP, and confirmed using a Leave One Out (LOO) cross-validation. As a consequence of wittingly including some likely transiently highly correlated parameters on the basis of a physiological argument, the model's function is limited to predicting FTP. This investigation concluded the model (FTP = -6.62 + 0.32 FBLC-4 + 0.42 BM + 0.46 Pmax) was the prediction model of choice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eanna McGRATH
- Human Performance Laboratory, Disciplines of Anatomy and Physiology, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, IRL
| | - Nick Mahony
- Human Performance Laboratory, Disciplines of Anatomy and Physiology, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, IRL
| | - Neil Fleming
- Human Performance Laboratory, Disciplines of Anatomy and Physiology, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, IRL
| | - Alessio Benavoli
- School of Computer Science and Statistics, Trinity College Dublin, IRL
| | - Bernard Donne
- Human Performance Laboratory, Disciplines of Anatomy and Physiology, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, IRL
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Lee C, Fleming N, Donne B. Comparison of Balance Variables Across Active and Retired Athletes and Age Matched Controls. Int J Exerc Sci 2021; 14:76-92. [PMID: 34055155 PMCID: PMC8136550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Postural control is a major falls risk factor, therefore identifying protective mechanisms is essential. Physical activity enhances postural stability but effect duration has been minimally researched. The current study investigated if prolonged early life training exposure protected neuromuscular balance processes later in life. Static and dynamic balance variables were assessed in 77 healthy adults. Two age ranges (18 - 35yr, young; > 50yr, retired) were divided into weight bearing athlete and control groups; young athlete (YA), young control (YC), retired athlete (RA) and retired control (RC). Static balance was quantified using force platform derived sway velocity (mm.s-1) and C90area (mm2) data (stable and unstable surfaces, eyes open and closed) Dynamic balance was assessed using the Y balance test (YBT). Results demonstrated significant age effect across groups. However, an athletic effect was evident only assessing dynamic balance and static time to error variables. Mean time to error data (YA, 27.8 ± 5.8; YC, 20.5 ± 11.1; RA, 9.4 ± 8.5; RC, 8.6 ± 9.1 s) recorded significant age and athletic effects for the most challenging condition completed (single leg stance, eyes closed, stable surface). Mean maximum YBT composite score (YA, 90.0 ± 5.4%; YC, 83.6 ± 6.5%; RA, 80.8 ± 10.7%; RC, 72.4 ± 15.5%) demonstrated an age effect, and also identified a group effect in the retired cohorts. The current study supports research highlighting declined balance with ageing. Overall, former athleticism did not significantly enhance static balance in later life. Dynamic balance incorporates muscle strength possibly inferring a protective role in former athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitriona Lee
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, IRELAND
| | - Neil Fleming
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, IRELAND
| | - Bernard Donne
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, IRELAND
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McGrath E, Mahony N, Fleming N, Raleigh C, Donne B. Do Critical and Functional Threshold Powers Equate in Highly-Trained Athletes? Int J Exerc Sci 2021; 14:45-59. [PMID: 34055164 PMCID: PMC8136559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this investigation was to determine whether Critical Power (CP) and Functional Threshold Power (FTP) can be used interchangeably for a highly-trained group of cyclists and triathletes. CP was ascertained using multiple fixed load trials and FTP determined from a single cycling trial. Three different models for the determination of CP were initially addressed, one hyperbolic (Hmodel) and two linear (Jmodel and Imodel). The Jmodel was identified as most appropriate for a comparison with FTP. The Jmodel and FTP were not found to be interchangeable as ANOVA detected significant differences (282 ± 53 vs. 266 ± 55 W, p < 0.001) between these indices and the associated Bland-Altman 95% limits of agreement exceeded those set a priori. As the Jmodel was found to be consistently higher than FTP, a correction factor was posited to anticipate CP from FTP in this homogenous group of athletes using the mean bias (16 W). An alternate method for assessing CP trial intensities using Dmax as a proxy for ventilatory threshold is also proposed. The concept of both CP and FTP representing a maximal metabolic steady-state requires further investigation as the mechanical power at CP was significantly greater than at FTP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eanna McGrath
- Human Performance Laboratory, Departments of Anatomy and Physiology, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, IRL
| | - Nick Mahony
- Human Performance Laboratory, Departments of Anatomy and Physiology, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, IRL
| | - Neil Fleming
- Human Performance Laboratory, Departments of Anatomy and Physiology, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, IRL
| | - Conor Raleigh
- Human Performance Laboratory, Departments of Anatomy and Physiology, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, IRL
| | - Bernard Donne
- Human Performance Laboratory, Departments of Anatomy and Physiology, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, IRL
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Lacey M, Donne B. Does Fatigue Impact Static and Dynamic Balance Variables in Athletes with a Previous Ankle Injury? Int J Exerc Sci 2019; 12:1121-1137. [PMID: 31839846 PMCID: PMC6886607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Ankle injury, resulting in deficits in static and dynamic balance, can result in significant time loss to sport, affect daily activities and potentially place athletes at greater risk of re-injury. In order to identify athletes at risk of ankle injury accurate and reliable balance assessment tools are required. The purpose of the current study was to quantify reliability of static and dynamic balance variables in currently healthy, previously injured, athletes (n = 19) and assess the impact of an intense intermittent zig-zag running protocol to volitional exhaustion, rated by RPE, on balance variables. A test re-test design assessed short-term reliability and measurement error by computing ICC and 95% limits of agreement (LoA). The Y balance test was deemed a reliable measuring tool for assessing dynamic balance, recording strong reliability (ICC = 0.96, 95% LoA from -95.7 to 105.8%). A HURlabs iBalance force platform assessed the static balance variables sway velocity and C90area; sway velocity (mmˑs-1) recorded strong reliability (ICC = 0.79). Significant post-fatiguing protocol increases (p < 0.001) were detected in single-leg static balance for both C90area (mm2) and sway velocity (mmˑs-1) assessed on stable and unstable surfaces (stable: 227 ± 84 vs. 366 ± 146 mm2 and 18.6 ± 4.2 vs. 22.9 ± 5.3 mmˑs-1: unstable; 275 ± 128 vs. 370 ± 140 mm2 and 19.3 ± 4.3 vs. 21.5 ± 4.0 mmˑs-1). Non-significant post-fatiguing protocol differences (p > 0.05) were detected in dynamic balance variables (anterior, posteromedial, posterolateral and composite reach scores) measured at 4-min after completing the protocol. Further research should investigate the effects of fatigue on dynamic YBT variables immediately post-exercise and determine if differences exist when comparing previously injured and un-injured limbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Lacey
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, School of Medicine, Trinity College, Dublin, IRELAND
| | - Bernard Donne
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, School of Medicine, Trinity College, Dublin, IRELAND
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McGRATH E, Mahony N, Fleming N, Donne B. Is the FTP Test a Reliable, Reproducible and Functional Assessment Tool in Highly-Trained Athletes? Int J Exerc Sci 2019; 12:1334-1345. [PMID: 31839854 PMCID: PMC6886609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the current study was to assess reliability of the Functional Threshold Power test (FTP) and the corresponding intensity sustainable for 1-hour in a "quasi-steady state". Highly-trained athletes (n = 19) completed four non-randomized tests over successive weeks on a Wattbike; a 3-min incremental test (GxT) to exhaustion, two 20-min FTP tests and a 60-min test at computed FTP (cFTP). Power at cFTP was calculated by reducing 20-min FTP data by 5% and was compared with power at Dmax and lactate threshold (TLac). Ventilatory and blood lactate (BLa) responses to cFTP were measured to determine whether cFTP was quasi-steady state. Agreement between consecutive FTP tests was quantified using a Bland-Altman plot with 95% limits of agreement (95% LoA) set at ± 20 W. Satisfactory agreement between FTP tests was detected (95% LoA = +13 and -17 W, bias +2 W). The 60-min effort at cFTP was successfully completed by 17 participants, and BLa and ventilatory data at cFTP were classified as quasi-steady state. A 5% increase in power above cFTP destabilized BLa data (p < 0.05) and prompted VO2 to increase to peak GxT rates. The FTP test is therefore deemed representative of the uppermost power a highly-trained athlete can maintain in a quasi-steady state for 60-min. Agreement between repeated 20-min FTP tests was judged acceptable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eanna McGRATH
- Human Performance Laboratory, Departments of Anatomy and Physiology, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, IRELAND
| | - Nick Mahony
- Human Performance Laboratory, Departments of Anatomy and Physiology, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, IRELAND
| | - Neil Fleming
- Human Performance Laboratory, Departments of Anatomy and Physiology, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, IRELAND
| | - Bernard Donne
- Human Performance Laboratory, Departments of Anatomy and Physiology, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, IRELAND
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Rowe A, Mahony N, Fleming N, Donne B. The effect of diurnal variation in exercise-induced bronchoconstriction. J Asthma 2019; 57:1063-1070. [PMID: 31274345 DOI: 10.1080/02770903.2019.1640731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Objective: Exercise-induced bronchoconstriction (EIB) is an acute, transient narrowing of the airway as a result of exercise. Diurnal variation in asthma is well-established, however, few studies have investigated diurnal variability in EIB; no study has used eucapnic voluntary hyperpnea (EVH). The aim of this study was to examine circadian variability in EIB using EVH.Methods: Fourteen recreationally-active males with mild to moderate asthma and nine healthy controls were randomized to first complete either an AM (07:00-08:00) or PM (17:00-18:00) EVH challenge, followed by the alternate test 34 h to 7 days later. The EVH protocol comprised of six-minutes of hyperventilation of a 5% CO2 gas at a minimum ventilation rate of 21 × FEV1 min-1. The primary outcome measure was FEV1 pre- and post-EVH.Results: We observed no diurnal effect on EIB in the asthma group. The minimum observed post-EVH FEV1 in the asthma cohort was 3.58 ± 0.95 L in AM and 3.62 ± 0.87 L in PM tests, corresponding to a 15.0 ± 15.3% vs. 14.9 ± 14.7% reduction from baseline, respectively. The asthma group showed similar baseline FEV1 before AM (4.21 ± 0.79 L) and PM (4.25 ± 0.65 L) tests. No difference was observed in minute ventilation between AM (26.1 ± 3.4 × FEV1 min-1) and PM (25.6 ± 3.8 × FEV1 min-1) tests for the asthma cohort. Controls displayed no significant changes in FEV1 or minute ventilation between tests.Conclusions: When baseline pulmonary function is similar, this study suggests that time-of-day has no effect on EIB in mild to moderate asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Rowe
- Human Performance Laboratory, Discipline of Anatomy, Watt's Building, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Nicholas Mahony
- Human Performance Laboratory, Discipline of Anatomy, Watt's Building, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Neil Fleming
- Human Performance Laboratory, Discipline of Anatomy, Watt's Building, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Bernard Donne
- Human Performance Laboratory, Discipline of Anatomy, Watt's Building, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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Abstract
Purpose Athletes involved in team sports may be subject to varying degrees of sleep
deprivation either before or after training and competition. Despite the
belief among athletes and coaches of the importance of adequate sleep for
ensuing performance, the effect of sleep loss on team-sport anaerobic
performance remains unclear. There is conflicting evidence in the scientific
literature as to the impact of acute sleep deprivation and caffeine
supplementation on anaerobic performance indices. The purpose of this study
is to investigate the effect of 24 hours of acute sleep deprivation on
anaerobic performance and the effect of caffeine supplementation on
anaerobic performance in the sleep deprived state. Methods 11 club level games players (n=11, 25±4 yr, 178±7.5 cm,
80.2±10.4 kg, 15.1±5.6% body fat) participated in a repeated
measures double-blinded placebo control trial. Following familiarisation,
each participant returned for testing on three separate occasions. One of
the testing sessions took place following a night of normal sleep and the
other two sessions took place following 24 hours of sleep deprivation with
supplementation of either placebo or 6 mg.kg- 1 of caffeine. During each
testing session participants performed the vertical jump height, 20-m
straight sprint, Illinois speed agility test and 5-m shuttle run. Results No significant differences were detected comparing non sleep deprived and
sleep deprived interventions in any of the assessed outcome measures. There
were also no significant differences observed in any of the outcome measures
when comparing caffeine and placebo data in the sleep deprived state. Conclusion In this cohort of athletes, a 24-h period of acute sleep deprivation did not
have any significant impact on anaerobic performance. Caffeine also did not
have any effect of on anaerobic performance in the sleep-deprived state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joss Moore
- Trinity College Dublin, Department of Sports & Exercise Medicine - Dublin - Irlanda
| | - Ciaran McDonald
- Trinity College Dublin, Department of Sports & Exercise Medicine - Dublin - Irlanda
| | - Alan McIntyre
- Trinity College Dublin, Department of Sports & Exercise Medicine - Dublin - Irlanda
| | - Kevin Carmody
- Trinity College Dublin, Department of Sports & Exercise Medicine - Dublin - Irlanda
| | - Bernard Donne
- Trinity College Dublin, Department of Sports & Exercise Medicine - Dublin - Irlanda
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McCallion C, Donne B, Fleming N, Blanksby B. Acute differences in foot strike and spatiotemporal variables for shod, barefoot or minimalist male runners. J Sports Sci Med 2014; 13:280-286. [PMID: 24790480 PMCID: PMC3990880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2013] [Accepted: 12/04/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
This study compared stride length, stride frequency, contact time, flight time and foot-strike patterns (FSP) when running barefoot, and in minimalist and conventional running shoes. Habitually shod male athletes (n = 14; age 25 ± 6 yr; competitive running experience 8 ± 3 yr) completed a randomised order of 6 by 4-min treadmill runs at velocities (V1 and V2) equivalent to 70 and 85% of best 5-km race time, in the three conditions. Synchronous recording of 3-D joint kinematics and ground reaction force data examined spatiotemporal variables and FSP. Most participants adopted a mid-foot strike pattern, regardless of condition. Heel-toe latency was less at V2 than V1 (-6 ± 20 vs. -1 ± 13 ms, p < 0.05), which indicated a velocity related shift towards a more FFS pattern. Stride duration and flight time, when shod and in minimalist footwear, were greater than barefoot (713 ± 48 and 701 ± 49 vs. 679 ± 56 ms, p < 0.001; and 502 ± 45 and 503 ± 41 vs. 488 ±4 9 ms, p < 0.05, respectively). Contact time was significantly longer when running shod than barefoot or in minimalist footwear (211±30 vs. 191 ± 29 ms and 198 ± 33 ms, p < 0.001). When running barefoot, stride frequency was significantly higher (p < 0.001) than in conventional and minimalist footwear (89 ± 7 vs. 85 ± 6 and 86 ± 6 strides·min(-1)). In conclusion, differences in spatiotemporal variables occurred within a single running session, irrespective of barefoot running experience, and, without a detectable change in FSP. Key pointsDifferences in spatiotemporal variables occurred within a single running session, without a change in foot strike pattern.Stride duration and flight time were greater when shod and in minimalist footwear than when barefoot.Stride frequency when barefoot was higher than when shod or in minimalist footwear.Contact time when shod was longer than when barefoot or in minimalist footwear.Spatiotemporal variables when running in minimalist footwear more closely resemble shod than barefoot running.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ciara McCallion
- Departments of Anatomy and Physiology, Trinity College Dublin , Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Bernard Donne
- Departments of Anatomy and Physiology, Trinity College Dublin , Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Neil Fleming
- Department of Kinesiology, Recreation and Sport, Indiana State University , Indiana, USA
| | - Brian Blanksby
- School of Sport Science, Exercise and Health, University of Western Australia , Australia
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Abstract
This study assessed muscle recruitment patterns and stroke kinematics during ergometer and on-water rowing to validate the accuracy of rowing ergometry. Male rowers (n = 10; age 21 ± 2 years, height 1.90 ± 0.05 m and body mass 83.3 ± 4.8 kg) performed 3 × 3 min exercise bouts, at heart and stroke rates equivalent to 75, 85 and 95% VO2peak, on both dynamic and stationary rowing ergometers, and on water. During exercise, synchronised data for surface electromyography (EMG) and 2D kinematics were recorded. Overall muscle activity was quantified by the integration of rmsEMG and averaged for each 10% interval of the stroke cycle. Muscle activity significantly increased in rectus femoris (RF) and vastus medialis (VM) (P <0.01), as exercise intensity increased. Comparing EMG data across conditions revealed significantly (P <0.05) greater RF and VM activity during on-water rowing at discrete 10% intervals of stroke cycle. In addition, the drive/recovery ratio was significantly lower during dynamic ergometry compared to on-water (40 ± 1 vs. 44 ± 1% at 95%, P <0.01). Results suggest that significant differences exist while comparing recruitment and kinematic patterns between on-water and ergometer rowing. These differences may be due to altered acceleration and deceleration of moving masses on-ergometer not perfectly simulating the on-water scenario.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil Fleming
- a Department of Kinesiology, Recreation and Sport , Indiana State University , Terre Haute , USA
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Crampton D, Egaña M, Donne B, Warmington SA. Including arm exercise during a cold water immersion recovery better assists restoration of sprint cycling performance. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2014; 24:e290-8. [DOI: 10.1111/sms.12169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D. Crampton
- Department of Physiology; Trinity College Dublin; Dublin Ireland
| | - M. Egaña
- Department of Physiology; Trinity College Dublin; Dublin Ireland
| | - B. Donne
- Department of Physiology; Trinity College Dublin; Dublin Ireland
| | - S. A. Warmington
- Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition Research, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences; Deakin University; Melbourne Victoria Australia
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Crampton D, Donne B, Warmington SA, Egaña M. Cycling time to failure is better maintained by cold than contrast or thermoneutral lower-body water immersion in normothermia. Eur J Appl Physiol 2013; 113:3059-67. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-013-2737-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2013] [Accepted: 09/24/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Abstract
To investigate the effect of a transition program of simulated barefoot running (SBR) on running kinematics and foot-strike patterns, female recreational athletes (n=9, age 29 ± 3 yrs) without SBR experience gradually increased running distance in Vibram FiveFingers SBR footwear over 12 weeks. Matched controls (n=10, age 30 ± 4 yrs) continued running in standard footwear. A 3-D motion analysis of treadmill running at 12 km/h(-1) was performed by both groups, barefoot and shod, pre- and post-intervention. Post-intervention data indicated a more-forefoot strike pattern in the SBR group compared to controls; both running barefoot (P>0.05), and shod (P<0.001). When assessed barefoot, there were significant kinematic differences across time in the SBR group for ankle flexion angle at toe-off (P<0.01). When assessed shod, significant kinematic changes occurred across time, for ankle flexion angles at foot-strike (P<0.001) and toe-off (P<0.01), and for range of motion (ROM) in the absorptive phase of stance (P<0.01). A knee effect was recorded in the SBR group for flexion ROM in the absorptive phase of stance (P<0.05). No significant changes occurred in controls. Therefore, a 12-week transition program in SBR could assist athletes seeking a more-forefoot strike pattern and "barefoot" kinematics, regardless of preferred footwear.
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Affiliation(s)
- C McCarthy
- Departments of Anatomy and Physiology, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
| | - N Fleming
- Department of Kinesiology, Recreation and Sport, Indiana State University, Terre Haute, United States
| | - B Donne
- Departments of Anatomy and Physiology, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
| | - B Blanksby
- School of Sport Science, Exercise and Health, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia
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Fleming N, Donne B, Fletcher D. Effect of Kayak Ergometer Elastic Tension on Upper Limb EMG Activity and 3D Kinematics. J Sports Sci Med 2012; 11:430-437. [PMID: 24149350 PMCID: PMC3737938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2012] [Accepted: 05/22/2012] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Despite the prevalence of shoulder injury in kayakers, limited published research examining associated upper limb kinematics and recruitment patterns exists. Altered muscle recruitment patterns on-ergometer vs. on-water kayaking were recently reported, however, mechanisms underlying changes remain to be elucidated. The current study assessed the effect of ergometer recoil tension on upper limb recruitment and kinematics during the kayak stroke. Male kayakers (n = 10) performed 4 by 1 min on-ergometer exercise bouts at 85%VO2max at varying elastic recoil tension; EMG, stroke force and three-dimensional 3D kinematic data were recorded. While stationary recoil forces significantly increased across investigated tensions (125% increase, p < 0.001), no significant differences were detected in assessed force variables during the stroke cycle. In contrast, increasing tension induced significantly higher Anterior Deltoid (AD) activity in the latter stages (70 to 90%) of the cycle (p < 0.05). No significant differences were observed across tension levels for Triceps Brachii or Latissimus Dorsi. Kinematic analysis revealed that overhead arm movements accounted for 39 ± 16% of the cycle. Elbow angle at stroke cycle onset was 144 ± 10°; maximal elbow angle (151 ± 7°) occurred at 78 ± 10% into the cycle. All kinematic markers moved to a more anterior position as tension increased. No significant change in wrist marker elevation was observed, while elbow and shoulder marker elevations significantly increased across tension levels (p < 0.05). In conclusion, data suggested that kayakers maintained normal upper limb kinematics via additional AD recruitment despite ergometer induced recoil forces. Key pointsKayak ergometer elastic tension significantly alters Anterior Deltoid recruitment patterns.Kayakers maintain optimal arm kinematics despite changing external forces via altered shoulder muscle recruitment.Overhead arm movements account for a high proportion of the kayak stroke cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil Fleming
- Department of Kinesiology, Recreation and Sport, Indiana State University , Indiana, USA
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Hickey JP, Donne B, O’Brien D. Effects of an Eight Week Military Training Program on Aerobic Indices and Psychomotor Function. J ROY ARMY MED CORPS 2012; 158:41-6. [DOI: 10.1136/jramc-158-01-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Fleming N, Donne B, Fletcher D, Mahony N. A biomechanical assessment of ergometer task specificity in elite flatwater kayakers. J Sports Sci Med 2012; 11:16-25. [PMID: 24149118 PMCID: PMC3737857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2011] [Accepted: 11/02/2011] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The current study compared EMG, stroke force and 2D kinematics during on-ergometer and on-water kayaking. Male elite flatwater kayakers (n = 10) performed matched exercise protocols consisting of 3 min bouts at heart and stroke rates equivalent to 85% of VO2peak (assessed by prior graded incremental test). EMG data were recorded from Anterior Deltoid (AD), Triceps Brachii (TB), Latissimus Dorsi (LD) and Vastus Lateralis (VL) via wireless telemetry. Video data recorded at 50 Hz with audio triggers pre- and post-exercise facilitated synchronisation of EMG and kinematic variables. Force data were recorded via strain gauge arrays on paddle and ergometer shafts. EMG data were root mean squared (20ms window), temporally and amplitude normalised, and averaged over 10 consecutive cycles. In addition, overall muscle activity was quantified via iEMG and discrete stroke force and kinematic variables computed. Significantly greater TB and LD mean iEMG activity were recorded on-water (239 ± 15 vs. 179 ± 10 μV. s, p < 0.01 and 158 ± 12 vs. 137 ± 14 μV.s, p < 0.05, respectively), while significantly greater AD activity was recorded on-ergometer (494 ± 66 vs. 340 ± 35 μV.s, p < 0.01). Time to vertical shaft position occurred significantly earlier on-ergometer (p < 0.05). Analysis of stroke force data and EMG revealed that increased AD activity was concurrent with increased external forces applied to the paddle shaft at discrete phases of the on-ergometer stroke cycle. These external forces were associated with the ergometer loading mechanism and were not observed on- water. The current results contradict a previous published hypothesis on shoulder muscle recruitment during on-water kayaking. Key pointsWhen exercising at fixed heart and stroke rates, biomechanical differences exist between onergometer and on-water kayaking.Ergometer kayaking results in significantly greater Anterior Deltoid activity but significantly lower Triceps Brachii and Latissimus Dorsi activity, compared with on-water kayaking.The altered muscle recruitment patterns observed on-ergometer are most likely a result of additional forces associated with the ergometer loading mechanism, acting upon the paddle shaft.
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Coyle CJ, Donne B, Mahony N. Effects of Carbohydrate-Protein Ingestion Post-Resistance Training in Male Rugby Players. Int J Exerc Sci 2012; 5:39-49. [PMID: 27182374 PMCID: PMC4738983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Evidence suggests that carbohydrate-protein (CHO-PRO) drinks post-exercise are an advantageous nutritional recovery intervention. Resistance trained (n = 14, mean ± SD; age 19 ± 1 yr, mass 95 ± 9 kg, % fat 17 ± 4 % and BMI 28.5 ± 1.8 kg.m-2) male rugby players participated in a study investigating effects of carbohydrate (CHO) and CHO-PRO drinks on subsequent resistance exercise performance. Following an initial resistance training (RT) protocol consisting of 8 circuits of 5 discrete exercises at 10 repetition maximum (RM), participants received 10 mL.kg-1 BM of randomised sports drink (LCHO, HCHO and CHO-PRO) on completion of the RT protocol and at 120 min into a 240 min recovery period. Post-recovery, participants completed a test to failure (TTF) protocol performing as many circuits of the same exercises at 10-RM to failure. Individual exercise cumulative load (∑W) lifted and total work capacity (TWC) for each trial was recorded. Both ∑W and TWC were normalised for body mass (kg.kg-1 BM). Data were analysed using repeated measures ANOVA with post-hoc Student-Neuman-Keuls pair-wise comparisons (P<0.05). Despite large intra-subject variability between trials, TWC normalised for body mass was significantly greater following CHO-PRO compared with HCHO and LCHO (188 ± 26 vs. 157 ± 21 and 150 ± 16 kg.kg-1 BM, respectively; P<0.05). The ∑W lifted after ingestion of HCHO and LCHO were not significantly different despite differing CHO and caloric content. The CHO-PRO induced enhancement of recovery was possibly due to higher rates of glycogen restoration after the initial glycogen depleting RT protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin J Coyle
- Department of Physiology, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Bernard Donne
- Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Anatomy, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Nicholas Mahony
- Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Anatomy, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
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Egaña M, Donne B. Physiological changes following a 12 week gym based stair-climbing, elliptical trainer and treadmill running program in females. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2004; 44:141-6. [PMID: 15470311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
AIM Despite the growing popularity in recent years of the elliptical trainer aerobic exercise modality the physiological changes induced following a training program using elliptical trainers remains unknown. The present study investigated the metabolic and cardiorespiratory improvements following a 12-week aerobic training program using elliptical trainer, treadmill or stair-climbing modalities. METHODS Twenty-two moderately active females (28.6 +/- 5.3 y, 1.65 +/- 0.05 m) were randomly assigned to treadmill running (n=7), elliptical trainer (n=8) or stair-climber (n=7) groups and trained 3 days x week(-1) initially at 70-80% of maximum heart rate (HRmax) for 30 min, progressing to 80-90% HRmax for 40 min. Subjects performed incremental exercise to volitional exhaustion using an electronically loaded cycle ergometer before and upon completion of the program. In addition, subjects performed sub-maximal fixed load tests at 0, 4, 8 and 12 weeks, using ergometers specific to their exercise group. RESULTS No significant inter-group differences were recorded for pre-training VO2max or VEmax. Significant (p<0.05) post-training increases in cycling VO2max and VEmax were observed for treadmill (mean +/- SEM, 40.7 +/- 2.2 vs 43.4 +/- 2.6 ml x kg(-1) x min(-1) and 82.9 +/- 5.1 vs 90.2 +/- 6.4 l x min(-1)), elliptical trainer (36.9 +/- 2.5 vs 39.6 +/- 2.4 ml x kg(-1) x min(-1) and 86.8 +/- 2.3 vs 92.5 +/- 4.1 l x min(-1)) and stair-climber (37.4 +/- 2.9 vs 39.2 +/- 3.1 ml x kg(-1) x min(-1) and 95.9 +/- 5.8 vs 97.4 +/- 5.8 l x min(-1)) modalities, however, the increases were not significantly different between groups. For all groups, sub-maximal HR significantly decreased from week 0 to 4, and from week 4 to 8. CONCLUSION In moderately active females similar physiological improvements were observed using stair-climber, elliptical trainer and treadmill running when training volume and intensity were equivalent.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Egaña
- Department of Physology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Asthma prevalence in athletes is variable, depending on the sport and training conditions. AIMS To investigate the prevalence of obstructive airflow limitation, asthma control and lung volume differences in a control group and five groups of collegiate athletes--outdoor field, indoor court, endurance, combat sports and swimming. METHODS Three hundred and five athletes completed a respiratory questionnaire and performed spirometry during normal training conditions, to determine FEV1, FVC and PEFR pre- and at 5, 10 and 15 minutes post-exercise. Between and within group analysis was carried out using single factor and repeated measures ANOVA. RESULTS Previous diagnosis of asthma was reported by 24%, outdoor field sports 4.9%, indoor court sports 2.3%, endurance events 2.6%, combat sports 3%, swimming 6.9% and controls 4.3%. Mean FEV1 and FVC data, expressed as percentage of predicted, were greatest in swimming and lowest in controls. Swimming showed a significant rise in FEV1 post-exercise, indoor court and endurance sports demonstrated no change and outdoor field, combat and control groups showed a fall in FEV1 post-exercise. CONCLUSION Warm humid training conditions appear protective against exercise-induced asthma. The greatest reductions in lung volumes occurred following high intensity exercise under cool conditions in the poorly aerobically conditioned.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Smith
- Human Performance Laboratory, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
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Mandalidis D, Donne B, O'Regan M, O'Brien M. Effect of transient moment-oscillations on the reliability of isokinetic shoulder elevation in the scapular plane. ISOKINET EXERC SCI 2001. [DOI: 10.3233/ies-2001-0073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - M. O'Regan
- Department of Statistics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - M. O'Brien
- Department of Anatomy, Human Performance Laboratory,
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - M. O'Regan
- Department of Statistics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
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Abstract
The recovery process in sport plays an essential role in determining subsequent athletic performance. This study investigated the effectiveness of different recovery interventions after maximal exercise. Eighteen trained male cyclists initially undertook an incremental test to determine maximal oxygen consumption. The four recovery interventions tested were: passive, active (50% maximal oxygen uptake), massage, and combined (involving active and massage components). All test sessions were separated by 2 to 3 days. During intervention trials subjects performed two simulated 5 km maximal effort cycling tests (T1 and T2) separated by a 20 min recovery. Performance time for the tests (t1, t2); blood lactate (BLa) during T1, T2, and every 3 min during recovery; and heart rate (HR) during the recovery intervention and T2 were recorded. Combined recovery was found to be better than passive (P<0.01) and either active or massage (P<0.05) in maintenance of performance time during T2. Active recovery was the most effective intervention for removing BLa at minutes 9 and 12, BLa removal during combined recovery was significantly better than passive at minute 3, and significantly better than passive, active, and massage at minute 15. In conclusion, combined recovery was the most efficient intervention for maintaining maximal performance time during T2, and active recovery was the best intervention for removing BLa.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Monedero
- Department of Physiology, Trinity College Dublin, Republic of Ireland
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Abstract
The physiological responses of 10 trained rowers to a progressive incremental rowing protocol to exhaustion were investigated on Gjessing, Rowperfect fixed-mechanism and Rowperfect free-mechanism rowing ergometers. Heart rate, oxygen uptake (VO2), ventilation (VE) and blood lactate were determined at matched power values for each ergometer. The mean power and heart rate at the lactate anaerobic threshold were determined by graphical interpolation of data for each ergometer. Analysis of variance and linear regression showed differing responses at matched power and an approximate 40-50 W difference in power at the lactate anaerobic threshold when comparing the friction-loaded Gjessing with the air-braked Rowperfect fixed and Rowperfect free ergometers (P<0.01). No significant differences were noted when comparing the air-braked Rowperfect fixed and Rowperfect free ergometers. However, comparisons of VO2, VE and blood lactate at given heart rates and of heart rate at the lactate anaerobic threshold showed no significant differences between ergometers. Our results indicate similar physiological profiles for all ergometers tested when compared at equivalent heart rates, but differences when compared at matched power. A direct comparison of the data from Gjessing (friction-loaded) with Rowperfect fixed and Rowperfect free (air-braked) ergometers would therefore require a correction factor for inter-ergometer variation in displayed power data.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Mahony
- Department of Anatomy, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
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Tuite DJ, Finegan PJ, Saliaris AP, Renström PA, Donne B, O'Brien M. Anatomy of the proximal musculotendinous junction of the adductor longus muscle. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 1998; 6:134-7. [PMID: 9604200 DOI: 10.1007/s001670050086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Injuries to the adductor longus commonly occur in the proximal part of the muscle tendon unit, close to the insertion site on the pubic bone. Ultrasonography, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and surgery have been helpful in localising the lesions, but the exact anatomy of the musculotendinous junction (MTJ) and insertion of the muscle remain unclear. We studied the anatomical features of the MTJ and measured the dimensions of the tendinous insertion into the pubic bone on 37 cadavers: 18 men and 19 women. The medial boundaries were the longest part of the tendon bilaterally in women, while the lateral aspect of the left muscle was greater in men. Tendinous fibres were predominantly found on the anterior surface, while the posterior surface consisted mainly of muscle tissue. The MTJ was clearly demarcated. There were several types of anomalies present which partially explains the difficulty in localising the site of injury and highlights the importance of individualized treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Tuite
- Department of Anatomy, University of Dublin, Trinity College, Ireland
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Abstract
The effect of seat tube angle at selected seat heights (96, 100 and 104% trochanteric height) on heart rate, VO2 and lower limb kinematics was evaluated in 14 competitive male road racing cyclists during discontinuous submaximal exercise (200 W) on an air-resistance ergometer at seat tube angles of 68, 74 and 80 degrees. The tests were randomized to complete the nine combinations (three seat heights, three tube angles) in opposite directions from a starting tube angle of 74 degrees and 100% trochanteric height to avoid any time or sequence bias. Power efficiency was calculated for each combination from work done and VO2. All results were analysed using ANOVA for repeated measures. At a seat tube angle of 80 degrees, mean VO2 was significantly lower and power efficiency significantly higher compared with an angle of 74 degrees at all three seat heights, while heart rate was significantly lower only at a seat height equal to trochanteric height. At a seat tube angle of 74 degrees, mean VO2 and heart rate were significantly lower and power efficiency significantly higher compared with an angle of 68 degrees at all three seat heights. Hip range of movement and maximum and minimum hip angle were significantly less at an angle of 80 degrees compared with 68 degrees. Further biomechanical analysis suggested that the improvement in cycling efficiency observed at steeper seat tube angles was produced in part by the resultant altered ankling pattern of the cyclist.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Price
- Department of Anatomy, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
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Donne B, Luckwill R. Co-activation of quadriceps and hamstring muscles during concentric and eccentric isokinetic exercise. ISOKINET EXERC SCI 1996. [DOI: 10.3233/ies-1996-6104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- B. Donne
- Department of Physiology, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - R.G. Luckwill
- Department of Physiology, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
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Donne B, Kelly M, Kelly A, Barniville G, O'Brien M, Corlett L. Bone density profiles and osteoporosis incidence in Irish females. Ir Med J 1996; 89:92-4. [PMID: 8707529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
1725 Irish females aged 15-70+ were included in this analysis to establish the group bone mineral density (BMD) profiles. Each subject was screened for 27 risk factors by questionnaire. Subjects were segregated into normal (N) and non-normal (NN) subgroups on the basis of the questionnaire. BMD of lumbar spine and hip were measured by dual energy X ray absorptiometry (DEXA). A substantial difference in BMD at all sites was observed between subgroups even following adjustment for body mass index and years of exposure to oestrogen. In the subgroup designated as non-normal 42%, 54%, 72% and 69% of those studied had spinal BMD levels > 2SD below mean peak at 55-59, 60-64, 65-69 and 70+ respectively. In comparison, similar age cohorts in the subgroup designated normal were 26%, 46%, 44% and 68% respectively. A marked difference was also observed in the younger age groups (15-34) where the percentage of individuals with spinal BMD levels > 2SD below mean peak was < 1.9% for N and 18.8% for NN. The results of this study suggest that the use of a questionnaire may be a valuable low cost screening tool in the younger groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Donne
- Dept. of Physiology, Trinity College Dublin
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McKenna MJ, Freaney R, Byrne P, McBrinn Y, Murray B, Kelly M, Donne B, O'Brien M. Safety and efficacy of increasing wintertime vitamin D and calcium intake by milk fortification. QJM 1995; 88:895-8. [PMID: 8593549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
We studied the safety and efficacy of milk fortified with vitamin D3 and calcium. Over the winter, we conducted a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of fortified milk (12 micrograms vitamin D3 and 1525 mg calcium per litre) compared to unfortified milk (0.3 micrograms vitamin D3 and 1270 mg calcium per litre) in 102 adults (aged 17-54 years). Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D], ionized calcium, and creatinine were measured at baseline and after intervention. Fortification reduced the seasonal decline in serum 25(OH)D concentrations by > 50%. In the fortified group, serum 25(OH)D decreased by 15 nmol/l from 77 +/- 35 nmol/l to 62 +/- 26 nmol/l (p < 0.001). In the control group, serum 25(OH)D fell by 31 nmol/l from 85 +/- 38 nmol/l to 54 +/- 25 nmol/l (p < 0.001). We suggest that milk enriched with vitamin D be provided in high-latitude European countries to diminish the wintertime fall in serum 25(OH)D.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J McKenna
- Metabolism Laboratory, St Vincent's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
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Ghori G, Donne B, Luckwill R. Relationship between torque and EMG activity of a knee extensor muscle during isokinetic concentric and eccentric actions. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 1995; 5:109-15. [DOI: 10.1016/1050-6411(94)00013-c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/1994] [Revised: 11/29/1994] [Accepted: 11/29/1994] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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Barniville G, Hartigan PJ, Lydon A, Rawas O, Andrews JF, Donne B, Kelly M, Brady C, McNamara B, Taylor D, Ishtiaq A, Glacken P, O’brien M, Moraes D, Tyrrell J, McCormack PME, Feely J, Stinson J, Hemeryck L, Feely J, Chan R, Hemeryck L, Clancy L, Feely J, Sharma SC, Barry-Kinsella C, Cortell E, Harrison RF, O’connor JJ, Trout SJ, Kruk ZL, Sharma SC, Barry-Kinsella C, Foran K, Han B, Kelly JP, O’donnell JM, Hollywood MA, McHale NG, Kearns JB, Hardiman O, Harris AM, Harris CS, O’halloran KD, Bradford A, McKeogh D, Nolan P, O’regan RG, McDermott M, Maddineni VR, Mirakhur RK, Cooper AR, Clarke RSJ, O’brien W, Tarpey J, Cooney C, Blunnie WP, Moriarty DC, Niveditha Y, O’donovan DJ, Manning B, Furlong E, Martin F, Brazil DP, Smyth EM, Keenan AK, Nunan N, Faustman D, Li X, Sklar RM, Brown RH, O’gorman S, Bannigan J, Moynihan JB, Staunton HP, Breathnach CS, Lynch L, Bowen M, Malone L, Cunningham AJ, Armstrong NC, Allen JM, Strain JJ, McDermott BM, Strain JJ, Bailey CJ, Flatt PR, Megaw DP, Murphy FJ, Reen DJ, D’arcy G, Cooke T, Sheahan R, Foley D, Reilly M, Jauch W, Gibney M, Crean P, Gearty G, Walsh M, McGinley J, Hurley J, Phelan D, Neligan M, Luckwill RG, O’connor JJ, Rowan MJ, Anwyll R, Wall M, Houghton JA, Heatley M, Whiteside C, Maxwell P, Toner P, Walsh DM, Lowe AS, Baxter GD, Allen JM, Bell AJ, Lee TC, McNamara BP, Prendergast PJ, Taylor D, Campion DP, Leek BF. Royal academy of medicine in Ireland section of biomedical sciences. Ir J Med Sci 1992. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02983772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Horner CH, Arbuthnott E, Rice D, Elliott M, Horneck D, Bonnin B, O’Halloran H, Orr D, O’Driscoll K, O’Brien M, McGeeney DM, O’Farrell K, Ennis S, Crotty TP, Kelly M, Donne B, Barry JJ, Leek BF, Stafford KJ, Brown RJ, Murphy JSG, Campbell GW, Parks TG, MacDermott M, Stein M, Kilfeather S, O’Malley K, Cahill P, Keenan AK, Cunningham E, Neligan M, McCarron JG, Allen JM, McHale NG, Thornbury KD, Bradford A, O’Regan RG, Borton M, Docherty JR, Wood F, Jande MB, Sharma SC, McClean GJ, Hainsworth AM, Clarke RSJ, Dwyer R, Flynn RJ, Moore J, Duly E, Dundee JW, Mulvey S, Coughlan MG, Phelan D, Lyons B, Blunnie WP, McKeating K, Howe JP, Orr DA, Kearney E, McArdle L, Fitzpatrick KTJ, Ghaly RG, Patterson CC, Moran C, Campbell W, Lewis S, Dundee J, Gough F, Moynihan JB, Breathnach CS. Royal Academy of Medicine in Ireland — Section of Biological Sciences Winter Meeting held on 5th January, 1988 held in Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland. Ir J Med Sci 1988. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02949290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Daly L, Sheppard BL, Dockeray CJ, Bonnar J, Drudy L, Sharma SC, Hammad MK, Hourihan H, Yasear AY, Moore RE, Arbuthnott ER, Bolger C, Bannigan J, Deasy PB, Humphreys AJ, Hill R, Keenan AK, Neligan M, O’dowd G, O’connor CM, Pratt I, FitzGerald MX, Hooper ACB, McShane AJ, Power C, Jackson JF, Murphy DF, Moriarty DC, Otridge BW, Blunnie WP, Carroll KMP, Sheehan JD, Moohan JM, Bullock CG, Jamison JP, Wallace WFM, Horgan K, O’mahony MS, O’regan MG, Harvey BJ, Ehrenfeld J, Mulkeen D, Andrews JF, Houlden M, Anwyl R, Rowan MJ, Carlisle RJT, Dundee JW, Harper KW, Halliday NJ, Loughran PG, Davies MG, Chambers PL, Hanley S, Comerford FR, Tynan D, Wilson CM, Robinson FP, Thompson EM, Elliott P, Colreavy F, Manning J, Leonard BE, Bali IM, Gilroy D, Holmes W, Clarke RSJ, Molloy AG, Waddington JL, Chestnutt NW, Brady MM, Wai-Ling L, Garrett M, Luckwill RG, Ireland A, Donne B. Royay academy of medicine in Ireland section of biological sciences. Ir J Med Sci 1985. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02937172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Iggulden LA, Allen JD, Bullock CG, Clarke HM, Kirkpatrick CT, White E, Donne B, Andrews JF, Gebruers EM, Hall WJ, Harrington NMB, Browne GF, Walsh A, O’regan RG, Bradford A, Sidahmed AH, McElnay JC, D’arcy PF, Lowry KG, Dundee JW, McAllister HG, Armstrong GA, McClelland RJ, Linggard R, Climax J, Lenehan TJ, Lambe R, Cannon P, Darragh A, Atkinson RJ, Lowry WS, Strain P, Arce MAD, Law E, Tomkins PT, Carroll C, Walsh S, Houghton JA, Moore RE, Bolger C, O’dowd JF, Orr DJ, Seigne JD, Woods JD, Young V, Morton AJ, Goldspink DF, Nelson GIC, Silke B, Verma SP, Hussain M, Taylor SH, O’connor PC, Leahey WJ, Kelly JG, Shanks RG, Loughran PG, O’boyle KM, Waddington JL, Molloy A, Cooney D, Keenan AK, Docherty JR, O’malley K, Salem SAM, McDevitt DG, Kisauzi DN, Leek BF, Lucas KSJ, Bruton JD, Anwyl R, McLoughlin JV, Rowan M, McCabe J, Scholfield CN, Lewis SEM, Elliott P, Mirakhur RK, Lavery TD, Fox JS, Carson NAJ, Lewis MHR, Dinsmore WW, McMaster D, Callender ME, Buchanan KD, Love AHG, Chestnutt WN, Pandit SK, O’boyle C, Harris D, Maher D, Colleran E, Jamison JP, Murdock M, Clarke EW, McGrath M, Clark EW. Royal academy of medicine in Ireland section of biological sciences. Ir J Med Sci 1984. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02940521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Murphy J, Ryan MP, Murnaghan MF, McGovern B, Cosgrove AP, Allen JD, Silke B, Nelson GIC, Ahuja RC, Taylor SH, Thornton L, Counihan TB, O’Malley E, Nelligan M, Luckwill RG, Murphy F, McKenna J, Hartigan PJ, Moore RE, Tuffery AR, Garrett M, Ghori GMU, Bruton JD, Anwyl A, McLoughlin JV, Sinclair H, Robinson H, Allen JA, Kawai Y, Roddie IC, McHale NG, Allen JM, Rooney M, Finlay RJ, Gebruers EM, Hall WJ, Plant WD, O’Donnell DP, Sheehan JD, O’Connor PC, Andrews JF, Jansky J, Donne B, Walsh K, Cookman CWR, Walton JB, Harvey BJ, Kernan RP, Corbett R, Leonard BE, Phelan P, Regan CM, Tomkins PT, Carroll C, Houghton JA, McClelland RJ, Cotter TG, O’Malley K, Butler J, Pidgeon F, Kelly JG, Kirkpatrick CT, Johnston CF, Kunz-Ramsay YW, Climax J, Lenehan TJ, Lambe R, Brick I, Darragh A, Taaffe WP, Kenny M, Devane C, Joyce P, Maulet C, Gilna P, Geraghty D, Martin F, Moore R, Sheppard BL, Molloy A, Sharma SC, Walzman M, Bonnar J, Dockeray CJ, Daly L, McMurray TJ, Wright PJ, Dundee JW, Clarke RSJ, Greenfield AA, Elwood RJ, Hildebrand PJ, McGowan WAW, Elwood RJ, Hildebrand PJ, Minogue C, Harper KW, Bali IM, Gibson F, Carlisle R, Grainger DJ, Black IHC, McGrath JA, Goldspink DF, McKee G, Murray E, O’Boyle C, Taffe B, Wynne R, Arbuthnott E, Folan J, Walsh A, Barry D, Anwyl R, Rowan M, Rowan MJ, Chambers PL. Royal academy of medicine in Ireland section of biological sciences. Ir J Med Sci 1982. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02940233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Kisauzi DN, Leek BF, Lucas KSJ, Grovum WL, Barry D, Hartigan PJ, Bannigan J, Vybiral S, Andrews JF, Brennan M, Loughran J, McKee G, Donne B, Smith J, Murphy J, Doyle JS, Darragh A, O’Boyle C, Lambe R, Brick I, Hardiman O, Buckley J, Hall WJ, Blunnie WP, Moore J, Merrett JD, Dundee JW, Mcllroy PDA, McAuley DM, McCaughey W, Beers HTB, McArdle L, Black GW, Callanan K, Keenan AK, Levitzki A, O’Connor PC, Slater P, Murray JA, Comerford FR, Hooper ACB, Cotter TG, Henson PM, Silke B, Nelson GI, Kumar E, Ahuja R, Taylor SH, Hendry WG, O’Donnell JM, Kovacs T, Maurer BJ, Doyle VM, O’Malley K, Kelly JG, Kawar P, Briggs LP, Bullock CG, Gilmore RS, Wallace WFM. Royal academy of medicine in Ireland Section of biological sciences. Ir J Med Sci 1982. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02940154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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