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Huckans M, Boyd S, Moncrief G, Hantke N, Winters B, Shirley K, Sano E, McCready H, Dennis L, Kohno M, Hoffman W, Loftis JM. Cognition during active methamphetamine use versus remission. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 2021; 43:599-610. [PMID: 34612792 DOI: 10.1080/13803395.2021.1976734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate whether cognitive performance in adults with active methamphetamine use (MA-ACT) differs from cognitive performance in adults in remission from MA use disorder (MA-REM) and adults without a history of substance use disorder (CTLs). METHOD MA-ACT (n = 36), MA-REM (n = 48), and CTLs (n = 62) completed the Neuropsychological Assessment Battery (NAB). RESULTS The MA-ACT group did not perform significantly worse than CTLs on any NAB Index. The MA-REM group performed significantly (p < 0.050) worse than CTLs on the NAB Memory Index. The MA-ACT group performed significantly better than CTLs and the MA-REM group on the Executive Functions Index. CONCLUSIONS Some cognitive deficits are apparent during remission from MA use, but not during active use; this may result in clinical challenges for adults attempting to maintain recovery and continue with treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilyn Huckans
- Research & Development Service, Veterans Affairs Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR, USA.,Mental Health and Clinical Neurosciences Division, Veterans Affairs Portland Health Care System, Portland, Or, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA.,Methamphetamine Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Or, USA
| | - Stephen Boyd
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Or, USA
| | - Grant Moncrief
- Research & Development Service, Veterans Affairs Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR, USA.,Mental Health and Clinical Neurosciences Division, Veterans Affairs Portland Health Care System, Portland, Or, USA.,Pacific University, School of Graduate Psychology, Hillsboro, OR, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, USA
| | - Nathan Hantke
- Research & Development Service, Veterans Affairs Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR, USA.,Mental Health and Clinical Neurosciences Division, Veterans Affairs Portland Health Care System, Portland, Or, USA.,Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Bethany Winters
- Research & Development Service, Veterans Affairs Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA.,Methamphetamine Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Or, USA
| | - Kate Shirley
- Research & Development Service, Veterans Affairs Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Emily Sano
- Research & Development Service, Veterans Affairs Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Holly McCready
- Research & Development Service, Veterans Affairs Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA.,Methamphetamine Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Or, USA.,Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Or, USA
| | - Laura Dennis
- Research & Development Service, Veterans Affairs Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA.,Methamphetamine Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Or, USA.,Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Or, USA
| | - Milky Kohno
- Research & Development Service, Veterans Affairs Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR, USA.,Methamphetamine Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Or, USA.,Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Or, USA
| | - William Hoffman
- Research & Development Service, Veterans Affairs Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR, USA.,Mental Health and Clinical Neurosciences Division, Veterans Affairs Portland Health Care System, Portland, Or, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA.,Methamphetamine Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Or, USA.,Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Or, USA
| | - Jennifer M Loftis
- Research & Development Service, Veterans Affairs Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA.,Methamphetamine Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Or, USA
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Van Loock M, Hombrouck A, Jacobs T, Winters B, Meersseman G, Van Acker K, Clayton RF, Malcolm BA. Reporter gene expression from LTR-circles as tool to identify HIV-1 integrase inhibitors. J Virol Methods 2012. [PMID: 23178583 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2012.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Early HIV-1 integrase inhibitors, such as compounds containing a β-diketo acid moiety, were identified by extensive high-throughput screening campaigns. Traditionally, in vitro biochemical assays, measuring the catalytic activities of integrase, have been used for this purpose. However, these assays are confounded by the absence of cellular processes or cofactors that play a role in the integration of HIV-1 DNA in the cellular genome. In contrast to regular cell-based virus inhibition assays, which targets all steps of the viral replication cycle, a novel cellular screening assays was developed to enable the specific identification of integrase inhibitors, employing a readout that is linked with the inhibition of integrase activity. Therefore, a HIV-1 lentiviral vector equipped with the enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP) reporter gene was used to detect expression from extrachromosomal viral DNA (1- or 2-long terminal repeat circles), formed when integration of vector DNA into the cellular genome is prevented by an integrase inhibitor. In this assay, eGFP expression from the low residual level of transcriptional activity of extrachromosomal DNA was measured via high-throughput flow cytometry. An algorithm for analysis of eGFP expression histograms enabled the specific identification of integrase inhibitors. This assay is amenable for high throughput screening to identify inhibitors of HIV-1 integrase.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Van Loock
- Janssen Infectious Diseases BVBA, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium.
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Winters B, Mo Z, Brooks-Asplund E, Kim S, Shoukas A, Li D, Nyhan D, Berkowitz DE. Reduction of obesity, as induced by leptin, reverses endothelial dysfunction in obese (Lep(ob)) mice. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2000; 89:2382-90. [PMID: 11090593 DOI: 10.1152/jappl.2000.89.6.2382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a major health care problem and is associated with significant cardiovascular morbidity. Leptin, a neuroendocrine hormone released by adipose tissue, is important in modulating obesity by signaling satiety and increasing metabolism. Moreover, leptin receptors are expressed on vascular endothelial cells (ECs) and mediate angiogenesis. We hypothesized that leptin may also play an important role in vasoregulation. We investigated vasoregulatory mechanisms in the leptin-deficient obese (ob/ob) mouse model and determined the influence of leptin replacement on endothelial-dependent vasorelaxant responses. The direct effect of leptin on EC nitric oxide (NO) production was also tested by using 4, 5-diaminofluorescein-2 diacetate staining and measurement of nitrate and nitrite concentrations. Vasoconstrictor responses to phenylephrine, norepinephrine, and U-46619 were markedly enhanced in aortic rings from ob/ob mice and were modulated by NO synthase inhibition. Vasorelaxant responses to ACh were markedly attenuated in mesenteric microvessels from ob/ob mice. Leptin replacement resulted in significant weight loss and reversal of the impaired endothelial-dependent vasorelaxant responses observed in ob/ob mice. Preincubation of ECs with leptin enhanced the release of NO production. Thus leptin-deficient ob/ob mice demonstrate marked abnormalities in vasoregulation, including impaired endothelial-dependent vasodilation, which is reversed by leptin replacement. These findings may be partially explained by the direct effect of leptin on endothelial NO production. These vascular abnormalities are similar to those observed in obese, diabetic, leptin-resistant humans. The ob/ob mouse may, therefore, be an excellent new model for the study of the cardiovascular effects of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Winters
- Department of Anesthesiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, USA
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Rudner XL, Berkowitz DE, Booth JV, Funk BL, Cozart KL, D'Amico EB, El-Moalem H, Page SO, Richardson CD, Winters B, Marucci L, Schwinn DA. Subtype specific regulation of human vascular alpha(1)-adrenergic receptors by vessel bed and age. Circulation 1999; 100:2336-43. [PMID: 10587338 DOI: 10.1161/01.cir.100.23.2336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND alpha(1)-adrenergic receptors (alpha(1)ARs) regulate blood pressure, regional vascular resistance, and venous capacitance; the exact subtype (alpha(1a), alpha(1b), alpha(1 d)) mediating these effects is unknown and varies with species studied. In order to understand mechanisms underlying cardiovascular responses to acute stress and chronic catecholamine exposure (as seen with aging), we tested two hypotheses: (1) human alpha(1)AR subtype expression differs with vascular bed, and (2) age influences human vascular alpha(1)AR subtype expression. METHODS AND RESULTS Five hundred vessels from 384 patients were examined for alpha(1)AR subtype distribution at mRNA and protein levels (RNase protection assays, ligand binding, contraction assays). Overall vessel alpha(1)AR density is 16+/-2.3fmol/mg total protein. alpha(1a)AR predominates in arteries at mRNA (P<0.001) and protein (P<0.05) levels; all 3 subtypes are present in veins. Furthermore, alpha(1)AR mRNA subtype expression varies with vessel bed (alpha(1a) higher in splanchnic versus central arteries, P<0.05); competition analysis (selected vessels) and functional assays demonstrate alpha(1a) and alpha(1b)-mediated mammary artery contraction. Overall alpha(1)AR expression doubles with age (<55 versus > or = 65 years) in mammary artery (no change in saphenous vein), accompanied by increased alpha(1b)>alpha(1a) expression (P< = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Human vascular alpha(1)AR subtype distribution differs from animal models, varies with vessel bed, correlates with contraction in mammary artery, and is modulated by aging. These findings provide potential novel targets for therapeutic intervention in many clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- X L Rudner
- Department of Anesthesiology, Duke UniversityMedical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA. Medical Center, Durham, NC
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