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Shaik NR, Lakshmanan B, Nair NS, Anand A, Radhika R, Syamala K. Novel polymorphisms in the octopamine receptor gene of amitraz resistant population of Rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato, in south India. Exp Parasitol 2024; 261:108763. [PMID: 38704016 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2024.108763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024]
Abstract
The brown dog tick or Rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato is an ixodid tick, responsible for the dissemination of pathogens that cause canine infectious diseases besides inflicting the direct effects of tick bite. The hot humid climate of Kerala, a south Indian state, is favorable for propagation of tick vectors and acaricides are the main stay of tick control. Though the resistance against synthetic pyrethroids is reported among these species, the status of amitraz resistance in R. sanguineus s. l. in the country is uncertain due to the lack of molecular characterisation data and scarce literature reports. Hence the present study was focused on the phenotypic detection and preliminary genotypic characterisation of amitraz resistance in the R. sanguineus s. l. A modified larval packet test (LPT) on a susceptible isolate was performed to determine the discriminating dose (DD). Further LPT-DD on 35 tick isolates was carried out to detect amitraz resistance robustly, along with that full dose response bioassays on the resistant isolates were performed. The results indicated that amitraz resistance is prevalent with 49 per cent of the samples being resistant. Amplification of exon 3 of octopamine receptor gene from both the susceptible and resistant larval isolates was carried out. Amplicons of ten pooled amitraz susceptible and ten pooled amitraz resistant representative samples were sequenced and analysed, unveiling a total of three novel non-synonymous mutations in the partial coding region at positions V32A, N41D and V58I in phenotypically resistant larval DNA samples. In silico analysis by homology modelling and molecular docking of the mutated and unmutated receptors showed that these mutations had reduced the binding affinity to amitraz. However, lack of mutations in the octopamine receptor gene in three of the pooled low order resistant R. sanguineus s. l. larval samples could be suggestive of other mechanisms associated with amitraz resistance in the region. Hence, further association studies should be carried out to confirm the association of these mutations with target insensitivity in R. sanguineus s. l. ticks, along with exploring the status of metabolic resistance and other mechanisms of resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikhat Reena Shaik
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Thrissur, Kerala, India; Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Pookode, Wayanad, Kerala, India.
| | - Bindu Lakshmanan
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Thrissur, Kerala, India; Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Pookode, Wayanad, Kerala, India.
| | - N Suresh Nair
- Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Pookode, Wayanad, Kerala, India; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Thrissur, Kerala, India.
| | - Amrutha Anand
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Thrissur, Kerala, India; Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Pookode, Wayanad, Kerala, India.
| | - R Radhika
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Thrissur, Kerala, India; Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Pookode, Wayanad, Kerala, India.
| | - K Syamala
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Thrissur, Kerala, India; Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Pookode, Wayanad, Kerala, India.
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Lakshmanan B, Jose J, Anand A, Priya MN. A Novel PCR-RFLP to Detect and Differentiate Schistosoma spindale and S. indicum, the Pathogenic Schistosomes in Indian Cattle. Acta Parasitol 2022; 67:1778-1781. [PMID: 35951223 DOI: 10.1007/s11686-022-00606-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Visceral schistosomosis is an economically important trematode infection caused by Schistosoma spindale and S. indicum in among ruminants. The lack of sensitive diagnostic tools has often led to underestimation of the prevalence in live animals. A sensitive copro-PCR targeting partial mitochondrial gene was developed to detect Schistosoma spp. However, this protocol could not differentiate between the two species. This study was conducted to explore the possibility of species differentiation using restriction fragment length polymorphism of PCR products (PCR- RFLP). METHODS Polymerase chain reaction was carried out to amplify mitochondrial gene of adult S. spindale and S. indicum. Copro PCR was done with schistosome-positive faecal samples. A novel PCR-RFLP was designed targeting the Hpy166II recognition sequence in the mitochondrial gene sequence of S. indicum. RESULT The PCR using primers targeting the mitochondrial gene of S. spindale and S. indicum amplified a distinct product of approximately 454 bp with adult fluke as well as faecal DNA, which upon RFLP with Hpy166II yielded 330 bp and 124 bp products with S. indicum amplicons alone. CONCLUSION The novel PCR-RFLP possesses the potential to be used in epidemiological surveys among bovines and in snail intermediate hosts to screen for S. spindale and S. indicum infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bindu Lakshmanan
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Mannuthy, Wayanad, Kerala, 680651, India.
| | - Jain Jose
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Mannuthy, Wayanad, Kerala, 680651, India
| | - Amrutha Anand
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Mannuthy, Wayanad, Kerala, 680651, India
| | - M N Priya
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Mannuthy, Wayanad, Kerala, 680651, India
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George A, Pillai UN, Ajithkumar S, Aravindakshan TV, Jayavardhanan KK, Unny NM, Lakshmanan B. Molecular detection and control of non- regenerative anaemia associated with Babesia gibsoni and Anaplasma platys co- infection in a dog. Journal of Veterinary and Animal Sciences 2022. [DOI: 10.51966/jvas.2022.53.1.79-84] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Anaemia and thrombocytopenia are the common clinical features of blood parasite infection in dogs. Blood parasites previously identified in dogs in Kerala were Babesia gibsoni, Babesia canis vogeli, Ehrlichia canis and Trypanosoma evansi. A two-year old female Labrador Retriever was brought to the University Veterinary Hospital, Mannuthy, Thrissur, with a complaint of anorexia for the past two weeks. A thorough clinical examination did not give any evidence of involvement of other body systems, except for a splenomegaly which was confirmed by radiography. The dog was negative for microfilaria and intestinal parasites. Haematological findings revealed moderate anaemia and thrombocytopenia. Anaemia was classified as non-regenerative based on reticulocyte count. Blood smear was positive for basophilic intra-erythrocytic inclusions suggestive of small babesia and basophilic inclusions in platelets suggestive of morula of Anaplasma spp. Species-specific PCR on whole blood genomic DNA-showed specific amplification for B. gibsoni and A. platys organisms and negative for B. canis vogeli, E. canis and T. evansi. The present study reports a case of non-regenerative anaemia due to B. gibsoni and A. platys co-infection in a dog and its successful therapeutic management. This is the second report of A. platys infection in dogs in Kerala, India.
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Karthika R, Devada K, Lakshmanan B, Syamala K, Vijayakumar K, Pooja G. Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in aborted goats in Kerala. J Vet Anim Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.51966/jvas.2021.52.2.166-170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Toxoplasmosis, is a cosmopolitan zoonotic parasitic infection prevalent throughout
the world affecting all warm blooded animals and man. A total of 72 serum samples from goats
belonging to the organised, unorganised and small holder farms that had aborted recently or had
a history of abortion were collected from the central districts of Kerala viz., Palakkad, Thrissur and
Ernakulam. The samples were subjected to indirect Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA)
for the detection of IgG antibodies of Toxoplasma gondii. Factors predisposing to the prevalence
of infection such as age, grazing behaviour and stage of gestation were also taken into account
during the study. Out of 72 serum samples examined, 31(43 per cent) were negative, 13 (18 per
cent) were weakly positive and 28 (38.88 per cent) were highly positive. A higher prevalence was
noticed in goats above four years of age, in those with regular grazing behaviour and in those
that had aborted in the second stage of gestation. District-wise prevalence revealed relatively
higher prevalence in Ernakulam district (62.5 per cent) compared to Thrissur (56.09 per cent) and
Palakkad (53.33 per cent), even though the difference was not statistically significant.
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Kumar A, Sreedhar A, Biswas L, Prabhat S, Suresh P, Asokan A, Tomy RM, Vinod V, Lakshmanan B, Nambiar A, Biswas R. Candidatus Dirofilaria Hongkongensis Infections in Humans During 2005 to 2020, in Kerala, India. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2021; 104:2046-2049. [PMID: 33844649 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.20-1521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
We tried to determine the epidemiology and species of human dirofilariasis observed at two tertiary care hospitals in Kerala. We searched the hospital database to identify cases of dirofilariosis from January 2005 to March 2020. Along with human isolates, one dog Dirofilaria isolate was also subjected to PCR and sequencing of pan filarial primers cytochrome oxidase subunits 1 and 12S rDNA. We documented 78 cases of human dirofilariosis. The orbit, eyelid, and conjunctiva were the most commonly affected sites. Molecular characterization identified one dog and five human isolates as Candidatus Dirofilaria Hongkongensis. A rare case of subconjunctival infestation by B. malayi was also documented. Human dirofilariosis is a public health problem in the state of Kerala in India, and it is mostly caused by Candidatus Dirofilaria Hongkongensis. We propose that all diroifilaria isolates are subjected to sequencing for identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil Kumar
- 1Department of Microbiology, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences & Research Centre, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Ponekara, Kochi-682041, Kerala, India
| | - Ani Sreedhar
- 2Department of Ophthalmology, Little Flower Hospital and Research Centre, Angamaly, Kerala, India
| | - Lalitha Biswas
- 3Center for Nanoscience and Molecular Medicine, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Center, Amrita University, Cochin, Kerala 682041, India
| | - Sarga Prabhat
- 3Center for Nanoscience and Molecular Medicine, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Center, Amrita University, Cochin, Kerala 682041, India
| | - Parasmal Suresh
- 3Center for Nanoscience and Molecular Medicine, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Center, Amrita University, Cochin, Kerala 682041, India
| | - Anisha Asokan
- 1Department of Microbiology, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences & Research Centre, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Ponekara, Kochi-682041, Kerala, India
| | - Rita Mary Tomy
- 2Department of Ophthalmology, Little Flower Hospital and Research Centre, Angamaly, Kerala, India
| | - Vivek Vinod
- 3Center for Nanoscience and Molecular Medicine, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Center, Amrita University, Cochin, Kerala 682041, India
| | - Bindu Lakshmanan
- 4Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Thrissur, Kerala, India
| | - Ajit Nambiar
- 5Department of Pathology, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Center, Amrita University, Ponekkara, Cochin, Kerala 682041, India
| | - Raja Biswas
- 3Center for Nanoscience and Molecular Medicine, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Center, Amrita University, Cochin, Kerala 682041, India
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Anand A, Lakshmanan B, Kajal T, Joseph S, Aravindakshan T, Jose J. Deltamethrin resistance in Rhipicephalus sanguineus and Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus tick population in Kerala. J Vet Anim Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.51966/jvas.2021.52.1.19-25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Vismaya K, Varuna PP, Kumar SA, Narayanan A, Kavitha S, Lakshmanan B. Clinico-haematological evaluation and molecular identification of Babesia gibsoni, Babesia canis vogeli, Ehrlichia canis and Trypanosoma evansi in dogs. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020. [DOI: 10.5958/0974-0813.2020.00004.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Sadarama PV, Chirayath D, Pillai UN, Lakshmanan B. Comparison of efficacy of ivermectin and diethylcarbamazine against naturally infected Brugia malayi microfilaria in dogs. J Parasit Dis 2019; 43:554-559. [PMID: 31749524 PMCID: PMC6841773 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-019-01126-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Filarial parasites like Brugia pahangi and Brugia malayi can infect dogs. Adults of Brugia genus resides in the lymphatic system and microfilariae, in blood. There are increasing reports of detection of B. malayi microfilariae in dogs. A study was undertaken to compare the efficacy of repeated oral dosing of ivermectin (IVT) and diethylcarbamazine (DEC), individually and in combination against naturally infected B. malayi microfilariae in dogs. The species of the microfilariae was confirmed by acid phosphatase staining and polymerase chain reaction. The three treatment groups were 200 mcg/kg body weight IVT daily for 14 days (I), 6.6 mg/kg body weight DEC daily for 14 days (II) and IVT and DEC together in the same dose for a period of 5 days (III). Microfilarial status of the peripheral blood was assessed on the 0th, 7th, 14th and 21st day. Haematological parameters were measured on day zero and on the 21st day. Though, all the three treatment groups showed a reduction in the microfilarial concentration through the study period, complete absence of detectable microfilaremia was not noticed in any of the three groups by 21st day. Among the haematological parameters, statistically significant difference was observed in the post-treatment means of haemoglobin levels of group III when compared with group II. Since group III regime (IVT + DEC) was shorter and just as effective as the longer ones, it is considered superior to the other two.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poojary Vineeta Sadarama
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, Ethics & Jurisprudence, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Pookode, India
| | - Deepa Chirayath
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, Ethics & Jurisprudence, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Pookode, India
| | - Usha Narayana Pillai
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, Ethics & Jurisprudence, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Pookode, India
| | - Bindu Lakshmanan
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Pookode, India
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Sadarama PV, Chirayath D, Pillai UN, Unny NM, Lakshmanan B, Sunanda C. Canine Brugia malayi microfilarial excretory/secretory protein-based antibody assay for the diagnosis of brugian filariasis in dogs. J Parasit Dis 2019; 43:549-553. [PMID: 31749523 PMCID: PMC6841868 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-019-01125-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Brugian filariasis is reported in dogs in Kerala, India. Antibody detection kits are not available worldwide, for detection of Brugian filariasis in dogs. A study was carried out to develop Indirect plate ELISA using excretory secretory antigen isolated from canine brugian microfilariae and compare the sensitivity and specificity with that of blood smear examination. Identification of microfilariae was done by acid phosphatase staining using Naphthol AS-TR method and Polymerase Chain Reaction for Hha 1 repeat sequence. The microfilariae were identified as Brugia malayi. Isolation of brugian microfilariae from canine blood was done by gradient centrifugation method. The isolated microfilariae were maintained in RPMI-1640 media. The pooled media was then concentrated to obtain excretory secretory protein (ESP). This ESP was used to develop Indirect ELISA. The sensitivity and specificity of the plate ELISA developed was 84 and 100 per cent respectively when compared with blood smear examination. This is the first report of successful isolation of ESP from Brugia malayi microfilariae from dogs and standardization of plate ELISA using the antigen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poojary Vineeta Sadarama
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, Ethics & Jurisprudence, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Pookode, India
| | - Deepa Chirayath
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, Ethics & Jurisprudence, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Pookode, India
| | - Usha Narayana Pillai
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, Ethics & Jurisprudence, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Pookode, India
| | - N. Madhavan Unny
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, Ethics & Jurisprudence, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Pookode, India
| | - Bindu Lakshmanan
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Pookode, India
| | - C. Sunanda
- Department of Statistics, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pookode, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Pookode, India
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Beena V, Ramnath V, Girija D, Karthiayini K, Sreekumar KP, Lakshmanan B, Radhika R. Bacillus thuringiensis strains from Western Ghats of India possess nematocidal property against Haemonchus contortus larvae of goats. Heliyon 2019; 5:e02724. [PMID: 31720468 PMCID: PMC6838916 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e02724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Revised: 05/05/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 10/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Nematocidal properties of spore crystal mixtures of six Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) strains (KAU 49, 50, 52, 61, 99 and 424) collected from Western Ghats, a biodiversity hot spot of India, were analysed against Haemonchus contortus larvae isolated from goats. One dose nematocidal assay dose response to lyophilised spore-crystal mixtures (SCM) of the six Bt strains were determined by adding 200 μg/mL of each SCMs to culture plate wells containing aqueous suspension of H. contortus larvae. Out of the strains screened, KAU 50 and 424 were found to possess nematocidal properties. Maximum nematocidal properties were exhibited 7 days post-inoculation of the lyophilised SCMs. The 50 per cent lethal concentrations deduced by log probit analysis for KAU 50 was found to be 130.59 μg/mL, whereas that of KAU 424 was found to be 144.536 μg/mL at 95 per cent confidence level. This is the first report on the nematocidal propery of Bt strains against Haemonchus contortus larvae isolated from goats. Further studies are needed for identification and characterisation of the toxin.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Beena
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Mannuthy, Thrissur, Kerala, India
| | - V Ramnath
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Mannuthy, Thrissur, Kerala, India
| | - D Girija
- Dept. of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Horticulture, Kerala Agricultural University, Vellanikkara, Thrissur, Kerala, India
| | - K Karthiayini
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Pookot, Wayanad, Kerala, India
| | - K P Sreekumar
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Mannuthy, Thrissur, Kerala, India
| | - Bindu Lakshmanan
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Mannuthy, Thrissur, Kerala, India
| | - R Radhika
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Mannuthy, Thrissur, Kerala, India
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Nagaraj HV, Lakshmanan B, Lonappan GV, Shameem H, Jose J, Sabu L. Molecular identification of caprine carriers of theileriosis in South India. VET ARHIV 2019. [DOI: 10.24099/vet.arhiv.0227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Lakshmanan B, Devada K, Joseph S, Gleeja V, Aravindakshan T, Himachala K, Sankar S. Seroprevalence of bovine intestinal schistosomosis in different agro- ecological zones of south India using excretory-secretory antigen based ELISA. Vet Parasitol 2018; 262:51-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2018.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Revised: 09/22/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Abstract
Background & objectives: Human dirofilariosis is a well-recognized zoonosis caused by several species of the genus Dirofilaria. The disease is prevalent among canines and human beings in Kerala. The objective of the present study was to confirm the human Dirofilaria isolates by molecular characterization. Methods: The worms or segments obtained from human sources were subjected to diagnostic polymerase chain reaction (PCR) targeting the cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (COI) and 5S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes of Dirofilaria repens. The amplicons were sequenced and analyzed. Results: The filariid nematodes recovered from ocular as well as subcutaneous tissue of human origin were identified as D. repens based on PCR targeting COI as well as 5S rRNA genes. The phylogenetic analysis of the COI gene nucleotide sequence obtained in the present study showed that D. repens shared the closest evolutionary relationship with D. honkongensis. Interpretation & conclusions: Molecular identification of D. repens isolated from human source assumes significance from the point of zoonotic threat of this mosquito-borne nematode. Phylogenetic analysis revealed a close evolutionary relationship with Asian isolate of D. honkongensis. Timely detection and treatment of infection in dogs, together with mosquito control, should be an integral part of the control strategy of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Najuma Nazar
- Department of Veterinary Biochemistry, College of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, Thrissur, India
| | - Bindu Lakshmanan
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, Thrissur, India
| | - K K Jayavardhanan
- Department of Veterinary Biochemistry, College of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, Thrissur, India
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Jain Jose K, Lakshmanan B, Wahlang L, Syamala K, Aravindakshan TV. Molecular evidence of haemoparasites in ixodid ticks of dogs- first report in India. Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Reports 2018; 13:177-179. [PMID: 31014869 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2018.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Revised: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/17/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The distribution of ixodid ticks of the genera Rhipicephalus and Haemaphysalis spp. in tropical regions of India contributes to many serious tick-borne parasitic and rickettsial infections in domestic and wild canines. A preliminary molecular survey of the most prevalent haemoparasites in ixodid ticks of carnivores in Kerala, South India was undertaken using multiplex PCR. Babesia vogeli, B. gibsoni and Ehrlichia canis could be detected in R. sanguineus ticks, while H. bispinosa harboured B. gibsoni alone. Future investigations including transmission trials are to be undertaken to prove the vector potentiality of these ticks in this geo-climatic zone.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Jain Jose
- School of Applied Animal Production and Biotechnology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Mannuthy, Thrissur, Kerala 680651, India
| | - Bindu Lakshmanan
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Mannuthy, Thrissur, Kerala- 680651, India.
| | - Lavinia Wahlang
- School of Applied Animal Production and Biotechnology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Mannuthy, Thrissur, Kerala 680651, India
| | - K Syamala
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Mannuthy, Thrissur, Kerala- 680651, India
| | - T V Aravindakshan
- School of Applied Animal Production and Biotechnology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Mannuthy, Thrissur, Kerala 680651, India
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Jain J, Lakshmanan B, Nagaraj HV, Praveena JE, Syamala K, Aravindakshan T. Detection of Babesia canis vogeli, Babesia gibsoni and Ehrlichia canis by multiplex PCR in naturally infected dogs in South India. VET ARHIV 2018. [DOI: 10.24099/vet.arhiv.161229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Jain KJ, Lakshmanan B, Syamala K, Praveena JE, Aravindakshan T. High prevalence of small Babesia species in canines of Kerala, South India. Vet World 2017; 10:1319-1323. [PMID: 29263592 PMCID: PMC5732336 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2017.1319-1323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim Canine babesiosis is an important vector-borne hemoparasitic disease caused by Babesia canis vogeli and Babesia gibsoni, in India. The communication places on record the salient findings of the study directed to detect and characterize the pathogenic B. gibsoni isolates of Kerala state. Materials and Methods A total of 150 dogs were examined for the presence of hemoparasites by light microscopy as well as by PCR targeting the 18S rRNA gene of B. gibsoni. Hematological parameters were also analysed. Phylogenetic tree was constructed based on Tamura kei model adopting ML method. Results A sensitive and specific polymerase chain reaction assay was developed with newly designed primer pair BAGI-F/BAGI-R for the amplification of 488 bp fragment of 18S rRNA gene of B. gibsoni. Out of the 150 dogs examined, molecular evidence of B. gibsoni was recorded in 47.3% animals, while light microscopy detected the infection in 26.67% cases. The phylogenetic analyses revealed that B. gibsoni, Kerala, isolate was closest and occurred together with Bareilly isolate. Anemia and thrombocytopenia were the significant hematological alterations in chronic B. gibsoni infection. Conclusion A high prevalence of natural infection of B. gibsoni was detected among the study population. The affected animals showed anaemia and thrombocytopenia. Phylogenetic analysis of this pathogenic isolate from south India revealed the closest similarity with Bareilly isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kollannur Jose Jain
- School of Applied Animal Production and Biotechnology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Mannuthy, Thrissur - 680 651, Kerala, India
| | - Bindu Lakshmanan
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Mannuthy, Thrissur - 680 651, Kerala, India
| | - Karunakaran Syamala
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Mannuthy, Thrissur - 680 651, Kerala, India
| | - Jose E Praveena
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Mannuthy, Thrissur - 680 651, Kerala, India
| | - Thazhathuveetil Aravindakshan
- School of Applied Animal Production and Biotechnology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Mannuthy, Thrissur - 680 651, Kerala, India
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17
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Augustine S, Sabu L, Lakshmanan B. Molecular identification of Babesia spp. in naturally infected dogs of Kerala, South India. J Parasit Dis 2016; 41:459-462. [PMID: 28615859 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-016-0827-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2015] [Accepted: 08/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine babesiosis is a tick borne haemoprotozoan disease caused by large and small intraerythrocytic apicomplexan piroplasms of the genus Babesia spp. The clinical manifestations of the disease vary from inapparent subclinical form to hyperacute shock related haemolytic crisis. Microscopic examination of blood smears from suspected dogs revealed Babesia canis and B. gibsoni in 3.45 and 25.86 % of samples respectively. A seminested PCR based on previously published species specific primers targeting the 18S rRNA gene was utilized to identify the Babesia species infecting dogs of Kerala at the sub species level. The study revealed 57.5 % prevalence of Babesia spp. among dogs. This report also presents the first molecular evidence of Babesia canis vogeli and B. gibsoni among naturally infected dogs in Kerala, South India. Molecular survey revealed a high prevalence of B. gibsoni infections when compared with B. canis vogeli infections among canines of the state. Preliminary survey of the tick population revealed the presence of Rhipicephalus sanguineus, R. haemaphysaloides and Haemaphysalis bispinosa in infected animals. Further studies need be directed towards utilizing the PCR protocol for confirming the vectors of these species in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sneha Augustine
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Thrissur, Kerala 680 651 India
| | - Lucy Sabu
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Thrissur, Kerala 680 651 India
| | - Bindu Lakshmanan
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Thrissur, Kerala 680 651 India
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18
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Lakshmanan B, Devada K, Joseph S, Radhika R. Immunoblot analysis ofSchistosoma spindaleexcretory–secretory antigens with sera from naturally infected bovines. Journal of Applied Animal Research 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/09712119.2015.1031770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Lakshmanan B, Devada K, Joseph S, Binu MB, Kuttan K. Efficacy of Dot-ELISA using different antigens in detecting anti-schistosome antibodies among bovines in field conditions. J Parasit Dis 2014; 40:189-93. [PMID: 27065623 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-014-0476-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2014] [Accepted: 05/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Schistosomosis has been recognised as one of the major parasitic diseases of livestock and human beings. Schistosoma spindale is the major cause of visceral schistosomosis among bovines of Kerala State. Besides pathology in animals, it has been long known that cercariae of S. spindale are a common cause of dermatitis in human beings in Asia. However, detection of this disease based on coprology has underestimated the prevalence of this economically important disease among cattle of the State. An efficient diagnostic tool providing unequivocal evidence of infection in living animals is perhaps, the key to formulate and deliver control measures to the target population. It is also crucial for an enhanced understanding of parasite epidemiology. The utility of excretory-secretory proteins as diagnostic and vaccine candidates for schistosomosis has been a focus of medical research since long. There exists a paucity of information with regard to analysis of ES proteins of S. spindale and their incorporation to develop sensitive and specific serodiagnostic tool. Hence a study was designed to evaluate the efficacy of Dot-ELISA incorporating different antigens of S. spindale and to validate the test under field conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bindu Lakshmanan
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Thrissur, 680-651 Kerala India
| | - K Devada
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Thrissur, 680-651 Kerala India
| | - Siju Joseph
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Thrissur, 680-651 Kerala India
| | - M B Binu
- College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Thrissur, 680-651 India
| | - Karthik Kuttan
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Thrissur, 680-651 Kerala India
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20
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Ikkai A, Lakshmanan B, Courtney S. Disengagement of Sensory Regions During the Maintenance of Abstract Information in Working Memory. J Vis 2013. [DOI: 10.1167/13.9.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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21
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Nair AS, Ravindran R, Lakshmanan B, Sreekumar C, Kumar SS, Raju R, Tresamol PV, Vimalkumar MB, Saseendranath MR. Bovine carriers of Anaplasma marginale and Anaplasma bovis in South India. Trop Biomed 2013; 30:105-112. [PMID: 23665715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Carriers of bovine anaplasmosis in Northern Kerala, South India were detected using conventional microscopical and molecular techniques. PCR-RFLP and nested PCR techniques were used for detection of Anaplasma marginale and Anaplasma bovis respectively and the PCR products were confirmed by sequencing. Out of 150 samples tested, 25 were detected positive for A. marginale and five for A. bovis based on molecular tests. The inclusion bodies of A. marginale could be detected by microscopy in two blood smears after staining by giemsa while acridine orange staining detected three smears positive. The data clearly suggest the higher sensitivity of molecular techniques for diagnosis of these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Nair
- Department of Veterinary Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Thrissur, Kerala, India
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Bhargava S, O'Leary KA, Jackson TC, Lakshmanan B. DURABILITY TESTING OF SILICONE MATERIALS FOR PROTON EXCHANGE MEMBRANE FUEL CELL USE. Rubber Chemistry and Technology 2013. [DOI: 10.5254/rct.13.88931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Silicone resins are ideal candidates for proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFC) sealing and gasketing. They have many advantages for PEMFC application, such as superior stability and longevity under harsh environments, low water absorption, and broad temperature range. However, as this work shows, silicone-based materials have one big drawback: low molecular weight siloxanes, oligomers, and/or degradation byproducts may readily migrate from the base material into the fuel cell membrane, forming glassy structures, reducing the mechanical durability, and ultimately fracturing the proton exchange membrane (PEM). A novel, in situ testing method has been developed to test the effect of siloxanes on PEMFCs. The mechanism for migration of cyclic siloxanes to the PEM interface, causing it to fail in a brittle fashion, is presented. A commercially available silicone gasket material was used as a case study to validate the mechanism. Optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and inductively coupled plasma were used to perform failure analysis of the tested samples. Thermogravimetric analysis was used to measure the removal rate of low molecular weight cyclic siloxanes. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry was used to separate the organic molecules off-gassing from the material at temperature and provide a mass spectrum of each component.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Bhargava
- GM Electrochemical Energy Research Lab, 10 Carriage Street, Honeoye Falls, NY 14472
| | - K. A. O'Leary
- GM Electrochemical Energy Research Lab, 10 Carriage Street, Honeoye Falls, NY 14472
| | - T. C. Jackson
- Trison Business Solutions, Inc., GM Fuel Cell Activities, 11 Carriage Street, Honeoye Falls, NY 14472
| | - B. Lakshmanan
- GM Electrochemical Energy Research Lab, 10 Carriage Street, Honeoye Falls, NY 14472
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Balasubramanian S, Lakshmanan B, Hetzke C, Sethuraman V, Weidner J. Quantifying oxidation rates of carbon monoxide on a Pt/C electrode. Electrochim Acta 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2011.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Aparna M, Ravindran R, Vimalkumar MB, Lakshmanan B, Rameshkumar P, Kumar KGA, Promod K, Ajithkumar S, Ravishankar C, Devada K, Subramanian H, George AJ, Ghosh S. Molecular characterization of Theileria orientalis causing fatal infection in crossbred adult bovines of South India. Parasitol Int 2011; 60:524-9. [PMID: 21871972 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2011.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2011] [Revised: 07/11/2011] [Accepted: 08/01/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The disease condition attributed to have been caused by Theileria orientalis is generally benign. However, it is also thought that the parasite, at least some strains of it, can cause fatal disease. The present communication deals with the clinical signs, postmortem lesions and diagnosis of a fatal disease due to T. orientalis which caused mortality in crossbred adult bovines of South India. High body temperature, lacrimation, nasal discharge, swollen lymph nodes and haemoglobinuria were the symptoms observed. The postmortem lesions observed were punched out ulcers in abomasum, enlargement of spleen, massive pulmonary oedema, frothy exudates in trachea, epicardial and endocardial haemorrhage and haemorrhagic duodenitis. Peripheral blood smear examination revealed rod shaped Theileria sp. organisms. Polymerase chain reaction that amplify the T. orientalis specific P(32/33) gene, followed by cloning and sequencing, revealed maximum homology with Narathiwat (Thailand) and Jingole -1 (Indonesia) isolates which were positioned as isolate type 7 of T. orientalis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Aparna
- College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pookode, Wayanad, Kerala, India
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25
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Nair AS, Ravindran R, Lakshmanan B, Kumar SS, Tresamol PV, Saseendranath MR, Senthilvel K, Rao JR, Tewari AK, Ghosh S. Haemoprotozoa of cattle in Northern Kerala, India. Trop Biomed 2011; 28:68-75. [PMID: 21602771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
A cross-sectional study was conducted using 150 blood samples collected from apparently normal / healthy crossbred cattle of Northern Kerala, South India, for detection of haemoprotozoan infections using staining techniques (Giemsa and Acridine Orange) and specific PCR. Theileria like piroplasms and Babesia bigemina were the only protozoan organisms detected in blood smears. Polymerase chain reaction using specific primers revealed amplification of products specific for Trypanosoma evansi (34.6%), Theileria sp. other than T. annulata (16%) and B. bigemina (0.6%). The higher prevalence rate of Trypanosoma evansi indicated that the subclinical parasitism can be due to higher prevalence of tabanid flies. The study also revealed the presence of a theilerial piroplasm other than T. annulata in North Kerala, which needs further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Nair
- Department of Veterinary Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Thrissur, Kerala
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26
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Ravindran R, Lakshmanan B, Ravishankar C, Subramanian H. Prevalence of Linguatula serrata in domestic ruminants in South India. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 2008; 39:808-812. [PMID: 19058572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Linguatula serrata Frohlich, 1789 is an aberrant endoparasite of occasional zoonotic importance in humans. We report the prevalence of encapsulated nymphal stages of L. serrata in domestic ruminants surveyed in Wayanad, located in Kerala State, South India. Large and small intestine mesentery were examined from 100 goats, cattle and buffaloes each revealing an infection prevalence of 21, 19, and 8%, respectively. The prevalence of L. serrata infection among ruminants is higher than previous reports from India and indicates a strong focus of infection in herbivorous domesticated mammals of South India. The potential importance of these findings to human health is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Ravindran
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Wayanad, Kerala State, India.
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27
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Ravindran R, Lakshmanan B, Ravishankar C, Subramanian H. Visceral schistosomiasis among domestic ruminants slaughtered in Wayanad, South India. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 2007; 38:1008-1010. [PMID: 18613541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
This short communication reports the prevalence of visceral schistosomiasis by worm counts from the mesentery of domestic ruminants of the hilly district of Wayanad, located in Kerala, one of the states in South India. We found 57.3, 50, and 4.7% of cattle, buffaloes and goats, respectively, had visceral schistosomiasis upon slaughter at a municipal slaughter house in Kalpetta. Our findings show that the prevalence of Schistosoma spindale infection is very high in Wayanad in comparison to previous reports from this and neighboring countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Ravindran
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pookot, Wayanad, Kerala, India.
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28
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Lakshmanan B, John L, Dhinakarraj G, Gomathinayagam S. Early Diagnosis of Canine Ehrlichiosis by Hot Start PCR. Journal of Applied Animal Research 2007. [DOI: 10.1080/09712119.2007.9706620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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