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Abstract
SummaryFibrinogen plays an integral part in ADP-induced platelet aggregation. Controversy exists in regard to the role of the carboxy termini of fibrinogen Aa chains in this reaction. We have attempted to clarify this problem in view of the availability of a highly purified FII fibrinogen fraction. Kabi fibrinogen or its purified fractions FI, FII and FIII-IV-V were added to washed platelets in the presence of Tyrode-HEPES buffer pH 7.4. Aggregation was initiated by the addition of calcium and ADP. These fibrinogen fractions equally promoted ADP-induced platelet aggregation. The major difference among these fractions is in their Aα chains. The FI fraction contains intact Aα chains while FII and FIH-IV-V fractions have one and two partially degraded Aα chains at the carboxy terminal portion respectively. We conclude that the carboxy terminal portion of the Aα chain does not play an important role in promoting ADP-induced platelet aggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- H M Phillips
- Departments of Biochemistry and Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, and Veterans Administration Medical Center, Little Rock, Arkansas, U.S.A
| | - A Mansouri
- Departments of Biochemistry and Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, and Veterans Administration Medical Center, Little Rock, Arkansas, U.S.A
| | - C A Perry
- Departments of Biochemistry and Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, and Veterans Administration Medical Center, Little Rock, Arkansas, U.S.A
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Davis AN, Clegg JL, Perry CA, McFadden JW. Nutrient Restriction Increases Circulating and Hepatic Ceramide in Dairy Cows Displaying Impaired Insulin Tolerance. Lipids 2017; 52:771-780. [PMID: 28836149 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-017-4287-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda N. Davis
- ; Division of Animal and Nutritional Sciences; West Virginia University; Morgantown 26505 USA
| | - J. L. Clegg
- ; Division of Animal and Nutritional Sciences; West Virginia University; Morgantown 26505 USA
| | - C. A. Perry
- ; Division of Animal and Nutritional Sciences; West Virginia University; Morgantown 26505 USA
| | - J. W. McFadden
- ; Division of Animal and Nutritional Sciences; West Virginia University; Morgantown 26505 USA
- ; Cornell University; 264 Morrison Hall Ithaca NY 14853 USA
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Perry CA, Hajna AA. Further Evaluation of EC Medium for the Isolation of Coliform Bacteria and Escherichia coli. Am J Public Health Nations Health 2008; 34:735-8. [PMID: 18016017 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.34.7.735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Perry CA, Bayliss M. Escherichia Coli as an Indicator of Fecal Pollution in Oysters and Oyster Waters. Am J Public Health Nations Health 2008; 26:406-11. [PMID: 18014410 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.26.4.406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Hajna AA, Perry CA. Comparative Study of Presumptive and Confirmative Media for Bacteria of the Coliform Group and for Fecal Streptococci. Am J Public Health Nations Health 2008; 33:550-6. [PMID: 18015799 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.33.5.550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Perry CA, Hajna AA. Routine Use of a Modified Eijkman Medium in the Examination of Oysters, Crabmeat, and Other Substances. Am J Public Health Nations Health 2008; 25:720-4. [PMID: 18014237 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.25.6.720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Hajna
- Bureau of Bacteriology, Maryland State Department of Health, Baltimore, Maryland
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Perry
- Bureau of Bacteriology, State of Maryland Department of Health
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Hajna
- Bureau of Bacteriology, Maryland State Department of Health, Baltimore
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10
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Abstract
AIMS To determine the incidence and distribution of Legg-Calvé-Perthes' disease in Liverpool, in the period 1982-95. METHODS Examination of information in a register, analysing the patients' addresses by indices of deprivation. RESULTS A total of 122 white children were diagnosed as having Perthes' disease during the study, whereas black and minority groups form 5.8% of the population. The incidence rate in inner Liverpool had decreased to 10.5 in the period 1990-95. Simple Spearman correlations revealed an association between the disease incidence in electoral wards and deprivation. Regression analysis showed that for the period 1990-95 the most powerful effects on incidence were increases in ward deprivation since 1976, the percentage free school meals in 1986, the ward Health Index in 1981, and the percentage low birth weight in 1981. CONCLUSIONS We suggest that environmental influences may come into play some years before a child presents with pain in the hip. There may be a genetic predisposition to the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- B M Margetts
- Institute of Human Nutrition, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, SO9 4XY, UK
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Perry CA, Hsu KJ. Geophysical, archaeological, and historical evidence support a solar-output model for climate change. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2000; 97:12433-8. [PMID: 11050181 PMCID: PMC18780 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.230423297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the processes of climate change are not completely understood, an important causal candidate is variation in total solar output. Reported cycles in various climate-proxy data show a tendency to emulate a fundamental harmonic sequence of a basic solar-cycle length (11 years) multiplied by 2(N) (where N equals a positive or negative integer). A simple additive model for total solar-output variations was developed by superimposing a progression of fundamental harmonic cycles with slightly increasing amplitudes. The timeline of the model was calibrated to the Pleistocene/Holocene boundary at 9,000 years before present. The calibrated model was compared with geophysical, archaeological, and historical evidence of warm or cold climates during the Holocene. The evidence of periods of several centuries of cooler climates worldwide called "little ice ages," similar to the period anno Domini (A.D.) 1280-1860 and reoccurring approximately every 1,300 years, corresponds well with fluctuations in modeled solar output. A more detailed examination of the climate sensitive history of the last 1, 000 years further supports the model. Extrapolation of the model into the future suggests a gradual cooling during the next few centuries with intermittent minor warmups and a return to near little-ice-age conditions within the next 500 years. This cool period then may be followed approximately 1,500 years from now by a return to altithermal conditions similar to the previous Holocene Maximum.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Perry
- U.S. Geological Survey, Lawrence, KS 66049; and Tarim Associates, Frohburgstrasse 96, Zurich, Switzerland
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Rada JA, Perry CA, Slover ML, Achen VR. Gelatinase A and TIMP-2 expression in the fibrous sclera of myopic and recovering chick eyes. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1999; 40:3091-9. [PMID: 10586929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/14/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Myopia, or nearsightedness, is characterized by excessive lengthening of the ocular globe and is associated with extracellular matrix remodeling in the posterior sclera. The activity of gelatinase A, a member of the matrix metalloproteinase family, has been shown to increase in the posterior sclera during the development of induced myopia in several species. In the present study, the distribution and relative expression of gelatinase A and its associated inhibitor, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases (TIMP)-2, were measured within the fibrous scleras of experimentally myopic (form-deprived) eyes, control eyes, and eyes recovering from form deprivation to better understand the mechanisms that regulate scleral remodeling and the rate of ocular elongation. METHODS Total RNA was extracted from the posterior scleras of form-deprived chick eyes, eyes recovering from deprivation myopia, and paired contralateral control eyes, and subjected to northern blot analysis analyses using cDNA probes to chicken gelatinase A and TIMP-2. The distribution of gelatinase A and TIMP-2 mRNAs was evaluated by in situ hybridization on frozen sections of chick scleras using 33P-labeled RNA probes. Gelatinase A activity within the fibrous scleras of form-deprived eyes and paired contralateral recovering eyes was evaluated by gelatin zymography. RESULTS Northern blot analysis indicated that the relative expression of gelatinase A was increased by 128% in deprived eyes (P = 0.009), whereas after 1 day of recovery, levels were decreased by 80% in scleras from recovering eyes (P = 0.005). In contrast, TIMP-2 expression was significantly decreased (-53%, P = 0.027) in the posterior scleras of form-deprived eyes. No significant differences were detected in levels of TIMP-2 expression between recovering eyes and paired control eyes. In situ hybridization indicated that most of the gelatinase A transcripts were present in the fibrous layer of the posterior scleras from form-deprived and recovering eyes. CONCLUSIONS Changes in the steady state levels of gelatinase A and TIMP-2 mRNA lead to changes in gelatinase activity within the fibrous sclera and mediate, at least in part, the process of visually regulated ocular growth and scleral remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Rada
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks 58202, USA.
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Gerritsen ME, Shen CP, Perry CA. Synovial fibroblasts and the sphingomyelinase pathway: sphingomyelin turnover and ceramide generation are not signaling mechanisms for the actions of tumor necrosis factor-alpha. Am J Pathol 1998; 152:505-12. [PMID: 9466577 PMCID: PMC1857954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The activation of sphingomyelinase and the generation of ceramide has been proposed to mediate tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha)-induced nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB activation through its second messenger ceramide. Ceramide may also be an important regulator of cell growth, senescence, and apoptosis. Aberrant cell proliferation and apoptosis have been implicated in the rampant fibroblast proliferation and pannus formation characteristic of rheumatoid arthritis. However, the role of TNF-alpha and the sphingomyelinase pathway in the process have not been determined. The objective of this study was to determine whether TNF-alpha activates the sphingomyelin pathway in human synovial fibroblasts (HSF) and the potential role of ceramide in HSF proliferation and apoptosis. Cultured human synovial fibroblasts were stimulated with exogenous TNF-alpha, sphingomyelinase, and ceramide. Apoptosis was assessed by cell morphology and annexin V labeling. NF-kappaB and stress kinase pathway activation were determined by immunoblotting techniques. Sphingomyelinase activation was determined by quantitation of sphingomyelin and ceramide radioactivity in [14C]serine-prelabeled HSF cells. The addition of TNF-alpha (50 ng/ml) to HSF did not elicit detectable sphingomyelinase activation. TNF-alpha was shown to activate NF-kappaB (p65 translocation and degradation of IkappaBalpha) and the stress kinase pathway (phosphorylation of ATF-2, p38, and c-jun). In contrast, exogenous ceramide had no effect on these signaling pathways nor did ceramide stimulate the generation of interleukin-6 or interleukin-8. High concentrations of ceramide (> or =25 micromol/L) were cytotoxic, whereas lower concentrations of ceramide inhibited cell cycle progression. Thus, although TNF-alpha stimulates the NF-kappaB and stress kinase pathways in HSF, these effects of TNF-alpha are not associated with sphingomyelinase turnover or induction of apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Gerritsen
- Institute for Bone and Joint Disease and Cancer, Bayer Corporation, West Haven, Connecticut, USA.
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Rada JA, Achen VR, Perry CA, Fox PW. Proteoglycans in the human sclera. Evidence for the presence of aggrecan. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1997; 38:1740-51. [PMID: 9286262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The proteoglycans synthesized and accumulated within the adult human sclera (aged 50 to 80 years) were identified by their size, glycosaminoglycan side chains, and core proteins in an effort to characterize the proteoglycan content of the human sclera. METHODS Sclerae, unlabeled, or radiolabeled in organ culture with 35SO4 or 3H-proline, were extracted in 4M guanidine-HCl and separated by Sepharose CL-2B and Superose 6 forced-pressure liquid chromatography. Peak fractions, identified by glycosaminoglycan content or radioactivity, were pooled and subjected to G-50 chromatography or sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis before and after digestion with specific glycosidases. Scleral proteoglycan core proteins were identified in Western blot analysis using specific antisera to decorin, biglycan, and aggrecan. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analyses were carried out on human scleral fibroblast RNA to confirm the transcription of one scleral proteoglycan. Proteoglycans were localized on sections of scleral tissue using specific antisera. RESULTS After chromatography on CL-2B, scleral proteoglycans could be resolved into three major peaks, PG-1, PG-2, and PG-3. The largest scleral proteoglycan, PG-1, contained chondroitin sulfate and keratan sulfate glycosaminoglycan side chains. Results of Western blot analyses indicated that the core protein of PG-1 is the aggrecan core protein, migrating at approximately 350 kDa. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analyses confirmed that human scleral fibroblasts transcribe aggrecan in vitro and in vivo. PG-2 and PG-3 were identified as biglycan and decorin in Western blot analyses using antibiglycan and antidecorin antibodies, respectively. Immunostaining results indicated that aggrecan, biglycan, and decorin are distributed throughout the thickness of the human sclera. CONCLUSIONS The adult human sclera contains three major proteoglycans; aggrecan, biglycan, and decorin. It is likely that these proteoglycans contribute to the structural properties of the sclera and that the ratios of these proteoglycans will change with age, specific region, and condition of the sclera.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Rada
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of North Dakota, School of Medicine, Grand Forks 58202, USA
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16
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Abstract
There is much (renewed) interest about the effects of salicylates on food intolerance, attention-deficit disorders, and cardiovascular disease. Current evidence for the efficacy of salicylate-elimination diets in the treatment of attention-deficit disorders and hyperactivity is weak, and further investigation is required on the relationship between salicylates and cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Perry
- School of Nutrition, Tufts University, USA
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Wade CE, Dubick MA, Vassar MJ, Perry CA, Holcroft JW. Plasma dextran concentrations in trauma patients administered hypertonic saline-dextran-70. Clin Chem 1996. [DOI: 10.1093/clinchem/42.5.779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Wade CE, Dubick MA, Vassar MJ, Perry CA, Holcroft JW. Plasma dextran concentrations in trauma patients administered hypertonic saline-dextran-70. Clin Chem 1996; 42:779-80. [PMID: 8653912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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Gerritsen ME, Carley WW, Ranges GE, Shen CP, Phan SA, Ligon GF, Perry CA. Flavonoids inhibit cytokine-induced endothelial cell adhesion protein gene expression. Am J Pathol 1995; 147:278-92. [PMID: 7543732 PMCID: PMC1869822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Treatment of human endothelial cells with cytokines such as interleukin-1, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) or interferon-gamma induces the expression of specific leukocyte adhesion molecules on the endothelial cell surface. Interfering with either leukocyte adhesion or adhesion protein upregulation is an important therapeutic target as evidenced by the potent anti-inflammatory actions of neutralizing antibodies to these ligands in various animal models and in patients. In the present study we report that cotreatment of human endothelial cells with certain hydroxyflavones and flavanols blocks cytokine-induced ICAM-1, VCAM-1, and E-selectin expression on human endothelial cells. One of the most potent flavones, apigenin, exhibited a dose- and time-dependent, reversible effect on adhesion protein expression as well as inhibiting adhesion protein upregulation at the transcriptional level. Apigenin also inhibited IL-1 alpha-induced prostaglandin synthesis and TNF-alpha-induced IL-6 and IL-8 production, suggesting that the hydroxyflavones may act as general inhibitors of cytokine-induced gene expression. Although apigenin did not inhibit TNF-alpha-induced nuclear translocation of NF-kappa B(p50(NFKB1)/p65(RelA)) we found this flavonoid did inhibit TNF-alpha induced beta-galactosidase activity in SW480 cells stably transfected with a beta-galactosidase reporter construct driven by four NF-kappa B elements, suggesting an action on NF-kappa B transcriptional activation. Adhesion of leukocytes to cytokine-treated endothelial cells was blocked in endothelial cells cotreated with apigenin. Finally, apigenin demonstrated potent anti-inflammatory activity in carrageenan induced rat paw edema and delayed type hypersensitivity in the mouse. We conclude that flavonoids offer important therapeutic potential for the treatment of a variety of inflammatory diseases involving an increase in leukocyte adhesion and trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Gerritsen
- Institute for Bone and Joint Disease and Cancer, Bayer Corporation, West Haven, Connecticut 06516, USA
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Annunziato AT, Eason MB, Perry CA. Relationship between methylation and acetylation of arginine-rich histones in cycling and arrested HeLa cells. Biochemistry 1995; 34:2916-24. [PMID: 7893706 DOI: 10.1021/bi00009a023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
In the following report the relationship between histone methylation and histone acetylation has been examined in HeLa cells to better define the distribution of these two modifications. By labeling methylated histones in the presence or absence of sodium butyrate, we have found that the methylation of H3 is much more targeted to rapidly acetylated chromatin than is the methylation of H4, which largely involves the unacetylated subtype even in the presence of butyrate. Newly methylated H3 is highly likely to be complexed in nucleosomes that contain acetylated H4, as determined by immunoprecipitating radiolabeled chromatin with antibodies specific for acetylated H4 isoforms. In contrast, dynamically methylated H4 is underrepresented in acetylated chromatin, relative to newly methylated H3. The preferential methylation of acetylated H3 continues after pretreatment of cells with cycloheximide, indicating that not all acetylation-related methylation is associated with histone synthesis. This was confirmed by analyzing histone methylation in cells arrested at the G1/S boundary, in which histone synthesis was sharply lowered (relative to randomly cycling cells): under these conditions H3 methylation declined only approximately 4-fold, although ongoing methylation of H4 decreased approximately 20-fold. The continuing methylation of H3 in arrested cells included all H3 sequence variants, was selective for acetylated H3, and coincided with methyl group turnover that could not be ascribed to histone replacement synthesis. Most newly methylated H3 in arrested cells was complexed with acetylated H4 in chromatin.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- A T Annunziato
- Department of Biology, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02167
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Sobel RE, Cook RG, Perry CA, Annunziato AT, Allis CD. Conservation of deposition-related acetylation sites in newly synthesized histones H3 and H4. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1995; 92:1237-41. [PMID: 7862667 PMCID: PMC42674 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.92.4.1237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 421] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Newly synthesized histone H4 is deposited in a diacetylated isoform in a wide variety of organisms. In Tetrahymena a specific pair of residues, lysines 4 and 11, have been shown to undergo this modification in vivo. In this report, we demonstrate that the analogous residues, lysines 5 and 12, are acetylated in Drosophila and HeLa H4. These data strongly suggest that deposition-related acetylation sites in H4 have been highly, perhaps absolutely, conserved. In Tetrahymena and Drosophila newly synthesized histone H3 is also deposited in several modified forms. Using pulse-labeled H3 we have determined that, like H4, a specific, but distinct, subset of lysines is acetylated in these organisms. In Tetrahymena, lysines 9 and 14 are highly preferred sites of acetylation in new H3 while in Drosophila, lysines 14 and 23 are strongly preferred. No evidence has been obtained for acetylation of newly synthesized H3 in HeLa cells. Thus, although the pattern and sites of deposition-related acetylation appear to be highly conserved in H4, the same does not appear to be the case for histone H3.
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Affiliation(s)
- R E Sobel
- Department of Biology, Syracuse University, NY 13244
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Thurman EM, Meyer MT, Mills MS, Zimmerman LR, Perry CA, Goolsby DA. Formation and transport of deethylatrazine and deisopropylatrazine in surface water. Environ Sci Technol 1994; 28:2267-2277. [PMID: 22176044 DOI: 10.1021/es00062a010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
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Lu MJ, Dadd CA, Mizzen CA, Perry CA, McLachlan DR, Annunziato AT, Allis CD. Generation and characterization of novel antibodies highly selective for phosphorylated linker histone H1 in Tetrahymena and HeLa cells. Chromosoma 1994; 103:111-21. [PMID: 7519974 DOI: 10.1007/bf00352320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Phosphorylated forms of Tetrahymena macronuclear histone H1 were separated from each other and from dephosphorylated H1 by cation-exchange HPLC. A homogeneous fraction of hyperphosphorylated macronuclear H1 was then used to generate novel polyclonal antibodies highly selective for phosphorylated H1 in Tetrahymena and in human cells. These antibodies fail to recognize dephosphorylated forms of H1 in both organisms and are not reactive with most other nuclear or cytoplasmic phosphoproteins including those induced during mitosis. The selectivity of these antibodies for phosphorylated forms of H1 in Tetrahymena and in HeLa argues strongly that these antibodies recognize highly conserved phosphorylated epitopes found in most H1s and from this standpoint Tetrahymena H1 is not atypical. Using these antibodies in indirect immunofluorescence analyses, we find that a significant fraction of interphase mammalian cells display a strikingly punctate pattern of nuclear fluorescence. As cells enter S-phase, nuclear staining becomes more diffuse, increases significantly, and continues to increase as cells enter mitosis. As cells exit from mitosis, staining with the anti-phosphorylated H1 antibodies is rapidly lost presumably owing to the dephosphorylation of H1. These immunofluorescent data document precisely the cell cycle changes in the level of H1 phosphorylation determined by earlier biochemical studies and suggest that these antibodies represent a powerful new tool to probe the function(s) of H1 phosphorylation in a wide variety of eukaryotic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Lu
- Department of Biology, Syracuse University, NY 13244
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Perry CA, Allis CD, Annunziato AT. Parental nucleosomes segregated to newly replicated chromatin are underacetylated relative to those assembled de novo. Biochemistry 1993; 32:13615-23. [PMID: 8257695 DOI: 10.1021/bi00212a029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Antibodies specific for acetylated histone H4 were used to examine the acetylation state of parental histones that segregate to newly replicated DNA. To generate newly replicated chromatin containing only segregated parental nucleosomes, isolated nuclei were labeled with [3H]TTP in vitro; alternatively, whole cells were labeled with [3H]thymidine in the presence of cycloheximide. Soluble chromatin was prepared by micrococcal nuclease digestion, and subjected to immunoprecipitation with "penta" antibodies (Lin et al., 1989). In sharp contrast to nucleosomes containing newly synthesized, diacetylated H4 (Perry et al., 1993), chromatin replicated in vitro was only marginally susceptible to immunoprecipitation. Control experiments established that bona fide acetylated chromatin was selectively immunoprecipitated by the same techniques and that segregated nucleosomes were not disassembled during treatment with "penta" antibodies. When replication was coupled to an in vitro histone acetylation system, the enrichment for segregated nucleosomes in the immunopellet increased approximately 3-fold, demonstrating that changes in the acetylation state of segregated histones can be detected immunologically and that parental histones on new DNA are accessible to acetyltransferases during, or immediately after, DNA replication. In vivo pulse-chase experiments, performed in the presence of cycloheximide, confirmed these results. Uptake experiments further established that concurrent histone acetylation did not alter the rate of DNA synthesis in vitro. Our results provide evidence that replication-competent chromatin is not obligatorily acetylated, and indicate that the acetylation status of segregated histones may be maintained during chromatin replication. The possible significance of this, with respect to the regulation of chromatin higher order structures during DNA replication, and the propagation of transcriptionally active vs inactive chromatin structures, is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Perry
- Department of Biology, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02167
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25
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Abstract
Using antibodies that specifically recognize the acetylated forms of histone H4, we show that it is possible to immunoprecipitate newly assembled (acetylated) nucleosomes. Newly replicated HeLa cell chromatin was labeled for 5-30 min with [3H]thymidine in the presence of sodium butyrate (thus inhibiting the deacetylation of newly deposited H4); bulk chromatin DNA was labeled for 24 h with [14C]thymidine. When soluble nucleosomes were incubated with immobilized antibodies, a comparison of the bound and unbound fractions showed up to a 65-fold enrichment for new chromatin DNA in the immunoprecipitate (bound), relative to the supernatant (unbound). No enrichment for new DNA was observed when preimmune control serum was used in a similar fashion. The enrichment for new DNA in the immunopellet was paralleled by a similar enrichment for all four newly synthesized histones. Acetylation was required for antibody recognition: When chromatin was replicated in the absence of butyrate (permitting histone deacetylation and chromatin maturation), equally low levels of new and old chromatin were immunoprecipitated, and no enrichment for new DNA was observed. Competition experiments confirmed these results. Analyses of histone deposition during the inhibition of DNA replication established that acetylated chromatin is the preferential target for H2A/H2B exchange. These experiments provide evidence for the highly selective assembly of newly synthesized H3, H2A, and H2B with acetylated H4, and for the involvement of histone acetylation in dynamic chromatin remodeling. In addition, immunoprecipitations of radiolabeled cytosolic extracts identified a possible somatic chromatin preassembly complex, containing newly synthesized H3 and new (acetylated) H4.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Perry
- Department of Biology, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02167
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Vassar MJ, Perry CA, Holcroft JW. Prehospital resuscitation of hypotensive trauma patients with 7.5% NaCl versus 7.5% NaCl with added dextran: a controlled trial. J Trauma 1993; 34:622-32; discussion 632-3. [PMID: 7684457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Small volume infusions of hypertonic saline combined with dextran are very effective in resuscitating animals that have been subjected to hemorrhagic shock, and seem to be effective in resuscitating trauma patients with severe injuries. In this study, the contribution of the dextran component was investigated in a prospective, three-armed, double-blind, randomized trial. Trauma patients transported by ambulance to the hospital with a systolic blood pressure of 90 mm Hg or less were given 250 mL of (1) normal saline (NS); (2) 7.5% NaCl (HS, for hypertonic saline); or (3) 7.5% NaCl in 6% dextran 70 (HSD). Infusion of the study solution was followed by administration of conventional isotonic fluids as the patients' conditions indicated. By predetermined hypothesis, the observed survival rates in the three treatment groups were compared with the predicted survival rates from the TRISS methodology. The 7.5% NaCl solution significantly improved upon the predicted survival for the entire cohort and for high-risk patients when compared with the survival estimates from the TRISS methodology. The addition of a colloid, in the form of 6% dextran 70, did not offer any additional benefit, at least in this setting of rapid urban transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Vassar
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis Medical Center, Sacramento 95817
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27
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Gerritsen ME, Kelley KA, Ligon G, Perry CA, Shen CP, Szczepanski A, Carley WW. Regulation of the expression of intercellular adhesion molecule 1 in cultured human endothelial cells derived from rheumatoid synovium. Arthritis Rheum 1993; 36:593-602. [PMID: 8098213 DOI: 10.1002/art.1780360504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the regulation of intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) in human synovial microvascular endothelial cells (HSE) and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVE) upon exposure to a variety of agents. METHODS Cultured endothelial cells were treated with various cytokines alone and in combination. The expression of ICAM-1 was evaluated at several levels, including an investigation of messenger RNA (mRNA) and surface protein expression. RESULTS Treatment of HSE with interleukin-1 alpha (IL-1 alpha) or tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF alpha) resulted in minimal increases in ICAM-1 expression, in contrast to findings with HUVE. Incubation of HUVE or HSE with IL-1 or TNF in combination with interferon-gamma (IFN gamma) greatly potentiated the increase in ICAM-1 surface expression. The synergistic effect of IFN gamma and TNF was confirmed by several methods, including a cell-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, fluorescence-activated cell sorting, immunofluorescence staining, and determination of mRNA levels. IFN gamma also augmented the actions of several other agonists on HSE, i.e., IL-4, lipopolysaccharide, and TNF beta/lymphotoxin. Immunoprecipitation of TNF alpha + IFN gamma-stimulated, 125I-labeled HSE cells with anti-ICAM-1 revealed a single 90-kd band, similar in size to ICAM-1 from HUVE treated in an identical manner. Unexpectedly, IFN gamma alone was a potent stimulus for HSE ICAM-1 mRNA synthesis, but was relatively ineffective in HUVE. CONCLUSION These studies indicate that IFN gamma plays a critical synergistic role in the regulation of ICAM-1 expression in human synovial endothelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Gerritsen
- Institute for Inflammation and Autoimmunity, Miles Inc., West Haven, CT 06516
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28
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Vassar MJ, Wilkerson CL, Duran PJ, Perry CA, Holcroft JW. Comparison of APACHE II, TRISS, and a proposed 24-hour ICU point system for prediction of outcome in ICU trauma patients. J Trauma 1992; 32:490-9; discussion 499-500. [PMID: 1569623 DOI: 10.1097/00005373-199204000-00014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The APACHE II system for predicting outcomes in critically ill patients is now being used to evaluate quality of care for patients in surgical intensive care units, including trauma patients. The trauma data, however, on which the APACHE outcomes are based, were derived from only 364 ICU trauma patients. We compared the outcome predictions by APACHE II, TRISS, and a proposed 24-hour ICU point system in 1,000 ICU patients. [table: see text] p less than 0.025 by unpaired t test for predictive power of ICU point system versus APACHE II. Values of more than 15.5 represent poor agreement between the outcomes estimated from the model and the observed outcomes; a low value represents good agreement. The APACHE system significantly overestimated the risk of death in the lower ranges of predicted risk and underestimated the deaths in the higher ranges. Although TRISS was not developed for ICU trauma patients, it tended to perform better than APACHE II in our sample. The 24-hour ICU point system performed well, with accurate agreement between the outcomes estimated from the model and the observed outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Vassar
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis
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29
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Vassar MJ, Fletcher MP, Perry CA, Holcroft JW. Evaluation of prostaglandin E1 for prevention of respiratory failure in high risk trauma patients: a prospective clinical trial and correlation with plasma suppressive factors for neutrophil activation. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 1991; 44:223-31. [PMID: 1667693 DOI: 10.1016/0952-3278(91)90021-v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
A group of 48 critically injured patients were entered into a prospective, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial to evaluate the efficacy of early infusion of PGE1 for reducing the incidence of severe respiratory failure and mortality. Secondary assessments examined the effects of the PGE1 infusion on plasma mediated suppression of PMN superoxide production and loss of PMN granule enzyme content. The incidence of severe respiratory failure was lower in the PGE1 group--13% versus 32%, but this did not reach significance. The overall morality was equivalent between the two groups--26% (PGE1) versus 28% (placebo). The suppressive activity of the patient plasma was assayed by measurement of normal PMN superoxide production relative to normal control plasma (ratio P:C). The baseline ratio P:C was 62 +/- 5% in the PGE1 group versus 60 +/- 5% in the placebo group. The day 1 plasma samples showed significant reversal of plasma suppressive activity in the PGE1 group--ratio P:C 88 +/- 5% versus 67 +/- 5% in the placebo group (P less than 0.02). In patients who received the full 7 days of infusion, the plasma suppressive activity remained significantly diminished in the PGE1 group--ratio P:C 77 +/- 4% versus 61 +/- 5% (P less than 0.04). The baseline lysozyme content of patient PMN's relative to that of normal control PMNs (ratio P:C) was 119 +/- 14% in the PGE1 group. A significant loss of lysozyme content was observed in the PGE1 group on day 1 of the infusion--ratio P:C 79 +/- 8% (P less than 0.03), and was associated with a reduction in the plasma suppressive activity.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Vassar
- Department of Surgery, UC Davis Medical Center, Sacramento 95817
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30
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Werner DL, Soroka M, Perry CA. Standards of care. J Am Optom Assoc 1991; 62:824-7. [PMID: 1813509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The health care community is quickly progressing in the direction of the development and acceptance of the concept of standards of care. Optometry has lagged behind other health disciplines in this process and must develop its own or face the likelihood of having to conform to standards created by others. The argument is no longer whether standards should be created, but rather the creation of appropriate standards and guidelines that will best serve the profession and the public.
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Affiliation(s)
- D L Werner
- State University of New York, State College of Optometry, NY 10010
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31
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Abstract
During chromatin replication and nucleosome assembly, newly synthesized histone H4 is acetylated before it is deposited onto DNA, then deacetylated as assembly proceeds. In a previous study (Perry and Annunziato, Nucleic Acids Res. 17, 4275 [1989]) it was shown that when replication occurs in the presence of sodium butyrate (thereby inhibiting histone deacetylation), nascent chromatin fails to mature fully and instead remains preferentially sensitive to DNaseI, more soluble in magnesium, and depleted of histone H1 (relative to mature chromatin). In the following report the relationships between chromatin replication, histone acetylation, and H1-mediated nucleosome aggregation were further investigated. Chromatin was replicated in the presence or absence of sodium butyrate; isolated nucleosomes were stripped of linker histone, reconstituted with H1, and treated to produce Mg(2+)-soluble and Mg(2+)-insoluble chromatin fractions. Following the removal of H1, all solubility differences between chromatin replicated in sodium butyrate for 30 min (bu-chromatin) and control chromatin were lost. Reconstitution with H1 completely restored the preferential Mg(2+)-solubility of bu-chromatin, demonstrating that a reduced capacity for aggregation/condensation is an inherent feature of acetylated nascent nucleosomes; however, titration with excess H1 caused the solubility differences to be lost again. Moreover, when the core histone N-terminal "tails" (the sites of acetylation) were removed by trypsinization prior to reconstitution, H1 was unable to reestablish the altered solubility of chromatin replicated in butyrate. Thus, the core histone "tails," and the acetylation thereof, not only modulate H1-mediated nucleosome interactions in vitro, but also strongly influence the ability of H1 to differentiate between new and old nucleosomes. The data suggest a possible mechanism for the control of H1 deposition and/or chromatin folding during nucleosome assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Perry
- Department of Biology, Boston College, Massachusetts 02167
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32
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Abstract
To evaluate the use of hypertonic saline/dextran solutions in the prehospital resuscitation of severely injured patients, we administered 250 mL of either 7.5% sodium chloride/dextran 70 (HSD) (n = 83) or lactated Ringer's solution (n = 83), followed by conventional isotonic fluids, to 166 trauma patients with systolic blood pressures less than or equal to 100 mm Hg, in a prospective, randomized, double-blinded clinical trial. Patients in the sodium chloride/dextran 70 group required less fluid before hospitalization and arrived in the emergency department with higher systolic blood pressures than patients in the lactated Ringer's solution group. The rate of survival to hospital discharge for the entire cohort was 64% for patients in the sodium chloride/dextran 70 group vs 59% for patients in the lactated Ringer's solution group. The rate of survival to hospital discharge for the patients with severe head injuries was 32% for the sodium chloride/dextran 70 group vs 16% for the lactated Ringer's solution group. Actuarial survival for patients with severe head injuries in the sodium chloride/dextran 70 group compared with patients with severe head injuries in the lactated Ringer's solution group did not quite reach statistical significance. There were no adverse side effects associated with sodium chloride/dextran 70 administration. Administration of small volumes of sodium chloride/dextran 70 before hospitalization increased the blood pressure of severely injured patients more effectively than did lactated Ringer's solution and showed tendencies toward improving survival in the patients with severe head injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Vassar
- Department of Surgery, University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento
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33
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Stanford DR, Holicky EL, Perry CA, Rehder K, Harvey SE, Rohleder AM, Wieben ED. The snRNP E protein multigene family contains five pseudogenes with common mutations. DNA Seq 1991; 1:357-63. [PMID: 1839226 DOI: 10.3109/10425179109020790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Sequence data from three previously-uncharacterized members of the snRNP E protein multigene family suggest that each is a non-transcribed processed pseudogene, even though one clone has the potential to code for a full-length protein with greater than 90% similarity to previously-characterized E protein cDNAs. Each of the newly-analyzed family members is without introns, contains a tract of polyadenylic acid residues, and is flanked by short direct repeats. In addition, the three sequences all contain point mutations that distinguish them from the E protein coding sequence. Seven point mutations are common to the three sequences described here and to two previously-described E protein pseudogenes. Although all of these mutations are transitions, only 5 of 7 could have been generated by deamination of methylated cytosines in inactive genes. Thus, the common mutations in the pseudogenes suggest an origin other than the expressed gene that we have described. Allelic variants for two of the pseudogenes were detected and repetitive elements are located near four of the five E protein pseudogenes that have been characterized.
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Affiliation(s)
- D R Stanford
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic/Foundation, Rochester, MN 55905
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34
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Abstract
We evaluated the potential side effects of rapidly infusing 250 mL of either 7.5% sodium chloride or 7.5% sodium chloride per 6% dextran 70, using lactated Ringer's as the control, to 106 critically injured patients in two prospective double-blinded emergency department trials. Eight patients had a significant hyperchloremic acidemia in association with infusion of the hypertonic solutions, but all eight were moribund before infusion and many factors other than hyperchloremia could have contributed to their acidemia. Other blood chemistry changes that might have been associated with the hypertonic solutions, such as hyperosmolality or hypernatremia, were made insignificant by other factors, such as high blood alcohol levels or concomitant administration of sodium bicarbonate. There were no cases of central pontine myelinolysis; bleeding was not potentiated. There was no difficulty with crossmatching of blood. No anaphylactoid reactions occurred. In a setting of limited volume resuscitation, the solutions are likely to have a favorable risk-to-benefit ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Vassar
- Department of Surgery, University of California, Davis Medical Center, Sacramento 95817
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35
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Thurman EM, Meyer M, Pomes M, Perry CA, Schwab AP. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay compared with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry for the determination of triazine herbicides in water. Anal Chem 1990; 62:2043-8. [PMID: 2240580 DOI: 10.1021/ac00217a027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was compared to a gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) procedure for the analysis of triazine herbicides and their metabolites in surface water and groundwater. Apparent recoveries from natural water and spiked water by both methods were comparable at 0.2-2 micrograms/L. Solid-phase extraction (SPE) was examined also, and recoveries were determined for a suite of triazine herbicides. A significant correlation was obtained between the ELISA and GC/MS method for natural water samples that were extracted by SPE. Because ELISA was developed with an atrazine-like compound as the hapten with conjugation at the 2-position, it was selective for triazines that contained both ethyl and isopropyl side chains. Concentrations for 50% inhibition (IC50) were as follows: atrazine, 0.4 microgram/L; ametryne, 0.45 microgram/L; prometryn and propazine, 0.5 microgram/L; prometon, 0.7 microgram/L; simazine and terbutryn, 2.5 micrograms/L; hydroxyatrazine, 28 micrograms/L; deethylatrazine and deisopropylatrazine, 30 micrograms/L; cyanazine, 40 micrograms/L; didealkylatrazine had no response. The combination of screening analysis by ELISA, which requires no sample preparation and works on 160 microL of sample, and confirmation by GC/MS was designed for rapid, inexpensive analysis of triazine herbicides in water.
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Affiliation(s)
- E M Thurman
- U.S. Geological Survey, Water Resources Division, Lawrence, Kansas 66049
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36
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Gerritsen ME, Perry CA. Regulation of eicosanoid synthesis in microvessel endothelium: glucocorticoids do not affect arachidonyl CoA synthetase activity. Biochim Biophys Acta 1990; 1045:174-9. [PMID: 2378909 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2760(90)90147-p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The properties of acyl coenzyme A (CoA) synthetase activity were characterized in cultured rabbit coronary microvessel endothelial cells. We report here that microvessel endothelial cells contain two long-chain acyl CoA synthetases. One shows activity with a variety of fatty acids, similar to long-chain non-selective fatty acyl CoA synthetases described previously. The other activity was selective for arachidonic acid and other structurally related substrates. Both activities required ATP, Mg2+ and CoA for optimal activity. The arachidonyl CoA and the non-selective acyl CoA synthetases showed different thermolabilities. Arachidonyl CoA formation was inhibited by greater than 50% after 1 min at 45 degrees C, whereas a 15 min heating treatment was necessary to produce the same relative inhibition of oleoyl CoA synthesis. Glucocorticoid pretreatment (10(-7) M dexamethasone) of the RCME cells did not affect the apparent Km or Vmax, nor the fatty acid selectivity for either acyl CoA synthetase. Therefore, although fatty acyl CoA synthetases may be involved in limiting eicosanoid formation, these activities do not appear to be glucocorticoid-responsive.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Gerritsen
- Department of Physiology, New York Medical College, Valhalla 10595
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37
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Perry CA. Knowledge bases in medicine: a review. Bull Med Libr Assoc 1990; 78:271-82. [PMID: 2203499 PMCID: PMC225405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Efforts to represent knowledge effectively have been central to progress in various aspects of medical informatics. These efforts range from relatively simple "electronic textbooks" to fairly sophisticated knowledge-based systems, which function as well as, or even better than, human experts faced with similar problems. Knowledge bases have been developed in many fields, but the relatively limited domains and structured language of medicine, as well as the importance of information in the provision of good medical care, have made research in medical knowledge representation an area of intense activity. This paper reviews representative knowledge bases and knowledge-based systems in medicine: electronic textbooks such as PDQ and the Hepatitis Knowledge Base (HKB), rule-based systems such as MYCIN, causal models (e.g., CASNET), and hypothesis- or frame-based systems, exemplified by PIP and INTERNIST-1. The paper describes the relationships among divergent approaches and provides a sense of current and future trends. It examines problems in knowledge-based systems, particularly in knowledge representation and acquisition, and the responses to these challenges. The latter include the use of domain-independent software shells for constructing knowledge bases, the adaptation and use of previously existing knowledge bases, and multiple uses of the same knowledge base for different purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Perry
- Reference Department, New York Academy of Medicine Library, New York 10029
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38
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Perry CA, Annunziato AT. Influence of histone acetylation on the solubility, H1 content and DNase I sensitivity of newly assembled chromatin. Nucleic Acids Res 1989; 17:4275-91. [PMID: 2740216 PMCID: PMC317934 DOI: 10.1093/nar/17.11.4275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
In a previous report [Annunziato, A.T. and Seale, R.L. (1983) J. Biol. Chem. 258:12675] a novel intermediate in chromatin assembly was described (detected by labeling new DNA in the presence of the deacetylase inhibitor sodium butyrate), which retained approximately 50% of the heightened sensitivity of newly replicated chromatin to DNaseI. It is now reported that nucleosomes replicated in butyrate are considerably more soluble in the presence of magnesium, relative to chromatin replicated under control conditions, and that this heightened magnesium-solubility is reflected in a concomitant increase in the preferential solubility of nucleosomes containing newly synthesized core histones. This differential solubility was accompanied by a 5- to 6-fold depletion of histone H1, and was completely abolished by the selective removal of H1 from isolated nuclei. The removal of H1 also markedly reduced the preferential DNaseI sensitivity of chromatin replicated in butyrate. Further, when mononucleosomes of control and (acetylated) nascent chromatin were compared, no differences in DNaseI sensitivity were detected. These results provide evidence that the interactions between newly assembled nucleosomes and histone H1 are altered when histone deacetylation is inhibited during chromatin replication, and suggest a mechanism for the control of H1 deposition during nucleosome assembly in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Perry
- Department of Biology, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA 02167
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39
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Gerritsen ME, Perry CA, Moatter T, Cragoe EJ, Medow MS. Agonist-specific role for Na+-H+ antiport in prostaglandin release from microvessel endothelium. Am J Physiol 1989; 256:C831-9. [PMID: 2539730 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.1989.256.4.c831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Rabbit coronary microvascular endothelial (RCME) cells synthesize prostaglandin (PG) I2 and PGE2 in response to stimulation with human thrombin, ATP, and the Ca2+ ionophore, A23187. Replacement of extracellular Na+ with choline or N-methylglucamine reduced thrombin-stimulated PG secretion but did not significantly affect either ATP- or A23187-stimulated PG secretion. Pretreatment of RCME cells with Na+ channel or Na+ -Ca2+ exchange blockers did not alter PG release in response to any of these three agonists. Pretreatment of RCME cells with the specific Na+ -H+ antiport blockers 5-(N-ethyl-N-isopropyl)-amiloride (EIPA, 10 microM) and 5-(N,N-hexamethylene)-amiloride (HMA, 0.1 microM) significantly reduced thrombin but not A23187- or ATP-stimulated PG secretion. Studies with the intracellular pH indicator dye 2,7-bis(carboxyethyl)-5(6)-carboxyfluorescein demonstrated thrombin activation of Na+ -H+ antiport, an effect blocked by either HMA or EIPA. Since manipulations known to inhibit Na+ -H+ exchange (EIPA, HMA, replacement of Na+ with choline or N-methylglucamine) reduced thrombin-stimulated RCME cell PG release, we conclude that activation of Na+ -H+ exchange is involved in the coupling of thrombin interaction with RCME cells to subsequent phospholipase activation and PG release.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Gerritsen
- Department of Physiology, New York Medical College, Valhalla 10595
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40
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Gerritsen ME, Rimarachin J, Perry CA, Weinstein BI. Arachidonic acid metabolism by cultured bovine corneal endothelial cells. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1989; 30:698-705. [PMID: 2495258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Pathways of arachidonic acid metabolism were identified in freshly prepared and in cultured bovine corneal endothelial cells. The principal pathway of arachidonic acid metabolism in the bovine corneal endothelial cells appears to be the cyclooxygenase pathway with the resultant synthesis of PGI2, PGF2 alpha and PGE2. At least two of these products, PGI2 and PGF2 alpha, are formed by the enzymatic conversion of the substrate, PGH2. Measurements of endogenous prostaglandin production by radioimmunoassay demonstrated that PGE2 was the major arachidonic acid metabolite released, with smaller amounts of PGF2 alpha and the stable hydrolysis product of PGI2, 6-keto PGF1 alpha. The release of all three prostanoids was significantly increased by the addition of the calcium ionophore (A23187), human thrombin, bradykinin and histamine. Basal and stimulated release of prostaglandins by the corneal endothelium may contribute to the regulation of intraocular pressure and also in the modulation of the corneal response to injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Gerritsen
- Department of Physiology, New York Medical College, Valhalla 10595
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41
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Stanford DR, Kehl M, Perry CA, Holicky EL, Harvey SE, Rohleder AM, Rehder K, Luhrmann R, Wieben ED. The complete primary structure of the human snRNP E protein. Nucleic Acids Res 1988; 16:10593-605. [PMID: 2974536 PMCID: PMC338926 DOI: 10.1093/nar/16.22.10593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The snRNP E protein is one of four "core" proteins associated with the snRNAs of the U family (U1,U2,U4,U5, and U6). Screening of a human teratoma cDNA library with a partial cDNA for a human autoimmune antigen resulted in the isolation of a cDNA clone containing the entire coding region of this snRNP core protein. Comparison of the 5' end of this cDNA with the sequences of two processed pseudogenes and primer extension data suggest that the cDNA is nearly full length. The longest open reading frame in this clone codes for a basic 92 amino acid protein which is in perfect agreement with amino acid sequence data obtained from purified E protein. The predicted sequence of this protein reveals no extensive similarity to other snRNP proteins, but contains regions of similarity to a eukaryotic ribosomal protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- D R Stanford
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic/Foundation, Rochester, MN 55905
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42
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Stanford DR, Perry CA, Holicky EL, Rohleder AM, Wieben ED. The small nuclear ribonucleoprotein E protein gene contains four introns and has upstream similarities to genes for ribosomal proteins. J Biol Chem 1988; 263:17772-9. [PMID: 2972723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The human small nuclear ribonucleoprotein E protein is an 11,000-dalton basic protein which is an integral component of several small nuclear ribonucleoprotein complexes involved in RNA processing reactions. Sequence analysis of the E protein multigene family reveals that at least one gene for this component of the RNA splicing machinery is interrupted by four introns. The exons of this gene are identical to two cDNA clones isolated from independent tissue sources and span approximately 9 kilobase pairs. Primer extension data indicated the presence of two major transcription start sites. The upstream region of the small nuclear ribonucleoprotein E protein gene does not contain TATA or CCAAT sequences within 175 nucleotides of the transcription start sites. However, the proximal upstream region does contain several similarities to the promoter regions of both snRNA genes and vertebrate ribosomal protein genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- D R Stanford
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic/Foundation, Rochester, Minnesota 55905
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Stanford DR, Perry CA, Holicky EL, Rohleder AM, Wieben ED. The small nuclear ribonucleoprotein E protein gene contains four introns and has upstream similarities to genes for ribosomal proteins. J Biol Chem 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)77902-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Vassar MJ, Moore J, Perry CA, Spisso J, Holcroft JW. Early fluid requirements in trauma patients. A predictor of pulmonary failure and mortality. Arch Surg 1988; 123:1149-57. [PMID: 3415468 DOI: 10.1001/archsurg.1988.01400330129020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The fluid required for initial resuscitation of trauma patients should reflect, at least in part, the severity of the original injuries and shock. We examined the hypothesis that the initial fluid requirements might also predict development of subsequent pulmonary failure and death. Fluid balances were calculated for the first 24 hours in the intensive care unit for 100 high-risk trauma patients. The mean (+/- 1 SD) fluid balance for 63 patients who developed pulmonary failure was 4.6 +/- 5.5 L; the mean balances for the 37 patients who did not develop pulmonary failure were 1.0 +/- 3.1 L. The balances in 23 patients who died and in 77 who survived were 6.8 +/- 5.4 and 2.2 +/- 4.5 L, respectively. A cutoff value of 3 L determined prospectively before beginning the study predicted pulmonary failure with a sensitivity of 52% and a specificity of 89%. For mortality, the 3-L cutoff point gave a sensitivity of 74% and a specificity of 74%. The predictive value of the fluid balance was independent of other prognostic indicators, such as revised trauma scores, injury Severity Scores, and modified APACHE II scores. This simple measurement should help in allocating intensive care unit resources, as patients in positive fluid balance are likely to require Swan-Ganz catheterization and are likely to require long-term mechanical ventilation. The fluid balance should also be useful in stratifying patients for entry into clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Vassar
- Department of Surgery, University of California, Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento
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Carter WJ, Faas FH, Perry CA, Lynch ME. Comparison of the effect of a protein-free and restricted high protein-low carbohydrate diet on ventricular myosin ATPase activity and isomyosin profile in young rats: evidence that protein-depleted animals are euthyroid. J Nutr 1987; 117:2142-6. [PMID: 2961854 DOI: 10.1093/jn/117.12.2142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Young rats fed a protein-deficient diet have elevated total triiodothyronine (T3) levels in spite of decreased skeletal muscle protein turnover. Interpretation of the thyroid status of these animals is complicated by increased T3 binding by serum proteins. Free T3 levels ranging from normal to low and decreased resting oxygen consumption have been reported. To investigate the thyroid status of animals fed a protein-free diet, ventricular myosin ATPase activity and isomyosin profile have been used as an index of thyroid hormone activity. The effect of the protein-free diet has been compared to a restricted high protein-low carbohydrate diet, which causes clear evidence of decreased thyroid hormone effect. After 28 d, calcium-activated myosin ATPase activity was 1.50 +/- 0.05 mumol Pi/(mg protein.min) in animals fed the basal diet, 1.16 +/- 0.03 mumol Pi/(mg protein.min) in animals fed the restricted high protein-low carbohydrate diet and 1.48 +/- 0.04 mumol Pi/(mg protein.min) in animals fed the protein-free diet. In addition, a shift in isomyosin content with the appearance of V2 and V3 isomyosins occurred with the restricted high protein-low carbohydrate diet but not the protein-free diet. The failure of the protein-depleted rats to decrease myosin ATPase activity and alter isomyosin content suggests that they are euthyroid.
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Affiliation(s)
- W J Carter
- Veterans Administration Medical Center, Little Rock, AR
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Carter WJ, Kelly WF, Faas FH, Lynch ME, Perry CA. Effect of graded doses of tri-iodothyronine on ventricular myosin ATPase activity and isomyosin profile in young and old rats. Biochem J 1987; 247:329-34. [PMID: 2962568 PMCID: PMC1148412 DOI: 10.1042/bj2470329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Ventricular myosin ATPase activity, V1 isomyosin content and serum T3 (tri-iodothyronine) values decrease with age in male Fischer 344 rats. To determine if the age decrement in ATPase activity and V1 isomyosin content are caused by decreased T3 levels or an age-related decrease in V1 isomyosin induction by T3, 3-, 12- and 24-month-old male Fischer 344 rats were given constant T3 infusions by osmotic minipump. Rats at all ages were given 0.75, 5 and 15 micrograms(/100 g per 24 h) doses of T3, whereas 12- and 24-month-old rats were given an additional 0.4 microgram dose. In control rats, T3 levels decreased from 97 +/- 2.7 at 3 months to 75 +/- 4.7 ng/100 ml at 24 months. Likewise, Ca2+-activated myosin ATPase activity decreased from 1.04 +/- 0.05 to 0.68 +/- 0.05 mumol of Pi/min per mg of protein, and the relative proportion of V1 of isomyosin decreased from 90 +/- 4.0 to 26 +/- 2.0%. The lowest (0.4 microgram) T3 dose, which was sufficient to restore T3 levels in 24-month-old animals to 3-month control values, abolished the age decrement in myosin ATPase activity and markedly increased the proportion of V1 isomyosin present in the ventricle. These findings indicate that the senescent ventricle responds readily to small doses of T3 and strongly suggest that the age decrement in serum T3 levels is sufficient to contribute to the age-related decrease in myosin ATPase activity and V1 isomyosin content. Since these parameters correlate with ventricular contractility, the age decrement in T3 levels may also contribute to the decreased ventricular contractility and cardiac output observed in senescent rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- W J Carter
- Veterans Administration Medical Center, Little Rock, AR
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Perry CA, Leigh RA, Tomos AD, Wyse RE, Hall JL. The regulation of turgor pressure during sucrose mobilisation and salt accumulation by excised storage-root tissue of red beet. Planta 1987; 170:353-361. [PMID: 24232965 DOI: 10.1007/bf00395027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/1986] [Accepted: 08/13/1986] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The changes in turgor pressure that accompany the mobilisation of sucrose and accumulation of salts by excised disks of storage-root tissue of red beet (Beta vulgaris L.) have been investigated. Disks were washed in solutions containing mannitol until all of their sucrose had disappeared and then were transferred to solutions containing 5 mol·m(-3) KCl+5 mol·m(-3) NaCl in addition to the mannitol. Changes in solute contents, osmotic pressure and turgor pressure (measured with a pressure probe) were followed. As sucrose disappeared from the tissue, reducing sugars were accumulated. For disks in 200 mol·m(-3) mannitol, the final reducing-sugar concentration equalled the initial sucrose concentration so there was no change in osmotic pressure or turgor pressure. At lower mannitol concentrations, there was a decrease in tissue osmotic pressure which was caused by a turgor-driven leakage of solutes. At concentrations of mannitol greater than 200 mol·m(-3), osmotic pressure and turgor pressure increased because reducing-sugar accumulation exceeded the initial sucrose concentration. When salts were provided they were absorbed by the tissue and reducing-sugar concentrations fell. This indicated that salts were replacing sugars in the vacuole and releasing them for metabolism. The changes in salf and sugar concentrations were not equal because there was an increase in osmotic pressure and turgor pressure. The amount of salt absorbed was not affected by the external mannitol concentration, indicating that turgor pressure did not affect this process. The implications of the results for the control of turgor pressure during the mobilisation of vacuolar sucrose are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Perry
- Rothamsted Experimental Station, AL5 2JQ, Harpenden, Herts
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Abstract
Methemoglobin formation was studied at near physiological hemoglobin concentration. The reaction proceeds at a faster rate when the concentration of hemoglobin is high (15-18 mM in heme) than when it is low (2 mM). Constant shaking of hemoglobin preparations during the incubation decreases the differences seen in the rates of autoxidation between concentrated and dilute samples. When red cell hemolysate is used instead of pure hemoglobin, similar results are obtained. A comparison of rates of methemoglobin formation in hemoglobin solutions under low air pressure (1/2 atm) with those under normal air pressure (1 atm) shows no differences between concentrated and dilute samples. There is also no significant difference between the rates of autoxidation of dilute and concentrated solutions when the reactions are carried out under one atmosphere of oxygen (100 percent O2). The study of one patient with hereditary spherocytosis demonstrated higher hemoglobin autoxidation rate in spherocytes, which have higher hemoglobin concentration, than in normal biconcave red cells. These results suggest that: a) the rate of hemoglobin autoxidation at red cell hemoglobin concentration is significantly faster than rates obtained by studying dilute solutions; b) although the accelerated oxidation might be related to multiple factors, one seems to be less accessibility of oxygen when the hemoglobin solution is highly concentrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Mansouri
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, John L. McClellan Memorial Veterans Hospital, Little Rock, Arkansas
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Perry CA. Online information retrieval in pharmacy and related fields. Am J Hosp Pharm 1986; 43:1509-24. [PMID: 3524207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Online information retrieval in pharmacy and related fields is described. Factors involved in determining whether to conduct an online search are discussed, including characteristics of appropriate and less suitable topics, advantages and limitations of online searching versus manual searching, and possible types of searches. The process of preparing for an online search, involving the determination of search vocabulary, relevant citations, important authors, time frame, special categories (such as language, publication type, and reviews), and the number of citations needed, as well as choosing a database, is explained. Sample search strategies on MEDLINE and IPA are illustrated to demonstrate the basic search commands and to compare file retrievals on the sample subject. Pharmacy-related bibliographic databases, general-interest databases, end-user search services, and full-text and numeric databases are profiled. Online database searching can be a cost-efficient and flexible alternative to manual literature searching for pharmacists. Although most online searching is currently conducted by librarian-search specialists, end-user searching is a growing trend, as is the availability of full-text databases.
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Abstract
The release of 14C-serotonin by ADP, epinephrine and arachidonic acid and the release of ADP by kaolin were measured in normal platelets in the presence and absence of carbon monoxide and in smokers' platelets. It is shown that carbon monoxide inhibits significantly the platelet release reaction. This function is also decreased in platelets obtained from heavy cigarette smokers.
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