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Barbosa RP, Moreau C, Rolland AS, Rascol O, Brefel-Courbon C, Ory-Magne F, Bastos P, de Barros A, Hainque E, Rouaud T, Marques A, Eusebio A, Benatru I, Drapier S, Guehl D, Maltete D, Tranchant C, Wirth T, Giordana C, Tir M, Thobois S, Hopes L, Hubsch C, Jarraya B, Corvol JC, Bereau M, Devos D, Fabbri M. The impact of subthalamic deep-brain stimulation in restoring motor symmetry in Parkinson's disease patients: a prospective study. J Neurol 2024; 271:2582-2595. [PMID: 38334813 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-023-12162-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES The impact of subthalamic deep-brain stimulation (STN-DBS) on motor asymmetry and its influence on both motor and non-motor outcomes remain unclear. The present study aims at assessing the role of STN-DBS on motor asymmetry and how its modulation translates into benefits in motor function, activities of daily living (ADLs) and quality of life (QoL). METHODS Postoperative motor asymmetry has been assessed on the multicentric, prospective Predictive Factors and Subthalamic Stimulation in Parkinson's Disease cohort. Asymmetry was evaluated at both baseline (pre-DBS) and 1 year after STN-DBS. A patient was considered asymmetric when the right-to-left MDS-UPDRS part III difference was ≥ 5. In parallel, analyses have been carried out using the absolute right-to-left difference. The proportion of asymmetric patients at baseline was compared to that in the post-surgery evaluation across different medication/stimulation conditions. RESULTS 537 PD patients have been included. The proportion of asymmetric patients was significantly reduced after both STN-DBS and medication administration (asymmetric patients: 50% in pre-DBS MedOFF, 35% in MedOFF/StimON, 26% in MedON/StimOFF, and 12% in MedON/StimON state). Older patients at surgery and with higher baseline UPDRS II scores were significantly less likely to benefit from STN-DBS at the level of motor asymmetry. No significant correlation between motor asymmetry and ADLs (UPDRS II) or overall QoL (PDQ-39) score was observed. Asymmetric patients had significantly higher mobility, communication, and daily living PDQ-39 sub-scores. CONCLUSIONS Both STN-DBS and levodopa lead to a reduction in motor asymmetry. Motor symmetry is associated with improvements in certain QoL sub-scores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Pinheiro Barbosa
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Neurosciences, Parkinson Expert Center, Centre d'Investigation Clinique CIC1436, NeuroToul COEN Center, Toulouse, NS-PARK/FCRIN Network, University Hospital of Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Caroline Moreau
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Neurology, Referent Center of Parkinson's Disease, CHU of Lille, Univ. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Inserm, UMR-S1172, Licend, NS-PARK/FCRIN Network, 59000, Lille, France
- Movement Disorders Department, Referent Center of Parkinson's Disease, CHU of Lille, Univ. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Inserm, UMR-S1172, Licend, NS-PARK/FCRIN Network, 59000, Lille, France
| | - Anne Sophie Rolland
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Neurology, Referent Center of Parkinson's Disease, CHU of Lille, Univ. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Inserm, UMR-S1172, Licend, NS-PARK/FCRIN Network, 59000, Lille, France
- Movement Disorders Department, Referent Center of Parkinson's Disease, CHU of Lille, Univ. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Inserm, UMR-S1172, Licend, NS-PARK/FCRIN Network, 59000, Lille, France
| | - Olivier Rascol
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Neurosciences, Parkinson Expert Center, Centre d'Investigation Clinique CIC1436, NeuroToul COEN Center, Toulouse, NS-PARK/FCRIN Network, University Hospital of Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Christine Brefel-Courbon
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Neurosciences, Parkinson Expert Center, Centre d'Investigation Clinique CIC1436, NeuroToul COEN Center, Toulouse, NS-PARK/FCRIN Network, University Hospital of Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Fabienne Ory-Magne
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Neurosciences, Parkinson Expert Center, Centre d'Investigation Clinique CIC1436, NeuroToul COEN Center, Toulouse, NS-PARK/FCRIN Network, University Hospital of Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Paulo Bastos
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Neurosciences, Parkinson Expert Center, Centre d'Investigation Clinique CIC1436, NeuroToul COEN Center, Toulouse, NS-PARK/FCRIN Network, University Hospital of Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Amaury de Barros
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Neurosciences, Parkinson Expert Center, Centre d'Investigation Clinique CIC1436, NeuroToul COEN Center, Toulouse, NS-PARK/FCRIN Network, University Hospital of Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Elodie Hainque
- Department of Neurology, NS-PARK/FCRIN Network, France, Sorbonne Université, Paris Brain Institute-ICM, Inserm, CNRS, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Tiphaine Rouaud
- Department of Neurology, NS-PARK/FCRIN Network, Nantes University Hospital, 44093, Nantes Cedex, France
| | - Ana Marques
- Neurology Department, NS-PARK/FCRIN Network, Université Clermont Auvergne, EA7280, Clermont-Ferrand University Hospital, 63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Alexandre Eusebio
- Aix Marseille Université, AP-HM, Hôpital de La Timone, Service de Neurologie et Pathologie du Mouvement, and UMR CNRS, Marseille et Versailles, France
| | - Isabelle Benatru
- Service de Neurologie, Centre Expert Parkinson, NS-PARK/FCRIN Network, CIC-INSERM 1402, CHU Poitiers, 86000, Poitiers, France
| | - Sophie Drapier
- Department of Neurology, NS-PARK/FCRIN Network, Rennes University Hospital, CIC-INSERM 1414, 35033, Rennes Cedex, France
| | - Dominique Guehl
- CHU de Bordeaux, Centre Expert Parkinson, Institut des Maladies Neuro-Dégénératives, 33000, Bordeaux, France
| | - David Maltete
- Department of Neurology, Rouen University Hospital and University of Rouen, Rouen, France
- Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication, NS-PARK/FCRIN Network, INSERM U1239, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | - Christine Tranchant
- Service de Neurologie, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
- Institut de Génétique Et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), INSERM-U964/CNRS-UMR7104/Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
- NS-PARK/FCRIN Network, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Thomas Wirth
- Service de Neurologie, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
- Institut de Génétique Et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), INSERM-U964/CNRS-UMR7104/Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
- NS-PARK/FCRIN Network, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Caroline Giordana
- Neurology Department, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France
| | - Melissa Tir
- Department of Neurology, Expert Centre for Parkinson's Disease, NS-PARK/FCRIN Network, Amiens University Hospital, EA 4559 Laboratoire de Neurosciences Fonctionnelles et Pathologie (LNFP) Université de Picardie Jules Verne, University of Picardy Jules Verne (UPJV), Amiens, France
- Department of Neurosurgery, Expert Centre for Parkinson's Disease, NS-PARK/FCRIN Network, Amiens University Hospital, EA 4559 Laboratoire de Neurosciences Fonctionnelles Et Pathologie (LNFP) Université de Picardie Jules Verne, University of Picardy Jules Verne (UPJV), Versailles, France
| | - Stephane Thobois
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Faculté de Médecine Lyon Sud Charles Mérieux; CNRS, Institut Des Sciences Cognitives, UMR 5229, Bron, France
- NS-PARK/FCRIN Network, Centre Expert Parkinson, Hôpital Neurologique "Pierre Wertheimer", Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Lucie Hopes
- Neurology Department, Nancy University Hospital, 54000, Nancy, France
| | - Cecile Hubsch
- NS-PARK/FCRIN Network, Hôpital Fondation Ophtalmologique A de Rothschild, Unité James Parkinson, 75019, Paris, France
| | - Bechir Jarraya
- Pôle Neurosciences, Foch Hospital, Suresnes, France
- Université de Versailles Paris-Saclay, INSERM U992, CEA Neurospin, Marseille et Versailles, France
| | - Jean Christophe Corvol
- Department of Neurology, NS-PARK/FCRIN Network, France, Sorbonne Université, Paris Brain Institute-ICM, Inserm, CNRS, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Matthieu Bereau
- Department of Neurology, NS-PARK/F-CRIN network, University Hospital of Besançon, 25030, Besançon Cedex, France
- Université de Franche-Comté, UR LINC 481, F-2500, Besançon, France
| | - David Devos
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Neurology, Referent Center of Parkinson's Disease, CHU of Lille, Univ. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Inserm, UMR-S1172, Licend, NS-PARK/FCRIN Network, 59000, Lille, France
- Movement Disorders Department, Referent Center of Parkinson's Disease, CHU of Lille, Univ. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Inserm, UMR-S1172, Licend, NS-PARK/FCRIN Network, 59000, Lille, France
| | - Margherita Fabbri
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Neurosciences, Parkinson Expert Center, Centre d'Investigation Clinique CIC1436, NeuroToul COEN Center, Toulouse, NS-PARK/FCRIN Network, University Hospital of Toulouse, Toulouse, France.
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Meissner WG, Remy P, Giordana C, Maltête D, Derkinderen P, Houéto JL, Anheim M, Benatru I, Boraud T, Brefel-Courbon C, Carrière N, Catala H, Colin O, Corvol JC, Damier P, Dellapina E, Devos D, Drapier S, Fabbri M, Ferrier V, Foubert-Samier A, Frismand-Kryloff S, Georget A, Germain C, Grimaldi S, Hardy C, Hopes L, Krystkowiak P, Laurens B, Lefaucheur R, Mariani LL, Marques A, Marse C, Ory-Magne F, Rigalleau V, Salhi H, Saubion A, Stott SRW, Thalamas C, Thiriez C, Tir M, Wyse RK, Benard A, Rascol O. Trial of Lixisenatide in Early Parkinson's Disease. N Engl J Med 2024; 390:1176-1185. [PMID: 38598572 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa2312323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lixisenatide, a glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist used for the treatment of diabetes, has shown neuroprotective properties in a mouse model of Parkinson's disease. METHODS In this phase 2, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial, we assessed the effect of lixisenatide on the progression of motor disability in persons with Parkinson's disease. Participants in whom Parkinson's disease was diagnosed less than 3 years earlier, who were receiving a stable dose of medications to treat symptoms, and who did not have motor complications were randomly assigned in a 1:1 ratio to daily subcutaneous lixisenatide or placebo for 12 months, followed by a 2-month washout period. The primary end point was the change from baseline in scores on the Movement Disorder Society-Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (MDS-UPDRS) part III (range, 0 to 132, with higher scores indicating greater motor disability), which was assessed in patients in the on-medication state at 12 months. Secondary end points included other MDS-UPDRS subscores at 6, 12, and 14 months and doses of levodopa equivalent. RESULTS A total of 156 persons were enrolled, with 78 assigned to each group. MDS-UPDRS part III scores at baseline were approximately 15 in both groups. At 12 months, scores on the MDS-UPDRS part III had changed by -0.04 points (indicating improvement) in the lixisenatide group and 3.04 points (indicating worsening disability) in the placebo group (difference, 3.08; 95% confidence interval, 0.86 to 5.30; P = 0.007). At 14 months, after a 2-month washout period, the mean MDS-UPDRS motor scores in the off-medication state were 17.7 (95% CI, 15.7 to 19.7) with lixisenatide and 20.6 (95% CI, 18.5 to 22.8) with placebo. Other results relative to the secondary end points did not differ substantially between the groups. Nausea occurred in 46% of participants receiving lixisenatide, and vomiting occurred in 13%. CONCLUSIONS In participants with early Parkinson's disease, lixisenatide therapy resulted in less progression of motor disability than placebo at 12 months in a phase 2 trial but was associated with gastrointestinal side effects. Longer and larger trials are needed to determine the effects and safety of lixisenatide in persons with Parkinson's disease. (Funded by the French Ministry of Health and others; LIXIPARK ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT03439943.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Wassilios G Meissner
- From the French Clinical Research Network (F-CRIN) for Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders (NS-Park-F-CRIN) (W.G.M., P.R., C. Giordana, D.M., P. Derkinderen, J.-L.H., M.A., I.B., T.B., C.B.-C., N.C., O.C., J.-C.C., P. Damier, E.D., D.D., S.D., M.F., V.F., A.F.-S., S.F.-K., S.G., C.H., L.H., P.K., B.L., R.L., L.-L.M., A.M., C.M., F.O.-M., H.S., C. Thiriez, M.T., O.R.), Centre d'Investigation Clinique (CIC) 1436 and the Departments of Clinical Pharmacology and Neurosciences, Centre Expert Parkinson, University Hospital of Toulouse, INSERM, University of Toulouse 3 (C.B.-C., H.C., M.F., F.O.-M., C. Thalamas, O.R.), and CIC 1436, INSERM (E.D., A.S.), Toulouse, Service de Neurologie des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Centre Expert Parkinson, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives (IMN) Clinique (W.G.M., T.B., A.F.-S., B.L.), and Service d'Information Médicale, Unité de Soutien Méthodologique à la Recherche (USMR) (A.G., C. Germain, A.B.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Bordeaux, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 5293, Université de Bordeaux, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), IMN, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 5293 (W.G.M., T.B., A.F.-S.), and the European Clinical Trials Platform and Development-F-CRIN, CIC-Clinical Epidemiology Unit 1401, University of Bordeaux, INSERM, Institut Bergonié, CHU Bordeaux (A.G., C. Germain, A.B.), Bordeaux, the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, Equipe 01-Neuropsychologie Interventionnelle L'Institut Mondor de Recherches Biomédicales, CHU Henri Mondor, INSERM et Faculté de Santé, Université Paris-Est Créteil, Créteil (P.R., H.S.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Université Côte d'Azur, Nice (C. Giordana, V.F., C.M.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication, UMR 1239, Rouen University Hospital, University of Rouen, INSERM, Mont-Saint-Aignan (D.M.), and the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, Rouen University Hospital and University of Rouen (C.H., R.L.), Rouen, the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, CIC 1413, CHU Nantes, INSERM, Nantes (P. Derkinderen, P. Damier), Service de Neurologie, Centre Expert Parkinson, CIC 1402, CHU Limoges, CHU Poitiers INSERM, Limoges (J.-L.H., I.B., O.C.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, Strasbourg University Hospital, and Strasbourg Federation of Translational Medicine, Strasbourg University, Strasbourg (M.A.), the Institute of Genetics and Cellular and Molecular Biology, INSERM Unité 964, CNRS-UMR 7104, University of Strasbourg, Illkirch-Graffenstaden (M.A.), the Department of Medical Pharmacology INSERM Unité 1172, Lille Neurosciences and Cognition, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire, University of Lille, Lille (N.C., D.D.), the Department of Neurology, CIC Neurosciences, Sorbonne Université, Paris Brain Institute, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, INSERM, CNRS, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris (J.-C.C., L.-L.M.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, CIC 1414, CHU Pontchaillou de Rennes, INSERM, Rennes (S.D.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, CHU de Nancy, Hôpital Central, Nancy (S.F.-K., L.H.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, University Hospital La Timone, Marseille (S.G.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, University Hospital of Amiens, Amiens (P.K., M.T.), the Department of Neurology, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Université Clermont-Auvergne, CNRS, Image Guided Clinical Neuroscience and Connectomics, Institut Pascal, Clermont-Ferrand (A.M.), the Department of Nutrition-Diabetology, CHU de Bordeaux, Hôpital Haut-Lévêque, Pessac (V.R.), and the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, CHU de Caen, Caen (C. Thiriez) - all in France; the Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch, and the New Zealand Brain Research Institute - both in Christchurch, New Zealand (W.G.M.); Specialized Rehabilitation Hospital, Capital Health, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates (P.K.); and Cure Parkinson's, London (S.R.W.S., R.K.W.)
| | - Philippe Remy
- From the French Clinical Research Network (F-CRIN) for Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders (NS-Park-F-CRIN) (W.G.M., P.R., C. Giordana, D.M., P. Derkinderen, J.-L.H., M.A., I.B., T.B., C.B.-C., N.C., O.C., J.-C.C., P. Damier, E.D., D.D., S.D., M.F., V.F., A.F.-S., S.F.-K., S.G., C.H., L.H., P.K., B.L., R.L., L.-L.M., A.M., C.M., F.O.-M., H.S., C. Thiriez, M.T., O.R.), Centre d'Investigation Clinique (CIC) 1436 and the Departments of Clinical Pharmacology and Neurosciences, Centre Expert Parkinson, University Hospital of Toulouse, INSERM, University of Toulouse 3 (C.B.-C., H.C., M.F., F.O.-M., C. Thalamas, O.R.), and CIC 1436, INSERM (E.D., A.S.), Toulouse, Service de Neurologie des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Centre Expert Parkinson, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives (IMN) Clinique (W.G.M., T.B., A.F.-S., B.L.), and Service d'Information Médicale, Unité de Soutien Méthodologique à la Recherche (USMR) (A.G., C. Germain, A.B.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Bordeaux, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 5293, Université de Bordeaux, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), IMN, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 5293 (W.G.M., T.B., A.F.-S.), and the European Clinical Trials Platform and Development-F-CRIN, CIC-Clinical Epidemiology Unit 1401, University of Bordeaux, INSERM, Institut Bergonié, CHU Bordeaux (A.G., C. Germain, A.B.), Bordeaux, the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, Equipe 01-Neuropsychologie Interventionnelle L'Institut Mondor de Recherches Biomédicales, CHU Henri Mondor, INSERM et Faculté de Santé, Université Paris-Est Créteil, Créteil (P.R., H.S.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Université Côte d'Azur, Nice (C. Giordana, V.F., C.M.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication, UMR 1239, Rouen University Hospital, University of Rouen, INSERM, Mont-Saint-Aignan (D.M.), and the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, Rouen University Hospital and University of Rouen (C.H., R.L.), Rouen, the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, CIC 1413, CHU Nantes, INSERM, Nantes (P. Derkinderen, P. Damier), Service de Neurologie, Centre Expert Parkinson, CIC 1402, CHU Limoges, CHU Poitiers INSERM, Limoges (J.-L.H., I.B., O.C.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, Strasbourg University Hospital, and Strasbourg Federation of Translational Medicine, Strasbourg University, Strasbourg (M.A.), the Institute of Genetics and Cellular and Molecular Biology, INSERM Unité 964, CNRS-UMR 7104, University of Strasbourg, Illkirch-Graffenstaden (M.A.), the Department of Medical Pharmacology INSERM Unité 1172, Lille Neurosciences and Cognition, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire, University of Lille, Lille (N.C., D.D.), the Department of Neurology, CIC Neurosciences, Sorbonne Université, Paris Brain Institute, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, INSERM, CNRS, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris (J.-C.C., L.-L.M.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, CIC 1414, CHU Pontchaillou de Rennes, INSERM, Rennes (S.D.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, CHU de Nancy, Hôpital Central, Nancy (S.F.-K., L.H.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, University Hospital La Timone, Marseille (S.G.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, University Hospital of Amiens, Amiens (P.K., M.T.), the Department of Neurology, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Université Clermont-Auvergne, CNRS, Image Guided Clinical Neuroscience and Connectomics, Institut Pascal, Clermont-Ferrand (A.M.), the Department of Nutrition-Diabetology, CHU de Bordeaux, Hôpital Haut-Lévêque, Pessac (V.R.), and the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, CHU de Caen, Caen (C. Thiriez) - all in France; the Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch, and the New Zealand Brain Research Institute - both in Christchurch, New Zealand (W.G.M.); Specialized Rehabilitation Hospital, Capital Health, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates (P.K.); and Cure Parkinson's, London (S.R.W.S., R.K.W.)
| | - Caroline Giordana
- From the French Clinical Research Network (F-CRIN) for Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders (NS-Park-F-CRIN) (W.G.M., P.R., C. Giordana, D.M., P. Derkinderen, J.-L.H., M.A., I.B., T.B., C.B.-C., N.C., O.C., J.-C.C., P. Damier, E.D., D.D., S.D., M.F., V.F., A.F.-S., S.F.-K., S.G., C.H., L.H., P.K., B.L., R.L., L.-L.M., A.M., C.M., F.O.-M., H.S., C. Thiriez, M.T., O.R.), Centre d'Investigation Clinique (CIC) 1436 and the Departments of Clinical Pharmacology and Neurosciences, Centre Expert Parkinson, University Hospital of Toulouse, INSERM, University of Toulouse 3 (C.B.-C., H.C., M.F., F.O.-M., C. Thalamas, O.R.), and CIC 1436, INSERM (E.D., A.S.), Toulouse, Service de Neurologie des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Centre Expert Parkinson, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives (IMN) Clinique (W.G.M., T.B., A.F.-S., B.L.), and Service d'Information Médicale, Unité de Soutien Méthodologique à la Recherche (USMR) (A.G., C. Germain, A.B.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Bordeaux, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 5293, Université de Bordeaux, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), IMN, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 5293 (W.G.M., T.B., A.F.-S.), and the European Clinical Trials Platform and Development-F-CRIN, CIC-Clinical Epidemiology Unit 1401, University of Bordeaux, INSERM, Institut Bergonié, CHU Bordeaux (A.G., C. Germain, A.B.), Bordeaux, the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, Equipe 01-Neuropsychologie Interventionnelle L'Institut Mondor de Recherches Biomédicales, CHU Henri Mondor, INSERM et Faculté de Santé, Université Paris-Est Créteil, Créteil (P.R., H.S.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Université Côte d'Azur, Nice (C. Giordana, V.F., C.M.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication, UMR 1239, Rouen University Hospital, University of Rouen, INSERM, Mont-Saint-Aignan (D.M.), and the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, Rouen University Hospital and University of Rouen (C.H., R.L.), Rouen, the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, CIC 1413, CHU Nantes, INSERM, Nantes (P. Derkinderen, P. Damier), Service de Neurologie, Centre Expert Parkinson, CIC 1402, CHU Limoges, CHU Poitiers INSERM, Limoges (J.-L.H., I.B., O.C.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, Strasbourg University Hospital, and Strasbourg Federation of Translational Medicine, Strasbourg University, Strasbourg (M.A.), the Institute of Genetics and Cellular and Molecular Biology, INSERM Unité 964, CNRS-UMR 7104, University of Strasbourg, Illkirch-Graffenstaden (M.A.), the Department of Medical Pharmacology INSERM Unité 1172, Lille Neurosciences and Cognition, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire, University of Lille, Lille (N.C., D.D.), the Department of Neurology, CIC Neurosciences, Sorbonne Université, Paris Brain Institute, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, INSERM, CNRS, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris (J.-C.C., L.-L.M.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, CIC 1414, CHU Pontchaillou de Rennes, INSERM, Rennes (S.D.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, CHU de Nancy, Hôpital Central, Nancy (S.F.-K., L.H.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, University Hospital La Timone, Marseille (S.G.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, University Hospital of Amiens, Amiens (P.K., M.T.), the Department of Neurology, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Université Clermont-Auvergne, CNRS, Image Guided Clinical Neuroscience and Connectomics, Institut Pascal, Clermont-Ferrand (A.M.), the Department of Nutrition-Diabetology, CHU de Bordeaux, Hôpital Haut-Lévêque, Pessac (V.R.), and the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, CHU de Caen, Caen (C. Thiriez) - all in France; the Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch, and the New Zealand Brain Research Institute - both in Christchurch, New Zealand (W.G.M.); Specialized Rehabilitation Hospital, Capital Health, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates (P.K.); and Cure Parkinson's, London (S.R.W.S., R.K.W.)
| | - David Maltête
- From the French Clinical Research Network (F-CRIN) for Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders (NS-Park-F-CRIN) (W.G.M., P.R., C. Giordana, D.M., P. Derkinderen, J.-L.H., M.A., I.B., T.B., C.B.-C., N.C., O.C., J.-C.C., P. Damier, E.D., D.D., S.D., M.F., V.F., A.F.-S., S.F.-K., S.G., C.H., L.H., P.K., B.L., R.L., L.-L.M., A.M., C.M., F.O.-M., H.S., C. Thiriez, M.T., O.R.), Centre d'Investigation Clinique (CIC) 1436 and the Departments of Clinical Pharmacology and Neurosciences, Centre Expert Parkinson, University Hospital of Toulouse, INSERM, University of Toulouse 3 (C.B.-C., H.C., M.F., F.O.-M., C. Thalamas, O.R.), and CIC 1436, INSERM (E.D., A.S.), Toulouse, Service de Neurologie des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Centre Expert Parkinson, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives (IMN) Clinique (W.G.M., T.B., A.F.-S., B.L.), and Service d'Information Médicale, Unité de Soutien Méthodologique à la Recherche (USMR) (A.G., C. Germain, A.B.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Bordeaux, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 5293, Université de Bordeaux, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), IMN, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 5293 (W.G.M., T.B., A.F.-S.), and the European Clinical Trials Platform and Development-F-CRIN, CIC-Clinical Epidemiology Unit 1401, University of Bordeaux, INSERM, Institut Bergonié, CHU Bordeaux (A.G., C. Germain, A.B.), Bordeaux, the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, Equipe 01-Neuropsychologie Interventionnelle L'Institut Mondor de Recherches Biomédicales, CHU Henri Mondor, INSERM et Faculté de Santé, Université Paris-Est Créteil, Créteil (P.R., H.S.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Université Côte d'Azur, Nice (C. Giordana, V.F., C.M.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication, UMR 1239, Rouen University Hospital, University of Rouen, INSERM, Mont-Saint-Aignan (D.M.), and the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, Rouen University Hospital and University of Rouen (C.H., R.L.), Rouen, the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, CIC 1413, CHU Nantes, INSERM, Nantes (P. Derkinderen, P. Damier), Service de Neurologie, Centre Expert Parkinson, CIC 1402, CHU Limoges, CHU Poitiers INSERM, Limoges (J.-L.H., I.B., O.C.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, Strasbourg University Hospital, and Strasbourg Federation of Translational Medicine, Strasbourg University, Strasbourg (M.A.), the Institute of Genetics and Cellular and Molecular Biology, INSERM Unité 964, CNRS-UMR 7104, University of Strasbourg, Illkirch-Graffenstaden (M.A.), the Department of Medical Pharmacology INSERM Unité 1172, Lille Neurosciences and Cognition, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire, University of Lille, Lille (N.C., D.D.), the Department of Neurology, CIC Neurosciences, Sorbonne Université, Paris Brain Institute, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, INSERM, CNRS, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris (J.-C.C., L.-L.M.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, CIC 1414, CHU Pontchaillou de Rennes, INSERM, Rennes (S.D.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, CHU de Nancy, Hôpital Central, Nancy (S.F.-K., L.H.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, University Hospital La Timone, Marseille (S.G.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, University Hospital of Amiens, Amiens (P.K., M.T.), the Department of Neurology, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Université Clermont-Auvergne, CNRS, Image Guided Clinical Neuroscience and Connectomics, Institut Pascal, Clermont-Ferrand (A.M.), the Department of Nutrition-Diabetology, CHU de Bordeaux, Hôpital Haut-Lévêque, Pessac (V.R.), and the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, CHU de Caen, Caen (C. Thiriez) - all in France; the Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch, and the New Zealand Brain Research Institute - both in Christchurch, New Zealand (W.G.M.); Specialized Rehabilitation Hospital, Capital Health, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates (P.K.); and Cure Parkinson's, London (S.R.W.S., R.K.W.)
| | - Pascal Derkinderen
- From the French Clinical Research Network (F-CRIN) for Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders (NS-Park-F-CRIN) (W.G.M., P.R., C. Giordana, D.M., P. Derkinderen, J.-L.H., M.A., I.B., T.B., C.B.-C., N.C., O.C., J.-C.C., P. Damier, E.D., D.D., S.D., M.F., V.F., A.F.-S., S.F.-K., S.G., C.H., L.H., P.K., B.L., R.L., L.-L.M., A.M., C.M., F.O.-M., H.S., C. Thiriez, M.T., O.R.), Centre d'Investigation Clinique (CIC) 1436 and the Departments of Clinical Pharmacology and Neurosciences, Centre Expert Parkinson, University Hospital of Toulouse, INSERM, University of Toulouse 3 (C.B.-C., H.C., M.F., F.O.-M., C. Thalamas, O.R.), and CIC 1436, INSERM (E.D., A.S.), Toulouse, Service de Neurologie des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Centre Expert Parkinson, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives (IMN) Clinique (W.G.M., T.B., A.F.-S., B.L.), and Service d'Information Médicale, Unité de Soutien Méthodologique à la Recherche (USMR) (A.G., C. Germain, A.B.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Bordeaux, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 5293, Université de Bordeaux, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), IMN, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 5293 (W.G.M., T.B., A.F.-S.), and the European Clinical Trials Platform and Development-F-CRIN, CIC-Clinical Epidemiology Unit 1401, University of Bordeaux, INSERM, Institut Bergonié, CHU Bordeaux (A.G., C. Germain, A.B.), Bordeaux, the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, Equipe 01-Neuropsychologie Interventionnelle L'Institut Mondor de Recherches Biomédicales, CHU Henri Mondor, INSERM et Faculté de Santé, Université Paris-Est Créteil, Créteil (P.R., H.S.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Université Côte d'Azur, Nice (C. Giordana, V.F., C.M.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication, UMR 1239, Rouen University Hospital, University of Rouen, INSERM, Mont-Saint-Aignan (D.M.), and the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, Rouen University Hospital and University of Rouen (C.H., R.L.), Rouen, the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, CIC 1413, CHU Nantes, INSERM, Nantes (P. Derkinderen, P. Damier), Service de Neurologie, Centre Expert Parkinson, CIC 1402, CHU Limoges, CHU Poitiers INSERM, Limoges (J.-L.H., I.B., O.C.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, Strasbourg University Hospital, and Strasbourg Federation of Translational Medicine, Strasbourg University, Strasbourg (M.A.), the Institute of Genetics and Cellular and Molecular Biology, INSERM Unité 964, CNRS-UMR 7104, University of Strasbourg, Illkirch-Graffenstaden (M.A.), the Department of Medical Pharmacology INSERM Unité 1172, Lille Neurosciences and Cognition, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire, University of Lille, Lille (N.C., D.D.), the Department of Neurology, CIC Neurosciences, Sorbonne Université, Paris Brain Institute, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, INSERM, CNRS, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris (J.-C.C., L.-L.M.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, CIC 1414, CHU Pontchaillou de Rennes, INSERM, Rennes (S.D.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, CHU de Nancy, Hôpital Central, Nancy (S.F.-K., L.H.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, University Hospital La Timone, Marseille (S.G.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, University Hospital of Amiens, Amiens (P.K., M.T.), the Department of Neurology, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Université Clermont-Auvergne, CNRS, Image Guided Clinical Neuroscience and Connectomics, Institut Pascal, Clermont-Ferrand (A.M.), the Department of Nutrition-Diabetology, CHU de Bordeaux, Hôpital Haut-Lévêque, Pessac (V.R.), and the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, CHU de Caen, Caen (C. Thiriez) - all in France; the Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch, and the New Zealand Brain Research Institute - both in Christchurch, New Zealand (W.G.M.); Specialized Rehabilitation Hospital, Capital Health, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates (P.K.); and Cure Parkinson's, London (S.R.W.S., R.K.W.)
| | - Jean-Luc Houéto
- From the French Clinical Research Network (F-CRIN) for Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders (NS-Park-F-CRIN) (W.G.M., P.R., C. Giordana, D.M., P. Derkinderen, J.-L.H., M.A., I.B., T.B., C.B.-C., N.C., O.C., J.-C.C., P. Damier, E.D., D.D., S.D., M.F., V.F., A.F.-S., S.F.-K., S.G., C.H., L.H., P.K., B.L., R.L., L.-L.M., A.M., C.M., F.O.-M., H.S., C. Thiriez, M.T., O.R.), Centre d'Investigation Clinique (CIC) 1436 and the Departments of Clinical Pharmacology and Neurosciences, Centre Expert Parkinson, University Hospital of Toulouse, INSERM, University of Toulouse 3 (C.B.-C., H.C., M.F., F.O.-M., C. Thalamas, O.R.), and CIC 1436, INSERM (E.D., A.S.), Toulouse, Service de Neurologie des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Centre Expert Parkinson, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives (IMN) Clinique (W.G.M., T.B., A.F.-S., B.L.), and Service d'Information Médicale, Unité de Soutien Méthodologique à la Recherche (USMR) (A.G., C. Germain, A.B.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Bordeaux, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 5293, Université de Bordeaux, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), IMN, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 5293 (W.G.M., T.B., A.F.-S.), and the European Clinical Trials Platform and Development-F-CRIN, CIC-Clinical Epidemiology Unit 1401, University of Bordeaux, INSERM, Institut Bergonié, CHU Bordeaux (A.G., C. Germain, A.B.), Bordeaux, the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, Equipe 01-Neuropsychologie Interventionnelle L'Institut Mondor de Recherches Biomédicales, CHU Henri Mondor, INSERM et Faculté de Santé, Université Paris-Est Créteil, Créteil (P.R., H.S.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Université Côte d'Azur, Nice (C. Giordana, V.F., C.M.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication, UMR 1239, Rouen University Hospital, University of Rouen, INSERM, Mont-Saint-Aignan (D.M.), and the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, Rouen University Hospital and University of Rouen (C.H., R.L.), Rouen, the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, CIC 1413, CHU Nantes, INSERM, Nantes (P. Derkinderen, P. Damier), Service de Neurologie, Centre Expert Parkinson, CIC 1402, CHU Limoges, CHU Poitiers INSERM, Limoges (J.-L.H., I.B., O.C.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, Strasbourg University Hospital, and Strasbourg Federation of Translational Medicine, Strasbourg University, Strasbourg (M.A.), the Institute of Genetics and Cellular and Molecular Biology, INSERM Unité 964, CNRS-UMR 7104, University of Strasbourg, Illkirch-Graffenstaden (M.A.), the Department of Medical Pharmacology INSERM Unité 1172, Lille Neurosciences and Cognition, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire, University of Lille, Lille (N.C., D.D.), the Department of Neurology, CIC Neurosciences, Sorbonne Université, Paris Brain Institute, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, INSERM, CNRS, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris (J.-C.C., L.-L.M.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, CIC 1414, CHU Pontchaillou de Rennes, INSERM, Rennes (S.D.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, CHU de Nancy, Hôpital Central, Nancy (S.F.-K., L.H.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, University Hospital La Timone, Marseille (S.G.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, University Hospital of Amiens, Amiens (P.K., M.T.), the Department of Neurology, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Université Clermont-Auvergne, CNRS, Image Guided Clinical Neuroscience and Connectomics, Institut Pascal, Clermont-Ferrand (A.M.), the Department of Nutrition-Diabetology, CHU de Bordeaux, Hôpital Haut-Lévêque, Pessac (V.R.), and the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, CHU de Caen, Caen (C. Thiriez) - all in France; the Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch, and the New Zealand Brain Research Institute - both in Christchurch, New Zealand (W.G.M.); Specialized Rehabilitation Hospital, Capital Health, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates (P.K.); and Cure Parkinson's, London (S.R.W.S., R.K.W.)
| | - Mathieu Anheim
- From the French Clinical Research Network (F-CRIN) for Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders (NS-Park-F-CRIN) (W.G.M., P.R., C. Giordana, D.M., P. Derkinderen, J.-L.H., M.A., I.B., T.B., C.B.-C., N.C., O.C., J.-C.C., P. Damier, E.D., D.D., S.D., M.F., V.F., A.F.-S., S.F.-K., S.G., C.H., L.H., P.K., B.L., R.L., L.-L.M., A.M., C.M., F.O.-M., H.S., C. Thiriez, M.T., O.R.), Centre d'Investigation Clinique (CIC) 1436 and the Departments of Clinical Pharmacology and Neurosciences, Centre Expert Parkinson, University Hospital of Toulouse, INSERM, University of Toulouse 3 (C.B.-C., H.C., M.F., F.O.-M., C. Thalamas, O.R.), and CIC 1436, INSERM (E.D., A.S.), Toulouse, Service de Neurologie des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Centre Expert Parkinson, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives (IMN) Clinique (W.G.M., T.B., A.F.-S., B.L.), and Service d'Information Médicale, Unité de Soutien Méthodologique à la Recherche (USMR) (A.G., C. Germain, A.B.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Bordeaux, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 5293, Université de Bordeaux, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), IMN, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 5293 (W.G.M., T.B., A.F.-S.), and the European Clinical Trials Platform and Development-F-CRIN, CIC-Clinical Epidemiology Unit 1401, University of Bordeaux, INSERM, Institut Bergonié, CHU Bordeaux (A.G., C. Germain, A.B.), Bordeaux, the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, Equipe 01-Neuropsychologie Interventionnelle L'Institut Mondor de Recherches Biomédicales, CHU Henri Mondor, INSERM et Faculté de Santé, Université Paris-Est Créteil, Créteil (P.R., H.S.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Université Côte d'Azur, Nice (C. Giordana, V.F., C.M.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication, UMR 1239, Rouen University Hospital, University of Rouen, INSERM, Mont-Saint-Aignan (D.M.), and the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, Rouen University Hospital and University of Rouen (C.H., R.L.), Rouen, the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, CIC 1413, CHU Nantes, INSERM, Nantes (P. Derkinderen, P. Damier), Service de Neurologie, Centre Expert Parkinson, CIC 1402, CHU Limoges, CHU Poitiers INSERM, Limoges (J.-L.H., I.B., O.C.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, Strasbourg University Hospital, and Strasbourg Federation of Translational Medicine, Strasbourg University, Strasbourg (M.A.), the Institute of Genetics and Cellular and Molecular Biology, INSERM Unité 964, CNRS-UMR 7104, University of Strasbourg, Illkirch-Graffenstaden (M.A.), the Department of Medical Pharmacology INSERM Unité 1172, Lille Neurosciences and Cognition, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire, University of Lille, Lille (N.C., D.D.), the Department of Neurology, CIC Neurosciences, Sorbonne Université, Paris Brain Institute, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, INSERM, CNRS, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris (J.-C.C., L.-L.M.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, CIC 1414, CHU Pontchaillou de Rennes, INSERM, Rennes (S.D.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, CHU de Nancy, Hôpital Central, Nancy (S.F.-K., L.H.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, University Hospital La Timone, Marseille (S.G.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, University Hospital of Amiens, Amiens (P.K., M.T.), the Department of Neurology, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Université Clermont-Auvergne, CNRS, Image Guided Clinical Neuroscience and Connectomics, Institut Pascal, Clermont-Ferrand (A.M.), the Department of Nutrition-Diabetology, CHU de Bordeaux, Hôpital Haut-Lévêque, Pessac (V.R.), and the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, CHU de Caen, Caen (C. Thiriez) - all in France; the Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch, and the New Zealand Brain Research Institute - both in Christchurch, New Zealand (W.G.M.); Specialized Rehabilitation Hospital, Capital Health, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates (P.K.); and Cure Parkinson's, London (S.R.W.S., R.K.W.)
| | - Isabelle Benatru
- From the French Clinical Research Network (F-CRIN) for Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders (NS-Park-F-CRIN) (W.G.M., P.R., C. Giordana, D.M., P. Derkinderen, J.-L.H., M.A., I.B., T.B., C.B.-C., N.C., O.C., J.-C.C., P. Damier, E.D., D.D., S.D., M.F., V.F., A.F.-S., S.F.-K., S.G., C.H., L.H., P.K., B.L., R.L., L.-L.M., A.M., C.M., F.O.-M., H.S., C. Thiriez, M.T., O.R.), Centre d'Investigation Clinique (CIC) 1436 and the Departments of Clinical Pharmacology and Neurosciences, Centre Expert Parkinson, University Hospital of Toulouse, INSERM, University of Toulouse 3 (C.B.-C., H.C., M.F., F.O.-M., C. Thalamas, O.R.), and CIC 1436, INSERM (E.D., A.S.), Toulouse, Service de Neurologie des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Centre Expert Parkinson, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives (IMN) Clinique (W.G.M., T.B., A.F.-S., B.L.), and Service d'Information Médicale, Unité de Soutien Méthodologique à la Recherche (USMR) (A.G., C. Germain, A.B.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Bordeaux, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 5293, Université de Bordeaux, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), IMN, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 5293 (W.G.M., T.B., A.F.-S.), and the European Clinical Trials Platform and Development-F-CRIN, CIC-Clinical Epidemiology Unit 1401, University of Bordeaux, INSERM, Institut Bergonié, CHU Bordeaux (A.G., C. Germain, A.B.), Bordeaux, the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, Equipe 01-Neuropsychologie Interventionnelle L'Institut Mondor de Recherches Biomédicales, CHU Henri Mondor, INSERM et Faculté de Santé, Université Paris-Est Créteil, Créteil (P.R., H.S.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Université Côte d'Azur, Nice (C. Giordana, V.F., C.M.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication, UMR 1239, Rouen University Hospital, University of Rouen, INSERM, Mont-Saint-Aignan (D.M.), and the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, Rouen University Hospital and University of Rouen (C.H., R.L.), Rouen, the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, CIC 1413, CHU Nantes, INSERM, Nantes (P. Derkinderen, P. Damier), Service de Neurologie, Centre Expert Parkinson, CIC 1402, CHU Limoges, CHU Poitiers INSERM, Limoges (J.-L.H., I.B., O.C.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, Strasbourg University Hospital, and Strasbourg Federation of Translational Medicine, Strasbourg University, Strasbourg (M.A.), the Institute of Genetics and Cellular and Molecular Biology, INSERM Unité 964, CNRS-UMR 7104, University of Strasbourg, Illkirch-Graffenstaden (M.A.), the Department of Medical Pharmacology INSERM Unité 1172, Lille Neurosciences and Cognition, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire, University of Lille, Lille (N.C., D.D.), the Department of Neurology, CIC Neurosciences, Sorbonne Université, Paris Brain Institute, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, INSERM, CNRS, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris (J.-C.C., L.-L.M.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, CIC 1414, CHU Pontchaillou de Rennes, INSERM, Rennes (S.D.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, CHU de Nancy, Hôpital Central, Nancy (S.F.-K., L.H.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, University Hospital La Timone, Marseille (S.G.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, University Hospital of Amiens, Amiens (P.K., M.T.), the Department of Neurology, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Université Clermont-Auvergne, CNRS, Image Guided Clinical Neuroscience and Connectomics, Institut Pascal, Clermont-Ferrand (A.M.), the Department of Nutrition-Diabetology, CHU de Bordeaux, Hôpital Haut-Lévêque, Pessac (V.R.), and the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, CHU de Caen, Caen (C. Thiriez) - all in France; the Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch, and the New Zealand Brain Research Institute - both in Christchurch, New Zealand (W.G.M.); Specialized Rehabilitation Hospital, Capital Health, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates (P.K.); and Cure Parkinson's, London (S.R.W.S., R.K.W.)
| | - Thomas Boraud
- From the French Clinical Research Network (F-CRIN) for Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders (NS-Park-F-CRIN) (W.G.M., P.R., C. Giordana, D.M., P. Derkinderen, J.-L.H., M.A., I.B., T.B., C.B.-C., N.C., O.C., J.-C.C., P. Damier, E.D., D.D., S.D., M.F., V.F., A.F.-S., S.F.-K., S.G., C.H., L.H., P.K., B.L., R.L., L.-L.M., A.M., C.M., F.O.-M., H.S., C. Thiriez, M.T., O.R.), Centre d'Investigation Clinique (CIC) 1436 and the Departments of Clinical Pharmacology and Neurosciences, Centre Expert Parkinson, University Hospital of Toulouse, INSERM, University of Toulouse 3 (C.B.-C., H.C., M.F., F.O.-M., C. Thalamas, O.R.), and CIC 1436, INSERM (E.D., A.S.), Toulouse, Service de Neurologie des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Centre Expert Parkinson, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives (IMN) Clinique (W.G.M., T.B., A.F.-S., B.L.), and Service d'Information Médicale, Unité de Soutien Méthodologique à la Recherche (USMR) (A.G., C. Germain, A.B.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Bordeaux, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 5293, Université de Bordeaux, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), IMN, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 5293 (W.G.M., T.B., A.F.-S.), and the European Clinical Trials Platform and Development-F-CRIN, CIC-Clinical Epidemiology Unit 1401, University of Bordeaux, INSERM, Institut Bergonié, CHU Bordeaux (A.G., C. Germain, A.B.), Bordeaux, the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, Equipe 01-Neuropsychologie Interventionnelle L'Institut Mondor de Recherches Biomédicales, CHU Henri Mondor, INSERM et Faculté de Santé, Université Paris-Est Créteil, Créteil (P.R., H.S.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Université Côte d'Azur, Nice (C. Giordana, V.F., C.M.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication, UMR 1239, Rouen University Hospital, University of Rouen, INSERM, Mont-Saint-Aignan (D.M.), and the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, Rouen University Hospital and University of Rouen (C.H., R.L.), Rouen, the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, CIC 1413, CHU Nantes, INSERM, Nantes (P. Derkinderen, P. Damier), Service de Neurologie, Centre Expert Parkinson, CIC 1402, CHU Limoges, CHU Poitiers INSERM, Limoges (J.-L.H., I.B., O.C.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, Strasbourg University Hospital, and Strasbourg Federation of Translational Medicine, Strasbourg University, Strasbourg (M.A.), the Institute of Genetics and Cellular and Molecular Biology, INSERM Unité 964, CNRS-UMR 7104, University of Strasbourg, Illkirch-Graffenstaden (M.A.), the Department of Medical Pharmacology INSERM Unité 1172, Lille Neurosciences and Cognition, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire, University of Lille, Lille (N.C., D.D.), the Department of Neurology, CIC Neurosciences, Sorbonne Université, Paris Brain Institute, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, INSERM, CNRS, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris (J.-C.C., L.-L.M.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, CIC 1414, CHU Pontchaillou de Rennes, INSERM, Rennes (S.D.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, CHU de Nancy, Hôpital Central, Nancy (S.F.-K., L.H.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, University Hospital La Timone, Marseille (S.G.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, University Hospital of Amiens, Amiens (P.K., M.T.), the Department of Neurology, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Université Clermont-Auvergne, CNRS, Image Guided Clinical Neuroscience and Connectomics, Institut Pascal, Clermont-Ferrand (A.M.), the Department of Nutrition-Diabetology, CHU de Bordeaux, Hôpital Haut-Lévêque, Pessac (V.R.), and the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, CHU de Caen, Caen (C. Thiriez) - all in France; the Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch, and the New Zealand Brain Research Institute - both in Christchurch, New Zealand (W.G.M.); Specialized Rehabilitation Hospital, Capital Health, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates (P.K.); and Cure Parkinson's, London (S.R.W.S., R.K.W.)
| | - Christine Brefel-Courbon
- From the French Clinical Research Network (F-CRIN) for Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders (NS-Park-F-CRIN) (W.G.M., P.R., C. Giordana, D.M., P. Derkinderen, J.-L.H., M.A., I.B., T.B., C.B.-C., N.C., O.C., J.-C.C., P. Damier, E.D., D.D., S.D., M.F., V.F., A.F.-S., S.F.-K., S.G., C.H., L.H., P.K., B.L., R.L., L.-L.M., A.M., C.M., F.O.-M., H.S., C. Thiriez, M.T., O.R.), Centre d'Investigation Clinique (CIC) 1436 and the Departments of Clinical Pharmacology and Neurosciences, Centre Expert Parkinson, University Hospital of Toulouse, INSERM, University of Toulouse 3 (C.B.-C., H.C., M.F., F.O.-M., C. Thalamas, O.R.), and CIC 1436, INSERM (E.D., A.S.), Toulouse, Service de Neurologie des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Centre Expert Parkinson, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives (IMN) Clinique (W.G.M., T.B., A.F.-S., B.L.), and Service d'Information Médicale, Unité de Soutien Méthodologique à la Recherche (USMR) (A.G., C. Germain, A.B.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Bordeaux, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 5293, Université de Bordeaux, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), IMN, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 5293 (W.G.M., T.B., A.F.-S.), and the European Clinical Trials Platform and Development-F-CRIN, CIC-Clinical Epidemiology Unit 1401, University of Bordeaux, INSERM, Institut Bergonié, CHU Bordeaux (A.G., C. Germain, A.B.), Bordeaux, the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, Equipe 01-Neuropsychologie Interventionnelle L'Institut Mondor de Recherches Biomédicales, CHU Henri Mondor, INSERM et Faculté de Santé, Université Paris-Est Créteil, Créteil (P.R., H.S.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Université Côte d'Azur, Nice (C. Giordana, V.F., C.M.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication, UMR 1239, Rouen University Hospital, University of Rouen, INSERM, Mont-Saint-Aignan (D.M.), and the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, Rouen University Hospital and University of Rouen (C.H., R.L.), Rouen, the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, CIC 1413, CHU Nantes, INSERM, Nantes (P. Derkinderen, P. Damier), Service de Neurologie, Centre Expert Parkinson, CIC 1402, CHU Limoges, CHU Poitiers INSERM, Limoges (J.-L.H., I.B., O.C.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, Strasbourg University Hospital, and Strasbourg Federation of Translational Medicine, Strasbourg University, Strasbourg (M.A.), the Institute of Genetics and Cellular and Molecular Biology, INSERM Unité 964, CNRS-UMR 7104, University of Strasbourg, Illkirch-Graffenstaden (M.A.), the Department of Medical Pharmacology INSERM Unité 1172, Lille Neurosciences and Cognition, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire, University of Lille, Lille (N.C., D.D.), the Department of Neurology, CIC Neurosciences, Sorbonne Université, Paris Brain Institute, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, INSERM, CNRS, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris (J.-C.C., L.-L.M.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, CIC 1414, CHU Pontchaillou de Rennes, INSERM, Rennes (S.D.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, CHU de Nancy, Hôpital Central, Nancy (S.F.-K., L.H.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, University Hospital La Timone, Marseille (S.G.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, University Hospital of Amiens, Amiens (P.K., M.T.), the Department of Neurology, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Université Clermont-Auvergne, CNRS, Image Guided Clinical Neuroscience and Connectomics, Institut Pascal, Clermont-Ferrand (A.M.), the Department of Nutrition-Diabetology, CHU de Bordeaux, Hôpital Haut-Lévêque, Pessac (V.R.), and the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, CHU de Caen, Caen (C. Thiriez) - all in France; the Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch, and the New Zealand Brain Research Institute - both in Christchurch, New Zealand (W.G.M.); Specialized Rehabilitation Hospital, Capital Health, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates (P.K.); and Cure Parkinson's, London (S.R.W.S., R.K.W.)
| | - Nicolas Carrière
- From the French Clinical Research Network (F-CRIN) for Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders (NS-Park-F-CRIN) (W.G.M., P.R., C. Giordana, D.M., P. Derkinderen, J.-L.H., M.A., I.B., T.B., C.B.-C., N.C., O.C., J.-C.C., P. Damier, E.D., D.D., S.D., M.F., V.F., A.F.-S., S.F.-K., S.G., C.H., L.H., P.K., B.L., R.L., L.-L.M., A.M., C.M., F.O.-M., H.S., C. Thiriez, M.T., O.R.), Centre d'Investigation Clinique (CIC) 1436 and the Departments of Clinical Pharmacology and Neurosciences, Centre Expert Parkinson, University Hospital of Toulouse, INSERM, University of Toulouse 3 (C.B.-C., H.C., M.F., F.O.-M., C. Thalamas, O.R.), and CIC 1436, INSERM (E.D., A.S.), Toulouse, Service de Neurologie des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Centre Expert Parkinson, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives (IMN) Clinique (W.G.M., T.B., A.F.-S., B.L.), and Service d'Information Médicale, Unité de Soutien Méthodologique à la Recherche (USMR) (A.G., C. Germain, A.B.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Bordeaux, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 5293, Université de Bordeaux, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), IMN, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 5293 (W.G.M., T.B., A.F.-S.), and the European Clinical Trials Platform and Development-F-CRIN, CIC-Clinical Epidemiology Unit 1401, University of Bordeaux, INSERM, Institut Bergonié, CHU Bordeaux (A.G., C. Germain, A.B.), Bordeaux, the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, Equipe 01-Neuropsychologie Interventionnelle L'Institut Mondor de Recherches Biomédicales, CHU Henri Mondor, INSERM et Faculté de Santé, Université Paris-Est Créteil, Créteil (P.R., H.S.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Université Côte d'Azur, Nice (C. Giordana, V.F., C.M.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication, UMR 1239, Rouen University Hospital, University of Rouen, INSERM, Mont-Saint-Aignan (D.M.), and the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, Rouen University Hospital and University of Rouen (C.H., R.L.), Rouen, the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, CIC 1413, CHU Nantes, INSERM, Nantes (P. Derkinderen, P. Damier), Service de Neurologie, Centre Expert Parkinson, CIC 1402, CHU Limoges, CHU Poitiers INSERM, Limoges (J.-L.H., I.B., O.C.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, Strasbourg University Hospital, and Strasbourg Federation of Translational Medicine, Strasbourg University, Strasbourg (M.A.), the Institute of Genetics and Cellular and Molecular Biology, INSERM Unité 964, CNRS-UMR 7104, University of Strasbourg, Illkirch-Graffenstaden (M.A.), the Department of Medical Pharmacology INSERM Unité 1172, Lille Neurosciences and Cognition, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire, University of Lille, Lille (N.C., D.D.), the Department of Neurology, CIC Neurosciences, Sorbonne Université, Paris Brain Institute, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, INSERM, CNRS, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris (J.-C.C., L.-L.M.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, CIC 1414, CHU Pontchaillou de Rennes, INSERM, Rennes (S.D.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, CHU de Nancy, Hôpital Central, Nancy (S.F.-K., L.H.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, University Hospital La Timone, Marseille (S.G.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, University Hospital of Amiens, Amiens (P.K., M.T.), the Department of Neurology, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Université Clermont-Auvergne, CNRS, Image Guided Clinical Neuroscience and Connectomics, Institut Pascal, Clermont-Ferrand (A.M.), the Department of Nutrition-Diabetology, CHU de Bordeaux, Hôpital Haut-Lévêque, Pessac (V.R.), and the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, CHU de Caen, Caen (C. Thiriez) - all in France; the Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch, and the New Zealand Brain Research Institute - both in Christchurch, New Zealand (W.G.M.); Specialized Rehabilitation Hospital, Capital Health, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates (P.K.); and Cure Parkinson's, London (S.R.W.S., R.K.W.)
| | - Hélène Catala
- From the French Clinical Research Network (F-CRIN) for Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders (NS-Park-F-CRIN) (W.G.M., P.R., C. Giordana, D.M., P. Derkinderen, J.-L.H., M.A., I.B., T.B., C.B.-C., N.C., O.C., J.-C.C., P. Damier, E.D., D.D., S.D., M.F., V.F., A.F.-S., S.F.-K., S.G., C.H., L.H., P.K., B.L., R.L., L.-L.M., A.M., C.M., F.O.-M., H.S., C. Thiriez, M.T., O.R.), Centre d'Investigation Clinique (CIC) 1436 and the Departments of Clinical Pharmacology and Neurosciences, Centre Expert Parkinson, University Hospital of Toulouse, INSERM, University of Toulouse 3 (C.B.-C., H.C., M.F., F.O.-M., C. Thalamas, O.R.), and CIC 1436, INSERM (E.D., A.S.), Toulouse, Service de Neurologie des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Centre Expert Parkinson, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives (IMN) Clinique (W.G.M., T.B., A.F.-S., B.L.), and Service d'Information Médicale, Unité de Soutien Méthodologique à la Recherche (USMR) (A.G., C. Germain, A.B.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Bordeaux, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 5293, Université de Bordeaux, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), IMN, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 5293 (W.G.M., T.B., A.F.-S.), and the European Clinical Trials Platform and Development-F-CRIN, CIC-Clinical Epidemiology Unit 1401, University of Bordeaux, INSERM, Institut Bergonié, CHU Bordeaux (A.G., C. Germain, A.B.), Bordeaux, the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, Equipe 01-Neuropsychologie Interventionnelle L'Institut Mondor de Recherches Biomédicales, CHU Henri Mondor, INSERM et Faculté de Santé, Université Paris-Est Créteil, Créteil (P.R., H.S.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Université Côte d'Azur, Nice (C. Giordana, V.F., C.M.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication, UMR 1239, Rouen University Hospital, University of Rouen, INSERM, Mont-Saint-Aignan (D.M.), and the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, Rouen University Hospital and University of Rouen (C.H., R.L.), Rouen, the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, CIC 1413, CHU Nantes, INSERM, Nantes (P. Derkinderen, P. Damier), Service de Neurologie, Centre Expert Parkinson, CIC 1402, CHU Limoges, CHU Poitiers INSERM, Limoges (J.-L.H., I.B., O.C.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, Strasbourg University Hospital, and Strasbourg Federation of Translational Medicine, Strasbourg University, Strasbourg (M.A.), the Institute of Genetics and Cellular and Molecular Biology, INSERM Unité 964, CNRS-UMR 7104, University of Strasbourg, Illkirch-Graffenstaden (M.A.), the Department of Medical Pharmacology INSERM Unité 1172, Lille Neurosciences and Cognition, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire, University of Lille, Lille (N.C., D.D.), the Department of Neurology, CIC Neurosciences, Sorbonne Université, Paris Brain Institute, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, INSERM, CNRS, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris (J.-C.C., L.-L.M.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, CIC 1414, CHU Pontchaillou de Rennes, INSERM, Rennes (S.D.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, CHU de Nancy, Hôpital Central, Nancy (S.F.-K., L.H.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, University Hospital La Timone, Marseille (S.G.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, University Hospital of Amiens, Amiens (P.K., M.T.), the Department of Neurology, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Université Clermont-Auvergne, CNRS, Image Guided Clinical Neuroscience and Connectomics, Institut Pascal, Clermont-Ferrand (A.M.), the Department of Nutrition-Diabetology, CHU de Bordeaux, Hôpital Haut-Lévêque, Pessac (V.R.), and the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, CHU de Caen, Caen (C. Thiriez) - all in France; the Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch, and the New Zealand Brain Research Institute - both in Christchurch, New Zealand (W.G.M.); Specialized Rehabilitation Hospital, Capital Health, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates (P.K.); and Cure Parkinson's, London (S.R.W.S., R.K.W.)
| | - Olivier Colin
- From the French Clinical Research Network (F-CRIN) for Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders (NS-Park-F-CRIN) (W.G.M., P.R., C. Giordana, D.M., P. Derkinderen, J.-L.H., M.A., I.B., T.B., C.B.-C., N.C., O.C., J.-C.C., P. Damier, E.D., D.D., S.D., M.F., V.F., A.F.-S., S.F.-K., S.G., C.H., L.H., P.K., B.L., R.L., L.-L.M., A.M., C.M., F.O.-M., H.S., C. Thiriez, M.T., O.R.), Centre d'Investigation Clinique (CIC) 1436 and the Departments of Clinical Pharmacology and Neurosciences, Centre Expert Parkinson, University Hospital of Toulouse, INSERM, University of Toulouse 3 (C.B.-C., H.C., M.F., F.O.-M., C. Thalamas, O.R.), and CIC 1436, INSERM (E.D., A.S.), Toulouse, Service de Neurologie des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Centre Expert Parkinson, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives (IMN) Clinique (W.G.M., T.B., A.F.-S., B.L.), and Service d'Information Médicale, Unité de Soutien Méthodologique à la Recherche (USMR) (A.G., C. Germain, A.B.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Bordeaux, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 5293, Université de Bordeaux, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), IMN, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 5293 (W.G.M., T.B., A.F.-S.), and the European Clinical Trials Platform and Development-F-CRIN, CIC-Clinical Epidemiology Unit 1401, University of Bordeaux, INSERM, Institut Bergonié, CHU Bordeaux (A.G., C. Germain, A.B.), Bordeaux, the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, Equipe 01-Neuropsychologie Interventionnelle L'Institut Mondor de Recherches Biomédicales, CHU Henri Mondor, INSERM et Faculté de Santé, Université Paris-Est Créteil, Créteil (P.R., H.S.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Université Côte d'Azur, Nice (C. Giordana, V.F., C.M.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication, UMR 1239, Rouen University Hospital, University of Rouen, INSERM, Mont-Saint-Aignan (D.M.), and the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, Rouen University Hospital and University of Rouen (C.H., R.L.), Rouen, the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, CIC 1413, CHU Nantes, INSERM, Nantes (P. Derkinderen, P. Damier), Service de Neurologie, Centre Expert Parkinson, CIC 1402, CHU Limoges, CHU Poitiers INSERM, Limoges (J.-L.H., I.B., O.C.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, Strasbourg University Hospital, and Strasbourg Federation of Translational Medicine, Strasbourg University, Strasbourg (M.A.), the Institute of Genetics and Cellular and Molecular Biology, INSERM Unité 964, CNRS-UMR 7104, University of Strasbourg, Illkirch-Graffenstaden (M.A.), the Department of Medical Pharmacology INSERM Unité 1172, Lille Neurosciences and Cognition, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire, University of Lille, Lille (N.C., D.D.), the Department of Neurology, CIC Neurosciences, Sorbonne Université, Paris Brain Institute, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, INSERM, CNRS, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris (J.-C.C., L.-L.M.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, CIC 1414, CHU Pontchaillou de Rennes, INSERM, Rennes (S.D.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, CHU de Nancy, Hôpital Central, Nancy (S.F.-K., L.H.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, University Hospital La Timone, Marseille (S.G.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, University Hospital of Amiens, Amiens (P.K., M.T.), the Department of Neurology, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Université Clermont-Auvergne, CNRS, Image Guided Clinical Neuroscience and Connectomics, Institut Pascal, Clermont-Ferrand (A.M.), the Department of Nutrition-Diabetology, CHU de Bordeaux, Hôpital Haut-Lévêque, Pessac (V.R.), and the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, CHU de Caen, Caen (C. Thiriez) - all in France; the Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch, and the New Zealand Brain Research Institute - both in Christchurch, New Zealand (W.G.M.); Specialized Rehabilitation Hospital, Capital Health, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates (P.K.); and Cure Parkinson's, London (S.R.W.S., R.K.W.)
| | - Jean-Christophe Corvol
- From the French Clinical Research Network (F-CRIN) for Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders (NS-Park-F-CRIN) (W.G.M., P.R., C. Giordana, D.M., P. Derkinderen, J.-L.H., M.A., I.B., T.B., C.B.-C., N.C., O.C., J.-C.C., P. Damier, E.D., D.D., S.D., M.F., V.F., A.F.-S., S.F.-K., S.G., C.H., L.H., P.K., B.L., R.L., L.-L.M., A.M., C.M., F.O.-M., H.S., C. Thiriez, M.T., O.R.), Centre d'Investigation Clinique (CIC) 1436 and the Departments of Clinical Pharmacology and Neurosciences, Centre Expert Parkinson, University Hospital of Toulouse, INSERM, University of Toulouse 3 (C.B.-C., H.C., M.F., F.O.-M., C. Thalamas, O.R.), and CIC 1436, INSERM (E.D., A.S.), Toulouse, Service de Neurologie des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Centre Expert Parkinson, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives (IMN) Clinique (W.G.M., T.B., A.F.-S., B.L.), and Service d'Information Médicale, Unité de Soutien Méthodologique à la Recherche (USMR) (A.G., C. Germain, A.B.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Bordeaux, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 5293, Université de Bordeaux, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), IMN, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 5293 (W.G.M., T.B., A.F.-S.), and the European Clinical Trials Platform and Development-F-CRIN, CIC-Clinical Epidemiology Unit 1401, University of Bordeaux, INSERM, Institut Bergonié, CHU Bordeaux (A.G., C. Germain, A.B.), Bordeaux, the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, Equipe 01-Neuropsychologie Interventionnelle L'Institut Mondor de Recherches Biomédicales, CHU Henri Mondor, INSERM et Faculté de Santé, Université Paris-Est Créteil, Créteil (P.R., H.S.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Université Côte d'Azur, Nice (C. Giordana, V.F., C.M.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication, UMR 1239, Rouen University Hospital, University of Rouen, INSERM, Mont-Saint-Aignan (D.M.), and the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, Rouen University Hospital and University of Rouen (C.H., R.L.), Rouen, the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, CIC 1413, CHU Nantes, INSERM, Nantes (P. Derkinderen, P. Damier), Service de Neurologie, Centre Expert Parkinson, CIC 1402, CHU Limoges, CHU Poitiers INSERM, Limoges (J.-L.H., I.B., O.C.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, Strasbourg University Hospital, and Strasbourg Federation of Translational Medicine, Strasbourg University, Strasbourg (M.A.), the Institute of Genetics and Cellular and Molecular Biology, INSERM Unité 964, CNRS-UMR 7104, University of Strasbourg, Illkirch-Graffenstaden (M.A.), the Department of Medical Pharmacology INSERM Unité 1172, Lille Neurosciences and Cognition, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire, University of Lille, Lille (N.C., D.D.), the Department of Neurology, CIC Neurosciences, Sorbonne Université, Paris Brain Institute, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, INSERM, CNRS, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris (J.-C.C., L.-L.M.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, CIC 1414, CHU Pontchaillou de Rennes, INSERM, Rennes (S.D.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, CHU de Nancy, Hôpital Central, Nancy (S.F.-K., L.H.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, University Hospital La Timone, Marseille (S.G.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, University Hospital of Amiens, Amiens (P.K., M.T.), the Department of Neurology, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Université Clermont-Auvergne, CNRS, Image Guided Clinical Neuroscience and Connectomics, Institut Pascal, Clermont-Ferrand (A.M.), the Department of Nutrition-Diabetology, CHU de Bordeaux, Hôpital Haut-Lévêque, Pessac (V.R.), and the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, CHU de Caen, Caen (C. Thiriez) - all in France; the Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch, and the New Zealand Brain Research Institute - both in Christchurch, New Zealand (W.G.M.); Specialized Rehabilitation Hospital, Capital Health, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates (P.K.); and Cure Parkinson's, London (S.R.W.S., R.K.W.)
| | - Philippe Damier
- From the French Clinical Research Network (F-CRIN) for Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders (NS-Park-F-CRIN) (W.G.M., P.R., C. Giordana, D.M., P. Derkinderen, J.-L.H., M.A., I.B., T.B., C.B.-C., N.C., O.C., J.-C.C., P. Damier, E.D., D.D., S.D., M.F., V.F., A.F.-S., S.F.-K., S.G., C.H., L.H., P.K., B.L., R.L., L.-L.M., A.M., C.M., F.O.-M., H.S., C. Thiriez, M.T., O.R.), Centre d'Investigation Clinique (CIC) 1436 and the Departments of Clinical Pharmacology and Neurosciences, Centre Expert Parkinson, University Hospital of Toulouse, INSERM, University of Toulouse 3 (C.B.-C., H.C., M.F., F.O.-M., C. Thalamas, O.R.), and CIC 1436, INSERM (E.D., A.S.), Toulouse, Service de Neurologie des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Centre Expert Parkinson, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives (IMN) Clinique (W.G.M., T.B., A.F.-S., B.L.), and Service d'Information Médicale, Unité de Soutien Méthodologique à la Recherche (USMR) (A.G., C. Germain, A.B.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Bordeaux, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 5293, Université de Bordeaux, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), IMN, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 5293 (W.G.M., T.B., A.F.-S.), and the European Clinical Trials Platform and Development-F-CRIN, CIC-Clinical Epidemiology Unit 1401, University of Bordeaux, INSERM, Institut Bergonié, CHU Bordeaux (A.G., C. Germain, A.B.), Bordeaux, the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, Equipe 01-Neuropsychologie Interventionnelle L'Institut Mondor de Recherches Biomédicales, CHU Henri Mondor, INSERM et Faculté de Santé, Université Paris-Est Créteil, Créteil (P.R., H.S.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Université Côte d'Azur, Nice (C. Giordana, V.F., C.M.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication, UMR 1239, Rouen University Hospital, University of Rouen, INSERM, Mont-Saint-Aignan (D.M.), and the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, Rouen University Hospital and University of Rouen (C.H., R.L.), Rouen, the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, CIC 1413, CHU Nantes, INSERM, Nantes (P. Derkinderen, P. Damier), Service de Neurologie, Centre Expert Parkinson, CIC 1402, CHU Limoges, CHU Poitiers INSERM, Limoges (J.-L.H., I.B., O.C.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, Strasbourg University Hospital, and Strasbourg Federation of Translational Medicine, Strasbourg University, Strasbourg (M.A.), the Institute of Genetics and Cellular and Molecular Biology, INSERM Unité 964, CNRS-UMR 7104, University of Strasbourg, Illkirch-Graffenstaden (M.A.), the Department of Medical Pharmacology INSERM Unité 1172, Lille Neurosciences and Cognition, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire, University of Lille, Lille (N.C., D.D.), the Department of Neurology, CIC Neurosciences, Sorbonne Université, Paris Brain Institute, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, INSERM, CNRS, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris (J.-C.C., L.-L.M.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, CIC 1414, CHU Pontchaillou de Rennes, INSERM, Rennes (S.D.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, CHU de Nancy, Hôpital Central, Nancy (S.F.-K., L.H.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, University Hospital La Timone, Marseille (S.G.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, University Hospital of Amiens, Amiens (P.K., M.T.), the Department of Neurology, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Université Clermont-Auvergne, CNRS, Image Guided Clinical Neuroscience and Connectomics, Institut Pascal, Clermont-Ferrand (A.M.), the Department of Nutrition-Diabetology, CHU de Bordeaux, Hôpital Haut-Lévêque, Pessac (V.R.), and the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, CHU de Caen, Caen (C. Thiriez) - all in France; the Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch, and the New Zealand Brain Research Institute - both in Christchurch, New Zealand (W.G.M.); Specialized Rehabilitation Hospital, Capital Health, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates (P.K.); and Cure Parkinson's, London (S.R.W.S., R.K.W.)
| | - Estelle Dellapina
- From the French Clinical Research Network (F-CRIN) for Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders (NS-Park-F-CRIN) (W.G.M., P.R., C. Giordana, D.M., P. Derkinderen, J.-L.H., M.A., I.B., T.B., C.B.-C., N.C., O.C., J.-C.C., P. Damier, E.D., D.D., S.D., M.F., V.F., A.F.-S., S.F.-K., S.G., C.H., L.H., P.K., B.L., R.L., L.-L.M., A.M., C.M., F.O.-M., H.S., C. Thiriez, M.T., O.R.), Centre d'Investigation Clinique (CIC) 1436 and the Departments of Clinical Pharmacology and Neurosciences, Centre Expert Parkinson, University Hospital of Toulouse, INSERM, University of Toulouse 3 (C.B.-C., H.C., M.F., F.O.-M., C. Thalamas, O.R.), and CIC 1436, INSERM (E.D., A.S.), Toulouse, Service de Neurologie des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Centre Expert Parkinson, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives (IMN) Clinique (W.G.M., T.B., A.F.-S., B.L.), and Service d'Information Médicale, Unité de Soutien Méthodologique à la Recherche (USMR) (A.G., C. Germain, A.B.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Bordeaux, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 5293, Université de Bordeaux, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), IMN, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 5293 (W.G.M., T.B., A.F.-S.), and the European Clinical Trials Platform and Development-F-CRIN, CIC-Clinical Epidemiology Unit 1401, University of Bordeaux, INSERM, Institut Bergonié, CHU Bordeaux (A.G., C. Germain, A.B.), Bordeaux, the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, Equipe 01-Neuropsychologie Interventionnelle L'Institut Mondor de Recherches Biomédicales, CHU Henri Mondor, INSERM et Faculté de Santé, Université Paris-Est Créteil, Créteil (P.R., H.S.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Université Côte d'Azur, Nice (C. Giordana, V.F., C.M.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication, UMR 1239, Rouen University Hospital, University of Rouen, INSERM, Mont-Saint-Aignan (D.M.), and the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, Rouen University Hospital and University of Rouen (C.H., R.L.), Rouen, the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, CIC 1413, CHU Nantes, INSERM, Nantes (P. Derkinderen, P. Damier), Service de Neurologie, Centre Expert Parkinson, CIC 1402, CHU Limoges, CHU Poitiers INSERM, Limoges (J.-L.H., I.B., O.C.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, Strasbourg University Hospital, and Strasbourg Federation of Translational Medicine, Strasbourg University, Strasbourg (M.A.), the Institute of Genetics and Cellular and Molecular Biology, INSERM Unité 964, CNRS-UMR 7104, University of Strasbourg, Illkirch-Graffenstaden (M.A.), the Department of Medical Pharmacology INSERM Unité 1172, Lille Neurosciences and Cognition, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire, University of Lille, Lille (N.C., D.D.), the Department of Neurology, CIC Neurosciences, Sorbonne Université, Paris Brain Institute, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, INSERM, CNRS, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris (J.-C.C., L.-L.M.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, CIC 1414, CHU Pontchaillou de Rennes, INSERM, Rennes (S.D.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, CHU de Nancy, Hôpital Central, Nancy (S.F.-K., L.H.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, University Hospital La Timone, Marseille (S.G.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, University Hospital of Amiens, Amiens (P.K., M.T.), the Department of Neurology, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Université Clermont-Auvergne, CNRS, Image Guided Clinical Neuroscience and Connectomics, Institut Pascal, Clermont-Ferrand (A.M.), the Department of Nutrition-Diabetology, CHU de Bordeaux, Hôpital Haut-Lévêque, Pessac (V.R.), and the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, CHU de Caen, Caen (C. Thiriez) - all in France; the Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch, and the New Zealand Brain Research Institute - both in Christchurch, New Zealand (W.G.M.); Specialized Rehabilitation Hospital, Capital Health, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates (P.K.); and Cure Parkinson's, London (S.R.W.S., R.K.W.)
| | - David Devos
- From the French Clinical Research Network (F-CRIN) for Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders (NS-Park-F-CRIN) (W.G.M., P.R., C. Giordana, D.M., P. Derkinderen, J.-L.H., M.A., I.B., T.B., C.B.-C., N.C., O.C., J.-C.C., P. Damier, E.D., D.D., S.D., M.F., V.F., A.F.-S., S.F.-K., S.G., C.H., L.H., P.K., B.L., R.L., L.-L.M., A.M., C.M., F.O.-M., H.S., C. Thiriez, M.T., O.R.), Centre d'Investigation Clinique (CIC) 1436 and the Departments of Clinical Pharmacology and Neurosciences, Centre Expert Parkinson, University Hospital of Toulouse, INSERM, University of Toulouse 3 (C.B.-C., H.C., M.F., F.O.-M., C. Thalamas, O.R.), and CIC 1436, INSERM (E.D., A.S.), Toulouse, Service de Neurologie des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Centre Expert Parkinson, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives (IMN) Clinique (W.G.M., T.B., A.F.-S., B.L.), and Service d'Information Médicale, Unité de Soutien Méthodologique à la Recherche (USMR) (A.G., C. Germain, A.B.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Bordeaux, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 5293, Université de Bordeaux, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), IMN, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 5293 (W.G.M., T.B., A.F.-S.), and the European Clinical Trials Platform and Development-F-CRIN, CIC-Clinical Epidemiology Unit 1401, University of Bordeaux, INSERM, Institut Bergonié, CHU Bordeaux (A.G., C. Germain, A.B.), Bordeaux, the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, Equipe 01-Neuropsychologie Interventionnelle L'Institut Mondor de Recherches Biomédicales, CHU Henri Mondor, INSERM et Faculté de Santé, Université Paris-Est Créteil, Créteil (P.R., H.S.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Université Côte d'Azur, Nice (C. Giordana, V.F., C.M.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication, UMR 1239, Rouen University Hospital, University of Rouen, INSERM, Mont-Saint-Aignan (D.M.), and the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, Rouen University Hospital and University of Rouen (C.H., R.L.), Rouen, the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, CIC 1413, CHU Nantes, INSERM, Nantes (P. Derkinderen, P. Damier), Service de Neurologie, Centre Expert Parkinson, CIC 1402, CHU Limoges, CHU Poitiers INSERM, Limoges (J.-L.H., I.B., O.C.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, Strasbourg University Hospital, and Strasbourg Federation of Translational Medicine, Strasbourg University, Strasbourg (M.A.), the Institute of Genetics and Cellular and Molecular Biology, INSERM Unité 964, CNRS-UMR 7104, University of Strasbourg, Illkirch-Graffenstaden (M.A.), the Department of Medical Pharmacology INSERM Unité 1172, Lille Neurosciences and Cognition, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire, University of Lille, Lille (N.C., D.D.), the Department of Neurology, CIC Neurosciences, Sorbonne Université, Paris Brain Institute, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, INSERM, CNRS, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris (J.-C.C., L.-L.M.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, CIC 1414, CHU Pontchaillou de Rennes, INSERM, Rennes (S.D.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, CHU de Nancy, Hôpital Central, Nancy (S.F.-K., L.H.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, University Hospital La Timone, Marseille (S.G.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, University Hospital of Amiens, Amiens (P.K., M.T.), the Department of Neurology, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Université Clermont-Auvergne, CNRS, Image Guided Clinical Neuroscience and Connectomics, Institut Pascal, Clermont-Ferrand (A.M.), the Department of Nutrition-Diabetology, CHU de Bordeaux, Hôpital Haut-Lévêque, Pessac (V.R.), and the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, CHU de Caen, Caen (C. Thiriez) - all in France; the Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch, and the New Zealand Brain Research Institute - both in Christchurch, New Zealand (W.G.M.); Specialized Rehabilitation Hospital, Capital Health, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates (P.K.); and Cure Parkinson's, London (S.R.W.S., R.K.W.)
| | - Sophie Drapier
- From the French Clinical Research Network (F-CRIN) for Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders (NS-Park-F-CRIN) (W.G.M., P.R., C. Giordana, D.M., P. Derkinderen, J.-L.H., M.A., I.B., T.B., C.B.-C., N.C., O.C., J.-C.C., P. Damier, E.D., D.D., S.D., M.F., V.F., A.F.-S., S.F.-K., S.G., C.H., L.H., P.K., B.L., R.L., L.-L.M., A.M., C.M., F.O.-M., H.S., C. Thiriez, M.T., O.R.), Centre d'Investigation Clinique (CIC) 1436 and the Departments of Clinical Pharmacology and Neurosciences, Centre Expert Parkinson, University Hospital of Toulouse, INSERM, University of Toulouse 3 (C.B.-C., H.C., M.F., F.O.-M., C. Thalamas, O.R.), and CIC 1436, INSERM (E.D., A.S.), Toulouse, Service de Neurologie des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Centre Expert Parkinson, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives (IMN) Clinique (W.G.M., T.B., A.F.-S., B.L.), and Service d'Information Médicale, Unité de Soutien Méthodologique à la Recherche (USMR) (A.G., C. Germain, A.B.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Bordeaux, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 5293, Université de Bordeaux, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), IMN, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 5293 (W.G.M., T.B., A.F.-S.), and the European Clinical Trials Platform and Development-F-CRIN, CIC-Clinical Epidemiology Unit 1401, University of Bordeaux, INSERM, Institut Bergonié, CHU Bordeaux (A.G., C. Germain, A.B.), Bordeaux, the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, Equipe 01-Neuropsychologie Interventionnelle L'Institut Mondor de Recherches Biomédicales, CHU Henri Mondor, INSERM et Faculté de Santé, Université Paris-Est Créteil, Créteil (P.R., H.S.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Université Côte d'Azur, Nice (C. Giordana, V.F., C.M.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication, UMR 1239, Rouen University Hospital, University of Rouen, INSERM, Mont-Saint-Aignan (D.M.), and the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, Rouen University Hospital and University of Rouen (C.H., R.L.), Rouen, the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, CIC 1413, CHU Nantes, INSERM, Nantes (P. Derkinderen, P. Damier), Service de Neurologie, Centre Expert Parkinson, CIC 1402, CHU Limoges, CHU Poitiers INSERM, Limoges (J.-L.H., I.B., O.C.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, Strasbourg University Hospital, and Strasbourg Federation of Translational Medicine, Strasbourg University, Strasbourg (M.A.), the Institute of Genetics and Cellular and Molecular Biology, INSERM Unité 964, CNRS-UMR 7104, University of Strasbourg, Illkirch-Graffenstaden (M.A.), the Department of Medical Pharmacology INSERM Unité 1172, Lille Neurosciences and Cognition, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire, University of Lille, Lille (N.C., D.D.), the Department of Neurology, CIC Neurosciences, Sorbonne Université, Paris Brain Institute, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, INSERM, CNRS, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris (J.-C.C., L.-L.M.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, CIC 1414, CHU Pontchaillou de Rennes, INSERM, Rennes (S.D.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, CHU de Nancy, Hôpital Central, Nancy (S.F.-K., L.H.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, University Hospital La Timone, Marseille (S.G.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, University Hospital of Amiens, Amiens (P.K., M.T.), the Department of Neurology, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Université Clermont-Auvergne, CNRS, Image Guided Clinical Neuroscience and Connectomics, Institut Pascal, Clermont-Ferrand (A.M.), the Department of Nutrition-Diabetology, CHU de Bordeaux, Hôpital Haut-Lévêque, Pessac (V.R.), and the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, CHU de Caen, Caen (C. Thiriez) - all in France; the Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch, and the New Zealand Brain Research Institute - both in Christchurch, New Zealand (W.G.M.); Specialized Rehabilitation Hospital, Capital Health, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates (P.K.); and Cure Parkinson's, London (S.R.W.S., R.K.W.)
| | - Margherita Fabbri
- From the French Clinical Research Network (F-CRIN) for Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders (NS-Park-F-CRIN) (W.G.M., P.R., C. Giordana, D.M., P. Derkinderen, J.-L.H., M.A., I.B., T.B., C.B.-C., N.C., O.C., J.-C.C., P. Damier, E.D., D.D., S.D., M.F., V.F., A.F.-S., S.F.-K., S.G., C.H., L.H., P.K., B.L., R.L., L.-L.M., A.M., C.M., F.O.-M., H.S., C. Thiriez, M.T., O.R.), Centre d'Investigation Clinique (CIC) 1436 and the Departments of Clinical Pharmacology and Neurosciences, Centre Expert Parkinson, University Hospital of Toulouse, INSERM, University of Toulouse 3 (C.B.-C., H.C., M.F., F.O.-M., C. Thalamas, O.R.), and CIC 1436, INSERM (E.D., A.S.), Toulouse, Service de Neurologie des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Centre Expert Parkinson, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives (IMN) Clinique (W.G.M., T.B., A.F.-S., B.L.), and Service d'Information Médicale, Unité de Soutien Méthodologique à la Recherche (USMR) (A.G., C. Germain, A.B.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Bordeaux, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 5293, Université de Bordeaux, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), IMN, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 5293 (W.G.M., T.B., A.F.-S.), and the European Clinical Trials Platform and Development-F-CRIN, CIC-Clinical Epidemiology Unit 1401, University of Bordeaux, INSERM, Institut Bergonié, CHU Bordeaux (A.G., C. Germain, A.B.), Bordeaux, the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, Equipe 01-Neuropsychologie Interventionnelle L'Institut Mondor de Recherches Biomédicales, CHU Henri Mondor, INSERM et Faculté de Santé, Université Paris-Est Créteil, Créteil (P.R., H.S.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Université Côte d'Azur, Nice (C. Giordana, V.F., C.M.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication, UMR 1239, Rouen University Hospital, University of Rouen, INSERM, Mont-Saint-Aignan (D.M.), and the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, Rouen University Hospital and University of Rouen (C.H., R.L.), Rouen, the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, CIC 1413, CHU Nantes, INSERM, Nantes (P. Derkinderen, P. Damier), Service de Neurologie, Centre Expert Parkinson, CIC 1402, CHU Limoges, CHU Poitiers INSERM, Limoges (J.-L.H., I.B., O.C.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, Strasbourg University Hospital, and Strasbourg Federation of Translational Medicine, Strasbourg University, Strasbourg (M.A.), the Institute of Genetics and Cellular and Molecular Biology, INSERM Unité 964, CNRS-UMR 7104, University of Strasbourg, Illkirch-Graffenstaden (M.A.), the Department of Medical Pharmacology INSERM Unité 1172, Lille Neurosciences and Cognition, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire, University of Lille, Lille (N.C., D.D.), the Department of Neurology, CIC Neurosciences, Sorbonne Université, Paris Brain Institute, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, INSERM, CNRS, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris (J.-C.C., L.-L.M.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, CIC 1414, CHU Pontchaillou de Rennes, INSERM, Rennes (S.D.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, CHU de Nancy, Hôpital Central, Nancy (S.F.-K., L.H.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, University Hospital La Timone, Marseille (S.G.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, University Hospital of Amiens, Amiens (P.K., M.T.), the Department of Neurology, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Université Clermont-Auvergne, CNRS, Image Guided Clinical Neuroscience and Connectomics, Institut Pascal, Clermont-Ferrand (A.M.), the Department of Nutrition-Diabetology, CHU de Bordeaux, Hôpital Haut-Lévêque, Pessac (V.R.), and the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, CHU de Caen, Caen (C. Thiriez) - all in France; the Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch, and the New Zealand Brain Research Institute - both in Christchurch, New Zealand (W.G.M.); Specialized Rehabilitation Hospital, Capital Health, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates (P.K.); and Cure Parkinson's, London (S.R.W.S., R.K.W.)
| | - Vanessa Ferrier
- From the French Clinical Research Network (F-CRIN) for Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders (NS-Park-F-CRIN) (W.G.M., P.R., C. Giordana, D.M., P. Derkinderen, J.-L.H., M.A., I.B., T.B., C.B.-C., N.C., O.C., J.-C.C., P. Damier, E.D., D.D., S.D., M.F., V.F., A.F.-S., S.F.-K., S.G., C.H., L.H., P.K., B.L., R.L., L.-L.M., A.M., C.M., F.O.-M., H.S., C. Thiriez, M.T., O.R.), Centre d'Investigation Clinique (CIC) 1436 and the Departments of Clinical Pharmacology and Neurosciences, Centre Expert Parkinson, University Hospital of Toulouse, INSERM, University of Toulouse 3 (C.B.-C., H.C., M.F., F.O.-M., C. Thalamas, O.R.), and CIC 1436, INSERM (E.D., A.S.), Toulouse, Service de Neurologie des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Centre Expert Parkinson, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives (IMN) Clinique (W.G.M., T.B., A.F.-S., B.L.), and Service d'Information Médicale, Unité de Soutien Méthodologique à la Recherche (USMR) (A.G., C. Germain, A.B.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Bordeaux, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 5293, Université de Bordeaux, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), IMN, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 5293 (W.G.M., T.B., A.F.-S.), and the European Clinical Trials Platform and Development-F-CRIN, CIC-Clinical Epidemiology Unit 1401, University of Bordeaux, INSERM, Institut Bergonié, CHU Bordeaux (A.G., C. Germain, A.B.), Bordeaux, the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, Equipe 01-Neuropsychologie Interventionnelle L'Institut Mondor de Recherches Biomédicales, CHU Henri Mondor, INSERM et Faculté de Santé, Université Paris-Est Créteil, Créteil (P.R., H.S.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Université Côte d'Azur, Nice (C. Giordana, V.F., C.M.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication, UMR 1239, Rouen University Hospital, University of Rouen, INSERM, Mont-Saint-Aignan (D.M.), and the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, Rouen University Hospital and University of Rouen (C.H., R.L.), Rouen, the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, CIC 1413, CHU Nantes, INSERM, Nantes (P. Derkinderen, P. Damier), Service de Neurologie, Centre Expert Parkinson, CIC 1402, CHU Limoges, CHU Poitiers INSERM, Limoges (J.-L.H., I.B., O.C.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, Strasbourg University Hospital, and Strasbourg Federation of Translational Medicine, Strasbourg University, Strasbourg (M.A.), the Institute of Genetics and Cellular and Molecular Biology, INSERM Unité 964, CNRS-UMR 7104, University of Strasbourg, Illkirch-Graffenstaden (M.A.), the Department of Medical Pharmacology INSERM Unité 1172, Lille Neurosciences and Cognition, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire, University of Lille, Lille (N.C., D.D.), the Department of Neurology, CIC Neurosciences, Sorbonne Université, Paris Brain Institute, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, INSERM, CNRS, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris (J.-C.C., L.-L.M.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, CIC 1414, CHU Pontchaillou de Rennes, INSERM, Rennes (S.D.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, CHU de Nancy, Hôpital Central, Nancy (S.F.-K., L.H.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, University Hospital La Timone, Marseille (S.G.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, University Hospital of Amiens, Amiens (P.K., M.T.), the Department of Neurology, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Université Clermont-Auvergne, CNRS, Image Guided Clinical Neuroscience and Connectomics, Institut Pascal, Clermont-Ferrand (A.M.), the Department of Nutrition-Diabetology, CHU de Bordeaux, Hôpital Haut-Lévêque, Pessac (V.R.), and the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, CHU de Caen, Caen (C. Thiriez) - all in France; the Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch, and the New Zealand Brain Research Institute - both in Christchurch, New Zealand (W.G.M.); Specialized Rehabilitation Hospital, Capital Health, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates (P.K.); and Cure Parkinson's, London (S.R.W.S., R.K.W.)
| | - Alexandra Foubert-Samier
- From the French Clinical Research Network (F-CRIN) for Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders (NS-Park-F-CRIN) (W.G.M., P.R., C. Giordana, D.M., P. Derkinderen, J.-L.H., M.A., I.B., T.B., C.B.-C., N.C., O.C., J.-C.C., P. Damier, E.D., D.D., S.D., M.F., V.F., A.F.-S., S.F.-K., S.G., C.H., L.H., P.K., B.L., R.L., L.-L.M., A.M., C.M., F.O.-M., H.S., C. Thiriez, M.T., O.R.), Centre d'Investigation Clinique (CIC) 1436 and the Departments of Clinical Pharmacology and Neurosciences, Centre Expert Parkinson, University Hospital of Toulouse, INSERM, University of Toulouse 3 (C.B.-C., H.C., M.F., F.O.-M., C. Thalamas, O.R.), and CIC 1436, INSERM (E.D., A.S.), Toulouse, Service de Neurologie des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Centre Expert Parkinson, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives (IMN) Clinique (W.G.M., T.B., A.F.-S., B.L.), and Service d'Information Médicale, Unité de Soutien Méthodologique à la Recherche (USMR) (A.G., C. Germain, A.B.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Bordeaux, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 5293, Université de Bordeaux, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), IMN, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 5293 (W.G.M., T.B., A.F.-S.), and the European Clinical Trials Platform and Development-F-CRIN, CIC-Clinical Epidemiology Unit 1401, University of Bordeaux, INSERM, Institut Bergonié, CHU Bordeaux (A.G., C. Germain, A.B.), Bordeaux, the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, Equipe 01-Neuropsychologie Interventionnelle L'Institut Mondor de Recherches Biomédicales, CHU Henri Mondor, INSERM et Faculté de Santé, Université Paris-Est Créteil, Créteil (P.R., H.S.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Université Côte d'Azur, Nice (C. Giordana, V.F., C.M.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication, UMR 1239, Rouen University Hospital, University of Rouen, INSERM, Mont-Saint-Aignan (D.M.), and the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, Rouen University Hospital and University of Rouen (C.H., R.L.), Rouen, the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, CIC 1413, CHU Nantes, INSERM, Nantes (P. Derkinderen, P. Damier), Service de Neurologie, Centre Expert Parkinson, CIC 1402, CHU Limoges, CHU Poitiers INSERM, Limoges (J.-L.H., I.B., O.C.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, Strasbourg University Hospital, and Strasbourg Federation of Translational Medicine, Strasbourg University, Strasbourg (M.A.), the Institute of Genetics and Cellular and Molecular Biology, INSERM Unité 964, CNRS-UMR 7104, University of Strasbourg, Illkirch-Graffenstaden (M.A.), the Department of Medical Pharmacology INSERM Unité 1172, Lille Neurosciences and Cognition, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire, University of Lille, Lille (N.C., D.D.), the Department of Neurology, CIC Neurosciences, Sorbonne Université, Paris Brain Institute, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, INSERM, CNRS, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris (J.-C.C., L.-L.M.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, CIC 1414, CHU Pontchaillou de Rennes, INSERM, Rennes (S.D.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, CHU de Nancy, Hôpital Central, Nancy (S.F.-K., L.H.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, University Hospital La Timone, Marseille (S.G.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, University Hospital of Amiens, Amiens (P.K., M.T.), the Department of Neurology, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Université Clermont-Auvergne, CNRS, Image Guided Clinical Neuroscience and Connectomics, Institut Pascal, Clermont-Ferrand (A.M.), the Department of Nutrition-Diabetology, CHU de Bordeaux, Hôpital Haut-Lévêque, Pessac (V.R.), and the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, CHU de Caen, Caen (C. Thiriez) - all in France; the Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch, and the New Zealand Brain Research Institute - both in Christchurch, New Zealand (W.G.M.); Specialized Rehabilitation Hospital, Capital Health, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates (P.K.); and Cure Parkinson's, London (S.R.W.S., R.K.W.)
| | - Solène Frismand-Kryloff
- From the French Clinical Research Network (F-CRIN) for Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders (NS-Park-F-CRIN) (W.G.M., P.R., C. Giordana, D.M., P. Derkinderen, J.-L.H., M.A., I.B., T.B., C.B.-C., N.C., O.C., J.-C.C., P. Damier, E.D., D.D., S.D., M.F., V.F., A.F.-S., S.F.-K., S.G., C.H., L.H., P.K., B.L., R.L., L.-L.M., A.M., C.M., F.O.-M., H.S., C. Thiriez, M.T., O.R.), Centre d'Investigation Clinique (CIC) 1436 and the Departments of Clinical Pharmacology and Neurosciences, Centre Expert Parkinson, University Hospital of Toulouse, INSERM, University of Toulouse 3 (C.B.-C., H.C., M.F., F.O.-M., C. Thalamas, O.R.), and CIC 1436, INSERM (E.D., A.S.), Toulouse, Service de Neurologie des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Centre Expert Parkinson, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives (IMN) Clinique (W.G.M., T.B., A.F.-S., B.L.), and Service d'Information Médicale, Unité de Soutien Méthodologique à la Recherche (USMR) (A.G., C. Germain, A.B.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Bordeaux, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 5293, Université de Bordeaux, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), IMN, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 5293 (W.G.M., T.B., A.F.-S.), and the European Clinical Trials Platform and Development-F-CRIN, CIC-Clinical Epidemiology Unit 1401, University of Bordeaux, INSERM, Institut Bergonié, CHU Bordeaux (A.G., C. Germain, A.B.), Bordeaux, the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, Equipe 01-Neuropsychologie Interventionnelle L'Institut Mondor de Recherches Biomédicales, CHU Henri Mondor, INSERM et Faculté de Santé, Université Paris-Est Créteil, Créteil (P.R., H.S.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Université Côte d'Azur, Nice (C. Giordana, V.F., C.M.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication, UMR 1239, Rouen University Hospital, University of Rouen, INSERM, Mont-Saint-Aignan (D.M.), and the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, Rouen University Hospital and University of Rouen (C.H., R.L.), Rouen, the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, CIC 1413, CHU Nantes, INSERM, Nantes (P. Derkinderen, P. Damier), Service de Neurologie, Centre Expert Parkinson, CIC 1402, CHU Limoges, CHU Poitiers INSERM, Limoges (J.-L.H., I.B., O.C.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, Strasbourg University Hospital, and Strasbourg Federation of Translational Medicine, Strasbourg University, Strasbourg (M.A.), the Institute of Genetics and Cellular and Molecular Biology, INSERM Unité 964, CNRS-UMR 7104, University of Strasbourg, Illkirch-Graffenstaden (M.A.), the Department of Medical Pharmacology INSERM Unité 1172, Lille Neurosciences and Cognition, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire, University of Lille, Lille (N.C., D.D.), the Department of Neurology, CIC Neurosciences, Sorbonne Université, Paris Brain Institute, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, INSERM, CNRS, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris (J.-C.C., L.-L.M.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, CIC 1414, CHU Pontchaillou de Rennes, INSERM, Rennes (S.D.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, CHU de Nancy, Hôpital Central, Nancy (S.F.-K., L.H.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, University Hospital La Timone, Marseille (S.G.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, University Hospital of Amiens, Amiens (P.K., M.T.), the Department of Neurology, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Université Clermont-Auvergne, CNRS, Image Guided Clinical Neuroscience and Connectomics, Institut Pascal, Clermont-Ferrand (A.M.), the Department of Nutrition-Diabetology, CHU de Bordeaux, Hôpital Haut-Lévêque, Pessac (V.R.), and the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, CHU de Caen, Caen (C. Thiriez) - all in France; the Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch, and the New Zealand Brain Research Institute - both in Christchurch, New Zealand (W.G.M.); Specialized Rehabilitation Hospital, Capital Health, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates (P.K.); and Cure Parkinson's, London (S.R.W.S., R.K.W.)
| | - Aurore Georget
- From the French Clinical Research Network (F-CRIN) for Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders (NS-Park-F-CRIN) (W.G.M., P.R., C. Giordana, D.M., P. Derkinderen, J.-L.H., M.A., I.B., T.B., C.B.-C., N.C., O.C., J.-C.C., P. Damier, E.D., D.D., S.D., M.F., V.F., A.F.-S., S.F.-K., S.G., C.H., L.H., P.K., B.L., R.L., L.-L.M., A.M., C.M., F.O.-M., H.S., C. Thiriez, M.T., O.R.), Centre d'Investigation Clinique (CIC) 1436 and the Departments of Clinical Pharmacology and Neurosciences, Centre Expert Parkinson, University Hospital of Toulouse, INSERM, University of Toulouse 3 (C.B.-C., H.C., M.F., F.O.-M., C. Thalamas, O.R.), and CIC 1436, INSERM (E.D., A.S.), Toulouse, Service de Neurologie des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Centre Expert Parkinson, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives (IMN) Clinique (W.G.M., T.B., A.F.-S., B.L.), and Service d'Information Médicale, Unité de Soutien Méthodologique à la Recherche (USMR) (A.G., C. Germain, A.B.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Bordeaux, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 5293, Université de Bordeaux, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), IMN, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 5293 (W.G.M., T.B., A.F.-S.), and the European Clinical Trials Platform and Development-F-CRIN, CIC-Clinical Epidemiology Unit 1401, University of Bordeaux, INSERM, Institut Bergonié, CHU Bordeaux (A.G., C. Germain, A.B.), Bordeaux, the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, Equipe 01-Neuropsychologie Interventionnelle L'Institut Mondor de Recherches Biomédicales, CHU Henri Mondor, INSERM et Faculté de Santé, Université Paris-Est Créteil, Créteil (P.R., H.S.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Université Côte d'Azur, Nice (C. Giordana, V.F., C.M.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication, UMR 1239, Rouen University Hospital, University of Rouen, INSERM, Mont-Saint-Aignan (D.M.), and the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, Rouen University Hospital and University of Rouen (C.H., R.L.), Rouen, the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, CIC 1413, CHU Nantes, INSERM, Nantes (P. Derkinderen, P. Damier), Service de Neurologie, Centre Expert Parkinson, CIC 1402, CHU Limoges, CHU Poitiers INSERM, Limoges (J.-L.H., I.B., O.C.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, Strasbourg University Hospital, and Strasbourg Federation of Translational Medicine, Strasbourg University, Strasbourg (M.A.), the Institute of Genetics and Cellular and Molecular Biology, INSERM Unité 964, CNRS-UMR 7104, University of Strasbourg, Illkirch-Graffenstaden (M.A.), the Department of Medical Pharmacology INSERM Unité 1172, Lille Neurosciences and Cognition, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire, University of Lille, Lille (N.C., D.D.), the Department of Neurology, CIC Neurosciences, Sorbonne Université, Paris Brain Institute, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, INSERM, CNRS, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris (J.-C.C., L.-L.M.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, CIC 1414, CHU Pontchaillou de Rennes, INSERM, Rennes (S.D.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, CHU de Nancy, Hôpital Central, Nancy (S.F.-K., L.H.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, University Hospital La Timone, Marseille (S.G.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, University Hospital of Amiens, Amiens (P.K., M.T.), the Department of Neurology, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Université Clermont-Auvergne, CNRS, Image Guided Clinical Neuroscience and Connectomics, Institut Pascal, Clermont-Ferrand (A.M.), the Department of Nutrition-Diabetology, CHU de Bordeaux, Hôpital Haut-Lévêque, Pessac (V.R.), and the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, CHU de Caen, Caen (C. Thiriez) - all in France; the Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch, and the New Zealand Brain Research Institute - both in Christchurch, New Zealand (W.G.M.); Specialized Rehabilitation Hospital, Capital Health, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates (P.K.); and Cure Parkinson's, London (S.R.W.S., R.K.W.)
| | - Christine Germain
- From the French Clinical Research Network (F-CRIN) for Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders (NS-Park-F-CRIN) (W.G.M., P.R., C. Giordana, D.M., P. Derkinderen, J.-L.H., M.A., I.B., T.B., C.B.-C., N.C., O.C., J.-C.C., P. Damier, E.D., D.D., S.D., M.F., V.F., A.F.-S., S.F.-K., S.G., C.H., L.H., P.K., B.L., R.L., L.-L.M., A.M., C.M., F.O.-M., H.S., C. Thiriez, M.T., O.R.), Centre d'Investigation Clinique (CIC) 1436 and the Departments of Clinical Pharmacology and Neurosciences, Centre Expert Parkinson, University Hospital of Toulouse, INSERM, University of Toulouse 3 (C.B.-C., H.C., M.F., F.O.-M., C. Thalamas, O.R.), and CIC 1436, INSERM (E.D., A.S.), Toulouse, Service de Neurologie des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Centre Expert Parkinson, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives (IMN) Clinique (W.G.M., T.B., A.F.-S., B.L.), and Service d'Information Médicale, Unité de Soutien Méthodologique à la Recherche (USMR) (A.G., C. Germain, A.B.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Bordeaux, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 5293, Université de Bordeaux, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), IMN, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 5293 (W.G.M., T.B., A.F.-S.), and the European Clinical Trials Platform and Development-F-CRIN, CIC-Clinical Epidemiology Unit 1401, University of Bordeaux, INSERM, Institut Bergonié, CHU Bordeaux (A.G., C. Germain, A.B.), Bordeaux, the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, Equipe 01-Neuropsychologie Interventionnelle L'Institut Mondor de Recherches Biomédicales, CHU Henri Mondor, INSERM et Faculté de Santé, Université Paris-Est Créteil, Créteil (P.R., H.S.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Université Côte d'Azur, Nice (C. Giordana, V.F., C.M.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication, UMR 1239, Rouen University Hospital, University of Rouen, INSERM, Mont-Saint-Aignan (D.M.), and the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, Rouen University Hospital and University of Rouen (C.H., R.L.), Rouen, the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, CIC 1413, CHU Nantes, INSERM, Nantes (P. Derkinderen, P. Damier), Service de Neurologie, Centre Expert Parkinson, CIC 1402, CHU Limoges, CHU Poitiers INSERM, Limoges (J.-L.H., I.B., O.C.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, Strasbourg University Hospital, and Strasbourg Federation of Translational Medicine, Strasbourg University, Strasbourg (M.A.), the Institute of Genetics and Cellular and Molecular Biology, INSERM Unité 964, CNRS-UMR 7104, University of Strasbourg, Illkirch-Graffenstaden (M.A.), the Department of Medical Pharmacology INSERM Unité 1172, Lille Neurosciences and Cognition, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire, University of Lille, Lille (N.C., D.D.), the Department of Neurology, CIC Neurosciences, Sorbonne Université, Paris Brain Institute, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, INSERM, CNRS, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris (J.-C.C., L.-L.M.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, CIC 1414, CHU Pontchaillou de Rennes, INSERM, Rennes (S.D.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, CHU de Nancy, Hôpital Central, Nancy (S.F.-K., L.H.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, University Hospital La Timone, Marseille (S.G.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, University Hospital of Amiens, Amiens (P.K., M.T.), the Department of Neurology, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Université Clermont-Auvergne, CNRS, Image Guided Clinical Neuroscience and Connectomics, Institut Pascal, Clermont-Ferrand (A.M.), the Department of Nutrition-Diabetology, CHU de Bordeaux, Hôpital Haut-Lévêque, Pessac (V.R.), and the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, CHU de Caen, Caen (C. Thiriez) - all in France; the Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch, and the New Zealand Brain Research Institute - both in Christchurch, New Zealand (W.G.M.); Specialized Rehabilitation Hospital, Capital Health, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates (P.K.); and Cure Parkinson's, London (S.R.W.S., R.K.W.)
| | - Stéphane Grimaldi
- From the French Clinical Research Network (F-CRIN) for Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders (NS-Park-F-CRIN) (W.G.M., P.R., C. Giordana, D.M., P. Derkinderen, J.-L.H., M.A., I.B., T.B., C.B.-C., N.C., O.C., J.-C.C., P. Damier, E.D., D.D., S.D., M.F., V.F., A.F.-S., S.F.-K., S.G., C.H., L.H., P.K., B.L., R.L., L.-L.M., A.M., C.M., F.O.-M., H.S., C. Thiriez, M.T., O.R.), Centre d'Investigation Clinique (CIC) 1436 and the Departments of Clinical Pharmacology and Neurosciences, Centre Expert Parkinson, University Hospital of Toulouse, INSERM, University of Toulouse 3 (C.B.-C., H.C., M.F., F.O.-M., C. Thalamas, O.R.), and CIC 1436, INSERM (E.D., A.S.), Toulouse, Service de Neurologie des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Centre Expert Parkinson, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives (IMN) Clinique (W.G.M., T.B., A.F.-S., B.L.), and Service d'Information Médicale, Unité de Soutien Méthodologique à la Recherche (USMR) (A.G., C. Germain, A.B.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Bordeaux, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 5293, Université de Bordeaux, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), IMN, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 5293 (W.G.M., T.B., A.F.-S.), and the European Clinical Trials Platform and Development-F-CRIN, CIC-Clinical Epidemiology Unit 1401, University of Bordeaux, INSERM, Institut Bergonié, CHU Bordeaux (A.G., C. Germain, A.B.), Bordeaux, the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, Equipe 01-Neuropsychologie Interventionnelle L'Institut Mondor de Recherches Biomédicales, CHU Henri Mondor, INSERM et Faculté de Santé, Université Paris-Est Créteil, Créteil (P.R., H.S.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Université Côte d'Azur, Nice (C. Giordana, V.F., C.M.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication, UMR 1239, Rouen University Hospital, University of Rouen, INSERM, Mont-Saint-Aignan (D.M.), and the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, Rouen University Hospital and University of Rouen (C.H., R.L.), Rouen, the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, CIC 1413, CHU Nantes, INSERM, Nantes (P. Derkinderen, P. Damier), Service de Neurologie, Centre Expert Parkinson, CIC 1402, CHU Limoges, CHU Poitiers INSERM, Limoges (J.-L.H., I.B., O.C.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, Strasbourg University Hospital, and Strasbourg Federation of Translational Medicine, Strasbourg University, Strasbourg (M.A.), the Institute of Genetics and Cellular and Molecular Biology, INSERM Unité 964, CNRS-UMR 7104, University of Strasbourg, Illkirch-Graffenstaden (M.A.), the Department of Medical Pharmacology INSERM Unité 1172, Lille Neurosciences and Cognition, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire, University of Lille, Lille (N.C., D.D.), the Department of Neurology, CIC Neurosciences, Sorbonne Université, Paris Brain Institute, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, INSERM, CNRS, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris (J.-C.C., L.-L.M.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, CIC 1414, CHU Pontchaillou de Rennes, INSERM, Rennes (S.D.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, CHU de Nancy, Hôpital Central, Nancy (S.F.-K., L.H.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, University Hospital La Timone, Marseille (S.G.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, University Hospital of Amiens, Amiens (P.K., M.T.), the Department of Neurology, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Université Clermont-Auvergne, CNRS, Image Guided Clinical Neuroscience and Connectomics, Institut Pascal, Clermont-Ferrand (A.M.), the Department of Nutrition-Diabetology, CHU de Bordeaux, Hôpital Haut-Lévêque, Pessac (V.R.), and the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, CHU de Caen, Caen (C. Thiriez) - all in France; the Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch, and the New Zealand Brain Research Institute - both in Christchurch, New Zealand (W.G.M.); Specialized Rehabilitation Hospital, Capital Health, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates (P.K.); and Cure Parkinson's, London (S.R.W.S., R.K.W.)
| | - Clémence Hardy
- From the French Clinical Research Network (F-CRIN) for Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders (NS-Park-F-CRIN) (W.G.M., P.R., C. Giordana, D.M., P. Derkinderen, J.-L.H., M.A., I.B., T.B., C.B.-C., N.C., O.C., J.-C.C., P. Damier, E.D., D.D., S.D., M.F., V.F., A.F.-S., S.F.-K., S.G., C.H., L.H., P.K., B.L., R.L., L.-L.M., A.M., C.M., F.O.-M., H.S., C. Thiriez, M.T., O.R.), Centre d'Investigation Clinique (CIC) 1436 and the Departments of Clinical Pharmacology and Neurosciences, Centre Expert Parkinson, University Hospital of Toulouse, INSERM, University of Toulouse 3 (C.B.-C., H.C., M.F., F.O.-M., C. Thalamas, O.R.), and CIC 1436, INSERM (E.D., A.S.), Toulouse, Service de Neurologie des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Centre Expert Parkinson, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives (IMN) Clinique (W.G.M., T.B., A.F.-S., B.L.), and Service d'Information Médicale, Unité de Soutien Méthodologique à la Recherche (USMR) (A.G., C. Germain, A.B.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Bordeaux, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 5293, Université de Bordeaux, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), IMN, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 5293 (W.G.M., T.B., A.F.-S.), and the European Clinical Trials Platform and Development-F-CRIN, CIC-Clinical Epidemiology Unit 1401, University of Bordeaux, INSERM, Institut Bergonié, CHU Bordeaux (A.G., C. Germain, A.B.), Bordeaux, the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, Equipe 01-Neuropsychologie Interventionnelle L'Institut Mondor de Recherches Biomédicales, CHU Henri Mondor, INSERM et Faculté de Santé, Université Paris-Est Créteil, Créteil (P.R., H.S.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Université Côte d'Azur, Nice (C. Giordana, V.F., C.M.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication, UMR 1239, Rouen University Hospital, University of Rouen, INSERM, Mont-Saint-Aignan (D.M.), and the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, Rouen University Hospital and University of Rouen (C.H., R.L.), Rouen, the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, CIC 1413, CHU Nantes, INSERM, Nantes (P. Derkinderen, P. Damier), Service de Neurologie, Centre Expert Parkinson, CIC 1402, CHU Limoges, CHU Poitiers INSERM, Limoges (J.-L.H., I.B., O.C.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, Strasbourg University Hospital, and Strasbourg Federation of Translational Medicine, Strasbourg University, Strasbourg (M.A.), the Institute of Genetics and Cellular and Molecular Biology, INSERM Unité 964, CNRS-UMR 7104, University of Strasbourg, Illkirch-Graffenstaden (M.A.), the Department of Medical Pharmacology INSERM Unité 1172, Lille Neurosciences and Cognition, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire, University of Lille, Lille (N.C., D.D.), the Department of Neurology, CIC Neurosciences, Sorbonne Université, Paris Brain Institute, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, INSERM, CNRS, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris (J.-C.C., L.-L.M.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, CIC 1414, CHU Pontchaillou de Rennes, INSERM, Rennes (S.D.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, CHU de Nancy, Hôpital Central, Nancy (S.F.-K., L.H.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, University Hospital La Timone, Marseille (S.G.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, University Hospital of Amiens, Amiens (P.K., M.T.), the Department of Neurology, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Université Clermont-Auvergne, CNRS, Image Guided Clinical Neuroscience and Connectomics, Institut Pascal, Clermont-Ferrand (A.M.), the Department of Nutrition-Diabetology, CHU de Bordeaux, Hôpital Haut-Lévêque, Pessac (V.R.), and the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, CHU de Caen, Caen (C. Thiriez) - all in France; the Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch, and the New Zealand Brain Research Institute - both in Christchurch, New Zealand (W.G.M.); Specialized Rehabilitation Hospital, Capital Health, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates (P.K.); and Cure Parkinson's, London (S.R.W.S., R.K.W.)
| | - Lucie Hopes
- From the French Clinical Research Network (F-CRIN) for Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders (NS-Park-F-CRIN) (W.G.M., P.R., C. Giordana, D.M., P. Derkinderen, J.-L.H., M.A., I.B., T.B., C.B.-C., N.C., O.C., J.-C.C., P. Damier, E.D., D.D., S.D., M.F., V.F., A.F.-S., S.F.-K., S.G., C.H., L.H., P.K., B.L., R.L., L.-L.M., A.M., C.M., F.O.-M., H.S., C. Thiriez, M.T., O.R.), Centre d'Investigation Clinique (CIC) 1436 and the Departments of Clinical Pharmacology and Neurosciences, Centre Expert Parkinson, University Hospital of Toulouse, INSERM, University of Toulouse 3 (C.B.-C., H.C., M.F., F.O.-M., C. Thalamas, O.R.), and CIC 1436, INSERM (E.D., A.S.), Toulouse, Service de Neurologie des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Centre Expert Parkinson, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives (IMN) Clinique (W.G.M., T.B., A.F.-S., B.L.), and Service d'Information Médicale, Unité de Soutien Méthodologique à la Recherche (USMR) (A.G., C. Germain, A.B.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Bordeaux, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 5293, Université de Bordeaux, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), IMN, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 5293 (W.G.M., T.B., A.F.-S.), and the European Clinical Trials Platform and Development-F-CRIN, CIC-Clinical Epidemiology Unit 1401, University of Bordeaux, INSERM, Institut Bergonié, CHU Bordeaux (A.G., C. Germain, A.B.), Bordeaux, the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, Equipe 01-Neuropsychologie Interventionnelle L'Institut Mondor de Recherches Biomédicales, CHU Henri Mondor, INSERM et Faculté de Santé, Université Paris-Est Créteil, Créteil (P.R., H.S.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Université Côte d'Azur, Nice (C. Giordana, V.F., C.M.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication, UMR 1239, Rouen University Hospital, University of Rouen, INSERM, Mont-Saint-Aignan (D.M.), and the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, Rouen University Hospital and University of Rouen (C.H., R.L.), Rouen, the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, CIC 1413, CHU Nantes, INSERM, Nantes (P. Derkinderen, P. Damier), Service de Neurologie, Centre Expert Parkinson, CIC 1402, CHU Limoges, CHU Poitiers INSERM, Limoges (J.-L.H., I.B., O.C.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, Strasbourg University Hospital, and Strasbourg Federation of Translational Medicine, Strasbourg University, Strasbourg (M.A.), the Institute of Genetics and Cellular and Molecular Biology, INSERM Unité 964, CNRS-UMR 7104, University of Strasbourg, Illkirch-Graffenstaden (M.A.), the Department of Medical Pharmacology INSERM Unité 1172, Lille Neurosciences and Cognition, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire, University of Lille, Lille (N.C., D.D.), the Department of Neurology, CIC Neurosciences, Sorbonne Université, Paris Brain Institute, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, INSERM, CNRS, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris (J.-C.C., L.-L.M.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, CIC 1414, CHU Pontchaillou de Rennes, INSERM, Rennes (S.D.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, CHU de Nancy, Hôpital Central, Nancy (S.F.-K., L.H.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, University Hospital La Timone, Marseille (S.G.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, University Hospital of Amiens, Amiens (P.K., M.T.), the Department of Neurology, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Université Clermont-Auvergne, CNRS, Image Guided Clinical Neuroscience and Connectomics, Institut Pascal, Clermont-Ferrand (A.M.), the Department of Nutrition-Diabetology, CHU de Bordeaux, Hôpital Haut-Lévêque, Pessac (V.R.), and the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, CHU de Caen, Caen (C. Thiriez) - all in France; the Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch, and the New Zealand Brain Research Institute - both in Christchurch, New Zealand (W.G.M.); Specialized Rehabilitation Hospital, Capital Health, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates (P.K.); and Cure Parkinson's, London (S.R.W.S., R.K.W.)
| | - Pierre Krystkowiak
- From the French Clinical Research Network (F-CRIN) for Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders (NS-Park-F-CRIN) (W.G.M., P.R., C. Giordana, D.M., P. Derkinderen, J.-L.H., M.A., I.B., T.B., C.B.-C., N.C., O.C., J.-C.C., P. Damier, E.D., D.D., S.D., M.F., V.F., A.F.-S., S.F.-K., S.G., C.H., L.H., P.K., B.L., R.L., L.-L.M., A.M., C.M., F.O.-M., H.S., C. Thiriez, M.T., O.R.), Centre d'Investigation Clinique (CIC) 1436 and the Departments of Clinical Pharmacology and Neurosciences, Centre Expert Parkinson, University Hospital of Toulouse, INSERM, University of Toulouse 3 (C.B.-C., H.C., M.F., F.O.-M., C. Thalamas, O.R.), and CIC 1436, INSERM (E.D., A.S.), Toulouse, Service de Neurologie des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Centre Expert Parkinson, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives (IMN) Clinique (W.G.M., T.B., A.F.-S., B.L.), and Service d'Information Médicale, Unité de Soutien Méthodologique à la Recherche (USMR) (A.G., C. Germain, A.B.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Bordeaux, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 5293, Université de Bordeaux, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), IMN, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 5293 (W.G.M., T.B., A.F.-S.), and the European Clinical Trials Platform and Development-F-CRIN, CIC-Clinical Epidemiology Unit 1401, University of Bordeaux, INSERM, Institut Bergonié, CHU Bordeaux (A.G., C. Germain, A.B.), Bordeaux, the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, Equipe 01-Neuropsychologie Interventionnelle L'Institut Mondor de Recherches Biomédicales, CHU Henri Mondor, INSERM et Faculté de Santé, Université Paris-Est Créteil, Créteil (P.R., H.S.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Université Côte d'Azur, Nice (C. Giordana, V.F., C.M.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication, UMR 1239, Rouen University Hospital, University of Rouen, INSERM, Mont-Saint-Aignan (D.M.), and the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, Rouen University Hospital and University of Rouen (C.H., R.L.), Rouen, the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, CIC 1413, CHU Nantes, INSERM, Nantes (P. Derkinderen, P. Damier), Service de Neurologie, Centre Expert Parkinson, CIC 1402, CHU Limoges, CHU Poitiers INSERM, Limoges (J.-L.H., I.B., O.C.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, Strasbourg University Hospital, and Strasbourg Federation of Translational Medicine, Strasbourg University, Strasbourg (M.A.), the Institute of Genetics and Cellular and Molecular Biology, INSERM Unité 964, CNRS-UMR 7104, University of Strasbourg, Illkirch-Graffenstaden (M.A.), the Department of Medical Pharmacology INSERM Unité 1172, Lille Neurosciences and Cognition, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire, University of Lille, Lille (N.C., D.D.), the Department of Neurology, CIC Neurosciences, Sorbonne Université, Paris Brain Institute, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, INSERM, CNRS, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris (J.-C.C., L.-L.M.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, CIC 1414, CHU Pontchaillou de Rennes, INSERM, Rennes (S.D.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, CHU de Nancy, Hôpital Central, Nancy (S.F.-K., L.H.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, University Hospital La Timone, Marseille (S.G.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, University Hospital of Amiens, Amiens (P.K., M.T.), the Department of Neurology, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Université Clermont-Auvergne, CNRS, Image Guided Clinical Neuroscience and Connectomics, Institut Pascal, Clermont-Ferrand (A.M.), the Department of Nutrition-Diabetology, CHU de Bordeaux, Hôpital Haut-Lévêque, Pessac (V.R.), and the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, CHU de Caen, Caen (C. Thiriez) - all in France; the Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch, and the New Zealand Brain Research Institute - both in Christchurch, New Zealand (W.G.M.); Specialized Rehabilitation Hospital, Capital Health, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates (P.K.); and Cure Parkinson's, London (S.R.W.S., R.K.W.)
| | - Brice Laurens
- From the French Clinical Research Network (F-CRIN) for Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders (NS-Park-F-CRIN) (W.G.M., P.R., C. Giordana, D.M., P. Derkinderen, J.-L.H., M.A., I.B., T.B., C.B.-C., N.C., O.C., J.-C.C., P. Damier, E.D., D.D., S.D., M.F., V.F., A.F.-S., S.F.-K., S.G., C.H., L.H., P.K., B.L., R.L., L.-L.M., A.M., C.M., F.O.-M., H.S., C. Thiriez, M.T., O.R.), Centre d'Investigation Clinique (CIC) 1436 and the Departments of Clinical Pharmacology and Neurosciences, Centre Expert Parkinson, University Hospital of Toulouse, INSERM, University of Toulouse 3 (C.B.-C., H.C., M.F., F.O.-M., C. Thalamas, O.R.), and CIC 1436, INSERM (E.D., A.S.), Toulouse, Service de Neurologie des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Centre Expert Parkinson, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives (IMN) Clinique (W.G.M., T.B., A.F.-S., B.L.), and Service d'Information Médicale, Unité de Soutien Méthodologique à la Recherche (USMR) (A.G., C. Germain, A.B.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Bordeaux, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 5293, Université de Bordeaux, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), IMN, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 5293 (W.G.M., T.B., A.F.-S.), and the European Clinical Trials Platform and Development-F-CRIN, CIC-Clinical Epidemiology Unit 1401, University of Bordeaux, INSERM, Institut Bergonié, CHU Bordeaux (A.G., C. Germain, A.B.), Bordeaux, the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, Equipe 01-Neuropsychologie Interventionnelle L'Institut Mondor de Recherches Biomédicales, CHU Henri Mondor, INSERM et Faculté de Santé, Université Paris-Est Créteil, Créteil (P.R., H.S.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Université Côte d'Azur, Nice (C. Giordana, V.F., C.M.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication, UMR 1239, Rouen University Hospital, University of Rouen, INSERM, Mont-Saint-Aignan (D.M.), and the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, Rouen University Hospital and University of Rouen (C.H., R.L.), Rouen, the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, CIC 1413, CHU Nantes, INSERM, Nantes (P. Derkinderen, P. Damier), Service de Neurologie, Centre Expert Parkinson, CIC 1402, CHU Limoges, CHU Poitiers INSERM, Limoges (J.-L.H., I.B., O.C.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, Strasbourg University Hospital, and Strasbourg Federation of Translational Medicine, Strasbourg University, Strasbourg (M.A.), the Institute of Genetics and Cellular and Molecular Biology, INSERM Unité 964, CNRS-UMR 7104, University of Strasbourg, Illkirch-Graffenstaden (M.A.), the Department of Medical Pharmacology INSERM Unité 1172, Lille Neurosciences and Cognition, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire, University of Lille, Lille (N.C., D.D.), the Department of Neurology, CIC Neurosciences, Sorbonne Université, Paris Brain Institute, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, INSERM, CNRS, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris (J.-C.C., L.-L.M.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, CIC 1414, CHU Pontchaillou de Rennes, INSERM, Rennes (S.D.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, CHU de Nancy, Hôpital Central, Nancy (S.F.-K., L.H.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, University Hospital La Timone, Marseille (S.G.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, University Hospital of Amiens, Amiens (P.K., M.T.), the Department of Neurology, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Université Clermont-Auvergne, CNRS, Image Guided Clinical Neuroscience and Connectomics, Institut Pascal, Clermont-Ferrand (A.M.), the Department of Nutrition-Diabetology, CHU de Bordeaux, Hôpital Haut-Lévêque, Pessac (V.R.), and the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, CHU de Caen, Caen (C. Thiriez) - all in France; the Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch, and the New Zealand Brain Research Institute - both in Christchurch, New Zealand (W.G.M.); Specialized Rehabilitation Hospital, Capital Health, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates (P.K.); and Cure Parkinson's, London (S.R.W.S., R.K.W.)
| | - Romain Lefaucheur
- From the French Clinical Research Network (F-CRIN) for Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders (NS-Park-F-CRIN) (W.G.M., P.R., C. Giordana, D.M., P. Derkinderen, J.-L.H., M.A., I.B., T.B., C.B.-C., N.C., O.C., J.-C.C., P. Damier, E.D., D.D., S.D., M.F., V.F., A.F.-S., S.F.-K., S.G., C.H., L.H., P.K., B.L., R.L., L.-L.M., A.M., C.M., F.O.-M., H.S., C. Thiriez, M.T., O.R.), Centre d'Investigation Clinique (CIC) 1436 and the Departments of Clinical Pharmacology and Neurosciences, Centre Expert Parkinson, University Hospital of Toulouse, INSERM, University of Toulouse 3 (C.B.-C., H.C., M.F., F.O.-M., C. Thalamas, O.R.), and CIC 1436, INSERM (E.D., A.S.), Toulouse, Service de Neurologie des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Centre Expert Parkinson, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives (IMN) Clinique (W.G.M., T.B., A.F.-S., B.L.), and Service d'Information Médicale, Unité de Soutien Méthodologique à la Recherche (USMR) (A.G., C. Germain, A.B.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Bordeaux, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 5293, Université de Bordeaux, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), IMN, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 5293 (W.G.M., T.B., A.F.-S.), and the European Clinical Trials Platform and Development-F-CRIN, CIC-Clinical Epidemiology Unit 1401, University of Bordeaux, INSERM, Institut Bergonié, CHU Bordeaux (A.G., C. Germain, A.B.), Bordeaux, the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, Equipe 01-Neuropsychologie Interventionnelle L'Institut Mondor de Recherches Biomédicales, CHU Henri Mondor, INSERM et Faculté de Santé, Université Paris-Est Créteil, Créteil (P.R., H.S.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Université Côte d'Azur, Nice (C. Giordana, V.F., C.M.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication, UMR 1239, Rouen University Hospital, University of Rouen, INSERM, Mont-Saint-Aignan (D.M.), and the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, Rouen University Hospital and University of Rouen (C.H., R.L.), Rouen, the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, CIC 1413, CHU Nantes, INSERM, Nantes (P. Derkinderen, P. Damier), Service de Neurologie, Centre Expert Parkinson, CIC 1402, CHU Limoges, CHU Poitiers INSERM, Limoges (J.-L.H., I.B., O.C.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, Strasbourg University Hospital, and Strasbourg Federation of Translational Medicine, Strasbourg University, Strasbourg (M.A.), the Institute of Genetics and Cellular and Molecular Biology, INSERM Unité 964, CNRS-UMR 7104, University of Strasbourg, Illkirch-Graffenstaden (M.A.), the Department of Medical Pharmacology INSERM Unité 1172, Lille Neurosciences and Cognition, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire, University of Lille, Lille (N.C., D.D.), the Department of Neurology, CIC Neurosciences, Sorbonne Université, Paris Brain Institute, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, INSERM, CNRS, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris (J.-C.C., L.-L.M.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, CIC 1414, CHU Pontchaillou de Rennes, INSERM, Rennes (S.D.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, CHU de Nancy, Hôpital Central, Nancy (S.F.-K., L.H.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, University Hospital La Timone, Marseille (S.G.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, University Hospital of Amiens, Amiens (P.K., M.T.), the Department of Neurology, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Université Clermont-Auvergne, CNRS, Image Guided Clinical Neuroscience and Connectomics, Institut Pascal, Clermont-Ferrand (A.M.), the Department of Nutrition-Diabetology, CHU de Bordeaux, Hôpital Haut-Lévêque, Pessac (V.R.), and the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, CHU de Caen, Caen (C. Thiriez) - all in France; the Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch, and the New Zealand Brain Research Institute - both in Christchurch, New Zealand (W.G.M.); Specialized Rehabilitation Hospital, Capital Health, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates (P.K.); and Cure Parkinson's, London (S.R.W.S., R.K.W.)
| | - Louise-Laure Mariani
- From the French Clinical Research Network (F-CRIN) for Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders (NS-Park-F-CRIN) (W.G.M., P.R., C. Giordana, D.M., P. Derkinderen, J.-L.H., M.A., I.B., T.B., C.B.-C., N.C., O.C., J.-C.C., P. Damier, E.D., D.D., S.D., M.F., V.F., A.F.-S., S.F.-K., S.G., C.H., L.H., P.K., B.L., R.L., L.-L.M., A.M., C.M., F.O.-M., H.S., C. Thiriez, M.T., O.R.), Centre d'Investigation Clinique (CIC) 1436 and the Departments of Clinical Pharmacology and Neurosciences, Centre Expert Parkinson, University Hospital of Toulouse, INSERM, University of Toulouse 3 (C.B.-C., H.C., M.F., F.O.-M., C. Thalamas, O.R.), and CIC 1436, INSERM (E.D., A.S.), Toulouse, Service de Neurologie des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Centre Expert Parkinson, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives (IMN) Clinique (W.G.M., T.B., A.F.-S., B.L.), and Service d'Information Médicale, Unité de Soutien Méthodologique à la Recherche (USMR) (A.G., C. Germain, A.B.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Bordeaux, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 5293, Université de Bordeaux, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), IMN, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 5293 (W.G.M., T.B., A.F.-S.), and the European Clinical Trials Platform and Development-F-CRIN, CIC-Clinical Epidemiology Unit 1401, University of Bordeaux, INSERM, Institut Bergonié, CHU Bordeaux (A.G., C. Germain, A.B.), Bordeaux, the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, Equipe 01-Neuropsychologie Interventionnelle L'Institut Mondor de Recherches Biomédicales, CHU Henri Mondor, INSERM et Faculté de Santé, Université Paris-Est Créteil, Créteil (P.R., H.S.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Université Côte d'Azur, Nice (C. Giordana, V.F., C.M.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication, UMR 1239, Rouen University Hospital, University of Rouen, INSERM, Mont-Saint-Aignan (D.M.), and the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, Rouen University Hospital and University of Rouen (C.H., R.L.), Rouen, the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, CIC 1413, CHU Nantes, INSERM, Nantes (P. Derkinderen, P. Damier), Service de Neurologie, Centre Expert Parkinson, CIC 1402, CHU Limoges, CHU Poitiers INSERM, Limoges (J.-L.H., I.B., O.C.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, Strasbourg University Hospital, and Strasbourg Federation of Translational Medicine, Strasbourg University, Strasbourg (M.A.), the Institute of Genetics and Cellular and Molecular Biology, INSERM Unité 964, CNRS-UMR 7104, University of Strasbourg, Illkirch-Graffenstaden (M.A.), the Department of Medical Pharmacology INSERM Unité 1172, Lille Neurosciences and Cognition, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire, University of Lille, Lille (N.C., D.D.), the Department of Neurology, CIC Neurosciences, Sorbonne Université, Paris Brain Institute, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, INSERM, CNRS, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris (J.-C.C., L.-L.M.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, CIC 1414, CHU Pontchaillou de Rennes, INSERM, Rennes (S.D.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, CHU de Nancy, Hôpital Central, Nancy (S.F.-K., L.H.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, University Hospital La Timone, Marseille (S.G.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, University Hospital of Amiens, Amiens (P.K., M.T.), the Department of Neurology, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Université Clermont-Auvergne, CNRS, Image Guided Clinical Neuroscience and Connectomics, Institut Pascal, Clermont-Ferrand (A.M.), the Department of Nutrition-Diabetology, CHU de Bordeaux, Hôpital Haut-Lévêque, Pessac (V.R.), and the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, CHU de Caen, Caen (C. Thiriez) - all in France; the Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch, and the New Zealand Brain Research Institute - both in Christchurch, New Zealand (W.G.M.); Specialized Rehabilitation Hospital, Capital Health, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates (P.K.); and Cure Parkinson's, London (S.R.W.S., R.K.W.)
| | - Ana Marques
- From the French Clinical Research Network (F-CRIN) for Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders (NS-Park-F-CRIN) (W.G.M., P.R., C. Giordana, D.M., P. Derkinderen, J.-L.H., M.A., I.B., T.B., C.B.-C., N.C., O.C., J.-C.C., P. Damier, E.D., D.D., S.D., M.F., V.F., A.F.-S., S.F.-K., S.G., C.H., L.H., P.K., B.L., R.L., L.-L.M., A.M., C.M., F.O.-M., H.S., C. Thiriez, M.T., O.R.), Centre d'Investigation Clinique (CIC) 1436 and the Departments of Clinical Pharmacology and Neurosciences, Centre Expert Parkinson, University Hospital of Toulouse, INSERM, University of Toulouse 3 (C.B.-C., H.C., M.F., F.O.-M., C. Thalamas, O.R.), and CIC 1436, INSERM (E.D., A.S.), Toulouse, Service de Neurologie des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Centre Expert Parkinson, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives (IMN) Clinique (W.G.M., T.B., A.F.-S., B.L.), and Service d'Information Médicale, Unité de Soutien Méthodologique à la Recherche (USMR) (A.G., C. Germain, A.B.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Bordeaux, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 5293, Université de Bordeaux, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), IMN, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 5293 (W.G.M., T.B., A.F.-S.), and the European Clinical Trials Platform and Development-F-CRIN, CIC-Clinical Epidemiology Unit 1401, University of Bordeaux, INSERM, Institut Bergonié, CHU Bordeaux (A.G., C. Germain, A.B.), Bordeaux, the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, Equipe 01-Neuropsychologie Interventionnelle L'Institut Mondor de Recherches Biomédicales, CHU Henri Mondor, INSERM et Faculté de Santé, Université Paris-Est Créteil, Créteil (P.R., H.S.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Université Côte d'Azur, Nice (C. Giordana, V.F., C.M.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication, UMR 1239, Rouen University Hospital, University of Rouen, INSERM, Mont-Saint-Aignan (D.M.), and the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, Rouen University Hospital and University of Rouen (C.H., R.L.), Rouen, the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, CIC 1413, CHU Nantes, INSERM, Nantes (P. Derkinderen, P. Damier), Service de Neurologie, Centre Expert Parkinson, CIC 1402, CHU Limoges, CHU Poitiers INSERM, Limoges (J.-L.H., I.B., O.C.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, Strasbourg University Hospital, and Strasbourg Federation of Translational Medicine, Strasbourg University, Strasbourg (M.A.), the Institute of Genetics and Cellular and Molecular Biology, INSERM Unité 964, CNRS-UMR 7104, University of Strasbourg, Illkirch-Graffenstaden (M.A.), the Department of Medical Pharmacology INSERM Unité 1172, Lille Neurosciences and Cognition, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire, University of Lille, Lille (N.C., D.D.), the Department of Neurology, CIC Neurosciences, Sorbonne Université, Paris Brain Institute, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, INSERM, CNRS, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris (J.-C.C., L.-L.M.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, CIC 1414, CHU Pontchaillou de Rennes, INSERM, Rennes (S.D.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, CHU de Nancy, Hôpital Central, Nancy (S.F.-K., L.H.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, University Hospital La Timone, Marseille (S.G.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, University Hospital of Amiens, Amiens (P.K., M.T.), the Department of Neurology, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Université Clermont-Auvergne, CNRS, Image Guided Clinical Neuroscience and Connectomics, Institut Pascal, Clermont-Ferrand (A.M.), the Department of Nutrition-Diabetology, CHU de Bordeaux, Hôpital Haut-Lévêque, Pessac (V.R.), and the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, CHU de Caen, Caen (C. Thiriez) - all in France; the Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch, and the New Zealand Brain Research Institute - both in Christchurch, New Zealand (W.G.M.); Specialized Rehabilitation Hospital, Capital Health, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates (P.K.); and Cure Parkinson's, London (S.R.W.S., R.K.W.)
| | - Claire Marse
- From the French Clinical Research Network (F-CRIN) for Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders (NS-Park-F-CRIN) (W.G.M., P.R., C. Giordana, D.M., P. Derkinderen, J.-L.H., M.A., I.B., T.B., C.B.-C., N.C., O.C., J.-C.C., P. Damier, E.D., D.D., S.D., M.F., V.F., A.F.-S., S.F.-K., S.G., C.H., L.H., P.K., B.L., R.L., L.-L.M., A.M., C.M., F.O.-M., H.S., C. Thiriez, M.T., O.R.), Centre d'Investigation Clinique (CIC) 1436 and the Departments of Clinical Pharmacology and Neurosciences, Centre Expert Parkinson, University Hospital of Toulouse, INSERM, University of Toulouse 3 (C.B.-C., H.C., M.F., F.O.-M., C. Thalamas, O.R.), and CIC 1436, INSERM (E.D., A.S.), Toulouse, Service de Neurologie des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Centre Expert Parkinson, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives (IMN) Clinique (W.G.M., T.B., A.F.-S., B.L.), and Service d'Information Médicale, Unité de Soutien Méthodologique à la Recherche (USMR) (A.G., C. Germain, A.B.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Bordeaux, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 5293, Université de Bordeaux, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), IMN, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 5293 (W.G.M., T.B., A.F.-S.), and the European Clinical Trials Platform and Development-F-CRIN, CIC-Clinical Epidemiology Unit 1401, University of Bordeaux, INSERM, Institut Bergonié, CHU Bordeaux (A.G., C. Germain, A.B.), Bordeaux, the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, Equipe 01-Neuropsychologie Interventionnelle L'Institut Mondor de Recherches Biomédicales, CHU Henri Mondor, INSERM et Faculté de Santé, Université Paris-Est Créteil, Créteil (P.R., H.S.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Université Côte d'Azur, Nice (C. Giordana, V.F., C.M.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication, UMR 1239, Rouen University Hospital, University of Rouen, INSERM, Mont-Saint-Aignan (D.M.), and the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, Rouen University Hospital and University of Rouen (C.H., R.L.), Rouen, the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, CIC 1413, CHU Nantes, INSERM, Nantes (P. Derkinderen, P. Damier), Service de Neurologie, Centre Expert Parkinson, CIC 1402, CHU Limoges, CHU Poitiers INSERM, Limoges (J.-L.H., I.B., O.C.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, Strasbourg University Hospital, and Strasbourg Federation of Translational Medicine, Strasbourg University, Strasbourg (M.A.), the Institute of Genetics and Cellular and Molecular Biology, INSERM Unité 964, CNRS-UMR 7104, University of Strasbourg, Illkirch-Graffenstaden (M.A.), the Department of Medical Pharmacology INSERM Unité 1172, Lille Neurosciences and Cognition, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire, University of Lille, Lille (N.C., D.D.), the Department of Neurology, CIC Neurosciences, Sorbonne Université, Paris Brain Institute, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, INSERM, CNRS, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris (J.-C.C., L.-L.M.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, CIC 1414, CHU Pontchaillou de Rennes, INSERM, Rennes (S.D.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, CHU de Nancy, Hôpital Central, Nancy (S.F.-K., L.H.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, University Hospital La Timone, Marseille (S.G.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, University Hospital of Amiens, Amiens (P.K., M.T.), the Department of Neurology, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Université Clermont-Auvergne, CNRS, Image Guided Clinical Neuroscience and Connectomics, Institut Pascal, Clermont-Ferrand (A.M.), the Department of Nutrition-Diabetology, CHU de Bordeaux, Hôpital Haut-Lévêque, Pessac (V.R.), and the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, CHU de Caen, Caen (C. Thiriez) - all in France; the Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch, and the New Zealand Brain Research Institute - both in Christchurch, New Zealand (W.G.M.); Specialized Rehabilitation Hospital, Capital Health, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates (P.K.); and Cure Parkinson's, London (S.R.W.S., R.K.W.)
| | - Fabienne Ory-Magne
- From the French Clinical Research Network (F-CRIN) for Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders (NS-Park-F-CRIN) (W.G.M., P.R., C. Giordana, D.M., P. Derkinderen, J.-L.H., M.A., I.B., T.B., C.B.-C., N.C., O.C., J.-C.C., P. Damier, E.D., D.D., S.D., M.F., V.F., A.F.-S., S.F.-K., S.G., C.H., L.H., P.K., B.L., R.L., L.-L.M., A.M., C.M., F.O.-M., H.S., C. Thiriez, M.T., O.R.), Centre d'Investigation Clinique (CIC) 1436 and the Departments of Clinical Pharmacology and Neurosciences, Centre Expert Parkinson, University Hospital of Toulouse, INSERM, University of Toulouse 3 (C.B.-C., H.C., M.F., F.O.-M., C. Thalamas, O.R.), and CIC 1436, INSERM (E.D., A.S.), Toulouse, Service de Neurologie des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Centre Expert Parkinson, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives (IMN) Clinique (W.G.M., T.B., A.F.-S., B.L.), and Service d'Information Médicale, Unité de Soutien Méthodologique à la Recherche (USMR) (A.G., C. Germain, A.B.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Bordeaux, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 5293, Université de Bordeaux, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), IMN, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 5293 (W.G.M., T.B., A.F.-S.), and the European Clinical Trials Platform and Development-F-CRIN, CIC-Clinical Epidemiology Unit 1401, University of Bordeaux, INSERM, Institut Bergonié, CHU Bordeaux (A.G., C. Germain, A.B.), Bordeaux, the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, Equipe 01-Neuropsychologie Interventionnelle L'Institut Mondor de Recherches Biomédicales, CHU Henri Mondor, INSERM et Faculté de Santé, Université Paris-Est Créteil, Créteil (P.R., H.S.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Université Côte d'Azur, Nice (C. Giordana, V.F., C.M.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication, UMR 1239, Rouen University Hospital, University of Rouen, INSERM, Mont-Saint-Aignan (D.M.), and the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, Rouen University Hospital and University of Rouen (C.H., R.L.), Rouen, the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, CIC 1413, CHU Nantes, INSERM, Nantes (P. Derkinderen, P. Damier), Service de Neurologie, Centre Expert Parkinson, CIC 1402, CHU Limoges, CHU Poitiers INSERM, Limoges (J.-L.H., I.B., O.C.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, Strasbourg University Hospital, and Strasbourg Federation of Translational Medicine, Strasbourg University, Strasbourg (M.A.), the Institute of Genetics and Cellular and Molecular Biology, INSERM Unité 964, CNRS-UMR 7104, University of Strasbourg, Illkirch-Graffenstaden (M.A.), the Department of Medical Pharmacology INSERM Unité 1172, Lille Neurosciences and Cognition, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire, University of Lille, Lille (N.C., D.D.), the Department of Neurology, CIC Neurosciences, Sorbonne Université, Paris Brain Institute, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, INSERM, CNRS, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris (J.-C.C., L.-L.M.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, CIC 1414, CHU Pontchaillou de Rennes, INSERM, Rennes (S.D.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, CHU de Nancy, Hôpital Central, Nancy (S.F.-K., L.H.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, University Hospital La Timone, Marseille (S.G.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, University Hospital of Amiens, Amiens (P.K., M.T.), the Department of Neurology, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Université Clermont-Auvergne, CNRS, Image Guided Clinical Neuroscience and Connectomics, Institut Pascal, Clermont-Ferrand (A.M.), the Department of Nutrition-Diabetology, CHU de Bordeaux, Hôpital Haut-Lévêque, Pessac (V.R.), and the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, CHU de Caen, Caen (C. Thiriez) - all in France; the Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch, and the New Zealand Brain Research Institute - both in Christchurch, New Zealand (W.G.M.); Specialized Rehabilitation Hospital, Capital Health, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates (P.K.); and Cure Parkinson's, London (S.R.W.S., R.K.W.)
| | - Vincent Rigalleau
- From the French Clinical Research Network (F-CRIN) for Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders (NS-Park-F-CRIN) (W.G.M., P.R., C. Giordana, D.M., P. Derkinderen, J.-L.H., M.A., I.B., T.B., C.B.-C., N.C., O.C., J.-C.C., P. Damier, E.D., D.D., S.D., M.F., V.F., A.F.-S., S.F.-K., S.G., C.H., L.H., P.K., B.L., R.L., L.-L.M., A.M., C.M., F.O.-M., H.S., C. Thiriez, M.T., O.R.), Centre d'Investigation Clinique (CIC) 1436 and the Departments of Clinical Pharmacology and Neurosciences, Centre Expert Parkinson, University Hospital of Toulouse, INSERM, University of Toulouse 3 (C.B.-C., H.C., M.F., F.O.-M., C. Thalamas, O.R.), and CIC 1436, INSERM (E.D., A.S.), Toulouse, Service de Neurologie des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Centre Expert Parkinson, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives (IMN) Clinique (W.G.M., T.B., A.F.-S., B.L.), and Service d'Information Médicale, Unité de Soutien Méthodologique à la Recherche (USMR) (A.G., C. Germain, A.B.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Bordeaux, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 5293, Université de Bordeaux, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), IMN, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 5293 (W.G.M., T.B., A.F.-S.), and the European Clinical Trials Platform and Development-F-CRIN, CIC-Clinical Epidemiology Unit 1401, University of Bordeaux, INSERM, Institut Bergonié, CHU Bordeaux (A.G., C. Germain, A.B.), Bordeaux, the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, Equipe 01-Neuropsychologie Interventionnelle L'Institut Mondor de Recherches Biomédicales, CHU Henri Mondor, INSERM et Faculté de Santé, Université Paris-Est Créteil, Créteil (P.R., H.S.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Université Côte d'Azur, Nice (C. Giordana, V.F., C.M.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication, UMR 1239, Rouen University Hospital, University of Rouen, INSERM, Mont-Saint-Aignan (D.M.), and the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, Rouen University Hospital and University of Rouen (C.H., R.L.), Rouen, the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, CIC 1413, CHU Nantes, INSERM, Nantes (P. Derkinderen, P. Damier), Service de Neurologie, Centre Expert Parkinson, CIC 1402, CHU Limoges, CHU Poitiers INSERM, Limoges (J.-L.H., I.B., O.C.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, Strasbourg University Hospital, and Strasbourg Federation of Translational Medicine, Strasbourg University, Strasbourg (M.A.), the Institute of Genetics and Cellular and Molecular Biology, INSERM Unité 964, CNRS-UMR 7104, University of Strasbourg, Illkirch-Graffenstaden (M.A.), the Department of Medical Pharmacology INSERM Unité 1172, Lille Neurosciences and Cognition, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire, University of Lille, Lille (N.C., D.D.), the Department of Neurology, CIC Neurosciences, Sorbonne Université, Paris Brain Institute, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, INSERM, CNRS, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris (J.-C.C., L.-L.M.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, CIC 1414, CHU Pontchaillou de Rennes, INSERM, Rennes (S.D.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, CHU de Nancy, Hôpital Central, Nancy (S.F.-K., L.H.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, University Hospital La Timone, Marseille (S.G.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, University Hospital of Amiens, Amiens (P.K., M.T.), the Department of Neurology, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Université Clermont-Auvergne, CNRS, Image Guided Clinical Neuroscience and Connectomics, Institut Pascal, Clermont-Ferrand (A.M.), the Department of Nutrition-Diabetology, CHU de Bordeaux, Hôpital Haut-Lévêque, Pessac (V.R.), and the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, CHU de Caen, Caen (C. Thiriez) - all in France; the Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch, and the New Zealand Brain Research Institute - both in Christchurch, New Zealand (W.G.M.); Specialized Rehabilitation Hospital, Capital Health, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates (P.K.); and Cure Parkinson's, London (S.R.W.S., R.K.W.)
| | - Hayet Salhi
- From the French Clinical Research Network (F-CRIN) for Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders (NS-Park-F-CRIN) (W.G.M., P.R., C. Giordana, D.M., P. Derkinderen, J.-L.H., M.A., I.B., T.B., C.B.-C., N.C., O.C., J.-C.C., P. Damier, E.D., D.D., S.D., M.F., V.F., A.F.-S., S.F.-K., S.G., C.H., L.H., P.K., B.L., R.L., L.-L.M., A.M., C.M., F.O.-M., H.S., C. Thiriez, M.T., O.R.), Centre d'Investigation Clinique (CIC) 1436 and the Departments of Clinical Pharmacology and Neurosciences, Centre Expert Parkinson, University Hospital of Toulouse, INSERM, University of Toulouse 3 (C.B.-C., H.C., M.F., F.O.-M., C. Thalamas, O.R.), and CIC 1436, INSERM (E.D., A.S.), Toulouse, Service de Neurologie des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Centre Expert Parkinson, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives (IMN) Clinique (W.G.M., T.B., A.F.-S., B.L.), and Service d'Information Médicale, Unité de Soutien Méthodologique à la Recherche (USMR) (A.G., C. Germain, A.B.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Bordeaux, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 5293, Université de Bordeaux, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), IMN, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 5293 (W.G.M., T.B., A.F.-S.), and the European Clinical Trials Platform and Development-F-CRIN, CIC-Clinical Epidemiology Unit 1401, University of Bordeaux, INSERM, Institut Bergonié, CHU Bordeaux (A.G., C. Germain, A.B.), Bordeaux, the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, Equipe 01-Neuropsychologie Interventionnelle L'Institut Mondor de Recherches Biomédicales, CHU Henri Mondor, INSERM et Faculté de Santé, Université Paris-Est Créteil, Créteil (P.R., H.S.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Université Côte d'Azur, Nice (C. Giordana, V.F., C.M.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication, UMR 1239, Rouen University Hospital, University of Rouen, INSERM, Mont-Saint-Aignan (D.M.), and the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, Rouen University Hospital and University of Rouen (C.H., R.L.), Rouen, the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, CIC 1413, CHU Nantes, INSERM, Nantes (P. Derkinderen, P. Damier), Service de Neurologie, Centre Expert Parkinson, CIC 1402, CHU Limoges, CHU Poitiers INSERM, Limoges (J.-L.H., I.B., O.C.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, Strasbourg University Hospital, and Strasbourg Federation of Translational Medicine, Strasbourg University, Strasbourg (M.A.), the Institute of Genetics and Cellular and Molecular Biology, INSERM Unité 964, CNRS-UMR 7104, University of Strasbourg, Illkirch-Graffenstaden (M.A.), the Department of Medical Pharmacology INSERM Unité 1172, Lille Neurosciences and Cognition, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire, University of Lille, Lille (N.C., D.D.), the Department of Neurology, CIC Neurosciences, Sorbonne Université, Paris Brain Institute, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, INSERM, CNRS, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris (J.-C.C., L.-L.M.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, CIC 1414, CHU Pontchaillou de Rennes, INSERM, Rennes (S.D.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, CHU de Nancy, Hôpital Central, Nancy (S.F.-K., L.H.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, University Hospital La Timone, Marseille (S.G.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, University Hospital of Amiens, Amiens (P.K., M.T.), the Department of Neurology, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Université Clermont-Auvergne, CNRS, Image Guided Clinical Neuroscience and Connectomics, Institut Pascal, Clermont-Ferrand (A.M.), the Department of Nutrition-Diabetology, CHU de Bordeaux, Hôpital Haut-Lévêque, Pessac (V.R.), and the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, CHU de Caen, Caen (C. Thiriez) - all in France; the Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch, and the New Zealand Brain Research Institute - both in Christchurch, New Zealand (W.G.M.); Specialized Rehabilitation Hospital, Capital Health, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates (P.K.); and Cure Parkinson's, London (S.R.W.S., R.K.W.)
| | - Amandine Saubion
- From the French Clinical Research Network (F-CRIN) for Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders (NS-Park-F-CRIN) (W.G.M., P.R., C. Giordana, D.M., P. Derkinderen, J.-L.H., M.A., I.B., T.B., C.B.-C., N.C., O.C., J.-C.C., P. Damier, E.D., D.D., S.D., M.F., V.F., A.F.-S., S.F.-K., S.G., C.H., L.H., P.K., B.L., R.L., L.-L.M., A.M., C.M., F.O.-M., H.S., C. Thiriez, M.T., O.R.), Centre d'Investigation Clinique (CIC) 1436 and the Departments of Clinical Pharmacology and Neurosciences, Centre Expert Parkinson, University Hospital of Toulouse, INSERM, University of Toulouse 3 (C.B.-C., H.C., M.F., F.O.-M., C. Thalamas, O.R.), and CIC 1436, INSERM (E.D., A.S.), Toulouse, Service de Neurologie des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Centre Expert Parkinson, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives (IMN) Clinique (W.G.M., T.B., A.F.-S., B.L.), and Service d'Information Médicale, Unité de Soutien Méthodologique à la Recherche (USMR) (A.G., C. Germain, A.B.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Bordeaux, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 5293, Université de Bordeaux, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), IMN, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 5293 (W.G.M., T.B., A.F.-S.), and the European Clinical Trials Platform and Development-F-CRIN, CIC-Clinical Epidemiology Unit 1401, University of Bordeaux, INSERM, Institut Bergonié, CHU Bordeaux (A.G., C. Germain, A.B.), Bordeaux, the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, Equipe 01-Neuropsychologie Interventionnelle L'Institut Mondor de Recherches Biomédicales, CHU Henri Mondor, INSERM et Faculté de Santé, Université Paris-Est Créteil, Créteil (P.R., H.S.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Université Côte d'Azur, Nice (C. Giordana, V.F., C.M.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication, UMR 1239, Rouen University Hospital, University of Rouen, INSERM, Mont-Saint-Aignan (D.M.), and the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, Rouen University Hospital and University of Rouen (C.H., R.L.), Rouen, the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, CIC 1413, CHU Nantes, INSERM, Nantes (P. Derkinderen, P. Damier), Service de Neurologie, Centre Expert Parkinson, CIC 1402, CHU Limoges, CHU Poitiers INSERM, Limoges (J.-L.H., I.B., O.C.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, Strasbourg University Hospital, and Strasbourg Federation of Translational Medicine, Strasbourg University, Strasbourg (M.A.), the Institute of Genetics and Cellular and Molecular Biology, INSERM Unité 964, CNRS-UMR 7104, University of Strasbourg, Illkirch-Graffenstaden (M.A.), the Department of Medical Pharmacology INSERM Unité 1172, Lille Neurosciences and Cognition, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire, University of Lille, Lille (N.C., D.D.), the Department of Neurology, CIC Neurosciences, Sorbonne Université, Paris Brain Institute, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, INSERM, CNRS, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris (J.-C.C., L.-L.M.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, CIC 1414, CHU Pontchaillou de Rennes, INSERM, Rennes (S.D.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, CHU de Nancy, Hôpital Central, Nancy (S.F.-K., L.H.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, University Hospital La Timone, Marseille (S.G.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, University Hospital of Amiens, Amiens (P.K., M.T.), the Department of Neurology, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Université Clermont-Auvergne, CNRS, Image Guided Clinical Neuroscience and Connectomics, Institut Pascal, Clermont-Ferrand (A.M.), the Department of Nutrition-Diabetology, CHU de Bordeaux, Hôpital Haut-Lévêque, Pessac (V.R.), and the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, CHU de Caen, Caen (C. Thiriez) - all in France; the Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch, and the New Zealand Brain Research Institute - both in Christchurch, New Zealand (W.G.M.); Specialized Rehabilitation Hospital, Capital Health, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates (P.K.); and Cure Parkinson's, London (S.R.W.S., R.K.W.)
| | - Simon R W Stott
- From the French Clinical Research Network (F-CRIN) for Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders (NS-Park-F-CRIN) (W.G.M., P.R., C. Giordana, D.M., P. Derkinderen, J.-L.H., M.A., I.B., T.B., C.B.-C., N.C., O.C., J.-C.C., P. Damier, E.D., D.D., S.D., M.F., V.F., A.F.-S., S.F.-K., S.G., C.H., L.H., P.K., B.L., R.L., L.-L.M., A.M., C.M., F.O.-M., H.S., C. Thiriez, M.T., O.R.), Centre d'Investigation Clinique (CIC) 1436 and the Departments of Clinical Pharmacology and Neurosciences, Centre Expert Parkinson, University Hospital of Toulouse, INSERM, University of Toulouse 3 (C.B.-C., H.C., M.F., F.O.-M., C. Thalamas, O.R.), and CIC 1436, INSERM (E.D., A.S.), Toulouse, Service de Neurologie des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Centre Expert Parkinson, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives (IMN) Clinique (W.G.M., T.B., A.F.-S., B.L.), and Service d'Information Médicale, Unité de Soutien Méthodologique à la Recherche (USMR) (A.G., C. Germain, A.B.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Bordeaux, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 5293, Université de Bordeaux, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), IMN, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 5293 (W.G.M., T.B., A.F.-S.), and the European Clinical Trials Platform and Development-F-CRIN, CIC-Clinical Epidemiology Unit 1401, University of Bordeaux, INSERM, Institut Bergonié, CHU Bordeaux (A.G., C. Germain, A.B.), Bordeaux, the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, Equipe 01-Neuropsychologie Interventionnelle L'Institut Mondor de Recherches Biomédicales, CHU Henri Mondor, INSERM et Faculté de Santé, Université Paris-Est Créteil, Créteil (P.R., H.S.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Université Côte d'Azur, Nice (C. Giordana, V.F., C.M.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication, UMR 1239, Rouen University Hospital, University of Rouen, INSERM, Mont-Saint-Aignan (D.M.), and the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, Rouen University Hospital and University of Rouen (C.H., R.L.), Rouen, the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, CIC 1413, CHU Nantes, INSERM, Nantes (P. Derkinderen, P. Damier), Service de Neurologie, Centre Expert Parkinson, CIC 1402, CHU Limoges, CHU Poitiers INSERM, Limoges (J.-L.H., I.B., O.C.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, Strasbourg University Hospital, and Strasbourg Federation of Translational Medicine, Strasbourg University, Strasbourg (M.A.), the Institute of Genetics and Cellular and Molecular Biology, INSERM Unité 964, CNRS-UMR 7104, University of Strasbourg, Illkirch-Graffenstaden (M.A.), the Department of Medical Pharmacology INSERM Unité 1172, Lille Neurosciences and Cognition, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire, University of Lille, Lille (N.C., D.D.), the Department of Neurology, CIC Neurosciences, Sorbonne Université, Paris Brain Institute, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, INSERM, CNRS, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris (J.-C.C., L.-L.M.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, CIC 1414, CHU Pontchaillou de Rennes, INSERM, Rennes (S.D.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, CHU de Nancy, Hôpital Central, Nancy (S.F.-K., L.H.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, University Hospital La Timone, Marseille (S.G.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, University Hospital of Amiens, Amiens (P.K., M.T.), the Department of Neurology, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Université Clermont-Auvergne, CNRS, Image Guided Clinical Neuroscience and Connectomics, Institut Pascal, Clermont-Ferrand (A.M.), the Department of Nutrition-Diabetology, CHU de Bordeaux, Hôpital Haut-Lévêque, Pessac (V.R.), and the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, CHU de Caen, Caen (C. Thiriez) - all in France; the Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch, and the New Zealand Brain Research Institute - both in Christchurch, New Zealand (W.G.M.); Specialized Rehabilitation Hospital, Capital Health, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates (P.K.); and Cure Parkinson's, London (S.R.W.S., R.K.W.)
| | - Claire Thalamas
- From the French Clinical Research Network (F-CRIN) for Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders (NS-Park-F-CRIN) (W.G.M., P.R., C. Giordana, D.M., P. Derkinderen, J.-L.H., M.A., I.B., T.B., C.B.-C., N.C., O.C., J.-C.C., P. Damier, E.D., D.D., S.D., M.F., V.F., A.F.-S., S.F.-K., S.G., C.H., L.H., P.K., B.L., R.L., L.-L.M., A.M., C.M., F.O.-M., H.S., C. Thiriez, M.T., O.R.), Centre d'Investigation Clinique (CIC) 1436 and the Departments of Clinical Pharmacology and Neurosciences, Centre Expert Parkinson, University Hospital of Toulouse, INSERM, University of Toulouse 3 (C.B.-C., H.C., M.F., F.O.-M., C. Thalamas, O.R.), and CIC 1436, INSERM (E.D., A.S.), Toulouse, Service de Neurologie des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Centre Expert Parkinson, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives (IMN) Clinique (W.G.M., T.B., A.F.-S., B.L.), and Service d'Information Médicale, Unité de Soutien Méthodologique à la Recherche (USMR) (A.G., C. Germain, A.B.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Bordeaux, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 5293, Université de Bordeaux, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), IMN, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 5293 (W.G.M., T.B., A.F.-S.), and the European Clinical Trials Platform and Development-F-CRIN, CIC-Clinical Epidemiology Unit 1401, University of Bordeaux, INSERM, Institut Bergonié, CHU Bordeaux (A.G., C. Germain, A.B.), Bordeaux, the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, Equipe 01-Neuropsychologie Interventionnelle L'Institut Mondor de Recherches Biomédicales, CHU Henri Mondor, INSERM et Faculté de Santé, Université Paris-Est Créteil, Créteil (P.R., H.S.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Université Côte d'Azur, Nice (C. Giordana, V.F., C.M.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication, UMR 1239, Rouen University Hospital, University of Rouen, INSERM, Mont-Saint-Aignan (D.M.), and the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, Rouen University Hospital and University of Rouen (C.H., R.L.), Rouen, the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, CIC 1413, CHU Nantes, INSERM, Nantes (P. Derkinderen, P. Damier), Service de Neurologie, Centre Expert Parkinson, CIC 1402, CHU Limoges, CHU Poitiers INSERM, Limoges (J.-L.H., I.B., O.C.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, Strasbourg University Hospital, and Strasbourg Federation of Translational Medicine, Strasbourg University, Strasbourg (M.A.), the Institute of Genetics and Cellular and Molecular Biology, INSERM Unité 964, CNRS-UMR 7104, University of Strasbourg, Illkirch-Graffenstaden (M.A.), the Department of Medical Pharmacology INSERM Unité 1172, Lille Neurosciences and Cognition, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire, University of Lille, Lille (N.C., D.D.), the Department of Neurology, CIC Neurosciences, Sorbonne Université, Paris Brain Institute, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, INSERM, CNRS, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris (J.-C.C., L.-L.M.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, CIC 1414, CHU Pontchaillou de Rennes, INSERM, Rennes (S.D.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, CHU de Nancy, Hôpital Central, Nancy (S.F.-K., L.H.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, University Hospital La Timone, Marseille (S.G.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, University Hospital of Amiens, Amiens (P.K., M.T.), the Department of Neurology, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Université Clermont-Auvergne, CNRS, Image Guided Clinical Neuroscience and Connectomics, Institut Pascal, Clermont-Ferrand (A.M.), the Department of Nutrition-Diabetology, CHU de Bordeaux, Hôpital Haut-Lévêque, Pessac (V.R.), and the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, CHU de Caen, Caen (C. Thiriez) - all in France; the Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch, and the New Zealand Brain Research Institute - both in Christchurch, New Zealand (W.G.M.); Specialized Rehabilitation Hospital, Capital Health, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates (P.K.); and Cure Parkinson's, London (S.R.W.S., R.K.W.)
| | - Claire Thiriez
- From the French Clinical Research Network (F-CRIN) for Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders (NS-Park-F-CRIN) (W.G.M., P.R., C. Giordana, D.M., P. Derkinderen, J.-L.H., M.A., I.B., T.B., C.B.-C., N.C., O.C., J.-C.C., P. Damier, E.D., D.D., S.D., M.F., V.F., A.F.-S., S.F.-K., S.G., C.H., L.H., P.K., B.L., R.L., L.-L.M., A.M., C.M., F.O.-M., H.S., C. Thiriez, M.T., O.R.), Centre d'Investigation Clinique (CIC) 1436 and the Departments of Clinical Pharmacology and Neurosciences, Centre Expert Parkinson, University Hospital of Toulouse, INSERM, University of Toulouse 3 (C.B.-C., H.C., M.F., F.O.-M., C. Thalamas, O.R.), and CIC 1436, INSERM (E.D., A.S.), Toulouse, Service de Neurologie des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Centre Expert Parkinson, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives (IMN) Clinique (W.G.M., T.B., A.F.-S., B.L.), and Service d'Information Médicale, Unité de Soutien Méthodologique à la Recherche (USMR) (A.G., C. Germain, A.B.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Bordeaux, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 5293, Université de Bordeaux, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), IMN, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 5293 (W.G.M., T.B., A.F.-S.), and the European Clinical Trials Platform and Development-F-CRIN, CIC-Clinical Epidemiology Unit 1401, University of Bordeaux, INSERM, Institut Bergonié, CHU Bordeaux (A.G., C. Germain, A.B.), Bordeaux, the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, Equipe 01-Neuropsychologie Interventionnelle L'Institut Mondor de Recherches Biomédicales, CHU Henri Mondor, INSERM et Faculté de Santé, Université Paris-Est Créteil, Créteil (P.R., H.S.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Université Côte d'Azur, Nice (C. Giordana, V.F., C.M.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication, UMR 1239, Rouen University Hospital, University of Rouen, INSERM, Mont-Saint-Aignan (D.M.), and the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, Rouen University Hospital and University of Rouen (C.H., R.L.), Rouen, the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, CIC 1413, CHU Nantes, INSERM, Nantes (P. Derkinderen, P. Damier), Service de Neurologie, Centre Expert Parkinson, CIC 1402, CHU Limoges, CHU Poitiers INSERM, Limoges (J.-L.H., I.B., O.C.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, Strasbourg University Hospital, and Strasbourg Federation of Translational Medicine, Strasbourg University, Strasbourg (M.A.), the Institute of Genetics and Cellular and Molecular Biology, INSERM Unité 964, CNRS-UMR 7104, University of Strasbourg, Illkirch-Graffenstaden (M.A.), the Department of Medical Pharmacology INSERM Unité 1172, Lille Neurosciences and Cognition, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire, University of Lille, Lille (N.C., D.D.), the Department of Neurology, CIC Neurosciences, Sorbonne Université, Paris Brain Institute, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, INSERM, CNRS, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris (J.-C.C., L.-L.M.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, CIC 1414, CHU Pontchaillou de Rennes, INSERM, Rennes (S.D.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, CHU de Nancy, Hôpital Central, Nancy (S.F.-K., L.H.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, University Hospital La Timone, Marseille (S.G.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, University Hospital of Amiens, Amiens (P.K., M.T.), the Department of Neurology, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Université Clermont-Auvergne, CNRS, Image Guided Clinical Neuroscience and Connectomics, Institut Pascal, Clermont-Ferrand (A.M.), the Department of Nutrition-Diabetology, CHU de Bordeaux, Hôpital Haut-Lévêque, Pessac (V.R.), and the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, CHU de Caen, Caen (C. Thiriez) - all in France; the Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch, and the New Zealand Brain Research Institute - both in Christchurch, New Zealand (W.G.M.); Specialized Rehabilitation Hospital, Capital Health, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates (P.K.); and Cure Parkinson's, London (S.R.W.S., R.K.W.)
| | - Mélissa Tir
- From the French Clinical Research Network (F-CRIN) for Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders (NS-Park-F-CRIN) (W.G.M., P.R., C. Giordana, D.M., P. Derkinderen, J.-L.H., M.A., I.B., T.B., C.B.-C., N.C., O.C., J.-C.C., P. Damier, E.D., D.D., S.D., M.F., V.F., A.F.-S., S.F.-K., S.G., C.H., L.H., P.K., B.L., R.L., L.-L.M., A.M., C.M., F.O.-M., H.S., C. Thiriez, M.T., O.R.), Centre d'Investigation Clinique (CIC) 1436 and the Departments of Clinical Pharmacology and Neurosciences, Centre Expert Parkinson, University Hospital of Toulouse, INSERM, University of Toulouse 3 (C.B.-C., H.C., M.F., F.O.-M., C. Thalamas, O.R.), and CIC 1436, INSERM (E.D., A.S.), Toulouse, Service de Neurologie des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Centre Expert Parkinson, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives (IMN) Clinique (W.G.M., T.B., A.F.-S., B.L.), and Service d'Information Médicale, Unité de Soutien Méthodologique à la Recherche (USMR) (A.G., C. Germain, A.B.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Bordeaux, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 5293, Université de Bordeaux, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), IMN, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 5293 (W.G.M., T.B., A.F.-S.), and the European Clinical Trials Platform and Development-F-CRIN, CIC-Clinical Epidemiology Unit 1401, University of Bordeaux, INSERM, Institut Bergonié, CHU Bordeaux (A.G., C. Germain, A.B.), Bordeaux, the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, Equipe 01-Neuropsychologie Interventionnelle L'Institut Mondor de Recherches Biomédicales, CHU Henri Mondor, INSERM et Faculté de Santé, Université Paris-Est Créteil, Créteil (P.R., H.S.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Université Côte d'Azur, Nice (C. Giordana, V.F., C.M.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication, UMR 1239, Rouen University Hospital, University of Rouen, INSERM, Mont-Saint-Aignan (D.M.), and the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, Rouen University Hospital and University of Rouen (C.H., R.L.), Rouen, the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, CIC 1413, CHU Nantes, INSERM, Nantes (P. Derkinderen, P. Damier), Service de Neurologie, Centre Expert Parkinson, CIC 1402, CHU Limoges, CHU Poitiers INSERM, Limoges (J.-L.H., I.B., O.C.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, Strasbourg University Hospital, and Strasbourg Federation of Translational Medicine, Strasbourg University, Strasbourg (M.A.), the Institute of Genetics and Cellular and Molecular Biology, INSERM Unité 964, CNRS-UMR 7104, University of Strasbourg, Illkirch-Graffenstaden (M.A.), the Department of Medical Pharmacology INSERM Unité 1172, Lille Neurosciences and Cognition, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire, University of Lille, Lille (N.C., D.D.), the Department of Neurology, CIC Neurosciences, Sorbonne Université, Paris Brain Institute, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, INSERM, CNRS, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris (J.-C.C., L.-L.M.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, CIC 1414, CHU Pontchaillou de Rennes, INSERM, Rennes (S.D.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, CHU de Nancy, Hôpital Central, Nancy (S.F.-K., L.H.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, University Hospital La Timone, Marseille (S.G.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, University Hospital of Amiens, Amiens (P.K., M.T.), the Department of Neurology, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Université Clermont-Auvergne, CNRS, Image Guided Clinical Neuroscience and Connectomics, Institut Pascal, Clermont-Ferrand (A.M.), the Department of Nutrition-Diabetology, CHU de Bordeaux, Hôpital Haut-Lévêque, Pessac (V.R.), and the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, CHU de Caen, Caen (C. Thiriez) - all in France; the Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch, and the New Zealand Brain Research Institute - both in Christchurch, New Zealand (W.G.M.); Specialized Rehabilitation Hospital, Capital Health, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates (P.K.); and Cure Parkinson's, London (S.R.W.S., R.K.W.)
| | - Richard K Wyse
- From the French Clinical Research Network (F-CRIN) for Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders (NS-Park-F-CRIN) (W.G.M., P.R., C. Giordana, D.M., P. Derkinderen, J.-L.H., M.A., I.B., T.B., C.B.-C., N.C., O.C., J.-C.C., P. Damier, E.D., D.D., S.D., M.F., V.F., A.F.-S., S.F.-K., S.G., C.H., L.H., P.K., B.L., R.L., L.-L.M., A.M., C.M., F.O.-M., H.S., C. Thiriez, M.T., O.R.), Centre d'Investigation Clinique (CIC) 1436 and the Departments of Clinical Pharmacology and Neurosciences, Centre Expert Parkinson, University Hospital of Toulouse, INSERM, University of Toulouse 3 (C.B.-C., H.C., M.F., F.O.-M., C. Thalamas, O.R.), and CIC 1436, INSERM (E.D., A.S.), Toulouse, Service de Neurologie des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Centre Expert Parkinson, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives (IMN) Clinique (W.G.M., T.B., A.F.-S., B.L.), and Service d'Information Médicale, Unité de Soutien Méthodologique à la Recherche (USMR) (A.G., C. Germain, A.B.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Bordeaux, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 5293, Université de Bordeaux, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), IMN, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 5293 (W.G.M., T.B., A.F.-S.), and the European Clinical Trials Platform and Development-F-CRIN, CIC-Clinical Epidemiology Unit 1401, University of Bordeaux, INSERM, Institut Bergonié, CHU Bordeaux (A.G., C. Germain, A.B.), Bordeaux, the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, Equipe 01-Neuropsychologie Interventionnelle L'Institut Mondor de Recherches Biomédicales, CHU Henri Mondor, INSERM et Faculté de Santé, Université Paris-Est Créteil, Créteil (P.R., H.S.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Université Côte d'Azur, Nice (C. Giordana, V.F., C.M.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication, UMR 1239, Rouen University Hospital, University of Rouen, INSERM, Mont-Saint-Aignan (D.M.), and the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, Rouen University Hospital and University of Rouen (C.H., R.L.), Rouen, the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, CIC 1413, CHU Nantes, INSERM, Nantes (P. Derkinderen, P. Damier), Service de Neurologie, Centre Expert Parkinson, CIC 1402, CHU Limoges, CHU Poitiers INSERM, Limoges (J.-L.H., I.B., O.C.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, Strasbourg University Hospital, and Strasbourg Federation of Translational Medicine, Strasbourg University, Strasbourg (M.A.), the Institute of Genetics and Cellular and Molecular Biology, INSERM Unité 964, CNRS-UMR 7104, University of Strasbourg, Illkirch-Graffenstaden (M.A.), the Department of Medical Pharmacology INSERM Unité 1172, Lille Neurosciences and Cognition, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire, University of Lille, Lille (N.C., D.D.), the Department of Neurology, CIC Neurosciences, Sorbonne Université, Paris Brain Institute, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, INSERM, CNRS, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris (J.-C.C., L.-L.M.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, CIC 1414, CHU Pontchaillou de Rennes, INSERM, Rennes (S.D.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, CHU de Nancy, Hôpital Central, Nancy (S.F.-K., L.H.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, University Hospital La Timone, Marseille (S.G.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, University Hospital of Amiens, Amiens (P.K., M.T.), the Department of Neurology, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Université Clermont-Auvergne, CNRS, Image Guided Clinical Neuroscience and Connectomics, Institut Pascal, Clermont-Ferrand (A.M.), the Department of Nutrition-Diabetology, CHU de Bordeaux, Hôpital Haut-Lévêque, Pessac (V.R.), and the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, CHU de Caen, Caen (C. Thiriez) - all in France; the Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch, and the New Zealand Brain Research Institute - both in Christchurch, New Zealand (W.G.M.); Specialized Rehabilitation Hospital, Capital Health, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates (P.K.); and Cure Parkinson's, London (S.R.W.S., R.K.W.)
| | - Antoine Benard
- From the French Clinical Research Network (F-CRIN) for Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders (NS-Park-F-CRIN) (W.G.M., P.R., C. Giordana, D.M., P. Derkinderen, J.-L.H., M.A., I.B., T.B., C.B.-C., N.C., O.C., J.-C.C., P. Damier, E.D., D.D., S.D., M.F., V.F., A.F.-S., S.F.-K., S.G., C.H., L.H., P.K., B.L., R.L., L.-L.M., A.M., C.M., F.O.-M., H.S., C. Thiriez, M.T., O.R.), Centre d'Investigation Clinique (CIC) 1436 and the Departments of Clinical Pharmacology and Neurosciences, Centre Expert Parkinson, University Hospital of Toulouse, INSERM, University of Toulouse 3 (C.B.-C., H.C., M.F., F.O.-M., C. Thalamas, O.R.), and CIC 1436, INSERM (E.D., A.S.), Toulouse, Service de Neurologie des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Centre Expert Parkinson, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives (IMN) Clinique (W.G.M., T.B., A.F.-S., B.L.), and Service d'Information Médicale, Unité de Soutien Méthodologique à la Recherche (USMR) (A.G., C. Germain, A.B.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Bordeaux, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 5293, Université de Bordeaux, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), IMN, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 5293 (W.G.M., T.B., A.F.-S.), and the European Clinical Trials Platform and Development-F-CRIN, CIC-Clinical Epidemiology Unit 1401, University of Bordeaux, INSERM, Institut Bergonié, CHU Bordeaux (A.G., C. Germain, A.B.), Bordeaux, the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, Equipe 01-Neuropsychologie Interventionnelle L'Institut Mondor de Recherches Biomédicales, CHU Henri Mondor, INSERM et Faculté de Santé, Université Paris-Est Créteil, Créteil (P.R., H.S.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Université Côte d'Azur, Nice (C. Giordana, V.F., C.M.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication, UMR 1239, Rouen University Hospital, University of Rouen, INSERM, Mont-Saint-Aignan (D.M.), and the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, Rouen University Hospital and University of Rouen (C.H., R.L.), Rouen, the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, CIC 1413, CHU Nantes, INSERM, Nantes (P. Derkinderen, P. Damier), Service de Neurologie, Centre Expert Parkinson, CIC 1402, CHU Limoges, CHU Poitiers INSERM, Limoges (J.-L.H., I.B., O.C.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, Strasbourg University Hospital, and Strasbourg Federation of Translational Medicine, Strasbourg University, Strasbourg (M.A.), the Institute of Genetics and Cellular and Molecular Biology, INSERM Unité 964, CNRS-UMR 7104, University of Strasbourg, Illkirch-Graffenstaden (M.A.), the Department of Medical Pharmacology INSERM Unité 1172, Lille Neurosciences and Cognition, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire, University of Lille, Lille (N.C., D.D.), the Department of Neurology, CIC Neurosciences, Sorbonne Université, Paris Brain Institute, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, INSERM, CNRS, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris (J.-C.C., L.-L.M.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, CIC 1414, CHU Pontchaillou de Rennes, INSERM, Rennes (S.D.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, CHU de Nancy, Hôpital Central, Nancy (S.F.-K., L.H.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, University Hospital La Timone, Marseille (S.G.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, University Hospital of Amiens, Amiens (P.K., M.T.), the Department of Neurology, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Université Clermont-Auvergne, CNRS, Image Guided Clinical Neuroscience and Connectomics, Institut Pascal, Clermont-Ferrand (A.M.), the Department of Nutrition-Diabetology, CHU de Bordeaux, Hôpital Haut-Lévêque, Pessac (V.R.), and the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, CHU de Caen, Caen (C. Thiriez) - all in France; the Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch, and the New Zealand Brain Research Institute - both in Christchurch, New Zealand (W.G.M.); Specialized Rehabilitation Hospital, Capital Health, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates (P.K.); and Cure Parkinson's, London (S.R.W.S., R.K.W.)
| | - Olivier Rascol
- From the French Clinical Research Network (F-CRIN) for Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders (NS-Park-F-CRIN) (W.G.M., P.R., C. Giordana, D.M., P. Derkinderen, J.-L.H., M.A., I.B., T.B., C.B.-C., N.C., O.C., J.-C.C., P. Damier, E.D., D.D., S.D., M.F., V.F., A.F.-S., S.F.-K., S.G., C.H., L.H., P.K., B.L., R.L., L.-L.M., A.M., C.M., F.O.-M., H.S., C. Thiriez, M.T., O.R.), Centre d'Investigation Clinique (CIC) 1436 and the Departments of Clinical Pharmacology and Neurosciences, Centre Expert Parkinson, University Hospital of Toulouse, INSERM, University of Toulouse 3 (C.B.-C., H.C., M.F., F.O.-M., C. Thalamas, O.R.), and CIC 1436, INSERM (E.D., A.S.), Toulouse, Service de Neurologie des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Centre Expert Parkinson, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives (IMN) Clinique (W.G.M., T.B., A.F.-S., B.L.), and Service d'Information Médicale, Unité de Soutien Méthodologique à la Recherche (USMR) (A.G., C. Germain, A.B.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Bordeaux, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 5293, Université de Bordeaux, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), IMN, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 5293 (W.G.M., T.B., A.F.-S.), and the European Clinical Trials Platform and Development-F-CRIN, CIC-Clinical Epidemiology Unit 1401, University of Bordeaux, INSERM, Institut Bergonié, CHU Bordeaux (A.G., C. Germain, A.B.), Bordeaux, the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, Equipe 01-Neuropsychologie Interventionnelle L'Institut Mondor de Recherches Biomédicales, CHU Henri Mondor, INSERM et Faculté de Santé, Université Paris-Est Créteil, Créteil (P.R., H.S.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Université Côte d'Azur, Nice (C. Giordana, V.F., C.M.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication, UMR 1239, Rouen University Hospital, University of Rouen, INSERM, Mont-Saint-Aignan (D.M.), and the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, Rouen University Hospital and University of Rouen (C.H., R.L.), Rouen, the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, CIC 1413, CHU Nantes, INSERM, Nantes (P. Derkinderen, P. Damier), Service de Neurologie, Centre Expert Parkinson, CIC 1402, CHU Limoges, CHU Poitiers INSERM, Limoges (J.-L.H., I.B., O.C.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, Strasbourg University Hospital, and Strasbourg Federation of Translational Medicine, Strasbourg University, Strasbourg (M.A.), the Institute of Genetics and Cellular and Molecular Biology, INSERM Unité 964, CNRS-UMR 7104, University of Strasbourg, Illkirch-Graffenstaden (M.A.), the Department of Medical Pharmacology INSERM Unité 1172, Lille Neurosciences and Cognition, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire, University of Lille, Lille (N.C., D.D.), the Department of Neurology, CIC Neurosciences, Sorbonne Université, Paris Brain Institute, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, INSERM, CNRS, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris (J.-C.C., L.-L.M.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, CIC 1414, CHU Pontchaillou de Rennes, INSERM, Rennes (S.D.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, CHU de Nancy, Hôpital Central, Nancy (S.F.-K., L.H.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, University Hospital La Timone, Marseille (S.G.), the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, University Hospital of Amiens, Amiens (P.K., M.T.), the Department of Neurology, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Université Clermont-Auvergne, CNRS, Image Guided Clinical Neuroscience and Connectomics, Institut Pascal, Clermont-Ferrand (A.M.), the Department of Nutrition-Diabetology, CHU de Bordeaux, Hôpital Haut-Lévêque, Pessac (V.R.), and the Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, CHU de Caen, Caen (C. Thiriez) - all in France; the Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch, and the New Zealand Brain Research Institute - both in Christchurch, New Zealand (W.G.M.); Specialized Rehabilitation Hospital, Capital Health, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates (P.K.); and Cure Parkinson's, London (S.R.W.S., R.K.W.)
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3
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Damier P, Degos B, Castelonovo G, Anheim M, Benatru I, Carrière N, Colin O, Defebvre L, Deverdal M, Eusebio A, Ferrier V, Giordana C, Houeto JL, Le Dily S, Mongin M, Thiriez C, Tranchant C, Ravel D, Corvol JC, Rascol O, Ben Ari Y. A Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial of Bumetanide in Parkinson's Disease. Mov Disord 2024; 39:618-622. [PMID: 38291616 DOI: 10.1002/mds.29726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acting on the main target of dopaminergic cells, the striatal γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-ergic cells, might be a new way to treat persons with Parkinson's disease (PD). OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to assess the efficacy of bumetanide, an Na-K-Cl cotransporter (NKCC1) inhibitor, to improve motor symptoms in PD. METHODS This was a 4-month double-blind, randomized, parallel-group, placebo-controlled trial of 1.75 to 3 mg/day bumetanide as an adjunct to levodopa in 44 participants with PD and motor fluctuations. RESULTS Compared to the baseline, the mean change in OFF Movement Disorder Society Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale Part III score after 4 months of treatment (primary endpoint) did not improve significantly compared with placebo. No changes between participants treated with bumetanide and those treated with placebo were observed for most other outcome measures. Despite no relevant safety signals, bumetanide was poorly tolerated. CONCLUSIONS There was no evidence in this study that bumetanide has efficacy in improving motor symptoms of PD. © 2024 The Authors. Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Damier
- CIC1413, NS-Park/FCRIN Network, Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, INSERM, Nantes, France
| | - Bertrand Degos
- Neurology Department, Avicenne Hospital, NS-Park/FCRIN Network, INSERM U1050, CNRS UMR7241, Collège de France, Centre de Recherche Interdisciplinaire en Biologie (CIRB), Université PSL, Sorbonne Paris Nord, APHP, Paris, France
| | | | - Mathieu Anheim
- Department of Neurology, Strasbourg Federation of Translational Medicine (FMTS), Strasbourg, INSERM, U964, CNRS, UMR7104, NS-Park/FCRIN Network, Strasbourg University, CHU Strasbourg, Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France
| | - Isabelle Benatru
- Service de Neurologie, Centre Expert Parkinson, INSERM, CIC 1402, NS-Park/FCRIN Network, CHU Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Nicolas Carrière
- Neurology Department, UMR 1172, NS-Park/FCRIN Network, Université Lille, CHU Lille, INSERM, Lille, France
| | - Olivier Colin
- Centre Expert Parkinson, NS-Park/FCRIN Network, CH Brive-la-Gaillarde, CHU Limoges, Brive-la-Gaillarde, France
| | - Luc Defebvre
- Neurology Department, UMR 1172, NS-Park/FCRIN Network, Université Lille, CHU Lille, INSERM, Lille, France
| | | | - Alexandre Eusebio
- Department of Neurology, NS-Park/FCRIN Network, Université Aix Marseille, AP-HM, Marseille, France
| | - Vanessa Ferrier
- Department of Neurology, NS-Park/FCRIN Network, CHU Nice, Nice, France
| | - Caroline Giordana
- Department of Neurology, NS-Park/FCRIN Network, CHU Nice, Nice, France
| | - Jean-Luc Houeto
- Centre Expert Parkinson Limoges, INSERM U1094 EpiMaCT, NS-Park/FCRIN Network, CHU Limoges, Université de Limoges, Limoges, France
| | - Severine Le Dily
- CIC1413, NS-Park/FCRIN Network, Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, INSERM, Nantes, France
| | - Marie Mongin
- Neurology Department, Avicenne Hospital, NS-Park/FCRIN Network, INSERM U1050, CNRS UMR7241, Collège de France, Centre de Recherche Interdisciplinaire en Biologie (CIRB), Université PSL, Sorbonne Paris Nord, APHP, Paris, France
| | - Claire Thiriez
- Department of Neurology, NS-Park/FCRIN Network, CHU Caen, Caen, France
| | - Christine Tranchant
- Department of Neurology, Strasbourg Federation of Translational Medicine (FMTS), Strasbourg, INSERM, U964, CNRS, UMR7104, NS-Park/FCRIN Network, Strasbourg University, CHU Strasbourg, Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France
| | - Denis Ravel
- BA Therapeutics and Neurochlore, Campus Scientifique de Luminy, Marseille, France
| | - Jean-Christophe Corvol
- Department of Neurology, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Brain Institute-ICM, NS-Park/FCRIN Network, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Olivier Rascol
- Clinical Investigation Center CIC1436, Departments of Neurosciences and Clinical Pharmacology, NS-Park/FCRIN Network, NeuroToul COEN Center, University Hospital of Toulouse, INSERM, University of Toulouse 3, Toulouse, France
| | - Yehezkel Ben Ari
- BA Therapeutics and Neurochlore, Campus Scientifique de Luminy, Marseille, France
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Béreau M, Kibleur A, Servant M, Clément G, Dujardin K, Rolland AS, Wirth T, Lagha-Boukbiza O, Voirin J, Santin MDN, Hainque E, Grabli D, Comte A, Drapier S, Durif F, Marques A, Eusebio A, Azulay JP, Giordana C, Houeto JL, Jarraya B, Maltete D, Rascol O, Rouaud T, Tir M, Moreau C, Danaila T, Prange S, Tatu L, Tranchant C, Corvol JC, Devos D, Thobois S, Desmarets M, Anheim M. Motivational and cognitive predictors of apathy after subthalamic nucleus stimulation in Parkinson's disease. Brain 2024; 147:472-485. [PMID: 37787488 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awad324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Postoperative apathy is a frequent symptom in Parkinson's disease patients who have undergone bilateral deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus. Two main hypotheses for postoperative apathy have been suggested: (i) dopaminergic withdrawal syndrome relative to postoperative dopaminergic drug tapering; and (ii) direct effect of chronic stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus. The primary objective of our study was to describe preoperative and 1-year postoperative apathy in Parkinson's disease patients who underwent chronic bilateral deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus. We also aimed to identify factors associated with 1-year postoperative apathy considering: (i) preoperative clinical phenotype; (ii) dopaminergic drug management; and (iii) volume of tissue activated within the subthalamic nucleus and the surrounding structures. We investigated a prospective clinical cohort of 367 patients before and 1 year after chronic bilateral deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus. We assessed apathy using the Lille Apathy Rating Scale and carried out a systematic evaluation of motor, cognitive and behavioural signs. We modelled the volume of tissue activated in 161 patients using the Lead-DBS toolbox and analysed overlaps within motor, cognitive and limbic parts of the subthalamic nucleus. Of the 367 patients, 94 (25.6%) exhibited 1-year postoperative apathy: 67 (18.2%) with 'de novo apathy' and 27 (7.4%) with 'sustained apathy'. We observed disappearance of preoperative apathy in 22 (6.0%) patients, who were classified as having 'reversed apathy'. Lastly, 251 (68.4%) patients had neither preoperative nor postoperative apathy and were classified as having 'no apathy'. We identified preoperative apathy score [odds ratio (OR) 1.16; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.10, 1.22; P < 0.001], preoperative episodic memory free recall score (OR 0.93; 95% CI 0.88, 0.97; P = 0.003) and 1-year postoperative motor responsiveness (OR 0.98; 95% CI 0.96, 0.99; P = 0.009) as the main factors associated with postoperative apathy. We showed that neither dopaminergic dose reduction nor subthalamic stimulation were associated with postoperative apathy. Patients with 'sustained apathy' had poorer preoperative fronto-striatal cognitive status and a higher preoperative action initiation apathy subscore. In these patients, apathy score and cognitive status worsened postoperatively despite significantly lower reduction in dopamine agonists (P = 0.023), suggesting cognitive dopa-resistant apathy. Patients with 'reversed apathy' benefited from the psychostimulant effect of chronic stimulation of the limbic part of the left subthalamic nucleus (P = 0.043), suggesting motivational apathy. Our results highlight the need for careful preoperative assessment of motivational and cognitive components of apathy as well as executive functions in order to better prevent or manage postoperative apathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthieu Béreau
- Department of Neurology, NS-PARK/F-CRIN network, University Hospital of Besançon, 25030 Besançon Cedex, France
- UR LINC 481, Université de Franche-Comté, F-2500 Besançon, France
| | - Astrid Kibleur
- LIP/PC2S, Université Grenoble Alpes, Université Savoie Mont Blanc, 38040 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Mathieu Servant
- UR LINC 481, Université de Franche-Comté, F-2500 Besançon, France
| | - Gautier Clément
- Department of Neurology, NS-PARK/F-CRIN network, University Hospital of Besançon, 25030 Besançon Cedex, France
| | - Kathy Dujardin
- Lille Neurosciences and Cognition, CHU-Lille, Neurology and Movement Disorders department, NS-Park/F-CRIN network, Univ. Lille, 59037 Lille, France
| | - Anne-Sophie Rolland
- Lille Neurosciences and Cognition, CHU-Lille, Department of Medical Pharmacology, NS-Park/F-CRIN, Univ. Lille, Inserm, 59045 Lille, France
| | - Thomas Wirth
- Service de Neurologie, NS-Park/F-CRIN network, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg et Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Médecine de Strasbourg, 67200 Strasbourg, France
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, INSERM-U964/CNRS-UMR7104/Université de Strasbourg, 67400 Illkirch, France
| | - Ouhaid Lagha-Boukbiza
- Service de Neurologie, NS-Park/F-CRIN network, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg et Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Médecine de Strasbourg, 67200 Strasbourg, France
| | - Jimmy Voirin
- Department of Neurosurgery, NS-PARK/F-CRIN network, Strasbourg University Hospital, 67200 Strasbourg, France
| | - Marie des Neiges Santin
- Department of Neurosurgery, NS-PARK/F-CRIN network, Strasbourg University Hospital, 67200 Strasbourg, France
| | - Elodie Hainque
- Assistance publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Inserm, CNRS, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Department of Neurology, NS-Park/F-CRIN network, Sorbonne Université, Paris Brain Institute-ICM, 75014 Paris, France
| | - David Grabli
- Assistance publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Inserm, CNRS, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Department of Neurology, NS-Park/F-CRIN network, Sorbonne Université, Paris Brain Institute-ICM, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Alexandre Comte
- UR LINC 481, Université de Franche-Comté, F-2500 Besançon, France
- Centre d'investigation clinique Inserm CIC 1431, CHU Besançon, F-25000 Besançon, France
| | - Sophie Drapier
- Department of Neurology, NS-PARK/F-CRIN network, University Hospital of Rennes, 35000 Rennes, France
| | - Franck Durif
- CNRS, Clermont Auvergne INP, Institut Pascal, Clermont-Ferrand University Hospital, Neurology department, NS-Park/F-CRIN network, Université Clermont Auvergne, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Ana Marques
- CNRS, Clermont Auvergne INP, Institut Pascal, Clermont-Ferrand University Hospital, Neurology department, NS-Park/F-CRIN network, Université Clermont Auvergne, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Alexandre Eusebio
- Department of Neurology and Movement Disorders, APHM, Hôpital Universitaire Timone, 13005 Marseille, France
- CNRS, Institut de Neurosciences de la Timone, Aix Marseille Univ., 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Jean-Philippe Azulay
- Department of Neurology and Movement Disorders, APHM, Hôpital Universitaire Timone, 13005 Marseille, France
- CNRS, Institut de Neurosciences de la Timone, Aix Marseille Univ., 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Caroline Giordana
- Department of Neurology, NS-Park/F-CRIN network, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, 06002 Nice, France
| | - Jean-Luc Houeto
- Department of Neurology, NS-Park/F-CRIN network, Limoges University Hospital, Inserm, U1094, EpiMaCT-Epidemiology of chronic diseases in tropical zone, Limoges University Hospital,87042 Limoges, France
| | - Béchir Jarraya
- Neuroscience Pole, NS-Park/F-CRIN network, Hôpital Foch, Suresnes, University of Versailles Paris-Saclay, INSERM-CEA NeuroSpin, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - David Maltete
- Department of Neurology, NS-Park/F-CRIN network, Rouen University Hospital and University of Rouen, 76000 Rouen, France
- INSERM U1239, Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication, 76130 Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | - Olivier Rascol
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Neuroscience, CIC1436, NS-Park/F-CRIN network, NeuroToul Center of Excellence, Toulouse University Hospital, INSERM, CHU of Toulouse, 31000 Toulouse, France
| | - Tiphaine Rouaud
- Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, NS-Park/F-CRIN network, CHU Nantes, 44093 Nantes, France
| | - Mélissa Tir
- Department of Neurology, NS-Park/F-CRIN network, Amiens University Hospital, 80000 Amiens, France
| | - Caroline Moreau
- Lille Neurosciences and Cognition, CHU-Lille, Neurology and Movement Disorders department, NS-Park/F-CRIN network, Univ. Lille, 59037 Lille, France
| | - Teodor Danaila
- Department of Neurology, NS-Park/F-CRIN network, Amiens University Hospital, 80000 Amiens, France
| | - Stéphane Prange
- Department of Neurology, NS-Park/F-CRIN network, Amiens University Hospital, 80000 Amiens, France
- Service de Neurologie C, NS-Park/F-CRIN network, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, 69500 Bron, France
| | - Laurent Tatu
- Department of Neurology, NS-PARK/F-CRIN network, University Hospital of Besançon, 25030 Besançon Cedex, France
| | - Christine Tranchant
- Service de Neurologie, NS-Park/F-CRIN network, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg et Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Médecine de Strasbourg, 67200 Strasbourg, France
| | - Jean-Christophe Corvol
- Assistance publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Inserm, CNRS, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Department of Neurology, NS-Park/F-CRIN network, Sorbonne Université, Paris Brain Institute-ICM, 75014 Paris, France
| | - David Devos
- Lille Neurosciences and Cognition, CHU-Lille, Neurology and Movement Disorders department, NS-Park/F-CRIN network, Univ. Lille, 59037 Lille, France
- Lille Neurosciences and Cognition, CHU-Lille, Department of Medical Pharmacology, NS-Park/F-CRIN, Univ. Lille, Inserm, 59045 Lille, France
| | - Stephane Thobois
- Service de Neurologie C, NS-Park/F-CRIN network, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, 69500 Bron, France
- Institut des Sciences Cognitives Marc Jeannerot, CNRS, UMR5229, 69675 Bron, France
| | - Maxime Desmarets
- Centre d'investigation clinique Inserm CIC 1431, CHU Besançon, F-25000 Besançon, France
- Université de Franche-Comté, EFS, INSERM, UMR RIGHT, 25000 Besançon, France
| | - Mathieu Anheim
- Service de Neurologie, NS-Park/F-CRIN network, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg et Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Médecine de Strasbourg, 67200 Strasbourg, France
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, INSERM-U964/CNRS-UMR7104/Université de Strasbourg, 67400 Illkirch, France
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5
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Faggianelli F, Witjas T, Azulay JP, Benatru I, Hubsch C, Anheim M, Moreau C, Hainque E, Drapier S, Jarraya B, Laurencin C, Guehl D, Hopes L, Brefel-Courbon C, Tir M, Marques A, Rouaud T, Maltete D, Giordana C, Baumstarck K, Rascol O, Corvol JC, Rolland AS, Devos D, Eusebio A. ON/OFF non-motor evaluation: a new way to evaluate non-motor fluctuations in Parkinson's disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2024:jnnp-2023-332551. [PMID: 38272656 DOI: 10.1136/jnnp-2023-332551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND NMF are currently poorly evaluated in therapeutic decisions. A quantification of their severity would facilitate their integration. The objective of this study was to validate an autoquestionnaire evaluating the severity of non-motor fluctuations (NMF) in Parkinson's disease (PD). METHODS Patients with PD were included in presurgical situation for deep brain stimulation of subthalamic nuclei. They participated in the PREDISTIM cohort (a study evaluating the predictive factors for therapeutic response of subthalamic stimulation in PD) in 17 centres in France. Our questionnaire, resulting from previous phases of development, included 11 non-motor symptoms (NMS). Their severity ranged from 0 to 10 and was assessed in OFF and then ON-Dopa to study their fluctuations. RESULTS 310 patients were included, of whom 98.8% had NMS and 98.0% had NMF. Each NMS was significantly improved by L-Dopa (decrease in severity score ranging from 43.1% to 69.9%). Fatigue was the most frequent and most severe NMS. NMS were considered more bothersome than motor symptoms by 37.5% of patients in OFF-Dopa and 34.9% in ON-Dopa. CONCLUSIONS This is the first questionnaire allowing a real-time quantification of the severity of NMS and their fluctuation with levodopa. It was able to confirm and measure the effect of L-dopa and show differences according to the patients and the NMS. It differs from other questionnaires by its measurement at a precise moment of the severity of the NMS, allowing its use during pretherapeutic assessments.Our questionnaire has been validated to measure the severity of NMF. It will be able to quantify the non-motor effect of anti-parkinsonian treatments and could facilitate the integration of NMF in therapeutic decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tatiana Witjas
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Timone, Marseille, France
| | | | | | - Cécile Hubsch
- Neurology, Fondation Ophtalmologique Adolphe de Rothschild, Paris, France
| | - Mathieu Anheim
- Service de Neurologie, Hopital de Hautepierre, Strasbourg, France
| | - Caroline Moreau
- Neurology Expert Center for Parkinson's disease, University of Lille, Lille, France
| | | | | | - Béchir Jarraya
- Neuroscience, Hospital Foch, Suresnes, Île-de-France, France
| | - Chloé Laurencin
- CNRS UMR 5229, Bron, France
- Centre Expert Parkinson, Bron, France
| | - Dominique Guehl
- Pôle de Neurosciences Cliniques, CHU de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
- CNRS UMR 5293, Institut des Maladies Neurodegeneratives, Bordeaux, France
| | - Lucie Hopes
- Neurology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nancy, Nancy, Lorraine, France
| | - Christine Brefel-Courbon
- Clinical Pharmacology and Neurosciences, University Hospital Centre Toulouse, Toulouse, Occitanie, France
| | - Melissa Tir
- Neurology, CHU Amiens-Picardie, Amiens, Hauts-de-France, France
| | - Ana Marques
- EA7280, Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- Neurology, University Hospital Centre Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Tiphaine Rouaud
- Department of Neurology, Nantes University Hospital, Nantes, France
| | | | - Caroline Giordana
- Neurology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nancy, Nancy, Lorraine, France
| | - Karine Baumstarck
- Aix Marseille Université, EA 3279 Self-Perceived Health Assessment Research Unit, Marseille, France
| | | | | | - Anne-Sophie Rolland
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Neurology and Movement Disorders Department, Referent Center of Parkinson's Disease, CHU of Lille, Univ. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Inserm, UMR-S1172, Lille, France
| | - David Devos
- Medical Pharmacology, Lille University Medical Center, Lille, France
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El Ouartassi A, Giordana C, Schiazza A, Chardin D, Darcourt J. [ 18F]-FDopa positron emission tomography imaging in corticobasal syndrome. Brain Imaging Behav 2023; 17:619-627. [PMID: 37474673 DOI: 10.1007/s11682-023-00789-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE First, to investigate the patterns of [18F]-FDOPA positron emission tomography imaging in corticobasal syndrome using visual and semi-quantitative analysis and to compare them with patterns found in Parkinson's disease and progressive supranuclear palsy. Then, to search for correlations with clinical features and [18F]-FDG positron emission tomography imaging. METHODS 27 corticobasal syndrome patients who underwent [18F]-FDOPA positron emission tomography imaging were retrospectively studied. They were compared to 27 matched Parkinson's disease patients, 12 progressive supranuclear palsy patients and 53 normal controls. Scans were visually assigned to one of the following patterns: normal; unilateral homogeneous striatal uptake reduction; putamen uptake reduction with putamen-caudate gradient. A semi-quantitative analysis of striatal regional uptake and asymmetry was performed and correlated to clinical features and [18F]-FDG positron emission tomography patterns. RESULTS [18F]-FDOPA positron emission tomography appeared visually abnormal in only 33.5% of corticobasal syndrome patients. However, semi-quantitative analysis found putaminal asymmetry in 63%. Striatal uptake was homogeneously reduced in both putamen and caudate nucleus in corticobasal syndrome patients unlike in Parkinson's disease and progressive supranuclear palsy. No correlation was found between [18F]-FDOPA positron emission tomography and clinical features. Half of corticobasal syndrome patients presented a corticobasal degeneration pattern on [18F]-FDG positron emission tomography. CONCLUSION: [18F]-FDOPA positron emission tomography can often be normal in corticobasal syndrome patients. Semi-quantitative analysis is useful to unmask a significant asymmetry in many of them. Homogeneous striatal uptake reduction contralateral to the clinical signs is highly suggestive of corticobasal syndrome. This finding can be helpful to better characterize this syndrome with respect to Parkinson's disease and progressive supranuclear palsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anaïs El Ouartassi
- Movement Disorders Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France.
- Neurology Department, Centre Hospitalier d'Antibes, 107 Avenue de Nice, Antibes, France.
| | - Caroline Giordana
- Movement Disorders Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France
| | - Aurélie Schiazza
- Nuclear Medicine Department, Centre Antoine Lacassagne, Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France
- Research Group, UMR 4320, CEA-Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France
| | - David Chardin
- Nuclear Medicine Department, Centre Antoine Lacassagne, Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France
- Research Group, UMR 4320, CEA-Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France
| | - Jacques Darcourt
- Nuclear Medicine Department, Centre Antoine Lacassagne, Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France
- Research Group, UMR 4320, CEA-Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France
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7
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Laurencin C, Timestit N, Marques A, Duchez DD, Giordana C, Meoni S, Huddlestone M, Danaila T, Anheim M, Klinger H, Vidal T, Fatisson M, Caire C, Nourredine M, Boulinguez P, Dhelens C, Ballanger B, Prange S, Bin S, Thobois S. Efficacy and safety of clonidine for the treatment of impulse control disorder in Parkinson's disease: a multicenter, parallel, randomised, double-blind, Phase 2b Clinical trial. J Neurol 2023; 270:4851-4859. [PMID: 37338615 PMCID: PMC10511565 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-023-11814-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Impulse control disorders (ICDs) are frequently encountered in Parkinson's disease (PD). OBJECTIVES We aimed to assess whether clonidine, an α2-adrenergic receptor agonist, would improve ICDs. METHODS We conducted a multicentre trial in five movement disorder departments. Patients with PD and ICDs (n = 41) were enrolled in an 8-week, randomised (1:1), double-blind, placebo-controlled study of clonidine (75 μg twice a day). Randomisation and allocation to the trial group were carried out by a central computer system. The primary outcome was the change at 8 weeks in symptom severity using the Questionnaire for Impulsive-Compulsive Disorders in Parkinson's Disease-Rating Scale (QUIP-RS) score. A reduction of the most elevated subscore of the QUIP-RS of more than 3 points without any increase in the other QUIP-RS dimension defined success. RESULTS Between 15 May 2019 and 10 September 2021, 19 patients in the clonidine group and 20 patients in the placebo group were enrolled. The proportion difference of success in reducing QUIP-RS at 8 weeks, was 7% (one-sided upper 90% CI 27%) with 42.1% of success in the clonidine group and 35.0% in the placebo group. Compared to patients in the placebo group, patients in the clonidine group experienced a greater reduction in the total QUIP-RS score at 8 weeks (11.0 points vs. 3.6). DISCUSSION Clonidine was well tolerated but our study was not enough powerful to demonstrate significant superiority compared to placebo in reducing ICDs despite a greater reduction of total QUIP score at 8 weeks. A phase 3 study should be conducted. TRIAL REGISTRATION The study was registered (NCT03552068) on clinicaltrials.gov on June 11, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloé Laurencin
- Department of Neurology C, Expert Parkinson Centre, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Pierre Wertheimer Neurological Hospital, Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Service de Neurologie C - Hospices Civils de Lyon, NS-Park/F-CRIN, 69677, Bron, France.
- Lyon Neuroscience Research Centre, INSERM, University of Lyon, 69622, Lyon, France.
| | - Noémie Timestit
- Department of Biostatistics, University Hospital of Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Ana Marques
- Department of Neurology, Clermont-Ferrand University Hospital, NS-Park/F-CRIN, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | | | - Caroline Giordana
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Nice, NS-Park/F-CRIN, Nice, France
| | - Sara Meoni
- Movement Disorders Unit, Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Grenoble, NS-Park/F-CRIN, Grenoble, France
| | - Marine Huddlestone
- Department of Neurology C, Expert Parkinson Centre, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Pierre Wertheimer Neurological Hospital, Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Service de Neurologie C - Hospices Civils de Lyon, NS-Park/F-CRIN, 69677, Bron, France
| | - Teodor Danaila
- Department of Neurology C, Expert Parkinson Centre, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Pierre Wertheimer Neurological Hospital, Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Service de Neurologie C - Hospices Civils de Lyon, NS-Park/F-CRIN, 69677, Bron, France
| | - Mathieu Anheim
- Department of Neurology, Strasbourg University Hospital, Strasbourg, France
- Institut de Génétique Et de Biologie Moléculaire Et Cellulaire (IGBMC), INSERM-U964/CNRS, UMR7104/Strasbourg University, Illkirch, France
- Centre de Référence Des Maladies Neurogénétiques Rares, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Hélène Klinger
- Department of Neurology C, Expert Parkinson Centre, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Pierre Wertheimer Neurological Hospital, Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Service de Neurologie C - Hospices Civils de Lyon, NS-Park/F-CRIN, 69677, Bron, France
| | - Tiphaine Vidal
- Department of Neurology, Clermont-Ferrand University Hospital, NS-Park/F-CRIN, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Marion Fatisson
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Catherine Caire
- Department of Neurology C, Expert Parkinson Centre, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Pierre Wertheimer Neurological Hospital, Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Service de Neurologie C - Hospices Civils de Lyon, NS-Park/F-CRIN, 69677, Bron, France
| | - Mikail Nourredine
- Department of Biostatistics, University Hospital of Lyon, Lyon, France
- Pharmacotoxicology Laboratory, Department of Clinical Research and Epidemiology, University Hospital of Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Philippe Boulinguez
- Lyon Neuroscience Research Centre, INSERM, University of Lyon, 69622, Lyon, France
| | - Carole Dhelens
- Pharmacy, FRIPHARM, Edouard Herriot Hospital, Lyon University Hospital, Lyon, France
| | - Bénédicte Ballanger
- Lyon Neuroscience Research Centre, INSERM, University of Lyon, 69622, Lyon, France
| | - Stéphane Prange
- Department of Neurology C, Expert Parkinson Centre, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Pierre Wertheimer Neurological Hospital, Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Service de Neurologie C - Hospices Civils de Lyon, NS-Park/F-CRIN, 69677, Bron, France
- Marc Jeannerod Cognitive Neuroscience Institute, CNRS, UMR 5229, Bron, France
- Faculté de Medecine Et de Maieutique Lyon Sud Charles Mérieux, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Sylvie Bin
- Public Health Center, Research and Clinical Epidemiology, University Hospital of Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Stéphane Thobois
- Department of Neurology C, Expert Parkinson Centre, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Pierre Wertheimer Neurological Hospital, Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Service de Neurologie C - Hospices Civils de Lyon, NS-Park/F-CRIN, 69677, Bron, France
- Marc Jeannerod Cognitive Neuroscience Institute, CNRS, UMR 5229, Bron, France
- Faculté de Medecine Et de Maieutique Lyon Sud Charles Mérieux, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
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Thomel-Rocchi O, Giordana C, Alecu C, Chaussenot A, Thomas P. Encéphalomyopathie nécrosante subaiguë (syndrome de Leigh) tardive liée à la mutation m.10197G>A. Rev Neurol (Paris) 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neurol.2023.01.408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
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9
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Laurencin C, Frank D, Meoni S, Anheim M, Giordana C, Dilly D, Thobois S. La clonidine comme traitement des troubles du contrôle des impulsions dans la maladie de Parkinson : essai de phase 2b randomisé contre placebo. Rev Neurol (Paris) 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neurol.2023.01.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
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10
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Virbel-Fleischman C, Mousin F, Liu S, Hardy S, Corvol JC, Benatru I, Bendetowicz D, Béreau M, De Cock VC, Drapier S, Frismand S, Giordana C, Devos D, Rétory Y, Grabli D. Symptoms assessment and decision to treat patients with advanced Parkinson's disease based on wearables data. NPJ Parkinsons Dis 2023; 9:45. [PMID: 36973302 PMCID: PMC10042860 DOI: 10.1038/s41531-023-00489-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Body-worn sensors (BWS) could provide valuable information in the management of Parkinson's disease and support therapeutic decisions based on objective monitoring. To study this pivotal step and better understand how relevant information is extracted from BWS results and translated into treatment adaptation, eight neurologists examined eight virtual cases composed of basic patient profiles and their BWS monitoring results. Sixty-four interpretations of monitoring results and the subsequent therapeutic decisions were collected. Relationship between interrater agreements in the BWS reading and the severity of symptoms were analyzed via correlation studies. Logistic regression was used to identify associations between the BWS parameters and suggested treatment modifications. Interrater agreements were high and significantly associated with the BWS scores. Summarized BWS scores reflecting bradykinesia, dyskinesia, and tremor predicted the direction of treatment modifications. Our results suggest that monitoring information is robustly linked to treatment adaptation and pave the way to loop systems able to automatically propose treatment modifications from BWS recordings information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Virbel-Fleischman
- Sorbonne University, Brain Institute - ICM, Inserm, CNRS, Paris, France.
- Centre EXPLOR!, Air Liquide Healthcare, Gentilly, France.
| | - Flavien Mousin
- Centre EXPLOR!, Air Liquide Healthcare, Gentilly, France
| | - Shuo Liu
- Centre EXPLOR!, Air Liquide Healthcare, Gentilly, France
| | | | - Jean-Christophe Corvol
- Sorbonne University, Brain Institute - ICM, Inserm, CNRS, Paris, France
- APHP, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Neurology Department, Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Benatru
- Poitiers University Hospital, Neurology Department, Poitiers, France
- INSERM, Poitiers CHU, Poitiers University, Centre d'Investigation Clinique CIC, 1402, Poitiers, France
| | - David Bendetowicz
- Sorbonne University, Brain Institute - ICM, Inserm, CNRS, Paris, France
- APHP, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Neurology Department, Paris, France
| | | | - Valérie Cochen De Cock
- Beau Soleil Clinic, Sleep et Neurology Department, Montpellier, France
- EuroMov Digital Health in Motion, Montpellier University, IMT Mines Ales, Montpellier, France
| | | | | | | | - David Devos
- Lille University, Lille CHU, Inserm, U1172, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, NS-park F-CRIN network, LICEND, Lille, France
| | - Yann Rétory
- Centre EXPLOR!, Air Liquide Healthcare, Gentilly, France
- Paris-Saclay University, Laboratoire Complexité, innovations, activités motrices et sportives (CIAMS), 91405, Orsay, France
- Orléans University, CIAMS, 45067, Orléans, France
| | - David Grabli
- Sorbonne University, Brain Institute - ICM, Inserm, CNRS, Paris, France
- APHP, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Neurology Department, Paris, France
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11
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Trompette C, Giordana C, Leplus A, Grabli D, Hubsch C, Marsé C, Fontaine D. Combined thalamic and pallidal deep brain stimulation for dystonic tremor. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2022; 103:29-33. [PMID: 36029608 DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2022.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 07/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Deep brain stimulation (DBS) has been proposed to treat disabling dystonic tremor (DT), but there is debate about the optimal target. DBS of the globus pallidus interna (GPi) may be insufficient to control tremor, and DBS of the ventral intermediate thalamic nucleus (VIM) may inadequately control dystonic features, raising the question of combining both targets. OBJECTIVES To report the respective effects on DT symptoms of high-frequency stimulation of the VIM, the GPi and both targets simultaneously stimulated. METHODS Three patients with DT treated by bilateral high frequency DBS of 2 targets (VIM and GPi) were assessed 12 months after surgery in 4 conditions (VIM and GPi-DBS; GPi-DBS only; VIM-DBS only; DBS switched Off for both targets) by 3 independent movement disorders specialists blinded to the condition. RESULTS The Fahn-Tolosa-Marin-tremor-rating-scale (FTM-TRS) and Burke-Fahn-Marsden-dystonia-rating-scale (BFM-DRS) scores were more improved by combined DBS than VIM alone or GPi alone. Compared to Off/Off condition, mean total FTM-TRS score decrease was 34%, 42% and 63% respectively with VIM only, GPi only and combined VIM and GPi stimulation. Mean total BFM-DRS score decrease was 34%, 37% and 60% respectively with VIM only, GPi only and combined VIM and GPi stimulation, compared to Off/Off condition. Improvement concerned both motor, functional and activities of daily living sub-scores. No complications or adverse events were observed. CONCLUSION Combined VIM- and GPi-DBS, by modulating the cerebello-thalamo-cortical network and the basal ganglia-thalamo-cortical network, both involved in DT pathophysiology, may be more efficient than single DBS targeting only one of them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Trompette
- Department of Neurology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France
| | - Caroline Giordana
- Department of Neurology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France.
| | - Aurélie Leplus
- Department of Neurosurgery, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France
| | - David Grabli
- Sorbonne Université, Paris Brain Institute, Inserm, CNRS, Paris, France; Department of Neurology, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, APHP, Paris, France
| | - Cécile Hubsch
- Parkinson Unit, Department of Neurology, Hospital Foundation Adolphe de Rothschild, Paris, France
| | - Claire Marsé
- Department of Neurology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France
| | - Denys Fontaine
- Department of Neurosurgery, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France; UR2CA, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France
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12
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Betrouni N, Moreau C, Rolland AS, Carrière N, Viard R, Lopes R, Kuchcinski G, Eusebio A, Thobois S, Hainque E, Hubsch C, Rascol O, Brefel C, Drapier S, Giordana C, Durif F, Maltête D, Guehl D, Hopes L, Rouaud T, Jarraya B, Benatru I, Tranchant C, Tir M, Chupin M, Bardinet E, Defebvre L, Corvol JC, Devos D. Can Dopamine Responsiveness Be Predicted in Parkinson's Disease Without an Acute Administration Test? J Parkinsons Dis 2022; 12:2179-2190. [PMID: 35871363 DOI: 10.3233/jpd-223334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dopamine responsiveness (dopa-sensitivity) is an important parameter in the management of patients with Parkinson's disease (PD). For quantification of this parameter, patients undergo a challenge test with acute Levodopa administration after drug withdrawal, which may lead to patient discomfort and use of significant resources. OBJECTIVE Our objective was to develop a predictive model combining clinical scores and imaging. METHODS 350 patients, recruited by 13 specialist French centers and considered for deep brain stimulation, underwent an acute L-dopa challenge (dopa-sensitivity > 30%), full assessment, and MRI investigations, including T1w and R2* images. Data were randomly divided into a learning base from 10 centers and data from the remaining centers for testing. A machine selection approach was applied to choose the optimal variables and these were then used in regression modeling. Complexity of the modelling was incremental, while the first model considered only clinical variables, the subsequent included imaging features. The performances were evaluated by comparing the estimated values and actual valuesResults:Whatever the model, the variables age, sex, disease duration, and motor scores were selected as contributors. The first model used them and the coefficients of determination (R2) was 0.60 for the testing set and 0.69 in the learning set (p < 0.001). The models that added imaging features enhanced the performances: with T1w (R2 = 0.65 and 0.76, p < 0.001) and with R2* (R2 = 0.60 and 0.72, p < 0.001). CONCLUSION These results suggest that modeling is potentially a simple way to estimate dopa-sensitivity, but requires confirmation in a larger population, including patients with dopa-sensitivity < 30.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nacim Betrouni
- University Lille, INSERM, CHU Lille, U1172 - LilNCog - Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, LICEND, Lille, France
| | - Caroline Moreau
- University Lille, INSERM, CHU Lille, U1172 - LilNCog - Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, LICEND, Lille, France
- CHU Lille, Neurology and Movement Disorders Department, Reference Center for Parkinson's Disease, Lille, France; NS-Park French Network
| | - Anne-Sophie Rolland
- University Lille, INSERM, CHU Lille, U1172 - LilNCog - Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, LICEND, Lille, France
| | - Nicolas Carrière
- University Lille, INSERM, CHU Lille, U1172 - LilNCog - Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, LICEND, Lille, France
- CHU Lille, Neurology and Movement Disorders Department, Reference Center for Parkinson's Disease, Lille, France; NS-Park French Network
- University Lille, CNRS, INSERM, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, US 41 - UMS 2014 - PLBS, Lille, France; NS-Park French Network
| | - Romain Viard
- University Lille, INSERM, CHU Lille, U1172 - LilNCog - Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, LICEND, Lille, France
- University Lille, CNRS, INSERM, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, US 41 - UMS 2014 - PLBS, Lille, France; NS-Park French Network
| | - Renaud Lopes
- University Lille, INSERM, CHU Lille, U1172 - LilNCog - Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, LICEND, Lille, France
- University Lille, CNRS, INSERM, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, US 41 - UMS 2014 - PLBS, Lille, France; NS-Park French Network
| | - Gregory Kuchcinski
- University Lille, INSERM, CHU Lille, U1172 - LilNCog - Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, LICEND, Lille, France
- CHU Lille, Neuroradioloy Department, Lille, France
| | - Alexandre Eusebio
- Aix Marseille Universitë, AP-HM, Hôpital de La Timone, Service de Neurologie et Pathologie du Mouvement, UMR CNRS 7289, Institut de Neuroscience de La Timone, Marseille, France; NS-Park French Network
| | - Stephane Thobois
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Neurologie C, Bron, France
| | - Elodie Hainque
- Dëpartement de Neurologie, Hôpital Pitië-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, Paris, France; NS-Park French Network
| | - Cecile Hubsch
- Fondation Ophtalmologique A de Rothschild, Unitë James Parkinson, Paris, France; NS-Park French Network
| | - Olivier Rascol
- University of Toulouse 3, University Hospital of Toulouse, INSERM, Departments of Neuroscience and Clinical Pharmacology, Clinical Investigation Center CIC 1436, Toulouse Parkinson Expert Center, NS-NeuroToul Center of Excellence for Neurodegenerative Disorders (COEN), Toulouse, France; NS-Park French Network
| | - Christine Brefel
- University of Toulouse 3, University Hospital of Toulouse, INSERM, Departments of Neuroscience and Clinical Pharmacology, Clinical Investigation Center CIC 1436, Toulouse Parkinson Expert Center, NS-NeuroToul Center of Excellence for Neurodegenerative Disorders (COEN), Toulouse, France; NS-Park French Network
| | - Sophie Drapier
- Service de Neurologie, CHU Pont Chaillou, 2 rue Henri le Guilloux, Rennes cedex, France; NS-Park French Network
| | - Caroline Giordana
- Universitë Clermont Auvergne, EA7280, Clermont-Ferrand University Hospital, Neurology Department, Clermont-Ferrand, France; NS-Park French Network
| | - Franck Durif
- Universitë Clermont Auvergne, EA7280, Clermont-Ferrand University Hospital, Neurology Department, Clermont-Ferrand, France; NS-Park French Network
| | - David Maltête
- Department of Neurology, Rouen University Hospital and University of Rouen, France; INSERM U1239, Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France; NS-Park French Network
| | - Dominique Guehl
- Service d'Explorations Fonctionnelles du Système Nerveux, Institut des Maladies Neurodëgënëratives Cliniques, CHU de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France; NS-Park French Network
| | - Lucie Hopes
- Neurology Department, Nancy University Hospital, Nancy, France; NS-Park French Network
| | - Tiphaine Rouaud
- Clinique Neurologique, Hôpital Guillaume et Renë Laennec, Boulevard Jacques Monod, Nantes Cedex, France; NS-Park French Network
| | - Bechir Jarraya
- Movement Disorders Unit, Foch Hospital, Universitë Paris-Saclay (UVSQ), INSERM U992, NeuroSpin, CEA Paris-Saclay, Suresnes, France; NS-Park French Network
| | - Isabelle Benatru
- Service de Neurologie, Centre Expert Parkinson, CIC-INSERM 1402, CHU Poitiers, Poitiers, France; NS-Park French Network
| | - Christine Tranchant
- Service de Neurologie, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France; Institut de Gënëtique et de Biologie Molëculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), INSERM-U964/CNRS-UMR7104/Universitë de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France; Fëdëration de Mëdecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Universitë de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France; NS-Park French Network
| | - Melissa Tir
- Department of Neurosurgery, Amiens University Hospital, Amiens, France; Medical Imaging Unit, Amiens University Hospital, Amiens, France; BioFlowImage Research Group, Jules Verne University of Picardie, Amiens, France; NS-Park French Network
| | - Marie Chupin
- CATI, Institut du Cerveau et de le Moelle Epinière, ICM, INSERM U1127, CNRS UMR7225, Sorbonne Universitë, Paris, France
| | - Eric Bardinet
- Institut du Cerveau et de le Moelle Epinière, ICM, INSERM U1127, CNRS UMR7225, Sorbonne Universitë, Paris, France
| | - Luc Defebvre
- University Lille, INSERM, CHU Lille, U1172 - LilNCog - Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, LICEND, Lille, France
- CHU Lille, Neurology and Movement Disorders Department, Reference Center for Parkinson's Disease, Lille, France; NS-Park French Network
| | - Jean-Christophe Corvol
- Dëpartement de Neurologie, Hôpital Pitië-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, Paris, France; NS-Park French Network
- Facultë de Mëdecine de Sorbonne Universitë, UMR S 1127, INSERM U 1127, and CNRS UMR 7225, and Institut du Cerveau et de la Moëlle Epinière, Paris, France; NS-Park French Network
| | - David Devos
- University Lille, INSERM, CHU Lille, U1172 - LilNCog - Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, LICEND, Lille, France
- CHU Lille, Neurology and Movement Disorders Department, Reference Center for Parkinson's Disease, Lille, France; NS-Park French Network
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Devignes Q, Daoudi S, Viard R, Lopes R, Betrouni N, Kuchcinski G, Rolland AS, Moreau C, Defebvre L, Bardinet E, Bonnet M, Brefel-Courbon C, Delmaire C, El Mountassir F, Fluchère F, Fradet A, Giordana C, Hainque E, Houvenaghel JF, Jarraya B, Klinger H, Maltête D, Marques A, Meyer M, Rascol O, Rouaud T, Tir M, Wirth T, Corvol JC, Devos D, Dujardin K. Heterogeneity of PD-MCI in Candidates to Subthalamic Deep Brain Stimulation: Associated Cortical and Subcortical Modifications. J Parkinsons Dis 2022; 12:1507-1526. [PMID: 35599498 DOI: 10.3233/jpd-223232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parkinson's disease mild cognitive impairment (PD-MCI) is frequent and heterogenous. There is no consensus about its influence on subthalamic deep brain stimulation (STN-DBS) outcomes. OBJECTIVE To determine the prevalence of PD-MCI and its subtypes in candidates to STN-DBS. Secondarily, we sought to identify MRI structural markers associated with cognitive impairment in these subgroups. METHODS Baseline data from the French multicentric PREDISTIM cohort were used. Candidates to STN-DBS were classified according to their cognitive performance in normal cognition (PD-NC) or PD-MCI. The latter included frontostriatal (PD-FS) and posterior cortical (PD-PC) subtypes. Between-group comparisons were performed on demographical and clinical variables as well as on T1-weighted MRI sequences at the cortical and subcortical levels. RESULTS 320 patients were included: 167 (52%) PD-NC and 153 (48%) PD-MCI patients. The latter group included 123 (80%) PD-FS and 30 (20%) PD-PC patients. There was no between-group difference regarding demographic and clinical variables. PD-PC patients had significantly lower global efficiency than PD-FS patients and significantly worse performance on visuospatial functions, episodic memory, and language. Compared to PD-NC, PD-MCI patients had cortical thinning and radiomic-based changes in the left caudate nucleus and hippocampus. There were no significant differences between the PD-MCI subtypes. CONCLUSION Among the candidates to STN-DBS, a significant proportion has PD-MCI which is associated with cortical and subcortical alterations. Some PD-MCI patients have posterior cortical deficits, a subtype known to be at higher risk of dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quentin Devignes
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, Lille Neurosciences and Cognition, CHU-Lille, Neurology and Movement Disorders department, NS-Park/F-CRIN, Lille, France
| | - Sami Daoudi
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, Lille Neurosciences and Cognition, CHU-Lille, Neurology and Movement Disorders department, NS-Park/F-CRIN, Lille, France
| | - Romain Viard
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, US 41 - UMS 2014 - PLBS, CHU Lille, Lille Pasteur Institute, Lille, France
| | - Renaud Lopes
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, US 41 - UMS 2014 - PLBS, CHU Lille, Lille Pasteur Institute, Lille, France
| | - Nacim Betrouni
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, Lille Neurosciences and Cognition, CHU-Lille, Neurology and Movement Disorders department, NS-Park/F-CRIN, Lille, France
| | - Gregory Kuchcinski
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, US 41 - UMS 2014 - PLBS, CHU Lille, Lille Pasteur Institute, Lille, France
| | - Anne-Sophie Rolland
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, Lille Neurosciences and Cognition, CHU-Lille, Department of Medical Pharmacology, NS-Park/F-CRIN, Lille, France
| | - Caroline Moreau
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, Lille Neurosciences and Cognition, CHU-Lille, Neurology and Movement Disorders department, NS-Park/F-CRIN, Lille, France
| | - Luc Defebvre
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, Lille Neurosciences and Cognition, CHU-Lille, Neurology and Movement Disorders department, NS-Park/F-CRIN, Lille, France
| | - Eric Bardinet
- Institut du Cerveau (ICM), Centre de Neuro-Imagerie de Recherche (CENIR), UMR S 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Marie Bonnet
- Centre Expert Parkinson, NS-Park/F-CRIN, Centre Mémoire de Ressources et de Recherche, IMNc, Hôpital Pellegrin, CHU de Bordeaux, France
| | - Christine Brefel-Courbon
- Service de Neurologie B8, Centre Expert Parkinson, NS-Park/F-CRIN, Hôpital Pierre Paul Riquet, CHU Purpan, Toulouse, France
| | - Christine Delmaire
- Department of Radiology, NS-Park/F-CRIN, Hôpital Fondation A de Rothschild, Paris, France
| | - Fouzia El Mountassir
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Baobab, Neurospin, Gif-sur-Yvette, France and Institut du Cerveau (ICM), UMR S 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Frédérique Fluchère
- Department of Neurology, NS-Park/F-CRIN, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Marseille (APHM), Timone University Hospital and Institut de Neurosciences de la Timone, Marseille, France
| | - Anne Fradet
- Neurology Department, NS-Park/F-CRIN, University Hospital of Poitiers and INSERM, University of Poitiers, Centre d'Investigation Clinique CIC 1402, Poitiers, France
| | - Caroline Giordana
- Department of Neurology, NS-Park/F-CRIN, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Nice, France
| | - Elodie Hainque
- Sorbonne Université, Paris Brain Institute - ICM, NS-Park/F-CRIN, Assistance publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Inserm, CRNS, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Department of Neurology, Paris, France
| | | | - Béchir Jarraya
- Neuroscience Pole, NS-Park/F-CRIN, Hôpital Foch, Suresnes, University of Versailles Paris-Saclay, INSERM-CEA NeuroSpin, Saclay, France
| | - Hélène Klinger
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Service de Neurologie C, NS-Park/F-CRIN, Lyon, France
| | - David Maltête
- Department of Neurology, NS-Park/F-CRIN, Rouen University Hospital and University of Rouen, France; INSERM U1239, Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | - Ana Marques
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, Clermont Auvergne INP, Institut Pascal, Clermont-Ferrand University Hospital, Neurology department, NS-Park/F-CRIN, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Mylène Meyer
- Neurology department, NS-Park/F-CRIN, Central Hospital, CHRU-Nancy, Nancy, France
| | - Olivier Rascol
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Neuroscience, NS-Park/F-CRIN, Toulouse University Hospital, Toulouse, France
| | - Tiphaine Rouaud
- Department of Neurology, Centre Expert Parkinson, NS-Park/F-CRIN, CHU Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Melissa Tir
- Department of Neurology, NS-PARK/FCRIN, Amiens University Hospital, Amiens, France
| | - Thomas Wirth
- Service de Neurologie, NS-Park/F-CRIN, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg et Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Médecine de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, INSERM-U964/CNRS-UMR7104/Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Jean-Christophe Corvol
- Sorbonne Université, Paris Brain Institute - ICM, NS-Park/F-CRIN, Assistance publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Inserm, CRNS, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Department of Neurology, Paris, France
| | - David Devos
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, Lille Neurosciences and Cognition, CHU-Lille, Neurology and Movement Disorders department, NS-Park/F-CRIN, Lille, France
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, Lille Neurosciences and Cognition, CHU-Lille, Department of Medical Pharmacology, NS-Park/F-CRIN, Lille, France
| | - Kathy Dujardin
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, Lille Neurosciences and Cognition, CHU-Lille, Neurology and Movement Disorders department, NS-Park/F-CRIN, Lille, France
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14
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Besse-Pinot E, Pereira B, Durif F, Fantini ML, Durand E, Debilly B, Derost P, Moreau C, Hainque E, Rouaud T, Eusebio A, Benatru I, Drapier S, Guehl D, Rascol O, Maltête D, Lagha-Boukbiza O, Giordana C, Tir M, Thobois S, Hopes L, Hubsch C, Jarraya B, Rolland AS, Corvol JC, Devos D, Marques A. Preoperative REM Sleep Behavior Disorder and Subthalamic Nucleus Deep Brain Stimulation Outcome in Parkinson Disease 1 Year After Surgery. Neurology 2021; 97:e1994-e2006. [PMID: 34667082 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000012862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES To determine whether patients with Parkinson disease (PD) eligible for subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation (STN-DBS) with probable REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD) preoperatively could be more at risk of poorer motor, nonmotor, and quality of life outcomes 12 months after surgery compared to those without RBD. METHODS We analyzed the preoperative clinical profile of 448 patients with PD from a French multicentric prospective study (PREDISTIM) according to the presence or absence of probable RBD based on the RBD Single Question and RBD Screening Questionnaire. Among the 215 patients with PD with 12 months of follow-up after STN-DBS, we compared motor, cognitive, psycho-behavioral profile, and quality of life outcomes in patients with (pre-opRBD+) or without (pre-opRBD-) probable RBD preoperatively. RESULTS At preoperative evaluation, pre-opRBD+ patients were older (61 ± 7.2 vs 59.5 ± 7.7 years; p = 0.02), had less motor impairment (Movement Disorder Society-sponsored version of the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale [MDS-UPDRS] III "off": 38.7 ± 16.2 vs 43.4 ± 7.1; p = 0.03) but more nonmotor symptoms on daily living activities (MDS-UPDRS I: 12.6 ± 5.5 vs 10.7 ± 5.3; p < 0.001), had more psychobehavioral manifestations (Ardouin Scale of Behavior in Parkinson's Disease total: 7.7 ± 5.1 vs 5.1 ± 0.4; p = 0.003), and had worse quality of life (Parkinson's Disease Questionnaire-39: 33 ± 12 vs 29 ± 12; p = 0.03), as compared to pre-opRBD- patients. Both pre-opRBD+ and pre-opRBD- patients had significant MDS-UPDRS IV score decrease (-37% and -33%, respectively), MDS-UPDRS III "med 'off'/stim 'on'" score decrease (-52% and -54%), and dopaminergic treatment decrease (-52% and -49%) after surgery, with no between-group difference. There was no between-group difference for cognitive and global quality of life outcomes. CONCLUSIONS In patients with PD eligible for STN-DBS, the presence of probable RBD preoperatively is not associated with a different clinical outcome 1 year after neurosurgery. TRIAL REGISTRATION INFORMATION NCT02360683. CLASSIFICATION OF EVIDENCE This study provides Class II evidence that in patients with PD eligible for STN-DBS, the presence of probable RBD preoperatively is not associated with poorer outcomes 1 year post surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elsa Besse-Pinot
- From the Neurology Department, Université Clermont Auvergne, EA7280 (E.B.-P., F.D., M.L.F., E.D., B.D., P.D., A.M.), and Biostatistics Department (B.P.), Clermont-Ferrand University Hospital, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Departments of Medical Pharmacology and Neurology and Movement Disorders, Referent Center of Parkinson's Disease, INSERM UMRS_1171, Licend, CHU of Lille (C.M.), and Department of Medical Pharmacology, University Hospital, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, INSERM, UMR-S1172 (A.-S.R., D.D.), University of Lille, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Department of Neurology, Paris Brain Institute (ICM) (E.H., J.-C.C.), Institut Du Cerveau, INSERM CNRS, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Sorbonne Université, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Department of Neurology (T.R.), Nantes University Hospital, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Department of Neurology (A.E.), Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Marseille, Timone University Hospital and Institut de Neurosciences de La Timone, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Department of Neurology (I.B.), University Poitiers, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Department of Neurology (S.D.), University Hospital of Rennes, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Centre Expert Parkinson (D.G.), CHU de Bordeaux, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Parkinson Expert Center, Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Neuroscience (O.R.), Clinical Investigation Center CIC1436, NeuroToul COEN Center, Toulouse University Hospital, University of Toulouse 3, INSERM, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Department of Neurology (D.M.), Rouen University Hospital and University of Rouen; Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication (D.M.), INSERM U1239, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network, Mont-Saint-Aignan; Department of Neurology (O.L.-B.), Strasbourg University Hospital, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Université de Strasbourg, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Department of Neurology (C.G.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery (M.T.), Expert Centre for Parkinson's Disease, EA 4559 Laboratoire de Neurosciences Fonctionnelles et Pathologie, Amiens University Hospital, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network, Amiens; Department of Neurology C (S.T.), Pierre Wertheimer Neurological Hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon, University Hospital of Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Institut des Sciences Cognitives Marc Jeannerod, UMR 5229 CNRS, NS-PARK/F-CRIN Network; Department of Neurology (L.H.), University Hospital of Nancy, NS-PARK/F-CRIN Network; Department of Neurology (C.H.), Hospital Fondation Ophtalmologique Adolphe de Rothschild, NS-PARK/F-CRIN Network; and Neuroscience Pole (B.J.), Hôpital Foch, Université Paris-Saclay (UVSQ), INSERM-CEA NeuroSpin, NS-PARK/F-CRIN Network, Paris, France
| | - Bruno Pereira
- From the Neurology Department, Université Clermont Auvergne, EA7280 (E.B.-P., F.D., M.L.F., E.D., B.D., P.D., A.M.), and Biostatistics Department (B.P.), Clermont-Ferrand University Hospital, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Departments of Medical Pharmacology and Neurology and Movement Disorders, Referent Center of Parkinson's Disease, INSERM UMRS_1171, Licend, CHU of Lille (C.M.), and Department of Medical Pharmacology, University Hospital, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, INSERM, UMR-S1172 (A.-S.R., D.D.), University of Lille, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Department of Neurology, Paris Brain Institute (ICM) (E.H., J.-C.C.), Institut Du Cerveau, INSERM CNRS, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Sorbonne Université, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Department of Neurology (T.R.), Nantes University Hospital, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Department of Neurology (A.E.), Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Marseille, Timone University Hospital and Institut de Neurosciences de La Timone, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Department of Neurology (I.B.), University Poitiers, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Department of Neurology (S.D.), University Hospital of Rennes, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Centre Expert Parkinson (D.G.), CHU de Bordeaux, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Parkinson Expert Center, Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Neuroscience (O.R.), Clinical Investigation Center CIC1436, NeuroToul COEN Center, Toulouse University Hospital, University of Toulouse 3, INSERM, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Department of Neurology (D.M.), Rouen University Hospital and University of Rouen; Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication (D.M.), INSERM U1239, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network, Mont-Saint-Aignan; Department of Neurology (O.L.-B.), Strasbourg University Hospital, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Université de Strasbourg, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Department of Neurology (C.G.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery (M.T.), Expert Centre for Parkinson's Disease, EA 4559 Laboratoire de Neurosciences Fonctionnelles et Pathologie, Amiens University Hospital, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network, Amiens; Department of Neurology C (S.T.), Pierre Wertheimer Neurological Hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon, University Hospital of Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Institut des Sciences Cognitives Marc Jeannerod, UMR 5229 CNRS, NS-PARK/F-CRIN Network; Department of Neurology (L.H.), University Hospital of Nancy, NS-PARK/F-CRIN Network; Department of Neurology (C.H.), Hospital Fondation Ophtalmologique Adolphe de Rothschild, NS-PARK/F-CRIN Network; and Neuroscience Pole (B.J.), Hôpital Foch, Université Paris-Saclay (UVSQ), INSERM-CEA NeuroSpin, NS-PARK/F-CRIN Network, Paris, France
| | - Franck Durif
- From the Neurology Department, Université Clermont Auvergne, EA7280 (E.B.-P., F.D., M.L.F., E.D., B.D., P.D., A.M.), and Biostatistics Department (B.P.), Clermont-Ferrand University Hospital, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Departments of Medical Pharmacology and Neurology and Movement Disorders, Referent Center of Parkinson's Disease, INSERM UMRS_1171, Licend, CHU of Lille (C.M.), and Department of Medical Pharmacology, University Hospital, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, INSERM, UMR-S1172 (A.-S.R., D.D.), University of Lille, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Department of Neurology, Paris Brain Institute (ICM) (E.H., J.-C.C.), Institut Du Cerveau, INSERM CNRS, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Sorbonne Université, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Department of Neurology (T.R.), Nantes University Hospital, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Department of Neurology (A.E.), Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Marseille, Timone University Hospital and Institut de Neurosciences de La Timone, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Department of Neurology (I.B.), University Poitiers, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Department of Neurology (S.D.), University Hospital of Rennes, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Centre Expert Parkinson (D.G.), CHU de Bordeaux, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Parkinson Expert Center, Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Neuroscience (O.R.), Clinical Investigation Center CIC1436, NeuroToul COEN Center, Toulouse University Hospital, University of Toulouse 3, INSERM, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Department of Neurology (D.M.), Rouen University Hospital and University of Rouen; Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication (D.M.), INSERM U1239, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network, Mont-Saint-Aignan; Department of Neurology (O.L.-B.), Strasbourg University Hospital, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Université de Strasbourg, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Department of Neurology (C.G.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery (M.T.), Expert Centre for Parkinson's Disease, EA 4559 Laboratoire de Neurosciences Fonctionnelles et Pathologie, Amiens University Hospital, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network, Amiens; Department of Neurology C (S.T.), Pierre Wertheimer Neurological Hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon, University Hospital of Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Institut des Sciences Cognitives Marc Jeannerod, UMR 5229 CNRS, NS-PARK/F-CRIN Network; Department of Neurology (L.H.), University Hospital of Nancy, NS-PARK/F-CRIN Network; Department of Neurology (C.H.), Hospital Fondation Ophtalmologique Adolphe de Rothschild, NS-PARK/F-CRIN Network; and Neuroscience Pole (B.J.), Hôpital Foch, Université Paris-Saclay (UVSQ), INSERM-CEA NeuroSpin, NS-PARK/F-CRIN Network, Paris, France
| | - Maria Livia Fantini
- From the Neurology Department, Université Clermont Auvergne, EA7280 (E.B.-P., F.D., M.L.F., E.D., B.D., P.D., A.M.), and Biostatistics Department (B.P.), Clermont-Ferrand University Hospital, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Departments of Medical Pharmacology and Neurology and Movement Disorders, Referent Center of Parkinson's Disease, INSERM UMRS_1171, Licend, CHU of Lille (C.M.), and Department of Medical Pharmacology, University Hospital, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, INSERM, UMR-S1172 (A.-S.R., D.D.), University of Lille, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Department of Neurology, Paris Brain Institute (ICM) (E.H., J.-C.C.), Institut Du Cerveau, INSERM CNRS, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Sorbonne Université, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Department of Neurology (T.R.), Nantes University Hospital, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Department of Neurology (A.E.), Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Marseille, Timone University Hospital and Institut de Neurosciences de La Timone, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Department of Neurology (I.B.), University Poitiers, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Department of Neurology (S.D.), University Hospital of Rennes, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Centre Expert Parkinson (D.G.), CHU de Bordeaux, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Parkinson Expert Center, Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Neuroscience (O.R.), Clinical Investigation Center CIC1436, NeuroToul COEN Center, Toulouse University Hospital, University of Toulouse 3, INSERM, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Department of Neurology (D.M.), Rouen University Hospital and University of Rouen; Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication (D.M.), INSERM U1239, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network, Mont-Saint-Aignan; Department of Neurology (O.L.-B.), Strasbourg University Hospital, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Université de Strasbourg, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Department of Neurology (C.G.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery (M.T.), Expert Centre for Parkinson's Disease, EA 4559 Laboratoire de Neurosciences Fonctionnelles et Pathologie, Amiens University Hospital, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network, Amiens; Department of Neurology C (S.T.), Pierre Wertheimer Neurological Hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon, University Hospital of Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Institut des Sciences Cognitives Marc Jeannerod, UMR 5229 CNRS, NS-PARK/F-CRIN Network; Department of Neurology (L.H.), University Hospital of Nancy, NS-PARK/F-CRIN Network; Department of Neurology (C.H.), Hospital Fondation Ophtalmologique Adolphe de Rothschild, NS-PARK/F-CRIN Network; and Neuroscience Pole (B.J.), Hôpital Foch, Université Paris-Saclay (UVSQ), INSERM-CEA NeuroSpin, NS-PARK/F-CRIN Network, Paris, France
| | - Elodie Durand
- From the Neurology Department, Université Clermont Auvergne, EA7280 (E.B.-P., F.D., M.L.F., E.D., B.D., P.D., A.M.), and Biostatistics Department (B.P.), Clermont-Ferrand University Hospital, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Departments of Medical Pharmacology and Neurology and Movement Disorders, Referent Center of Parkinson's Disease, INSERM UMRS_1171, Licend, CHU of Lille (C.M.), and Department of Medical Pharmacology, University Hospital, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, INSERM, UMR-S1172 (A.-S.R., D.D.), University of Lille, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Department of Neurology, Paris Brain Institute (ICM) (E.H., J.-C.C.), Institut Du Cerveau, INSERM CNRS, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Sorbonne Université, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Department of Neurology (T.R.), Nantes University Hospital, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Department of Neurology (A.E.), Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Marseille, Timone University Hospital and Institut de Neurosciences de La Timone, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Department of Neurology (I.B.), University Poitiers, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Department of Neurology (S.D.), University Hospital of Rennes, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Centre Expert Parkinson (D.G.), CHU de Bordeaux, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Parkinson Expert Center, Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Neuroscience (O.R.), Clinical Investigation Center CIC1436, NeuroToul COEN Center, Toulouse University Hospital, University of Toulouse 3, INSERM, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Department of Neurology (D.M.), Rouen University Hospital and University of Rouen; Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication (D.M.), INSERM U1239, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network, Mont-Saint-Aignan; Department of Neurology (O.L.-B.), Strasbourg University Hospital, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Université de Strasbourg, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Department of Neurology (C.G.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery (M.T.), Expert Centre for Parkinson's Disease, EA 4559 Laboratoire de Neurosciences Fonctionnelles et Pathologie, Amiens University Hospital, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network, Amiens; Department of Neurology C (S.T.), Pierre Wertheimer Neurological Hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon, University Hospital of Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Institut des Sciences Cognitives Marc Jeannerod, UMR 5229 CNRS, NS-PARK/F-CRIN Network; Department of Neurology (L.H.), University Hospital of Nancy, NS-PARK/F-CRIN Network; Department of Neurology (C.H.), Hospital Fondation Ophtalmologique Adolphe de Rothschild, NS-PARK/F-CRIN Network; and Neuroscience Pole (B.J.), Hôpital Foch, Université Paris-Saclay (UVSQ), INSERM-CEA NeuroSpin, NS-PARK/F-CRIN Network, Paris, France
| | - Bérengère Debilly
- From the Neurology Department, Université Clermont Auvergne, EA7280 (E.B.-P., F.D., M.L.F., E.D., B.D., P.D., A.M.), and Biostatistics Department (B.P.), Clermont-Ferrand University Hospital, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Departments of Medical Pharmacology and Neurology and Movement Disorders, Referent Center of Parkinson's Disease, INSERM UMRS_1171, Licend, CHU of Lille (C.M.), and Department of Medical Pharmacology, University Hospital, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, INSERM, UMR-S1172 (A.-S.R., D.D.), University of Lille, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Department of Neurology, Paris Brain Institute (ICM) (E.H., J.-C.C.), Institut Du Cerveau, INSERM CNRS, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Sorbonne Université, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Department of Neurology (T.R.), Nantes University Hospital, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Department of Neurology (A.E.), Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Marseille, Timone University Hospital and Institut de Neurosciences de La Timone, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Department of Neurology (I.B.), University Poitiers, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Department of Neurology (S.D.), University Hospital of Rennes, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Centre Expert Parkinson (D.G.), CHU de Bordeaux, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Parkinson Expert Center, Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Neuroscience (O.R.), Clinical Investigation Center CIC1436, NeuroToul COEN Center, Toulouse University Hospital, University of Toulouse 3, INSERM, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Department of Neurology (D.M.), Rouen University Hospital and University of Rouen; Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication (D.M.), INSERM U1239, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network, Mont-Saint-Aignan; Department of Neurology (O.L.-B.), Strasbourg University Hospital, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Université de Strasbourg, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Department of Neurology (C.G.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery (M.T.), Expert Centre for Parkinson's Disease, EA 4559 Laboratoire de Neurosciences Fonctionnelles et Pathologie, Amiens University Hospital, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network, Amiens; Department of Neurology C (S.T.), Pierre Wertheimer Neurological Hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon, University Hospital of Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Institut des Sciences Cognitives Marc Jeannerod, UMR 5229 CNRS, NS-PARK/F-CRIN Network; Department of Neurology (L.H.), University Hospital of Nancy, NS-PARK/F-CRIN Network; Department of Neurology (C.H.), Hospital Fondation Ophtalmologique Adolphe de Rothschild, NS-PARK/F-CRIN Network; and Neuroscience Pole (B.J.), Hôpital Foch, Université Paris-Saclay (UVSQ), INSERM-CEA NeuroSpin, NS-PARK/F-CRIN Network, Paris, France
| | - Philippe Derost
- From the Neurology Department, Université Clermont Auvergne, EA7280 (E.B.-P., F.D., M.L.F., E.D., B.D., P.D., A.M.), and Biostatistics Department (B.P.), Clermont-Ferrand University Hospital, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Departments of Medical Pharmacology and Neurology and Movement Disorders, Referent Center of Parkinson's Disease, INSERM UMRS_1171, Licend, CHU of Lille (C.M.), and Department of Medical Pharmacology, University Hospital, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, INSERM, UMR-S1172 (A.-S.R., D.D.), University of Lille, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Department of Neurology, Paris Brain Institute (ICM) (E.H., J.-C.C.), Institut Du Cerveau, INSERM CNRS, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Sorbonne Université, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Department of Neurology (T.R.), Nantes University Hospital, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Department of Neurology (A.E.), Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Marseille, Timone University Hospital and Institut de Neurosciences de La Timone, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Department of Neurology (I.B.), University Poitiers, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Department of Neurology (S.D.), University Hospital of Rennes, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Centre Expert Parkinson (D.G.), CHU de Bordeaux, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Parkinson Expert Center, Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Neuroscience (O.R.), Clinical Investigation Center CIC1436, NeuroToul COEN Center, Toulouse University Hospital, University of Toulouse 3, INSERM, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Department of Neurology (D.M.), Rouen University Hospital and University of Rouen; Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication (D.M.), INSERM U1239, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network, Mont-Saint-Aignan; Department of Neurology (O.L.-B.), Strasbourg University Hospital, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Université de Strasbourg, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Department of Neurology (C.G.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery (M.T.), Expert Centre for Parkinson's Disease, EA 4559 Laboratoire de Neurosciences Fonctionnelles et Pathologie, Amiens University Hospital, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network, Amiens; Department of Neurology C (S.T.), Pierre Wertheimer Neurological Hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon, University Hospital of Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Institut des Sciences Cognitives Marc Jeannerod, UMR 5229 CNRS, NS-PARK/F-CRIN Network; Department of Neurology (L.H.), University Hospital of Nancy, NS-PARK/F-CRIN Network; Department of Neurology (C.H.), Hospital Fondation Ophtalmologique Adolphe de Rothschild, NS-PARK/F-CRIN Network; and Neuroscience Pole (B.J.), Hôpital Foch, Université Paris-Saclay (UVSQ), INSERM-CEA NeuroSpin, NS-PARK/F-CRIN Network, Paris, France
| | - Caroline Moreau
- From the Neurology Department, Université Clermont Auvergne, EA7280 (E.B.-P., F.D., M.L.F., E.D., B.D., P.D., A.M.), and Biostatistics Department (B.P.), Clermont-Ferrand University Hospital, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Departments of Medical Pharmacology and Neurology and Movement Disorders, Referent Center of Parkinson's Disease, INSERM UMRS_1171, Licend, CHU of Lille (C.M.), and Department of Medical Pharmacology, University Hospital, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, INSERM, UMR-S1172 (A.-S.R., D.D.), University of Lille, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Department of Neurology, Paris Brain Institute (ICM) (E.H., J.-C.C.), Institut Du Cerveau, INSERM CNRS, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Sorbonne Université, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Department of Neurology (T.R.), Nantes University Hospital, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Department of Neurology (A.E.), Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Marseille, Timone University Hospital and Institut de Neurosciences de La Timone, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Department of Neurology (I.B.), University Poitiers, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Department of Neurology (S.D.), University Hospital of Rennes, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Centre Expert Parkinson (D.G.), CHU de Bordeaux, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Parkinson Expert Center, Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Neuroscience (O.R.), Clinical Investigation Center CIC1436, NeuroToul COEN Center, Toulouse University Hospital, University of Toulouse 3, INSERM, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Department of Neurology (D.M.), Rouen University Hospital and University of Rouen; Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication (D.M.), INSERM U1239, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network, Mont-Saint-Aignan; Department of Neurology (O.L.-B.), Strasbourg University Hospital, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Université de Strasbourg, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Department of Neurology (C.G.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery (M.T.), Expert Centre for Parkinson's Disease, EA 4559 Laboratoire de Neurosciences Fonctionnelles et Pathologie, Amiens University Hospital, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network, Amiens; Department of Neurology C (S.T.), Pierre Wertheimer Neurological Hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon, University Hospital of Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Institut des Sciences Cognitives Marc Jeannerod, UMR 5229 CNRS, NS-PARK/F-CRIN Network; Department of Neurology (L.H.), University Hospital of Nancy, NS-PARK/F-CRIN Network; Department of Neurology (C.H.), Hospital Fondation Ophtalmologique Adolphe de Rothschild, NS-PARK/F-CRIN Network; and Neuroscience Pole (B.J.), Hôpital Foch, Université Paris-Saclay (UVSQ), INSERM-CEA NeuroSpin, NS-PARK/F-CRIN Network, Paris, France
| | - Elodie Hainque
- From the Neurology Department, Université Clermont Auvergne, EA7280 (E.B.-P., F.D., M.L.F., E.D., B.D., P.D., A.M.), and Biostatistics Department (B.P.), Clermont-Ferrand University Hospital, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Departments of Medical Pharmacology and Neurology and Movement Disorders, Referent Center of Parkinson's Disease, INSERM UMRS_1171, Licend, CHU of Lille (C.M.), and Department of Medical Pharmacology, University Hospital, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, INSERM, UMR-S1172 (A.-S.R., D.D.), University of Lille, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Department of Neurology, Paris Brain Institute (ICM) (E.H., J.-C.C.), Institut Du Cerveau, INSERM CNRS, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Sorbonne Université, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Department of Neurology (T.R.), Nantes University Hospital, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Department of Neurology (A.E.), Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Marseille, Timone University Hospital and Institut de Neurosciences de La Timone, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Department of Neurology (I.B.), University Poitiers, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Department of Neurology (S.D.), University Hospital of Rennes, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Centre Expert Parkinson (D.G.), CHU de Bordeaux, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Parkinson Expert Center, Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Neuroscience (O.R.), Clinical Investigation Center CIC1436, NeuroToul COEN Center, Toulouse University Hospital, University of Toulouse 3, INSERM, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Department of Neurology (D.M.), Rouen University Hospital and University of Rouen; Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication (D.M.), INSERM U1239, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network, Mont-Saint-Aignan; Department of Neurology (O.L.-B.), Strasbourg University Hospital, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Université de Strasbourg, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Department of Neurology (C.G.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery (M.T.), Expert Centre for Parkinson's Disease, EA 4559 Laboratoire de Neurosciences Fonctionnelles et Pathologie, Amiens University Hospital, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network, Amiens; Department of Neurology C (S.T.), Pierre Wertheimer Neurological Hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon, University Hospital of Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Institut des Sciences Cognitives Marc Jeannerod, UMR 5229 CNRS, NS-PARK/F-CRIN Network; Department of Neurology (L.H.), University Hospital of Nancy, NS-PARK/F-CRIN Network; Department of Neurology (C.H.), Hospital Fondation Ophtalmologique Adolphe de Rothschild, NS-PARK/F-CRIN Network; and Neuroscience Pole (B.J.), Hôpital Foch, Université Paris-Saclay (UVSQ), INSERM-CEA NeuroSpin, NS-PARK/F-CRIN Network, Paris, France
| | - Tiphaine Rouaud
- From the Neurology Department, Université Clermont Auvergne, EA7280 (E.B.-P., F.D., M.L.F., E.D., B.D., P.D., A.M.), and Biostatistics Department (B.P.), Clermont-Ferrand University Hospital, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Departments of Medical Pharmacology and Neurology and Movement Disorders, Referent Center of Parkinson's Disease, INSERM UMRS_1171, Licend, CHU of Lille (C.M.), and Department of Medical Pharmacology, University Hospital, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, INSERM, UMR-S1172 (A.-S.R., D.D.), University of Lille, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Department of Neurology, Paris Brain Institute (ICM) (E.H., J.-C.C.), Institut Du Cerveau, INSERM CNRS, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Sorbonne Université, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Department of Neurology (T.R.), Nantes University Hospital, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Department of Neurology (A.E.), Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Marseille, Timone University Hospital and Institut de Neurosciences de La Timone, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Department of Neurology (I.B.), University Poitiers, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Department of Neurology (S.D.), University Hospital of Rennes, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Centre Expert Parkinson (D.G.), CHU de Bordeaux, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Parkinson Expert Center, Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Neuroscience (O.R.), Clinical Investigation Center CIC1436, NeuroToul COEN Center, Toulouse University Hospital, University of Toulouse 3, INSERM, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Department of Neurology (D.M.), Rouen University Hospital and University of Rouen; Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication (D.M.), INSERM U1239, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network, Mont-Saint-Aignan; Department of Neurology (O.L.-B.), Strasbourg University Hospital, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Université de Strasbourg, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Department of Neurology (C.G.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery (M.T.), Expert Centre for Parkinson's Disease, EA 4559 Laboratoire de Neurosciences Fonctionnelles et Pathologie, Amiens University Hospital, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network, Amiens; Department of Neurology C (S.T.), Pierre Wertheimer Neurological Hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon, University Hospital of Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Institut des Sciences Cognitives Marc Jeannerod, UMR 5229 CNRS, NS-PARK/F-CRIN Network; Department of Neurology (L.H.), University Hospital of Nancy, NS-PARK/F-CRIN Network; Department of Neurology (C.H.), Hospital Fondation Ophtalmologique Adolphe de Rothschild, NS-PARK/F-CRIN Network; and Neuroscience Pole (B.J.), Hôpital Foch, Université Paris-Saclay (UVSQ), INSERM-CEA NeuroSpin, NS-PARK/F-CRIN Network, Paris, France
| | - Alexandre Eusebio
- From the Neurology Department, Université Clermont Auvergne, EA7280 (E.B.-P., F.D., M.L.F., E.D., B.D., P.D., A.M.), and Biostatistics Department (B.P.), Clermont-Ferrand University Hospital, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Departments of Medical Pharmacology and Neurology and Movement Disorders, Referent Center of Parkinson's Disease, INSERM UMRS_1171, Licend, CHU of Lille (C.M.), and Department of Medical Pharmacology, University Hospital, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, INSERM, UMR-S1172 (A.-S.R., D.D.), University of Lille, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Department of Neurology, Paris Brain Institute (ICM) (E.H., J.-C.C.), Institut Du Cerveau, INSERM CNRS, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Sorbonne Université, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Department of Neurology (T.R.), Nantes University Hospital, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Department of Neurology (A.E.), Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Marseille, Timone University Hospital and Institut de Neurosciences de La Timone, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Department of Neurology (I.B.), University Poitiers, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Department of Neurology (S.D.), University Hospital of Rennes, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Centre Expert Parkinson (D.G.), CHU de Bordeaux, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Parkinson Expert Center, Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Neuroscience (O.R.), Clinical Investigation Center CIC1436, NeuroToul COEN Center, Toulouse University Hospital, University of Toulouse 3, INSERM, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Department of Neurology (D.M.), Rouen University Hospital and University of Rouen; Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication (D.M.), INSERM U1239, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network, Mont-Saint-Aignan; Department of Neurology (O.L.-B.), Strasbourg University Hospital, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Université de Strasbourg, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Department of Neurology (C.G.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery (M.T.), Expert Centre for Parkinson's Disease, EA 4559 Laboratoire de Neurosciences Fonctionnelles et Pathologie, Amiens University Hospital, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network, Amiens; Department of Neurology C (S.T.), Pierre Wertheimer Neurological Hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon, University Hospital of Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Institut des Sciences Cognitives Marc Jeannerod, UMR 5229 CNRS, NS-PARK/F-CRIN Network; Department of Neurology (L.H.), University Hospital of Nancy, NS-PARK/F-CRIN Network; Department of Neurology (C.H.), Hospital Fondation Ophtalmologique Adolphe de Rothschild, NS-PARK/F-CRIN Network; and Neuroscience Pole (B.J.), Hôpital Foch, Université Paris-Saclay (UVSQ), INSERM-CEA NeuroSpin, NS-PARK/F-CRIN Network, Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Benatru
- From the Neurology Department, Université Clermont Auvergne, EA7280 (E.B.-P., F.D., M.L.F., E.D., B.D., P.D., A.M.), and Biostatistics Department (B.P.), Clermont-Ferrand University Hospital, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Departments of Medical Pharmacology and Neurology and Movement Disorders, Referent Center of Parkinson's Disease, INSERM UMRS_1171, Licend, CHU of Lille (C.M.), and Department of Medical Pharmacology, University Hospital, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, INSERM, UMR-S1172 (A.-S.R., D.D.), University of Lille, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Department of Neurology, Paris Brain Institute (ICM) (E.H., J.-C.C.), Institut Du Cerveau, INSERM CNRS, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Sorbonne Université, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Department of Neurology (T.R.), Nantes University Hospital, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Department of Neurology (A.E.), Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Marseille, Timone University Hospital and Institut de Neurosciences de La Timone, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Department of Neurology (I.B.), University Poitiers, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Department of Neurology (S.D.), University Hospital of Rennes, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Centre Expert Parkinson (D.G.), CHU de Bordeaux, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Parkinson Expert Center, Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Neuroscience (O.R.), Clinical Investigation Center CIC1436, NeuroToul COEN Center, Toulouse University Hospital, University of Toulouse 3, INSERM, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Department of Neurology (D.M.), Rouen University Hospital and University of Rouen; Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication (D.M.), INSERM U1239, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network, Mont-Saint-Aignan; Department of Neurology (O.L.-B.), Strasbourg University Hospital, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Université de Strasbourg, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Department of Neurology (C.G.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery (M.T.), Expert Centre for Parkinson's Disease, EA 4559 Laboratoire de Neurosciences Fonctionnelles et Pathologie, Amiens University Hospital, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network, Amiens; Department of Neurology C (S.T.), Pierre Wertheimer Neurological Hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon, University Hospital of Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Institut des Sciences Cognitives Marc Jeannerod, UMR 5229 CNRS, NS-PARK/F-CRIN Network; Department of Neurology (L.H.), University Hospital of Nancy, NS-PARK/F-CRIN Network; Department of Neurology (C.H.), Hospital Fondation Ophtalmologique Adolphe de Rothschild, NS-PARK/F-CRIN Network; and Neuroscience Pole (B.J.), Hôpital Foch, Université Paris-Saclay (UVSQ), INSERM-CEA NeuroSpin, NS-PARK/F-CRIN Network, Paris, France
| | - Sophie Drapier
- From the Neurology Department, Université Clermont Auvergne, EA7280 (E.B.-P., F.D., M.L.F., E.D., B.D., P.D., A.M.), and Biostatistics Department (B.P.), Clermont-Ferrand University Hospital, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Departments of Medical Pharmacology and Neurology and Movement Disorders, Referent Center of Parkinson's Disease, INSERM UMRS_1171, Licend, CHU of Lille (C.M.), and Department of Medical Pharmacology, University Hospital, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, INSERM, UMR-S1172 (A.-S.R., D.D.), University of Lille, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Department of Neurology, Paris Brain Institute (ICM) (E.H., J.-C.C.), Institut Du Cerveau, INSERM CNRS, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Sorbonne Université, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Department of Neurology (T.R.), Nantes University Hospital, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Department of Neurology (A.E.), Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Marseille, Timone University Hospital and Institut de Neurosciences de La Timone, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Department of Neurology (I.B.), University Poitiers, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Department of Neurology (S.D.), University Hospital of Rennes, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Centre Expert Parkinson (D.G.), CHU de Bordeaux, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Parkinson Expert Center, Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Neuroscience (O.R.), Clinical Investigation Center CIC1436, NeuroToul COEN Center, Toulouse University Hospital, University of Toulouse 3, INSERM, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Department of Neurology (D.M.), Rouen University Hospital and University of Rouen; Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication (D.M.), INSERM U1239, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network, Mont-Saint-Aignan; Department of Neurology (O.L.-B.), Strasbourg University Hospital, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Université de Strasbourg, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Department of Neurology (C.G.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery (M.T.), Expert Centre for Parkinson's Disease, EA 4559 Laboratoire de Neurosciences Fonctionnelles et Pathologie, Amiens University Hospital, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network, Amiens; Department of Neurology C (S.T.), Pierre Wertheimer Neurological Hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon, University Hospital of Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Institut des Sciences Cognitives Marc Jeannerod, UMR 5229 CNRS, NS-PARK/F-CRIN Network; Department of Neurology (L.H.), University Hospital of Nancy, NS-PARK/F-CRIN Network; Department of Neurology (C.H.), Hospital Fondation Ophtalmologique Adolphe de Rothschild, NS-PARK/F-CRIN Network; and Neuroscience Pole (B.J.), Hôpital Foch, Université Paris-Saclay (UVSQ), INSERM-CEA NeuroSpin, NS-PARK/F-CRIN Network, Paris, France
| | - Dominique Guehl
- From the Neurology Department, Université Clermont Auvergne, EA7280 (E.B.-P., F.D., M.L.F., E.D., B.D., P.D., A.M.), and Biostatistics Department (B.P.), Clermont-Ferrand University Hospital, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Departments of Medical Pharmacology and Neurology and Movement Disorders, Referent Center of Parkinson's Disease, INSERM UMRS_1171, Licend, CHU of Lille (C.M.), and Department of Medical Pharmacology, University Hospital, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, INSERM, UMR-S1172 (A.-S.R., D.D.), University of Lille, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Department of Neurology, Paris Brain Institute (ICM) (E.H., J.-C.C.), Institut Du Cerveau, INSERM CNRS, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Sorbonne Université, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Department of Neurology (T.R.), Nantes University Hospital, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Department of Neurology (A.E.), Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Marseille, Timone University Hospital and Institut de Neurosciences de La Timone, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Department of Neurology (I.B.), University Poitiers, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Department of Neurology (S.D.), University Hospital of Rennes, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Centre Expert Parkinson (D.G.), CHU de Bordeaux, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Parkinson Expert Center, Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Neuroscience (O.R.), Clinical Investigation Center CIC1436, NeuroToul COEN Center, Toulouse University Hospital, University of Toulouse 3, INSERM, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Department of Neurology (D.M.), Rouen University Hospital and University of Rouen; Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication (D.M.), INSERM U1239, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network, Mont-Saint-Aignan; Department of Neurology (O.L.-B.), Strasbourg University Hospital, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Université de Strasbourg, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Department of Neurology (C.G.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery (M.T.), Expert Centre for Parkinson's Disease, EA 4559 Laboratoire de Neurosciences Fonctionnelles et Pathologie, Amiens University Hospital, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network, Amiens; Department of Neurology C (S.T.), Pierre Wertheimer Neurological Hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon, University Hospital of Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Institut des Sciences Cognitives Marc Jeannerod, UMR 5229 CNRS, NS-PARK/F-CRIN Network; Department of Neurology (L.H.), University Hospital of Nancy, NS-PARK/F-CRIN Network; Department of Neurology (C.H.), Hospital Fondation Ophtalmologique Adolphe de Rothschild, NS-PARK/F-CRIN Network; and Neuroscience Pole (B.J.), Hôpital Foch, Université Paris-Saclay (UVSQ), INSERM-CEA NeuroSpin, NS-PARK/F-CRIN Network, Paris, France
| | - Olivier Rascol
- From the Neurology Department, Université Clermont Auvergne, EA7280 (E.B.-P., F.D., M.L.F., E.D., B.D., P.D., A.M.), and Biostatistics Department (B.P.), Clermont-Ferrand University Hospital, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Departments of Medical Pharmacology and Neurology and Movement Disorders, Referent Center of Parkinson's Disease, INSERM UMRS_1171, Licend, CHU of Lille (C.M.), and Department of Medical Pharmacology, University Hospital, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, INSERM, UMR-S1172 (A.-S.R., D.D.), University of Lille, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Department of Neurology, Paris Brain Institute (ICM) (E.H., J.-C.C.), Institut Du Cerveau, INSERM CNRS, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Sorbonne Université, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Department of Neurology (T.R.), Nantes University Hospital, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Department of Neurology (A.E.), Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Marseille, Timone University Hospital and Institut de Neurosciences de La Timone, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Department of Neurology (I.B.), University Poitiers, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Department of Neurology (S.D.), University Hospital of Rennes, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Centre Expert Parkinson (D.G.), CHU de Bordeaux, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Parkinson Expert Center, Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Neuroscience (O.R.), Clinical Investigation Center CIC1436, NeuroToul COEN Center, Toulouse University Hospital, University of Toulouse 3, INSERM, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Department of Neurology (D.M.), Rouen University Hospital and University of Rouen; Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication (D.M.), INSERM U1239, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network, Mont-Saint-Aignan; Department of Neurology (O.L.-B.), Strasbourg University Hospital, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Université de Strasbourg, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Department of Neurology (C.G.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery (M.T.), Expert Centre for Parkinson's Disease, EA 4559 Laboratoire de Neurosciences Fonctionnelles et Pathologie, Amiens University Hospital, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network, Amiens; Department of Neurology C (S.T.), Pierre Wertheimer Neurological Hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon, University Hospital of Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Institut des Sciences Cognitives Marc Jeannerod, UMR 5229 CNRS, NS-PARK/F-CRIN Network; Department of Neurology (L.H.), University Hospital of Nancy, NS-PARK/F-CRIN Network; Department of Neurology (C.H.), Hospital Fondation Ophtalmologique Adolphe de Rothschild, NS-PARK/F-CRIN Network; and Neuroscience Pole (B.J.), Hôpital Foch, Université Paris-Saclay (UVSQ), INSERM-CEA NeuroSpin, NS-PARK/F-CRIN Network, Paris, France
| | - David Maltête
- From the Neurology Department, Université Clermont Auvergne, EA7280 (E.B.-P., F.D., M.L.F., E.D., B.D., P.D., A.M.), and Biostatistics Department (B.P.), Clermont-Ferrand University Hospital, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Departments of Medical Pharmacology and Neurology and Movement Disorders, Referent Center of Parkinson's Disease, INSERM UMRS_1171, Licend, CHU of Lille (C.M.), and Department of Medical Pharmacology, University Hospital, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, INSERM, UMR-S1172 (A.-S.R., D.D.), University of Lille, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Department of Neurology, Paris Brain Institute (ICM) (E.H., J.-C.C.), Institut Du Cerveau, INSERM CNRS, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Sorbonne Université, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Department of Neurology (T.R.), Nantes University Hospital, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Department of Neurology (A.E.), Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Marseille, Timone University Hospital and Institut de Neurosciences de La Timone, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Department of Neurology (I.B.), University Poitiers, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Department of Neurology (S.D.), University Hospital of Rennes, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Centre Expert Parkinson (D.G.), CHU de Bordeaux, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Parkinson Expert Center, Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Neuroscience (O.R.), Clinical Investigation Center CIC1436, NeuroToul COEN Center, Toulouse University Hospital, University of Toulouse 3, INSERM, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Department of Neurology (D.M.), Rouen University Hospital and University of Rouen; Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication (D.M.), INSERM U1239, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network, Mont-Saint-Aignan; Department of Neurology (O.L.-B.), Strasbourg University Hospital, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Université de Strasbourg, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Department of Neurology (C.G.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery (M.T.), Expert Centre for Parkinson's Disease, EA 4559 Laboratoire de Neurosciences Fonctionnelles et Pathologie, Amiens University Hospital, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network, Amiens; Department of Neurology C (S.T.), Pierre Wertheimer Neurological Hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon, University Hospital of Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Institut des Sciences Cognitives Marc Jeannerod, UMR 5229 CNRS, NS-PARK/F-CRIN Network; Department of Neurology (L.H.), University Hospital of Nancy, NS-PARK/F-CRIN Network; Department of Neurology (C.H.), Hospital Fondation Ophtalmologique Adolphe de Rothschild, NS-PARK/F-CRIN Network; and Neuroscience Pole (B.J.), Hôpital Foch, Université Paris-Saclay (UVSQ), INSERM-CEA NeuroSpin, NS-PARK/F-CRIN Network, Paris, France
| | - Ouhaïd Lagha-Boukbiza
- From the Neurology Department, Université Clermont Auvergne, EA7280 (E.B.-P., F.D., M.L.F., E.D., B.D., P.D., A.M.), and Biostatistics Department (B.P.), Clermont-Ferrand University Hospital, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Departments of Medical Pharmacology and Neurology and Movement Disorders, Referent Center of Parkinson's Disease, INSERM UMRS_1171, Licend, CHU of Lille (C.M.), and Department of Medical Pharmacology, University Hospital, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, INSERM, UMR-S1172 (A.-S.R., D.D.), University of Lille, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Department of Neurology, Paris Brain Institute (ICM) (E.H., J.-C.C.), Institut Du Cerveau, INSERM CNRS, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Sorbonne Université, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Department of Neurology (T.R.), Nantes University Hospital, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Department of Neurology (A.E.), Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Marseille, Timone University Hospital and Institut de Neurosciences de La Timone, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Department of Neurology (I.B.), University Poitiers, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Department of Neurology (S.D.), University Hospital of Rennes, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Centre Expert Parkinson (D.G.), CHU de Bordeaux, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Parkinson Expert Center, Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Neuroscience (O.R.), Clinical Investigation Center CIC1436, NeuroToul COEN Center, Toulouse University Hospital, University of Toulouse 3, INSERM, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Department of Neurology (D.M.), Rouen University Hospital and University of Rouen; Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication (D.M.), INSERM U1239, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network, Mont-Saint-Aignan; Department of Neurology (O.L.-B.), Strasbourg University Hospital, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Université de Strasbourg, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Department of Neurology (C.G.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery (M.T.), Expert Centre for Parkinson's Disease, EA 4559 Laboratoire de Neurosciences Fonctionnelles et Pathologie, Amiens University Hospital, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network, Amiens; Department of Neurology C (S.T.), Pierre Wertheimer Neurological Hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon, University Hospital of Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Institut des Sciences Cognitives Marc Jeannerod, UMR 5229 CNRS, NS-PARK/F-CRIN Network; Department of Neurology (L.H.), University Hospital of Nancy, NS-PARK/F-CRIN Network; Department of Neurology (C.H.), Hospital Fondation Ophtalmologique Adolphe de Rothschild, NS-PARK/F-CRIN Network; and Neuroscience Pole (B.J.), Hôpital Foch, Université Paris-Saclay (UVSQ), INSERM-CEA NeuroSpin, NS-PARK/F-CRIN Network, Paris, France
| | - Caroline Giordana
- From the Neurology Department, Université Clermont Auvergne, EA7280 (E.B.-P., F.D., M.L.F., E.D., B.D., P.D., A.M.), and Biostatistics Department (B.P.), Clermont-Ferrand University Hospital, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Departments of Medical Pharmacology and Neurology and Movement Disorders, Referent Center of Parkinson's Disease, INSERM UMRS_1171, Licend, CHU of Lille (C.M.), and Department of Medical Pharmacology, University Hospital, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, INSERM, UMR-S1172 (A.-S.R., D.D.), University of Lille, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Department of Neurology, Paris Brain Institute (ICM) (E.H., J.-C.C.), Institut Du Cerveau, INSERM CNRS, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Sorbonne Université, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Department of Neurology (T.R.), Nantes University Hospital, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Department of Neurology (A.E.), Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Marseille, Timone University Hospital and Institut de Neurosciences de La Timone, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Department of Neurology (I.B.), University Poitiers, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Department of Neurology (S.D.), University Hospital of Rennes, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Centre Expert Parkinson (D.G.), CHU de Bordeaux, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Parkinson Expert Center, Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Neuroscience (O.R.), Clinical Investigation Center CIC1436, NeuroToul COEN Center, Toulouse University Hospital, University of Toulouse 3, INSERM, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Department of Neurology (D.M.), Rouen University Hospital and University of Rouen; Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication (D.M.), INSERM U1239, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network, Mont-Saint-Aignan; Department of Neurology (O.L.-B.), Strasbourg University Hospital, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Université de Strasbourg, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Department of Neurology (C.G.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery (M.T.), Expert Centre for Parkinson's Disease, EA 4559 Laboratoire de Neurosciences Fonctionnelles et Pathologie, Amiens University Hospital, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network, Amiens; Department of Neurology C (S.T.), Pierre Wertheimer Neurological Hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon, University Hospital of Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Institut des Sciences Cognitives Marc Jeannerod, UMR 5229 CNRS, NS-PARK/F-CRIN Network; Department of Neurology (L.H.), University Hospital of Nancy, NS-PARK/F-CRIN Network; Department of Neurology (C.H.), Hospital Fondation Ophtalmologique Adolphe de Rothschild, NS-PARK/F-CRIN Network; and Neuroscience Pole (B.J.), Hôpital Foch, Université Paris-Saclay (UVSQ), INSERM-CEA NeuroSpin, NS-PARK/F-CRIN Network, Paris, France
| | - Melissa Tir
- From the Neurology Department, Université Clermont Auvergne, EA7280 (E.B.-P., F.D., M.L.F., E.D., B.D., P.D., A.M.), and Biostatistics Department (B.P.), Clermont-Ferrand University Hospital, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Departments of Medical Pharmacology and Neurology and Movement Disorders, Referent Center of Parkinson's Disease, INSERM UMRS_1171, Licend, CHU of Lille (C.M.), and Department of Medical Pharmacology, University Hospital, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, INSERM, UMR-S1172 (A.-S.R., D.D.), University of Lille, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Department of Neurology, Paris Brain Institute (ICM) (E.H., J.-C.C.), Institut Du Cerveau, INSERM CNRS, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Sorbonne Université, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Department of Neurology (T.R.), Nantes University Hospital, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Department of Neurology (A.E.), Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Marseille, Timone University Hospital and Institut de Neurosciences de La Timone, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Department of Neurology (I.B.), University Poitiers, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Department of Neurology (S.D.), University Hospital of Rennes, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Centre Expert Parkinson (D.G.), CHU de Bordeaux, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Parkinson Expert Center, Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Neuroscience (O.R.), Clinical Investigation Center CIC1436, NeuroToul COEN Center, Toulouse University Hospital, University of Toulouse 3, INSERM, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Department of Neurology (D.M.), Rouen University Hospital and University of Rouen; Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication (D.M.), INSERM U1239, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network, Mont-Saint-Aignan; Department of Neurology (O.L.-B.), Strasbourg University Hospital, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Université de Strasbourg, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Department of Neurology (C.G.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery (M.T.), Expert Centre for Parkinson's Disease, EA 4559 Laboratoire de Neurosciences Fonctionnelles et Pathologie, Amiens University Hospital, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network, Amiens; Department of Neurology C (S.T.), Pierre Wertheimer Neurological Hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon, University Hospital of Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Institut des Sciences Cognitives Marc Jeannerod, UMR 5229 CNRS, NS-PARK/F-CRIN Network; Department of Neurology (L.H.), University Hospital of Nancy, NS-PARK/F-CRIN Network; Department of Neurology (C.H.), Hospital Fondation Ophtalmologique Adolphe de Rothschild, NS-PARK/F-CRIN Network; and Neuroscience Pole (B.J.), Hôpital Foch, Université Paris-Saclay (UVSQ), INSERM-CEA NeuroSpin, NS-PARK/F-CRIN Network, Paris, France
| | - Stéphane Thobois
- From the Neurology Department, Université Clermont Auvergne, EA7280 (E.B.-P., F.D., M.L.F., E.D., B.D., P.D., A.M.), and Biostatistics Department (B.P.), Clermont-Ferrand University Hospital, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Departments of Medical Pharmacology and Neurology and Movement Disorders, Referent Center of Parkinson's Disease, INSERM UMRS_1171, Licend, CHU of Lille (C.M.), and Department of Medical Pharmacology, University Hospital, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, INSERM, UMR-S1172 (A.-S.R., D.D.), University of Lille, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Department of Neurology, Paris Brain Institute (ICM) (E.H., J.-C.C.), Institut Du Cerveau, INSERM CNRS, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Sorbonne Université, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Department of Neurology (T.R.), Nantes University Hospital, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Department of Neurology (A.E.), Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Marseille, Timone University Hospital and Institut de Neurosciences de La Timone, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Department of Neurology (I.B.), University Poitiers, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Department of Neurology (S.D.), University Hospital of Rennes, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Centre Expert Parkinson (D.G.), CHU de Bordeaux, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Parkinson Expert Center, Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Neuroscience (O.R.), Clinical Investigation Center CIC1436, NeuroToul COEN Center, Toulouse University Hospital, University of Toulouse 3, INSERM, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Department of Neurology (D.M.), Rouen University Hospital and University of Rouen; Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication (D.M.), INSERM U1239, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network, Mont-Saint-Aignan; Department of Neurology (O.L.-B.), Strasbourg University Hospital, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Université de Strasbourg, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Department of Neurology (C.G.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery (M.T.), Expert Centre for Parkinson's Disease, EA 4559 Laboratoire de Neurosciences Fonctionnelles et Pathologie, Amiens University Hospital, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network, Amiens; Department of Neurology C (S.T.), Pierre Wertheimer Neurological Hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon, University Hospital of Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Institut des Sciences Cognitives Marc Jeannerod, UMR 5229 CNRS, NS-PARK/F-CRIN Network; Department of Neurology (L.H.), University Hospital of Nancy, NS-PARK/F-CRIN Network; Department of Neurology (C.H.), Hospital Fondation Ophtalmologique Adolphe de Rothschild, NS-PARK/F-CRIN Network; and Neuroscience Pole (B.J.), Hôpital Foch, Université Paris-Saclay (UVSQ), INSERM-CEA NeuroSpin, NS-PARK/F-CRIN Network, Paris, France
| | - Lucie Hopes
- From the Neurology Department, Université Clermont Auvergne, EA7280 (E.B.-P., F.D., M.L.F., E.D., B.D., P.D., A.M.), and Biostatistics Department (B.P.), Clermont-Ferrand University Hospital, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Departments of Medical Pharmacology and Neurology and Movement Disorders, Referent Center of Parkinson's Disease, INSERM UMRS_1171, Licend, CHU of Lille (C.M.), and Department of Medical Pharmacology, University Hospital, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, INSERM, UMR-S1172 (A.-S.R., D.D.), University of Lille, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Department of Neurology, Paris Brain Institute (ICM) (E.H., J.-C.C.), Institut Du Cerveau, INSERM CNRS, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Sorbonne Université, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Department of Neurology (T.R.), Nantes University Hospital, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Department of Neurology (A.E.), Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Marseille, Timone University Hospital and Institut de Neurosciences de La Timone, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Department of Neurology (I.B.), University Poitiers, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Department of Neurology (S.D.), University Hospital of Rennes, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Centre Expert Parkinson (D.G.), CHU de Bordeaux, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Parkinson Expert Center, Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Neuroscience (O.R.), Clinical Investigation Center CIC1436, NeuroToul COEN Center, Toulouse University Hospital, University of Toulouse 3, INSERM, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Department of Neurology (D.M.), Rouen University Hospital and University of Rouen; Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication (D.M.), INSERM U1239, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network, Mont-Saint-Aignan; Department of Neurology (O.L.-B.), Strasbourg University Hospital, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Université de Strasbourg, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Department of Neurology (C.G.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery (M.T.), Expert Centre for Parkinson's Disease, EA 4559 Laboratoire de Neurosciences Fonctionnelles et Pathologie, Amiens University Hospital, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network, Amiens; Department of Neurology C (S.T.), Pierre Wertheimer Neurological Hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon, University Hospital of Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Institut des Sciences Cognitives Marc Jeannerod, UMR 5229 CNRS, NS-PARK/F-CRIN Network; Department of Neurology (L.H.), University Hospital of Nancy, NS-PARK/F-CRIN Network; Department of Neurology (C.H.), Hospital Fondation Ophtalmologique Adolphe de Rothschild, NS-PARK/F-CRIN Network; and Neuroscience Pole (B.J.), Hôpital Foch, Université Paris-Saclay (UVSQ), INSERM-CEA NeuroSpin, NS-PARK/F-CRIN Network, Paris, France
| | - Cécile Hubsch
- From the Neurology Department, Université Clermont Auvergne, EA7280 (E.B.-P., F.D., M.L.F., E.D., B.D., P.D., A.M.), and Biostatistics Department (B.P.), Clermont-Ferrand University Hospital, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Departments of Medical Pharmacology and Neurology and Movement Disorders, Referent Center of Parkinson's Disease, INSERM UMRS_1171, Licend, CHU of Lille (C.M.), and Department of Medical Pharmacology, University Hospital, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, INSERM, UMR-S1172 (A.-S.R., D.D.), University of Lille, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Department of Neurology, Paris Brain Institute (ICM) (E.H., J.-C.C.), Institut Du Cerveau, INSERM CNRS, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Sorbonne Université, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Department of Neurology (T.R.), Nantes University Hospital, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Department of Neurology (A.E.), Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Marseille, Timone University Hospital and Institut de Neurosciences de La Timone, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Department of Neurology (I.B.), University Poitiers, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Department of Neurology (S.D.), University Hospital of Rennes, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Centre Expert Parkinson (D.G.), CHU de Bordeaux, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Parkinson Expert Center, Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Neuroscience (O.R.), Clinical Investigation Center CIC1436, NeuroToul COEN Center, Toulouse University Hospital, University of Toulouse 3, INSERM, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Department of Neurology (D.M.), Rouen University Hospital and University of Rouen; Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication (D.M.), INSERM U1239, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network, Mont-Saint-Aignan; Department of Neurology (O.L.-B.), Strasbourg University Hospital, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Université de Strasbourg, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Department of Neurology (C.G.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery (M.T.), Expert Centre for Parkinson's Disease, EA 4559 Laboratoire de Neurosciences Fonctionnelles et Pathologie, Amiens University Hospital, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network, Amiens; Department of Neurology C (S.T.), Pierre Wertheimer Neurological Hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon, University Hospital of Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Institut des Sciences Cognitives Marc Jeannerod, UMR 5229 CNRS, NS-PARK/F-CRIN Network; Department of Neurology (L.H.), University Hospital of Nancy, NS-PARK/F-CRIN Network; Department of Neurology (C.H.), Hospital Fondation Ophtalmologique Adolphe de Rothschild, NS-PARK/F-CRIN Network; and Neuroscience Pole (B.J.), Hôpital Foch, Université Paris-Saclay (UVSQ), INSERM-CEA NeuroSpin, NS-PARK/F-CRIN Network, Paris, France
| | - Béchir Jarraya
- From the Neurology Department, Université Clermont Auvergne, EA7280 (E.B.-P., F.D., M.L.F., E.D., B.D., P.D., A.M.), and Biostatistics Department (B.P.), Clermont-Ferrand University Hospital, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Departments of Medical Pharmacology and Neurology and Movement Disorders, Referent Center of Parkinson's Disease, INSERM UMRS_1171, Licend, CHU of Lille (C.M.), and Department of Medical Pharmacology, University Hospital, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, INSERM, UMR-S1172 (A.-S.R., D.D.), University of Lille, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Department of Neurology, Paris Brain Institute (ICM) (E.H., J.-C.C.), Institut Du Cerveau, INSERM CNRS, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Sorbonne Université, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Department of Neurology (T.R.), Nantes University Hospital, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Department of Neurology (A.E.), Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Marseille, Timone University Hospital and Institut de Neurosciences de La Timone, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Department of Neurology (I.B.), University Poitiers, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Department of Neurology (S.D.), University Hospital of Rennes, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Centre Expert Parkinson (D.G.), CHU de Bordeaux, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Parkinson Expert Center, Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Neuroscience (O.R.), Clinical Investigation Center CIC1436, NeuroToul COEN Center, Toulouse University Hospital, University of Toulouse 3, INSERM, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Department of Neurology (D.M.), Rouen University Hospital and University of Rouen; Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication (D.M.), INSERM U1239, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network, Mont-Saint-Aignan; Department of Neurology (O.L.-B.), Strasbourg University Hospital, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Université de Strasbourg, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Department of Neurology (C.G.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery (M.T.), Expert Centre for Parkinson's Disease, EA 4559 Laboratoire de Neurosciences Fonctionnelles et Pathologie, Amiens University Hospital, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network, Amiens; Department of Neurology C (S.T.), Pierre Wertheimer Neurological Hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon, University Hospital of Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Institut des Sciences Cognitives Marc Jeannerod, UMR 5229 CNRS, NS-PARK/F-CRIN Network; Department of Neurology (L.H.), University Hospital of Nancy, NS-PARK/F-CRIN Network; Department of Neurology (C.H.), Hospital Fondation Ophtalmologique Adolphe de Rothschild, NS-PARK/F-CRIN Network; and Neuroscience Pole (B.J.), Hôpital Foch, Université Paris-Saclay (UVSQ), INSERM-CEA NeuroSpin, NS-PARK/F-CRIN Network, Paris, France
| | - Anne-Sophie Rolland
- From the Neurology Department, Université Clermont Auvergne, EA7280 (E.B.-P., F.D., M.L.F., E.D., B.D., P.D., A.M.), and Biostatistics Department (B.P.), Clermont-Ferrand University Hospital, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Departments of Medical Pharmacology and Neurology and Movement Disorders, Referent Center of Parkinson's Disease, INSERM UMRS_1171, Licend, CHU of Lille (C.M.), and Department of Medical Pharmacology, University Hospital, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, INSERM, UMR-S1172 (A.-S.R., D.D.), University of Lille, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Department of Neurology, Paris Brain Institute (ICM) (E.H., J.-C.C.), Institut Du Cerveau, INSERM CNRS, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Sorbonne Université, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Department of Neurology (T.R.), Nantes University Hospital, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Department of Neurology (A.E.), Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Marseille, Timone University Hospital and Institut de Neurosciences de La Timone, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Department of Neurology (I.B.), University Poitiers, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Department of Neurology (S.D.), University Hospital of Rennes, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Centre Expert Parkinson (D.G.), CHU de Bordeaux, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Parkinson Expert Center, Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Neuroscience (O.R.), Clinical Investigation Center CIC1436, NeuroToul COEN Center, Toulouse University Hospital, University of Toulouse 3, INSERM, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Department of Neurology (D.M.), Rouen University Hospital and University of Rouen; Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication (D.M.), INSERM U1239, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network, Mont-Saint-Aignan; Department of Neurology (O.L.-B.), Strasbourg University Hospital, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Université de Strasbourg, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Department of Neurology (C.G.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery (M.T.), Expert Centre for Parkinson's Disease, EA 4559 Laboratoire de Neurosciences Fonctionnelles et Pathologie, Amiens University Hospital, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network, Amiens; Department of Neurology C (S.T.), Pierre Wertheimer Neurological Hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon, University Hospital of Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Institut des Sciences Cognitives Marc Jeannerod, UMR 5229 CNRS, NS-PARK/F-CRIN Network; Department of Neurology (L.H.), University Hospital of Nancy, NS-PARK/F-CRIN Network; Department of Neurology (C.H.), Hospital Fondation Ophtalmologique Adolphe de Rothschild, NS-PARK/F-CRIN Network; and Neuroscience Pole (B.J.), Hôpital Foch, Université Paris-Saclay (UVSQ), INSERM-CEA NeuroSpin, NS-PARK/F-CRIN Network, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Christophe Corvol
- From the Neurology Department, Université Clermont Auvergne, EA7280 (E.B.-P., F.D., M.L.F., E.D., B.D., P.D., A.M.), and Biostatistics Department (B.P.), Clermont-Ferrand University Hospital, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Departments of Medical Pharmacology and Neurology and Movement Disorders, Referent Center of Parkinson's Disease, INSERM UMRS_1171, Licend, CHU of Lille (C.M.), and Department of Medical Pharmacology, University Hospital, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, INSERM, UMR-S1172 (A.-S.R., D.D.), University of Lille, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Department of Neurology, Paris Brain Institute (ICM) (E.H., J.-C.C.), Institut Du Cerveau, INSERM CNRS, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Sorbonne Université, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Department of Neurology (T.R.), Nantes University Hospital, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Department of Neurology (A.E.), Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Marseille, Timone University Hospital and Institut de Neurosciences de La Timone, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Department of Neurology (I.B.), University Poitiers, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Department of Neurology (S.D.), University Hospital of Rennes, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Centre Expert Parkinson (D.G.), CHU de Bordeaux, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Parkinson Expert Center, Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Neuroscience (O.R.), Clinical Investigation Center CIC1436, NeuroToul COEN Center, Toulouse University Hospital, University of Toulouse 3, INSERM, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Department of Neurology (D.M.), Rouen University Hospital and University of Rouen; Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication (D.M.), INSERM U1239, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network, Mont-Saint-Aignan; Department of Neurology (O.L.-B.), Strasbourg University Hospital, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Université de Strasbourg, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Department of Neurology (C.G.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery (M.T.), Expert Centre for Parkinson's Disease, EA 4559 Laboratoire de Neurosciences Fonctionnelles et Pathologie, Amiens University Hospital, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network, Amiens; Department of Neurology C (S.T.), Pierre Wertheimer Neurological Hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon, University Hospital of Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Institut des Sciences Cognitives Marc Jeannerod, UMR 5229 CNRS, NS-PARK/F-CRIN Network; Department of Neurology (L.H.), University Hospital of Nancy, NS-PARK/F-CRIN Network; Department of Neurology (C.H.), Hospital Fondation Ophtalmologique Adolphe de Rothschild, NS-PARK/F-CRIN Network; and Neuroscience Pole (B.J.), Hôpital Foch, Université Paris-Saclay (UVSQ), INSERM-CEA NeuroSpin, NS-PARK/F-CRIN Network, Paris, France
| | - David Devos
- From the Neurology Department, Université Clermont Auvergne, EA7280 (E.B.-P., F.D., M.L.F., E.D., B.D., P.D., A.M.), and Biostatistics Department (B.P.), Clermont-Ferrand University Hospital, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Departments of Medical Pharmacology and Neurology and Movement Disorders, Referent Center of Parkinson's Disease, INSERM UMRS_1171, Licend, CHU of Lille (C.M.), and Department of Medical Pharmacology, University Hospital, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, INSERM, UMR-S1172 (A.-S.R., D.D.), University of Lille, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Department of Neurology, Paris Brain Institute (ICM) (E.H., J.-C.C.), Institut Du Cerveau, INSERM CNRS, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Sorbonne Université, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Department of Neurology (T.R.), Nantes University Hospital, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Department of Neurology (A.E.), Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Marseille, Timone University Hospital and Institut de Neurosciences de La Timone, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Department of Neurology (I.B.), University Poitiers, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Department of Neurology (S.D.), University Hospital of Rennes, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Centre Expert Parkinson (D.G.), CHU de Bordeaux, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Parkinson Expert Center, Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Neuroscience (O.R.), Clinical Investigation Center CIC1436, NeuroToul COEN Center, Toulouse University Hospital, University of Toulouse 3, INSERM, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Department of Neurology (D.M.), Rouen University Hospital and University of Rouen; Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication (D.M.), INSERM U1239, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network, Mont-Saint-Aignan; Department of Neurology (O.L.-B.), Strasbourg University Hospital, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Université de Strasbourg, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Department of Neurology (C.G.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery (M.T.), Expert Centre for Parkinson's Disease, EA 4559 Laboratoire de Neurosciences Fonctionnelles et Pathologie, Amiens University Hospital, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network, Amiens; Department of Neurology C (S.T.), Pierre Wertheimer Neurological Hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon, University Hospital of Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Institut des Sciences Cognitives Marc Jeannerod, UMR 5229 CNRS, NS-PARK/F-CRIN Network; Department of Neurology (L.H.), University Hospital of Nancy, NS-PARK/F-CRIN Network; Department of Neurology (C.H.), Hospital Fondation Ophtalmologique Adolphe de Rothschild, NS-PARK/F-CRIN Network; and Neuroscience Pole (B.J.), Hôpital Foch, Université Paris-Saclay (UVSQ), INSERM-CEA NeuroSpin, NS-PARK/F-CRIN Network, Paris, France
| | - Ana Marques
- From the Neurology Department, Université Clermont Auvergne, EA7280 (E.B.-P., F.D., M.L.F., E.D., B.D., P.D., A.M.), and Biostatistics Department (B.P.), Clermont-Ferrand University Hospital, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Departments of Medical Pharmacology and Neurology and Movement Disorders, Referent Center of Parkinson's Disease, INSERM UMRS_1171, Licend, CHU of Lille (C.M.), and Department of Medical Pharmacology, University Hospital, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, INSERM, UMR-S1172 (A.-S.R., D.D.), University of Lille, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Department of Neurology, Paris Brain Institute (ICM) (E.H., J.-C.C.), Institut Du Cerveau, INSERM CNRS, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Sorbonne Université, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Department of Neurology (T.R.), Nantes University Hospital, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Department of Neurology (A.E.), Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Marseille, Timone University Hospital and Institut de Neurosciences de La Timone, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Department of Neurology (I.B.), University Poitiers, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Department of Neurology (S.D.), University Hospital of Rennes, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Centre Expert Parkinson (D.G.), CHU de Bordeaux, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Parkinson Expert Center, Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Neuroscience (O.R.), Clinical Investigation Center CIC1436, NeuroToul COEN Center, Toulouse University Hospital, University of Toulouse 3, INSERM, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Department of Neurology (D.M.), Rouen University Hospital and University of Rouen; Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication (D.M.), INSERM U1239, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network, Mont-Saint-Aignan; Department of Neurology (O.L.-B.), Strasbourg University Hospital, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Université de Strasbourg, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Department of Neurology (C.G.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network; Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery (M.T.), Expert Centre for Parkinson's Disease, EA 4559 Laboratoire de Neurosciences Fonctionnelles et Pathologie, Amiens University Hospital, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, NS-Park/F-CRIN Network, Amiens; Department of Neurology C (S.T.), Pierre Wertheimer Neurological Hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon, University Hospital of Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Institut des Sciences Cognitives Marc Jeannerod, UMR 5229 CNRS, NS-PARK/F-CRIN Network; Department of Neurology (L.H.), University Hospital of Nancy, NS-PARK/F-CRIN Network; Department of Neurology (C.H.), Hospital Fondation Ophtalmologique Adolphe de Rothschild, NS-PARK/F-CRIN Network; and Neuroscience Pole (B.J.), Hôpital Foch, Université Paris-Saclay (UVSQ), INSERM-CEA NeuroSpin, NS-PARK/F-CRIN Network, Paris, France.
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Gaig C, Compta Y, Heidbreder A, Marti MJ, Titulaer MJ, Crijnen Y, Högl B, Lewerenz J, Erro ME, García-Moncó JC, Nigro P, Tambasco N, Patalong-Ogiewa M, Erdler M, Macher S, Berger-Sieczkowski E, Höftberger R, Geis C, Hutterer M, Milán-Tomás A, Martin-Bastida A, Manzanares LL, Quintas S, Höglinger GU, Möhn N, Schöberl F, Thaler FS, Asioli GM, Provini F, Plazzi G, Berganzo K, Blaabjerg M, Brüggemann N, Farias T, Ng CF, Giordana C, Herrero-San Martín A, Huebra L, Kotschet K, Liendl H, Montojo T, Morata C, Pérez-Pérez J, Puertas I, Seifert-Held T, Seitz C, Simabukuro MM, Téllez N, Villacieros-Álvarez J, Willekens B, Sabater L, Iranzo A, Santamaria J, Dalmau J, Graus F. Frequency and Characterization of Movement Disorders in Anti-IgLON5 Disease. Neurology 2021; 97:e1367-e1381. [PMID: 34380749 PMCID: PMC8520389 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000012639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Anti-IgLON5 disease is a recently described neurologic disease that shares features of autoimmunity and neurodegeneration. Abnormal movements appear to be frequent and important but have not been characterized and are underreported. We describe the frequency and types of movement disorders in a series of consecutive patients with this disease. METHODS In this retrospective, observational study, the presence and phenomenology of movement disorders were assessed with a standardized clinical questionnaire. Available videos were centrally reviewed by 3 experts in movement disorders. RESULTS Seventy-two patients were included. In 41 (57%), the main reason for initial consultation was difficulty walking along with one or several concurrent movement disorders. At the time of anti-IgLON5 diagnosis, 63 (87%) patients had at least 1 movement disorder with a median of 3 per patient. The most frequent abnormal movements were gait and balance disturbances (52 patients [72%]), chorea (24 [33%]), bradykinesia (20 [28%]), dystonia (19 [26%]), abnormal body postures or rigidity (18 [25%]), and tremor (15 [21%]). Other hyperkinetic movements (myoclonus, akathisia, myorhythmia, myokymia, or abdominal dyskinesias) occurred in 26 (36%) patients. The craniofacial region was one of the most frequently affected by multiple concurrent movement disorders (23 patients [32%]) including dystonia (13), myorhythmia (6), chorea (4), or myokymia (4). Considering any body region, the most frequent combination of multiple movement disorders consisted of gait instability or ataxia associated with craniofacial dyskinesias or generalized chorea observed in 31 (43%) patients. In addition to abnormal movements, 87% of patients had sleep alterations, 74% bulbar dysfunction, and 53% cognitive impairment. Fifty-five (76%) patients were treated with immunotherapy, resulting in important and sustained improvement of the movement disorders in only 7 (13%) cases. DISCUSSION Movement disorders are a frequent and leading cause of initial neurologic consultation in patients with anti-IgLON5 disease. Although multiple types of abnormal movements can occur, the most prevalent are disorders of gait, generalized chorea, and dystonia and other dyskinesias that frequently affect craniofacial muscles. Overall, anti-IgLON5 disease should be considered in patients with multiple movement disorders, particularly if they occur in association with sleep alterations, bulbar dysfunction, or cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carles Gaig
- From the Neuroimmunology Program (C. Gaig, L.S., A.I., J.S.C., J.D., F.G.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS); Department of Neurology (C. Gaig, Y. Compta, M.J.M., A.I., J.S., J.D.), Multidisciplinary Sleep Disorders Unit (C. Gaig, A.I., J.S.), and Parkinson's Disease & Movement Disorders Unit (Y. Compta, M.J.M.), Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology, Division of Sleep Medicine and Neuromuscular Disorders (A.H.), University Hospital Muenster, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.H., B.H.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Neurology (M.J.T., Y. Crijnen), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (J.L.), Ulm University, Germany; Neurology Department, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra (M.E.E.), Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), Pamplona; Neurology Department (J.C.G.-M.), Hospital Universitario de Basurto, Bilbao (formerly Department of Neurology, Hospital de Galdakao); Movement Disorders Center (P.N., N. Tambasco), Perugia General Hospital and University of Perugia, Italy; Department of Neurology and Neurorehabilitation (M.P.-O.), Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland; Department of Neurology (M.E.), Klinik Donaustadt, Karl-Landsteiner-Institut, Vienna; Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry (R.H.), Department of Neurology (S.M., E.B.-S.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Section Translational Neuroimmunology (C. Geis), Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology 1 (M.H.), Neuromed Campus, Kepler Universitätsklinikum Linz; Department of Neurology with Stroke Unit and Acute Geriatrics (M.H.), Saint John of God Hospital Linz, Austria; Department of Neurology and Neurosciences (A.M.-T., A.M.-B.), Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona-Madrid; Department of Neurology (L.L., S.Q.), Hospital La Princesa, Madrid, Spain; Department of Neurology (G.U.H., N.M.), Hannover Medical School; Department of Neurology (F.S.) and Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, University Hospital and Biomedical Center (F.S.T.), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany; Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences (DiBiNeM) (G.M.A., F.P.), Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (F.P.); Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences (G.P.), University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena; IRCCS (G.P.), Institute of Neurological Sciences of Bologna, Italy; Neurology Department (K.B.), Cruces University Hospital, Barakaldo, Spain; Department of Neurology (M.B.), Odense University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurogenetics (N.B.), University of Lübeck, Germany; Department of Neurology (T.F.), Medical Clinic of Hospital Geral Cleriston Andrade, Feira de Santana, Brazil; Neurology Unit, Department of Medicine (C.F.N.), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Department of Movement Disorders and Neurology (C. Giordana), CHU Nice, France; Department of Neurology (A.H.-S.M.), Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain; Department of Psychobiology (L.H.), Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Brazil; Clinical Neurosciences (K.K.), St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (H.L.), LKH Murtal, Standort Knittelfeld, Austria; Department of Neurology (T.M.), Fundación Jiménez Diaz, Madrid; Department of Neurology (C.M.), Hospital Universitari i Politècnic La Fe, Valencia; Department of Neurology (J.P.P.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona; Department of Neurology (I.P.), Hospital La Paz, Madrid, Spain; Department of Neurology (T.S.-H.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (C.S.), Mainz University Hospital, Mainz, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.M.S.), University of São Paulo Medical School, Brazil; Department of Neurology (N. Tellez), Hospital Clínico Universitario, Valladolid; Department of Neurology (J.V.-Á.), Hospital Universitario Rey Juan Carlos, Madrid, Spain; Department of Neurology (B.W.), Antwerp University Hospital and University of Antwerp, Belgium; and Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA) (J.D.), Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Yaroslau Compta
- From the Neuroimmunology Program (C. Gaig, L.S., A.I., J.S.C., J.D., F.G.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS); Department of Neurology (C. Gaig, Y. Compta, M.J.M., A.I., J.S., J.D.), Multidisciplinary Sleep Disorders Unit (C. Gaig, A.I., J.S.), and Parkinson's Disease & Movement Disorders Unit (Y. Compta, M.J.M.), Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology, Division of Sleep Medicine and Neuromuscular Disorders (A.H.), University Hospital Muenster, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.H., B.H.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Neurology (M.J.T., Y. Crijnen), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (J.L.), Ulm University, Germany; Neurology Department, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra (M.E.E.), Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), Pamplona; Neurology Department (J.C.G.-M.), Hospital Universitario de Basurto, Bilbao (formerly Department of Neurology, Hospital de Galdakao); Movement Disorders Center (P.N., N. Tambasco), Perugia General Hospital and University of Perugia, Italy; Department of Neurology and Neurorehabilitation (M.P.-O.), Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland; Department of Neurology (M.E.), Klinik Donaustadt, Karl-Landsteiner-Institut, Vienna; Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry (R.H.), Department of Neurology (S.M., E.B.-S.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Section Translational Neuroimmunology (C. Geis), Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology 1 (M.H.), Neuromed Campus, Kepler Universitätsklinikum Linz; Department of Neurology with Stroke Unit and Acute Geriatrics (M.H.), Saint John of God Hospital Linz, Austria; Department of Neurology and Neurosciences (A.M.-T., A.M.-B.), Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona-Madrid; Department of Neurology (L.L., S.Q.), Hospital La Princesa, Madrid, Spain; Department of Neurology (G.U.H., N.M.), Hannover Medical School; Department of Neurology (F.S.) and Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, University Hospital and Biomedical Center (F.S.T.), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany; Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences (DiBiNeM) (G.M.A., F.P.), Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (F.P.); Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences (G.P.), University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena; IRCCS (G.P.), Institute of Neurological Sciences of Bologna, Italy; Neurology Department (K.B.), Cruces University Hospital, Barakaldo, Spain; Department of Neurology (M.B.), Odense University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurogenetics (N.B.), University of Lübeck, Germany; Department of Neurology (T.F.), Medical Clinic of Hospital Geral Cleriston Andrade, Feira de Santana, Brazil; Neurology Unit, Department of Medicine (C.F.N.), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Department of Movement Disorders and Neurology (C. Giordana), CHU Nice, France; Department of Neurology (A.H.-S.M.), Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain; Department of Psychobiology (L.H.), Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Brazil; Clinical Neurosciences (K.K.), St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (H.L.), LKH Murtal, Standort Knittelfeld, Austria; Department of Neurology (T.M.), Fundación Jiménez Diaz, Madrid; Department of Neurology (C.M.), Hospital Universitari i Politècnic La Fe, Valencia; Department of Neurology (J.P.P.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona; Department of Neurology (I.P.), Hospital La Paz, Madrid, Spain; Department of Neurology (T.S.-H.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (C.S.), Mainz University Hospital, Mainz, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.M.S.), University of São Paulo Medical School, Brazil; Department of Neurology (N. Tellez), Hospital Clínico Universitario, Valladolid; Department of Neurology (J.V.-Á.), Hospital Universitario Rey Juan Carlos, Madrid, Spain; Department of Neurology (B.W.), Antwerp University Hospital and University of Antwerp, Belgium; and Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA) (J.D.), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna Heidbreder
- From the Neuroimmunology Program (C. Gaig, L.S., A.I., J.S.C., J.D., F.G.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS); Department of Neurology (C. Gaig, Y. Compta, M.J.M., A.I., J.S., J.D.), Multidisciplinary Sleep Disorders Unit (C. Gaig, A.I., J.S.), and Parkinson's Disease & Movement Disorders Unit (Y. Compta, M.J.M.), Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology, Division of Sleep Medicine and Neuromuscular Disorders (A.H.), University Hospital Muenster, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.H., B.H.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Neurology (M.J.T., Y. Crijnen), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (J.L.), Ulm University, Germany; Neurology Department, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra (M.E.E.), Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), Pamplona; Neurology Department (J.C.G.-M.), Hospital Universitario de Basurto, Bilbao (formerly Department of Neurology, Hospital de Galdakao); Movement Disorders Center (P.N., N. Tambasco), Perugia General Hospital and University of Perugia, Italy; Department of Neurology and Neurorehabilitation (M.P.-O.), Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland; Department of Neurology (M.E.), Klinik Donaustadt, Karl-Landsteiner-Institut, Vienna; Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry (R.H.), Department of Neurology (S.M., E.B.-S.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Section Translational Neuroimmunology (C. Geis), Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology 1 (M.H.), Neuromed Campus, Kepler Universitätsklinikum Linz; Department of Neurology with Stroke Unit and Acute Geriatrics (M.H.), Saint John of God Hospital Linz, Austria; Department of Neurology and Neurosciences (A.M.-T., A.M.-B.), Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona-Madrid; Department of Neurology (L.L., S.Q.), Hospital La Princesa, Madrid, Spain; Department of Neurology (G.U.H., N.M.), Hannover Medical School; Department of Neurology (F.S.) and Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, University Hospital and Biomedical Center (F.S.T.), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany; Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences (DiBiNeM) (G.M.A., F.P.), Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (F.P.); Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences (G.P.), University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena; IRCCS (G.P.), Institute of Neurological Sciences of Bologna, Italy; Neurology Department (K.B.), Cruces University Hospital, Barakaldo, Spain; Department of Neurology (M.B.), Odense University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurogenetics (N.B.), University of Lübeck, Germany; Department of Neurology (T.F.), Medical Clinic of Hospital Geral Cleriston Andrade, Feira de Santana, Brazil; Neurology Unit, Department of Medicine (C.F.N.), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Department of Movement Disorders and Neurology (C. Giordana), CHU Nice, France; Department of Neurology (A.H.-S.M.), Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain; Department of Psychobiology (L.H.), Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Brazil; Clinical Neurosciences (K.K.), St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (H.L.), LKH Murtal, Standort Knittelfeld, Austria; Department of Neurology (T.M.), Fundación Jiménez Diaz, Madrid; Department of Neurology (C.M.), Hospital Universitari i Politècnic La Fe, Valencia; Department of Neurology (J.P.P.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona; Department of Neurology (I.P.), Hospital La Paz, Madrid, Spain; Department of Neurology (T.S.-H.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (C.S.), Mainz University Hospital, Mainz, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.M.S.), University of São Paulo Medical School, Brazil; Department of Neurology (N. Tellez), Hospital Clínico Universitario, Valladolid; Department of Neurology (J.V.-Á.), Hospital Universitario Rey Juan Carlos, Madrid, Spain; Department of Neurology (B.W.), Antwerp University Hospital and University of Antwerp, Belgium; and Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA) (J.D.), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria J Marti
- From the Neuroimmunology Program (C. Gaig, L.S., A.I., J.S.C., J.D., F.G.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS); Department of Neurology (C. Gaig, Y. Compta, M.J.M., A.I., J.S., J.D.), Multidisciplinary Sleep Disorders Unit (C. Gaig, A.I., J.S.), and Parkinson's Disease & Movement Disorders Unit (Y. Compta, M.J.M.), Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology, Division of Sleep Medicine and Neuromuscular Disorders (A.H.), University Hospital Muenster, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.H., B.H.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Neurology (M.J.T., Y. Crijnen), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (J.L.), Ulm University, Germany; Neurology Department, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra (M.E.E.), Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), Pamplona; Neurology Department (J.C.G.-M.), Hospital Universitario de Basurto, Bilbao (formerly Department of Neurology, Hospital de Galdakao); Movement Disorders Center (P.N., N. Tambasco), Perugia General Hospital and University of Perugia, Italy; Department of Neurology and Neurorehabilitation (M.P.-O.), Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland; Department of Neurology (M.E.), Klinik Donaustadt, Karl-Landsteiner-Institut, Vienna; Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry (R.H.), Department of Neurology (S.M., E.B.-S.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Section Translational Neuroimmunology (C. Geis), Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology 1 (M.H.), Neuromed Campus, Kepler Universitätsklinikum Linz; Department of Neurology with Stroke Unit and Acute Geriatrics (M.H.), Saint John of God Hospital Linz, Austria; Department of Neurology and Neurosciences (A.M.-T., A.M.-B.), Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona-Madrid; Department of Neurology (L.L., S.Q.), Hospital La Princesa, Madrid, Spain; Department of Neurology (G.U.H., N.M.), Hannover Medical School; Department of Neurology (F.S.) and Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, University Hospital and Biomedical Center (F.S.T.), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany; Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences (DiBiNeM) (G.M.A., F.P.), Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (F.P.); Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences (G.P.), University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena; IRCCS (G.P.), Institute of Neurological Sciences of Bologna, Italy; Neurology Department (K.B.), Cruces University Hospital, Barakaldo, Spain; Department of Neurology (M.B.), Odense University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurogenetics (N.B.), University of Lübeck, Germany; Department of Neurology (T.F.), Medical Clinic of Hospital Geral Cleriston Andrade, Feira de Santana, Brazil; Neurology Unit, Department of Medicine (C.F.N.), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Department of Movement Disorders and Neurology (C. Giordana), CHU Nice, France; Department of Neurology (A.H.-S.M.), Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain; Department of Psychobiology (L.H.), Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Brazil; Clinical Neurosciences (K.K.), St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (H.L.), LKH Murtal, Standort Knittelfeld, Austria; Department of Neurology (T.M.), Fundación Jiménez Diaz, Madrid; Department of Neurology (C.M.), Hospital Universitari i Politècnic La Fe, Valencia; Department of Neurology (J.P.P.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona; Department of Neurology (I.P.), Hospital La Paz, Madrid, Spain; Department of Neurology (T.S.-H.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (C.S.), Mainz University Hospital, Mainz, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.M.S.), University of São Paulo Medical School, Brazil; Department of Neurology (N. Tellez), Hospital Clínico Universitario, Valladolid; Department of Neurology (J.V.-Á.), Hospital Universitario Rey Juan Carlos, Madrid, Spain; Department of Neurology (B.W.), Antwerp University Hospital and University of Antwerp, Belgium; and Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA) (J.D.), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maarten J Titulaer
- From the Neuroimmunology Program (C. Gaig, L.S., A.I., J.S.C., J.D., F.G.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS); Department of Neurology (C. Gaig, Y. Compta, M.J.M., A.I., J.S., J.D.), Multidisciplinary Sleep Disorders Unit (C. Gaig, A.I., J.S.), and Parkinson's Disease & Movement Disorders Unit (Y. Compta, M.J.M.), Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology, Division of Sleep Medicine and Neuromuscular Disorders (A.H.), University Hospital Muenster, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.H., B.H.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Neurology (M.J.T., Y. Crijnen), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (J.L.), Ulm University, Germany; Neurology Department, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra (M.E.E.), Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), Pamplona; Neurology Department (J.C.G.-M.), Hospital Universitario de Basurto, Bilbao (formerly Department of Neurology, Hospital de Galdakao); Movement Disorders Center (P.N., N. Tambasco), Perugia General Hospital and University of Perugia, Italy; Department of Neurology and Neurorehabilitation (M.P.-O.), Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland; Department of Neurology (M.E.), Klinik Donaustadt, Karl-Landsteiner-Institut, Vienna; Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry (R.H.), Department of Neurology (S.M., E.B.-S.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Section Translational Neuroimmunology (C. Geis), Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology 1 (M.H.), Neuromed Campus, Kepler Universitätsklinikum Linz; Department of Neurology with Stroke Unit and Acute Geriatrics (M.H.), Saint John of God Hospital Linz, Austria; Department of Neurology and Neurosciences (A.M.-T., A.M.-B.), Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona-Madrid; Department of Neurology (L.L., S.Q.), Hospital La Princesa, Madrid, Spain; Department of Neurology (G.U.H., N.M.), Hannover Medical School; Department of Neurology (F.S.) and Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, University Hospital and Biomedical Center (F.S.T.), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany; Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences (DiBiNeM) (G.M.A., F.P.), Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (F.P.); Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences (G.P.), University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena; IRCCS (G.P.), Institute of Neurological Sciences of Bologna, Italy; Neurology Department (K.B.), Cruces University Hospital, Barakaldo, Spain; Department of Neurology (M.B.), Odense University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurogenetics (N.B.), University of Lübeck, Germany; Department of Neurology (T.F.), Medical Clinic of Hospital Geral Cleriston Andrade, Feira de Santana, Brazil; Neurology Unit, Department of Medicine (C.F.N.), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Department of Movement Disorders and Neurology (C. Giordana), CHU Nice, France; Department of Neurology (A.H.-S.M.), Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain; Department of Psychobiology (L.H.), Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Brazil; Clinical Neurosciences (K.K.), St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (H.L.), LKH Murtal, Standort Knittelfeld, Austria; Department of Neurology (T.M.), Fundación Jiménez Diaz, Madrid; Department of Neurology (C.M.), Hospital Universitari i Politècnic La Fe, Valencia; Department of Neurology (J.P.P.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona; Department of Neurology (I.P.), Hospital La Paz, Madrid, Spain; Department of Neurology (T.S.-H.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (C.S.), Mainz University Hospital, Mainz, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.M.S.), University of São Paulo Medical School, Brazil; Department of Neurology (N. Tellez), Hospital Clínico Universitario, Valladolid; Department of Neurology (J.V.-Á.), Hospital Universitario Rey Juan Carlos, Madrid, Spain; Department of Neurology (B.W.), Antwerp University Hospital and University of Antwerp, Belgium; and Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA) (J.D.), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Yvette Crijnen
- From the Neuroimmunology Program (C. Gaig, L.S., A.I., J.S.C., J.D., F.G.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS); Department of Neurology (C. Gaig, Y. Compta, M.J.M., A.I., J.S., J.D.), Multidisciplinary Sleep Disorders Unit (C. Gaig, A.I., J.S.), and Parkinson's Disease & Movement Disorders Unit (Y. Compta, M.J.M.), Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology, Division of Sleep Medicine and Neuromuscular Disorders (A.H.), University Hospital Muenster, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.H., B.H.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Neurology (M.J.T., Y. Crijnen), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (J.L.), Ulm University, Germany; Neurology Department, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra (M.E.E.), Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), Pamplona; Neurology Department (J.C.G.-M.), Hospital Universitario de Basurto, Bilbao (formerly Department of Neurology, Hospital de Galdakao); Movement Disorders Center (P.N., N. Tambasco), Perugia General Hospital and University of Perugia, Italy; Department of Neurology and Neurorehabilitation (M.P.-O.), Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland; Department of Neurology (M.E.), Klinik Donaustadt, Karl-Landsteiner-Institut, Vienna; Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry (R.H.), Department of Neurology (S.M., E.B.-S.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Section Translational Neuroimmunology (C. Geis), Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology 1 (M.H.), Neuromed Campus, Kepler Universitätsklinikum Linz; Department of Neurology with Stroke Unit and Acute Geriatrics (M.H.), Saint John of God Hospital Linz, Austria; Department of Neurology and Neurosciences (A.M.-T., A.M.-B.), Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona-Madrid; Department of Neurology (L.L., S.Q.), Hospital La Princesa, Madrid, Spain; Department of Neurology (G.U.H., N.M.), Hannover Medical School; Department of Neurology (F.S.) and Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, University Hospital and Biomedical Center (F.S.T.), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany; Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences (DiBiNeM) (G.M.A., F.P.), Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (F.P.); Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences (G.P.), University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena; IRCCS (G.P.), Institute of Neurological Sciences of Bologna, Italy; Neurology Department (K.B.), Cruces University Hospital, Barakaldo, Spain; Department of Neurology (M.B.), Odense University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurogenetics (N.B.), University of Lübeck, Germany; Department of Neurology (T.F.), Medical Clinic of Hospital Geral Cleriston Andrade, Feira de Santana, Brazil; Neurology Unit, Department of Medicine (C.F.N.), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Department of Movement Disorders and Neurology (C. Giordana), CHU Nice, France; Department of Neurology (A.H.-S.M.), Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain; Department of Psychobiology (L.H.), Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Brazil; Clinical Neurosciences (K.K.), St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (H.L.), LKH Murtal, Standort Knittelfeld, Austria; Department of Neurology (T.M.), Fundación Jiménez Diaz, Madrid; Department of Neurology (C.M.), Hospital Universitari i Politècnic La Fe, Valencia; Department of Neurology (J.P.P.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona; Department of Neurology (I.P.), Hospital La Paz, Madrid, Spain; Department of Neurology (T.S.-H.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (C.S.), Mainz University Hospital, Mainz, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.M.S.), University of São Paulo Medical School, Brazil; Department of Neurology (N. Tellez), Hospital Clínico Universitario, Valladolid; Department of Neurology (J.V.-Á.), Hospital Universitario Rey Juan Carlos, Madrid, Spain; Department of Neurology (B.W.), Antwerp University Hospital and University of Antwerp, Belgium; and Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA) (J.D.), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Birgit Högl
- From the Neuroimmunology Program (C. Gaig, L.S., A.I., J.S.C., J.D., F.G.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS); Department of Neurology (C. Gaig, Y. Compta, M.J.M., A.I., J.S., J.D.), Multidisciplinary Sleep Disorders Unit (C. Gaig, A.I., J.S.), and Parkinson's Disease & Movement Disorders Unit (Y. Compta, M.J.M.), Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology, Division of Sleep Medicine and Neuromuscular Disorders (A.H.), University Hospital Muenster, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.H., B.H.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Neurology (M.J.T., Y. Crijnen), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (J.L.), Ulm University, Germany; Neurology Department, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra (M.E.E.), Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), Pamplona; Neurology Department (J.C.G.-M.), Hospital Universitario de Basurto, Bilbao (formerly Department of Neurology, Hospital de Galdakao); Movement Disorders Center (P.N., N. Tambasco), Perugia General Hospital and University of Perugia, Italy; Department of Neurology and Neurorehabilitation (M.P.-O.), Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland; Department of Neurology (M.E.), Klinik Donaustadt, Karl-Landsteiner-Institut, Vienna; Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry (R.H.), Department of Neurology (S.M., E.B.-S.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Section Translational Neuroimmunology (C. Geis), Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology 1 (M.H.), Neuromed Campus, Kepler Universitätsklinikum Linz; Department of Neurology with Stroke Unit and Acute Geriatrics (M.H.), Saint John of God Hospital Linz, Austria; Department of Neurology and Neurosciences (A.M.-T., A.M.-B.), Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona-Madrid; Department of Neurology (L.L., S.Q.), Hospital La Princesa, Madrid, Spain; Department of Neurology (G.U.H., N.M.), Hannover Medical School; Department of Neurology (F.S.) and Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, University Hospital and Biomedical Center (F.S.T.), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany; Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences (DiBiNeM) (G.M.A., F.P.), Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (F.P.); Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences (G.P.), University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena; IRCCS (G.P.), Institute of Neurological Sciences of Bologna, Italy; Neurology Department (K.B.), Cruces University Hospital, Barakaldo, Spain; Department of Neurology (M.B.), Odense University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurogenetics (N.B.), University of Lübeck, Germany; Department of Neurology (T.F.), Medical Clinic of Hospital Geral Cleriston Andrade, Feira de Santana, Brazil; Neurology Unit, Department of Medicine (C.F.N.), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Department of Movement Disorders and Neurology (C. Giordana), CHU Nice, France; Department of Neurology (A.H.-S.M.), Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain; Department of Psychobiology (L.H.), Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Brazil; Clinical Neurosciences (K.K.), St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (H.L.), LKH Murtal, Standort Knittelfeld, Austria; Department of Neurology (T.M.), Fundación Jiménez Diaz, Madrid; Department of Neurology (C.M.), Hospital Universitari i Politècnic La Fe, Valencia; Department of Neurology (J.P.P.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona; Department of Neurology (I.P.), Hospital La Paz, Madrid, Spain; Department of Neurology (T.S.-H.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (C.S.), Mainz University Hospital, Mainz, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.M.S.), University of São Paulo Medical School, Brazil; Department of Neurology (N. Tellez), Hospital Clínico Universitario, Valladolid; Department of Neurology (J.V.-Á.), Hospital Universitario Rey Juan Carlos, Madrid, Spain; Department of Neurology (B.W.), Antwerp University Hospital and University of Antwerp, Belgium; and Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA) (J.D.), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jan Lewerenz
- From the Neuroimmunology Program (C. Gaig, L.S., A.I., J.S.C., J.D., F.G.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS); Department of Neurology (C. Gaig, Y. Compta, M.J.M., A.I., J.S., J.D.), Multidisciplinary Sleep Disorders Unit (C. Gaig, A.I., J.S.), and Parkinson's Disease & Movement Disorders Unit (Y. Compta, M.J.M.), Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology, Division of Sleep Medicine and Neuromuscular Disorders (A.H.), University Hospital Muenster, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.H., B.H.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Neurology (M.J.T., Y. Crijnen), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (J.L.), Ulm University, Germany; Neurology Department, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra (M.E.E.), Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), Pamplona; Neurology Department (J.C.G.-M.), Hospital Universitario de Basurto, Bilbao (formerly Department of Neurology, Hospital de Galdakao); Movement Disorders Center (P.N., N. Tambasco), Perugia General Hospital and University of Perugia, Italy; Department of Neurology and Neurorehabilitation (M.P.-O.), Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland; Department of Neurology (M.E.), Klinik Donaustadt, Karl-Landsteiner-Institut, Vienna; Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry (R.H.), Department of Neurology (S.M., E.B.-S.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Section Translational Neuroimmunology (C. Geis), Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology 1 (M.H.), Neuromed Campus, Kepler Universitätsklinikum Linz; Department of Neurology with Stroke Unit and Acute Geriatrics (M.H.), Saint John of God Hospital Linz, Austria; Department of Neurology and Neurosciences (A.M.-T., A.M.-B.), Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona-Madrid; Department of Neurology (L.L., S.Q.), Hospital La Princesa, Madrid, Spain; Department of Neurology (G.U.H., N.M.), Hannover Medical School; Department of Neurology (F.S.) and Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, University Hospital and Biomedical Center (F.S.T.), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany; Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences (DiBiNeM) (G.M.A., F.P.), Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (F.P.); Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences (G.P.), University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena; IRCCS (G.P.), Institute of Neurological Sciences of Bologna, Italy; Neurology Department (K.B.), Cruces University Hospital, Barakaldo, Spain; Department of Neurology (M.B.), Odense University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurogenetics (N.B.), University of Lübeck, Germany; Department of Neurology (T.F.), Medical Clinic of Hospital Geral Cleriston Andrade, Feira de Santana, Brazil; Neurology Unit, Department of Medicine (C.F.N.), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Department of Movement Disorders and Neurology (C. Giordana), CHU Nice, France; Department of Neurology (A.H.-S.M.), Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain; Department of Psychobiology (L.H.), Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Brazil; Clinical Neurosciences (K.K.), St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (H.L.), LKH Murtal, Standort Knittelfeld, Austria; Department of Neurology (T.M.), Fundación Jiménez Diaz, Madrid; Department of Neurology (C.M.), Hospital Universitari i Politècnic La Fe, Valencia; Department of Neurology (J.P.P.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona; Department of Neurology (I.P.), Hospital La Paz, Madrid, Spain; Department of Neurology (T.S.-H.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (C.S.), Mainz University Hospital, Mainz, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.M.S.), University of São Paulo Medical School, Brazil; Department of Neurology (N. Tellez), Hospital Clínico Universitario, Valladolid; Department of Neurology (J.V.-Á.), Hospital Universitario Rey Juan Carlos, Madrid, Spain; Department of Neurology (B.W.), Antwerp University Hospital and University of Antwerp, Belgium; and Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA) (J.D.), Barcelona, Spain
| | - María Elena Erro
- From the Neuroimmunology Program (C. Gaig, L.S., A.I., J.S.C., J.D., F.G.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS); Department of Neurology (C. Gaig, Y. Compta, M.J.M., A.I., J.S., J.D.), Multidisciplinary Sleep Disorders Unit (C. Gaig, A.I., J.S.), and Parkinson's Disease & Movement Disorders Unit (Y. Compta, M.J.M.), Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology, Division of Sleep Medicine and Neuromuscular Disorders (A.H.), University Hospital Muenster, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.H., B.H.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Neurology (M.J.T., Y. Crijnen), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (J.L.), Ulm University, Germany; Neurology Department, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra (M.E.E.), Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), Pamplona; Neurology Department (J.C.G.-M.), Hospital Universitario de Basurto, Bilbao (formerly Department of Neurology, Hospital de Galdakao); Movement Disorders Center (P.N., N. Tambasco), Perugia General Hospital and University of Perugia, Italy; Department of Neurology and Neurorehabilitation (M.P.-O.), Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland; Department of Neurology (M.E.), Klinik Donaustadt, Karl-Landsteiner-Institut, Vienna; Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry (R.H.), Department of Neurology (S.M., E.B.-S.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Section Translational Neuroimmunology (C. Geis), Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology 1 (M.H.), Neuromed Campus, Kepler Universitätsklinikum Linz; Department of Neurology with Stroke Unit and Acute Geriatrics (M.H.), Saint John of God Hospital Linz, Austria; Department of Neurology and Neurosciences (A.M.-T., A.M.-B.), Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona-Madrid; Department of Neurology (L.L., S.Q.), Hospital La Princesa, Madrid, Spain; Department of Neurology (G.U.H., N.M.), Hannover Medical School; Department of Neurology (F.S.) and Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, University Hospital and Biomedical Center (F.S.T.), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany; Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences (DiBiNeM) (G.M.A., F.P.), Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (F.P.); Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences (G.P.), University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena; IRCCS (G.P.), Institute of Neurological Sciences of Bologna, Italy; Neurology Department (K.B.), Cruces University Hospital, Barakaldo, Spain; Department of Neurology (M.B.), Odense University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurogenetics (N.B.), University of Lübeck, Germany; Department of Neurology (T.F.), Medical Clinic of Hospital Geral Cleriston Andrade, Feira de Santana, Brazil; Neurology Unit, Department of Medicine (C.F.N.), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Department of Movement Disorders and Neurology (C. Giordana), CHU Nice, France; Department of Neurology (A.H.-S.M.), Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain; Department of Psychobiology (L.H.), Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Brazil; Clinical Neurosciences (K.K.), St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (H.L.), LKH Murtal, Standort Knittelfeld, Austria; Department of Neurology (T.M.), Fundación Jiménez Diaz, Madrid; Department of Neurology (C.M.), Hospital Universitari i Politècnic La Fe, Valencia; Department of Neurology (J.P.P.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona; Department of Neurology (I.P.), Hospital La Paz, Madrid, Spain; Department of Neurology (T.S.-H.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (C.S.), Mainz University Hospital, Mainz, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.M.S.), University of São Paulo Medical School, Brazil; Department of Neurology (N. Tellez), Hospital Clínico Universitario, Valladolid; Department of Neurology (J.V.-Á.), Hospital Universitario Rey Juan Carlos, Madrid, Spain; Department of Neurology (B.W.), Antwerp University Hospital and University of Antwerp, Belgium; and Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA) (J.D.), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juan Carlos García-Moncó
- From the Neuroimmunology Program (C. Gaig, L.S., A.I., J.S.C., J.D., F.G.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS); Department of Neurology (C. Gaig, Y. Compta, M.J.M., A.I., J.S., J.D.), Multidisciplinary Sleep Disorders Unit (C. Gaig, A.I., J.S.), and Parkinson's Disease & Movement Disorders Unit (Y. Compta, M.J.M.), Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology, Division of Sleep Medicine and Neuromuscular Disorders (A.H.), University Hospital Muenster, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.H., B.H.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Neurology (M.J.T., Y. Crijnen), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (J.L.), Ulm University, Germany; Neurology Department, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra (M.E.E.), Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), Pamplona; Neurology Department (J.C.G.-M.), Hospital Universitario de Basurto, Bilbao (formerly Department of Neurology, Hospital de Galdakao); Movement Disorders Center (P.N., N. Tambasco), Perugia General Hospital and University of Perugia, Italy; Department of Neurology and Neurorehabilitation (M.P.-O.), Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland; Department of Neurology (M.E.), Klinik Donaustadt, Karl-Landsteiner-Institut, Vienna; Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry (R.H.), Department of Neurology (S.M., E.B.-S.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Section Translational Neuroimmunology (C. Geis), Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology 1 (M.H.), Neuromed Campus, Kepler Universitätsklinikum Linz; Department of Neurology with Stroke Unit and Acute Geriatrics (M.H.), Saint John of God Hospital Linz, Austria; Department of Neurology and Neurosciences (A.M.-T., A.M.-B.), Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona-Madrid; Department of Neurology (L.L., S.Q.), Hospital La Princesa, Madrid, Spain; Department of Neurology (G.U.H., N.M.), Hannover Medical School; Department of Neurology (F.S.) and Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, University Hospital and Biomedical Center (F.S.T.), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany; Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences (DiBiNeM) (G.M.A., F.P.), Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (F.P.); Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences (G.P.), University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena; IRCCS (G.P.), Institute of Neurological Sciences of Bologna, Italy; Neurology Department (K.B.), Cruces University Hospital, Barakaldo, Spain; Department of Neurology (M.B.), Odense University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurogenetics (N.B.), University of Lübeck, Germany; Department of Neurology (T.F.), Medical Clinic of Hospital Geral Cleriston Andrade, Feira de Santana, Brazil; Neurology Unit, Department of Medicine (C.F.N.), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Department of Movement Disorders and Neurology (C. Giordana), CHU Nice, France; Department of Neurology (A.H.-S.M.), Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain; Department of Psychobiology (L.H.), Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Brazil; Clinical Neurosciences (K.K.), St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (H.L.), LKH Murtal, Standort Knittelfeld, Austria; Department of Neurology (T.M.), Fundación Jiménez Diaz, Madrid; Department of Neurology (C.M.), Hospital Universitari i Politècnic La Fe, Valencia; Department of Neurology (J.P.P.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona; Department of Neurology (I.P.), Hospital La Paz, Madrid, Spain; Department of Neurology (T.S.-H.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (C.S.), Mainz University Hospital, Mainz, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.M.S.), University of São Paulo Medical School, Brazil; Department of Neurology (N. Tellez), Hospital Clínico Universitario, Valladolid; Department of Neurology (J.V.-Á.), Hospital Universitario Rey Juan Carlos, Madrid, Spain; Department of Neurology (B.W.), Antwerp University Hospital and University of Antwerp, Belgium; and Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA) (J.D.), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pasquale Nigro
- From the Neuroimmunology Program (C. Gaig, L.S., A.I., J.S.C., J.D., F.G.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS); Department of Neurology (C. Gaig, Y. Compta, M.J.M., A.I., J.S., J.D.), Multidisciplinary Sleep Disorders Unit (C. Gaig, A.I., J.S.), and Parkinson's Disease & Movement Disorders Unit (Y. Compta, M.J.M.), Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology, Division of Sleep Medicine and Neuromuscular Disorders (A.H.), University Hospital Muenster, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.H., B.H.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Neurology (M.J.T., Y. Crijnen), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (J.L.), Ulm University, Germany; Neurology Department, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra (M.E.E.), Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), Pamplona; Neurology Department (J.C.G.-M.), Hospital Universitario de Basurto, Bilbao (formerly Department of Neurology, Hospital de Galdakao); Movement Disorders Center (P.N., N. Tambasco), Perugia General Hospital and University of Perugia, Italy; Department of Neurology and Neurorehabilitation (M.P.-O.), Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland; Department of Neurology (M.E.), Klinik Donaustadt, Karl-Landsteiner-Institut, Vienna; Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry (R.H.), Department of Neurology (S.M., E.B.-S.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Section Translational Neuroimmunology (C. Geis), Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology 1 (M.H.), Neuromed Campus, Kepler Universitätsklinikum Linz; Department of Neurology with Stroke Unit and Acute Geriatrics (M.H.), Saint John of God Hospital Linz, Austria; Department of Neurology and Neurosciences (A.M.-T., A.M.-B.), Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona-Madrid; Department of Neurology (L.L., S.Q.), Hospital La Princesa, Madrid, Spain; Department of Neurology (G.U.H., N.M.), Hannover Medical School; Department of Neurology (F.S.) and Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, University Hospital and Biomedical Center (F.S.T.), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany; Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences (DiBiNeM) (G.M.A., F.P.), Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (F.P.); Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences (G.P.), University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena; IRCCS (G.P.), Institute of Neurological Sciences of Bologna, Italy; Neurology Department (K.B.), Cruces University Hospital, Barakaldo, Spain; Department of Neurology (M.B.), Odense University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurogenetics (N.B.), University of Lübeck, Germany; Department of Neurology (T.F.), Medical Clinic of Hospital Geral Cleriston Andrade, Feira de Santana, Brazil; Neurology Unit, Department of Medicine (C.F.N.), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Department of Movement Disorders and Neurology (C. Giordana), CHU Nice, France; Department of Neurology (A.H.-S.M.), Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain; Department of Psychobiology (L.H.), Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Brazil; Clinical Neurosciences (K.K.), St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (H.L.), LKH Murtal, Standort Knittelfeld, Austria; Department of Neurology (T.M.), Fundación Jiménez Diaz, Madrid; Department of Neurology (C.M.), Hospital Universitari i Politècnic La Fe, Valencia; Department of Neurology (J.P.P.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona; Department of Neurology (I.P.), Hospital La Paz, Madrid, Spain; Department of Neurology (T.S.-H.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (C.S.), Mainz University Hospital, Mainz, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.M.S.), University of São Paulo Medical School, Brazil; Department of Neurology (N. Tellez), Hospital Clínico Universitario, Valladolid; Department of Neurology (J.V.-Á.), Hospital Universitario Rey Juan Carlos, Madrid, Spain; Department of Neurology (B.W.), Antwerp University Hospital and University of Antwerp, Belgium; and Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA) (J.D.), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nicola Tambasco
- From the Neuroimmunology Program (C. Gaig, L.S., A.I., J.S.C., J.D., F.G.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS); Department of Neurology (C. Gaig, Y. Compta, M.J.M., A.I., J.S., J.D.), Multidisciplinary Sleep Disorders Unit (C. Gaig, A.I., J.S.), and Parkinson's Disease & Movement Disorders Unit (Y. Compta, M.J.M.), Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology, Division of Sleep Medicine and Neuromuscular Disorders (A.H.), University Hospital Muenster, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.H., B.H.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Neurology (M.J.T., Y. Crijnen), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (J.L.), Ulm University, Germany; Neurology Department, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra (M.E.E.), Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), Pamplona; Neurology Department (J.C.G.-M.), Hospital Universitario de Basurto, Bilbao (formerly Department of Neurology, Hospital de Galdakao); Movement Disorders Center (P.N., N. Tambasco), Perugia General Hospital and University of Perugia, Italy; Department of Neurology and Neurorehabilitation (M.P.-O.), Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland; Department of Neurology (M.E.), Klinik Donaustadt, Karl-Landsteiner-Institut, Vienna; Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry (R.H.), Department of Neurology (S.M., E.B.-S.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Section Translational Neuroimmunology (C. Geis), Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology 1 (M.H.), Neuromed Campus, Kepler Universitätsklinikum Linz; Department of Neurology with Stroke Unit and Acute Geriatrics (M.H.), Saint John of God Hospital Linz, Austria; Department of Neurology and Neurosciences (A.M.-T., A.M.-B.), Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona-Madrid; Department of Neurology (L.L., S.Q.), Hospital La Princesa, Madrid, Spain; Department of Neurology (G.U.H., N.M.), Hannover Medical School; Department of Neurology (F.S.) and Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, University Hospital and Biomedical Center (F.S.T.), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany; Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences (DiBiNeM) (G.M.A., F.P.), Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (F.P.); Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences (G.P.), University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena; IRCCS (G.P.), Institute of Neurological Sciences of Bologna, Italy; Neurology Department (K.B.), Cruces University Hospital, Barakaldo, Spain; Department of Neurology (M.B.), Odense University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurogenetics (N.B.), University of Lübeck, Germany; Department of Neurology (T.F.), Medical Clinic of Hospital Geral Cleriston Andrade, Feira de Santana, Brazil; Neurology Unit, Department of Medicine (C.F.N.), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Department of Movement Disorders and Neurology (C. Giordana), CHU Nice, France; Department of Neurology (A.H.-S.M.), Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain; Department of Psychobiology (L.H.), Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Brazil; Clinical Neurosciences (K.K.), St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (H.L.), LKH Murtal, Standort Knittelfeld, Austria; Department of Neurology (T.M.), Fundación Jiménez Diaz, Madrid; Department of Neurology (C.M.), Hospital Universitari i Politècnic La Fe, Valencia; Department of Neurology (J.P.P.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona; Department of Neurology (I.P.), Hospital La Paz, Madrid, Spain; Department of Neurology (T.S.-H.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (C.S.), Mainz University Hospital, Mainz, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.M.S.), University of São Paulo Medical School, Brazil; Department of Neurology (N. Tellez), Hospital Clínico Universitario, Valladolid; Department of Neurology (J.V.-Á.), Hospital Universitario Rey Juan Carlos, Madrid, Spain; Department of Neurology (B.W.), Antwerp University Hospital and University of Antwerp, Belgium; and Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA) (J.D.), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maja Patalong-Ogiewa
- From the Neuroimmunology Program (C. Gaig, L.S., A.I., J.S.C., J.D., F.G.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS); Department of Neurology (C. Gaig, Y. Compta, M.J.M., A.I., J.S., J.D.), Multidisciplinary Sleep Disorders Unit (C. Gaig, A.I., J.S.), and Parkinson's Disease & Movement Disorders Unit (Y. Compta, M.J.M.), Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology, Division of Sleep Medicine and Neuromuscular Disorders (A.H.), University Hospital Muenster, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.H., B.H.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Neurology (M.J.T., Y. Crijnen), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (J.L.), Ulm University, Germany; Neurology Department, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra (M.E.E.), Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), Pamplona; Neurology Department (J.C.G.-M.), Hospital Universitario de Basurto, Bilbao (formerly Department of Neurology, Hospital de Galdakao); Movement Disorders Center (P.N., N. Tambasco), Perugia General Hospital and University of Perugia, Italy; Department of Neurology and Neurorehabilitation (M.P.-O.), Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland; Department of Neurology (M.E.), Klinik Donaustadt, Karl-Landsteiner-Institut, Vienna; Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry (R.H.), Department of Neurology (S.M., E.B.-S.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Section Translational Neuroimmunology (C. Geis), Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology 1 (M.H.), Neuromed Campus, Kepler Universitätsklinikum Linz; Department of Neurology with Stroke Unit and Acute Geriatrics (M.H.), Saint John of God Hospital Linz, Austria; Department of Neurology and Neurosciences (A.M.-T., A.M.-B.), Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona-Madrid; Department of Neurology (L.L., S.Q.), Hospital La Princesa, Madrid, Spain; Department of Neurology (G.U.H., N.M.), Hannover Medical School; Department of Neurology (F.S.) and Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, University Hospital and Biomedical Center (F.S.T.), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany; Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences (DiBiNeM) (G.M.A., F.P.), Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (F.P.); Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences (G.P.), University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena; IRCCS (G.P.), Institute of Neurological Sciences of Bologna, Italy; Neurology Department (K.B.), Cruces University Hospital, Barakaldo, Spain; Department of Neurology (M.B.), Odense University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurogenetics (N.B.), University of Lübeck, Germany; Department of Neurology (T.F.), Medical Clinic of Hospital Geral Cleriston Andrade, Feira de Santana, Brazil; Neurology Unit, Department of Medicine (C.F.N.), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Department of Movement Disorders and Neurology (C. Giordana), CHU Nice, France; Department of Neurology (A.H.-S.M.), Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain; Department of Psychobiology (L.H.), Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Brazil; Clinical Neurosciences (K.K.), St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (H.L.), LKH Murtal, Standort Knittelfeld, Austria; Department of Neurology (T.M.), Fundación Jiménez Diaz, Madrid; Department of Neurology (C.M.), Hospital Universitari i Politècnic La Fe, Valencia; Department of Neurology (J.P.P.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona; Department of Neurology (I.P.), Hospital La Paz, Madrid, Spain; Department of Neurology (T.S.-H.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (C.S.), Mainz University Hospital, Mainz, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.M.S.), University of São Paulo Medical School, Brazil; Department of Neurology (N. Tellez), Hospital Clínico Universitario, Valladolid; Department of Neurology (J.V.-Á.), Hospital Universitario Rey Juan Carlos, Madrid, Spain; Department of Neurology (B.W.), Antwerp University Hospital and University of Antwerp, Belgium; and Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA) (J.D.), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marcus Erdler
- From the Neuroimmunology Program (C. Gaig, L.S., A.I., J.S.C., J.D., F.G.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS); Department of Neurology (C. Gaig, Y. Compta, M.J.M., A.I., J.S., J.D.), Multidisciplinary Sleep Disorders Unit (C. Gaig, A.I., J.S.), and Parkinson's Disease & Movement Disorders Unit (Y. Compta, M.J.M.), Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology, Division of Sleep Medicine and Neuromuscular Disorders (A.H.), University Hospital Muenster, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.H., B.H.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Neurology (M.J.T., Y. Crijnen), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (J.L.), Ulm University, Germany; Neurology Department, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra (M.E.E.), Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), Pamplona; Neurology Department (J.C.G.-M.), Hospital Universitario de Basurto, Bilbao (formerly Department of Neurology, Hospital de Galdakao); Movement Disorders Center (P.N., N. Tambasco), Perugia General Hospital and University of Perugia, Italy; Department of Neurology and Neurorehabilitation (M.P.-O.), Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland; Department of Neurology (M.E.), Klinik Donaustadt, Karl-Landsteiner-Institut, Vienna; Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry (R.H.), Department of Neurology (S.M., E.B.-S.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Section Translational Neuroimmunology (C. Geis), Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology 1 (M.H.), Neuromed Campus, Kepler Universitätsklinikum Linz; Department of Neurology with Stroke Unit and Acute Geriatrics (M.H.), Saint John of God Hospital Linz, Austria; Department of Neurology and Neurosciences (A.M.-T., A.M.-B.), Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona-Madrid; Department of Neurology (L.L., S.Q.), Hospital La Princesa, Madrid, Spain; Department of Neurology (G.U.H., N.M.), Hannover Medical School; Department of Neurology (F.S.) and Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, University Hospital and Biomedical Center (F.S.T.), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany; Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences (DiBiNeM) (G.M.A., F.P.), Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (F.P.); Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences (G.P.), University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena; IRCCS (G.P.), Institute of Neurological Sciences of Bologna, Italy; Neurology Department (K.B.), Cruces University Hospital, Barakaldo, Spain; Department of Neurology (M.B.), Odense University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurogenetics (N.B.), University of Lübeck, Germany; Department of Neurology (T.F.), Medical Clinic of Hospital Geral Cleriston Andrade, Feira de Santana, Brazil; Neurology Unit, Department of Medicine (C.F.N.), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Department of Movement Disorders and Neurology (C. Giordana), CHU Nice, France; Department of Neurology (A.H.-S.M.), Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain; Department of Psychobiology (L.H.), Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Brazil; Clinical Neurosciences (K.K.), St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (H.L.), LKH Murtal, Standort Knittelfeld, Austria; Department of Neurology (T.M.), Fundación Jiménez Diaz, Madrid; Department of Neurology (C.M.), Hospital Universitari i Politècnic La Fe, Valencia; Department of Neurology (J.P.P.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona; Department of Neurology (I.P.), Hospital La Paz, Madrid, Spain; Department of Neurology (T.S.-H.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (C.S.), Mainz University Hospital, Mainz, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.M.S.), University of São Paulo Medical School, Brazil; Department of Neurology (N. Tellez), Hospital Clínico Universitario, Valladolid; Department of Neurology (J.V.-Á.), Hospital Universitario Rey Juan Carlos, Madrid, Spain; Department of Neurology (B.W.), Antwerp University Hospital and University of Antwerp, Belgium; and Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA) (J.D.), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Stefan Macher
- From the Neuroimmunology Program (C. Gaig, L.S., A.I., J.S.C., J.D., F.G.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS); Department of Neurology (C. Gaig, Y. Compta, M.J.M., A.I., J.S., J.D.), Multidisciplinary Sleep Disorders Unit (C. Gaig, A.I., J.S.), and Parkinson's Disease & Movement Disorders Unit (Y. Compta, M.J.M.), Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology, Division of Sleep Medicine and Neuromuscular Disorders (A.H.), University Hospital Muenster, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.H., B.H.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Neurology (M.J.T., Y. Crijnen), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (J.L.), Ulm University, Germany; Neurology Department, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra (M.E.E.), Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), Pamplona; Neurology Department (J.C.G.-M.), Hospital Universitario de Basurto, Bilbao (formerly Department of Neurology, Hospital de Galdakao); Movement Disorders Center (P.N., N. Tambasco), Perugia General Hospital and University of Perugia, Italy; Department of Neurology and Neurorehabilitation (M.P.-O.), Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland; Department of Neurology (M.E.), Klinik Donaustadt, Karl-Landsteiner-Institut, Vienna; Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry (R.H.), Department of Neurology (S.M., E.B.-S.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Section Translational Neuroimmunology (C. Geis), Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology 1 (M.H.), Neuromed Campus, Kepler Universitätsklinikum Linz; Department of Neurology with Stroke Unit and Acute Geriatrics (M.H.), Saint John of God Hospital Linz, Austria; Department of Neurology and Neurosciences (A.M.-T., A.M.-B.), Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona-Madrid; Department of Neurology (L.L., S.Q.), Hospital La Princesa, Madrid, Spain; Department of Neurology (G.U.H., N.M.), Hannover Medical School; Department of Neurology (F.S.) and Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, University Hospital and Biomedical Center (F.S.T.), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany; Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences (DiBiNeM) (G.M.A., F.P.), Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (F.P.); Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences (G.P.), University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena; IRCCS (G.P.), Institute of Neurological Sciences of Bologna, Italy; Neurology Department (K.B.), Cruces University Hospital, Barakaldo, Spain; Department of Neurology (M.B.), Odense University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurogenetics (N.B.), University of Lübeck, Germany; Department of Neurology (T.F.), Medical Clinic of Hospital Geral Cleriston Andrade, Feira de Santana, Brazil; Neurology Unit, Department of Medicine (C.F.N.), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Department of Movement Disorders and Neurology (C. Giordana), CHU Nice, France; Department of Neurology (A.H.-S.M.), Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain; Department of Psychobiology (L.H.), Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Brazil; Clinical Neurosciences (K.K.), St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (H.L.), LKH Murtal, Standort Knittelfeld, Austria; Department of Neurology (T.M.), Fundación Jiménez Diaz, Madrid; Department of Neurology (C.M.), Hospital Universitari i Politècnic La Fe, Valencia; Department of Neurology (J.P.P.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona; Department of Neurology (I.P.), Hospital La Paz, Madrid, Spain; Department of Neurology (T.S.-H.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (C.S.), Mainz University Hospital, Mainz, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.M.S.), University of São Paulo Medical School, Brazil; Department of Neurology (N. Tellez), Hospital Clínico Universitario, Valladolid; Department of Neurology (J.V.-Á.), Hospital Universitario Rey Juan Carlos, Madrid, Spain; Department of Neurology (B.W.), Antwerp University Hospital and University of Antwerp, Belgium; and Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA) (J.D.), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Evelyn Berger-Sieczkowski
- From the Neuroimmunology Program (C. Gaig, L.S., A.I., J.S.C., J.D., F.G.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS); Department of Neurology (C. Gaig, Y. Compta, M.J.M., A.I., J.S., J.D.), Multidisciplinary Sleep Disorders Unit (C. Gaig, A.I., J.S.), and Parkinson's Disease & Movement Disorders Unit (Y. Compta, M.J.M.), Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology, Division of Sleep Medicine and Neuromuscular Disorders (A.H.), University Hospital Muenster, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.H., B.H.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Neurology (M.J.T., Y. Crijnen), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (J.L.), Ulm University, Germany; Neurology Department, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra (M.E.E.), Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), Pamplona; Neurology Department (J.C.G.-M.), Hospital Universitario de Basurto, Bilbao (formerly Department of Neurology, Hospital de Galdakao); Movement Disorders Center (P.N., N. Tambasco), Perugia General Hospital and University of Perugia, Italy; Department of Neurology and Neurorehabilitation (M.P.-O.), Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland; Department of Neurology (M.E.), Klinik Donaustadt, Karl-Landsteiner-Institut, Vienna; Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry (R.H.), Department of Neurology (S.M., E.B.-S.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Section Translational Neuroimmunology (C. Geis), Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology 1 (M.H.), Neuromed Campus, Kepler Universitätsklinikum Linz; Department of Neurology with Stroke Unit and Acute Geriatrics (M.H.), Saint John of God Hospital Linz, Austria; Department of Neurology and Neurosciences (A.M.-T., A.M.-B.), Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona-Madrid; Department of Neurology (L.L., S.Q.), Hospital La Princesa, Madrid, Spain; Department of Neurology (G.U.H., N.M.), Hannover Medical School; Department of Neurology (F.S.) and Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, University Hospital and Biomedical Center (F.S.T.), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany; Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences (DiBiNeM) (G.M.A., F.P.), Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (F.P.); Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences (G.P.), University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena; IRCCS (G.P.), Institute of Neurological Sciences of Bologna, Italy; Neurology Department (K.B.), Cruces University Hospital, Barakaldo, Spain; Department of Neurology (M.B.), Odense University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurogenetics (N.B.), University of Lübeck, Germany; Department of Neurology (T.F.), Medical Clinic of Hospital Geral Cleriston Andrade, Feira de Santana, Brazil; Neurology Unit, Department of Medicine (C.F.N.), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Department of Movement Disorders and Neurology (C. Giordana), CHU Nice, France; Department of Neurology (A.H.-S.M.), Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain; Department of Psychobiology (L.H.), Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Brazil; Clinical Neurosciences (K.K.), St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (H.L.), LKH Murtal, Standort Knittelfeld, Austria; Department of Neurology (T.M.), Fundación Jiménez Diaz, Madrid; Department of Neurology (C.M.), Hospital Universitari i Politècnic La Fe, Valencia; Department of Neurology (J.P.P.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona; Department of Neurology (I.P.), Hospital La Paz, Madrid, Spain; Department of Neurology (T.S.-H.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (C.S.), Mainz University Hospital, Mainz, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.M.S.), University of São Paulo Medical School, Brazil; Department of Neurology (N. Tellez), Hospital Clínico Universitario, Valladolid; Department of Neurology (J.V.-Á.), Hospital Universitario Rey Juan Carlos, Madrid, Spain; Department of Neurology (B.W.), Antwerp University Hospital and University of Antwerp, Belgium; and Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA) (J.D.), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Romana Höftberger
- From the Neuroimmunology Program (C. Gaig, L.S., A.I., J.S.C., J.D., F.G.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS); Department of Neurology (C. Gaig, Y. Compta, M.J.M., A.I., J.S., J.D.), Multidisciplinary Sleep Disorders Unit (C. Gaig, A.I., J.S.), and Parkinson's Disease & Movement Disorders Unit (Y. Compta, M.J.M.), Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology, Division of Sleep Medicine and Neuromuscular Disorders (A.H.), University Hospital Muenster, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.H., B.H.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Neurology (M.J.T., Y. Crijnen), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (J.L.), Ulm University, Germany; Neurology Department, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra (M.E.E.), Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), Pamplona; Neurology Department (J.C.G.-M.), Hospital Universitario de Basurto, Bilbao (formerly Department of Neurology, Hospital de Galdakao); Movement Disorders Center (P.N., N. Tambasco), Perugia General Hospital and University of Perugia, Italy; Department of Neurology and Neurorehabilitation (M.P.-O.), Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland; Department of Neurology (M.E.), Klinik Donaustadt, Karl-Landsteiner-Institut, Vienna; Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry (R.H.), Department of Neurology (S.M., E.B.-S.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Section Translational Neuroimmunology (C. Geis), Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology 1 (M.H.), Neuromed Campus, Kepler Universitätsklinikum Linz; Department of Neurology with Stroke Unit and Acute Geriatrics (M.H.), Saint John of God Hospital Linz, Austria; Department of Neurology and Neurosciences (A.M.-T., A.M.-B.), Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona-Madrid; Department of Neurology (L.L., S.Q.), Hospital La Princesa, Madrid, Spain; Department of Neurology (G.U.H., N.M.), Hannover Medical School; Department of Neurology (F.S.) and Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, University Hospital and Biomedical Center (F.S.T.), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany; Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences (DiBiNeM) (G.M.A., F.P.), Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (F.P.); Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences (G.P.), University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena; IRCCS (G.P.), Institute of Neurological Sciences of Bologna, Italy; Neurology Department (K.B.), Cruces University Hospital, Barakaldo, Spain; Department of Neurology (M.B.), Odense University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurogenetics (N.B.), University of Lübeck, Germany; Department of Neurology (T.F.), Medical Clinic of Hospital Geral Cleriston Andrade, Feira de Santana, Brazil; Neurology Unit, Department of Medicine (C.F.N.), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Department of Movement Disorders and Neurology (C. Giordana), CHU Nice, France; Department of Neurology (A.H.-S.M.), Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain; Department of Psychobiology (L.H.), Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Brazil; Clinical Neurosciences (K.K.), St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (H.L.), LKH Murtal, Standort Knittelfeld, Austria; Department of Neurology (T.M.), Fundación Jiménez Diaz, Madrid; Department of Neurology (C.M.), Hospital Universitari i Politècnic La Fe, Valencia; Department of Neurology (J.P.P.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona; Department of Neurology (I.P.), Hospital La Paz, Madrid, Spain; Department of Neurology (T.S.-H.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (C.S.), Mainz University Hospital, Mainz, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.M.S.), University of São Paulo Medical School, Brazil; Department of Neurology (N. Tellez), Hospital Clínico Universitario, Valladolid; Department of Neurology (J.V.-Á.), Hospital Universitario Rey Juan Carlos, Madrid, Spain; Department of Neurology (B.W.), Antwerp University Hospital and University of Antwerp, Belgium; and Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA) (J.D.), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Christian Geis
- From the Neuroimmunology Program (C. Gaig, L.S., A.I., J.S.C., J.D., F.G.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS); Department of Neurology (C. Gaig, Y. Compta, M.J.M., A.I., J.S., J.D.), Multidisciplinary Sleep Disorders Unit (C. Gaig, A.I., J.S.), and Parkinson's Disease & Movement Disorders Unit (Y. Compta, M.J.M.), Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology, Division of Sleep Medicine and Neuromuscular Disorders (A.H.), University Hospital Muenster, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.H., B.H.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Neurology (M.J.T., Y. Crijnen), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (J.L.), Ulm University, Germany; Neurology Department, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra (M.E.E.), Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), Pamplona; Neurology Department (J.C.G.-M.), Hospital Universitario de Basurto, Bilbao (formerly Department of Neurology, Hospital de Galdakao); Movement Disorders Center (P.N., N. Tambasco), Perugia General Hospital and University of Perugia, Italy; Department of Neurology and Neurorehabilitation (M.P.-O.), Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland; Department of Neurology (M.E.), Klinik Donaustadt, Karl-Landsteiner-Institut, Vienna; Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry (R.H.), Department of Neurology (S.M., E.B.-S.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Section Translational Neuroimmunology (C. Geis), Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology 1 (M.H.), Neuromed Campus, Kepler Universitätsklinikum Linz; Department of Neurology with Stroke Unit and Acute Geriatrics (M.H.), Saint John of God Hospital Linz, Austria; Department of Neurology and Neurosciences (A.M.-T., A.M.-B.), Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona-Madrid; Department of Neurology (L.L., S.Q.), Hospital La Princesa, Madrid, Spain; Department of Neurology (G.U.H., N.M.), Hannover Medical School; Department of Neurology (F.S.) and Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, University Hospital and Biomedical Center (F.S.T.), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany; Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences (DiBiNeM) (G.M.A., F.P.), Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (F.P.); Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences (G.P.), University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena; IRCCS (G.P.), Institute of Neurological Sciences of Bologna, Italy; Neurology Department (K.B.), Cruces University Hospital, Barakaldo, Spain; Department of Neurology (M.B.), Odense University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurogenetics (N.B.), University of Lübeck, Germany; Department of Neurology (T.F.), Medical Clinic of Hospital Geral Cleriston Andrade, Feira de Santana, Brazil; Neurology Unit, Department of Medicine (C.F.N.), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Department of Movement Disorders and Neurology (C. Giordana), CHU Nice, France; Department of Neurology (A.H.-S.M.), Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain; Department of Psychobiology (L.H.), Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Brazil; Clinical Neurosciences (K.K.), St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (H.L.), LKH Murtal, Standort Knittelfeld, Austria; Department of Neurology (T.M.), Fundación Jiménez Diaz, Madrid; Department of Neurology (C.M.), Hospital Universitari i Politècnic La Fe, Valencia; Department of Neurology (J.P.P.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona; Department of Neurology (I.P.), Hospital La Paz, Madrid, Spain; Department of Neurology (T.S.-H.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (C.S.), Mainz University Hospital, Mainz, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.M.S.), University of São Paulo Medical School, Brazil; Department of Neurology (N. Tellez), Hospital Clínico Universitario, Valladolid; Department of Neurology (J.V.-Á.), Hospital Universitario Rey Juan Carlos, Madrid, Spain; Department of Neurology (B.W.), Antwerp University Hospital and University of Antwerp, Belgium; and Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA) (J.D.), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Markus Hutterer
- From the Neuroimmunology Program (C. Gaig, L.S., A.I., J.S.C., J.D., F.G.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS); Department of Neurology (C. Gaig, Y. Compta, M.J.M., A.I., J.S., J.D.), Multidisciplinary Sleep Disorders Unit (C. Gaig, A.I., J.S.), and Parkinson's Disease & Movement Disorders Unit (Y. Compta, M.J.M.), Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology, Division of Sleep Medicine and Neuromuscular Disorders (A.H.), University Hospital Muenster, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.H., B.H.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Neurology (M.J.T., Y. Crijnen), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (J.L.), Ulm University, Germany; Neurology Department, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra (M.E.E.), Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), Pamplona; Neurology Department (J.C.G.-M.), Hospital Universitario de Basurto, Bilbao (formerly Department of Neurology, Hospital de Galdakao); Movement Disorders Center (P.N., N. Tambasco), Perugia General Hospital and University of Perugia, Italy; Department of Neurology and Neurorehabilitation (M.P.-O.), Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland; Department of Neurology (M.E.), Klinik Donaustadt, Karl-Landsteiner-Institut, Vienna; Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry (R.H.), Department of Neurology (S.M., E.B.-S.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Section Translational Neuroimmunology (C. Geis), Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology 1 (M.H.), Neuromed Campus, Kepler Universitätsklinikum Linz; Department of Neurology with Stroke Unit and Acute Geriatrics (M.H.), Saint John of God Hospital Linz, Austria; Department of Neurology and Neurosciences (A.M.-T., A.M.-B.), Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona-Madrid; Department of Neurology (L.L., S.Q.), Hospital La Princesa, Madrid, Spain; Department of Neurology (G.U.H., N.M.), Hannover Medical School; Department of Neurology (F.S.) and Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, University Hospital and Biomedical Center (F.S.T.), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany; Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences (DiBiNeM) (G.M.A., F.P.), Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (F.P.); Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences (G.P.), University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena; IRCCS (G.P.), Institute of Neurological Sciences of Bologna, Italy; Neurology Department (K.B.), Cruces University Hospital, Barakaldo, Spain; Department of Neurology (M.B.), Odense University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurogenetics (N.B.), University of Lübeck, Germany; Department of Neurology (T.F.), Medical Clinic of Hospital Geral Cleriston Andrade, Feira de Santana, Brazil; Neurology Unit, Department of Medicine (C.F.N.), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Department of Movement Disorders and Neurology (C. Giordana), CHU Nice, France; Department of Neurology (A.H.-S.M.), Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain; Department of Psychobiology (L.H.), Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Brazil; Clinical Neurosciences (K.K.), St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (H.L.), LKH Murtal, Standort Knittelfeld, Austria; Department of Neurology (T.M.), Fundación Jiménez Diaz, Madrid; Department of Neurology (C.M.), Hospital Universitari i Politècnic La Fe, Valencia; Department of Neurology (J.P.P.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona; Department of Neurology (I.P.), Hospital La Paz, Madrid, Spain; Department of Neurology (T.S.-H.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (C.S.), Mainz University Hospital, Mainz, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.M.S.), University of São Paulo Medical School, Brazil; Department of Neurology (N. Tellez), Hospital Clínico Universitario, Valladolid; Department of Neurology (J.V.-Á.), Hospital Universitario Rey Juan Carlos, Madrid, Spain; Department of Neurology (B.W.), Antwerp University Hospital and University of Antwerp, Belgium; and Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA) (J.D.), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Angela Milán-Tomás
- From the Neuroimmunology Program (C. Gaig, L.S., A.I., J.S.C., J.D., F.G.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS); Department of Neurology (C. Gaig, Y. Compta, M.J.M., A.I., J.S., J.D.), Multidisciplinary Sleep Disorders Unit (C. Gaig, A.I., J.S.), and Parkinson's Disease & Movement Disorders Unit (Y. Compta, M.J.M.), Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology, Division of Sleep Medicine and Neuromuscular Disorders (A.H.), University Hospital Muenster, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.H., B.H.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Neurology (M.J.T., Y. Crijnen), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (J.L.), Ulm University, Germany; Neurology Department, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra (M.E.E.), Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), Pamplona; Neurology Department (J.C.G.-M.), Hospital Universitario de Basurto, Bilbao (formerly Department of Neurology, Hospital de Galdakao); Movement Disorders Center (P.N., N. Tambasco), Perugia General Hospital and University of Perugia, Italy; Department of Neurology and Neurorehabilitation (M.P.-O.), Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland; Department of Neurology (M.E.), Klinik Donaustadt, Karl-Landsteiner-Institut, Vienna; Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry (R.H.), Department of Neurology (S.M., E.B.-S.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Section Translational Neuroimmunology (C. Geis), Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology 1 (M.H.), Neuromed Campus, Kepler Universitätsklinikum Linz; Department of Neurology with Stroke Unit and Acute Geriatrics (M.H.), Saint John of God Hospital Linz, Austria; Department of Neurology and Neurosciences (A.M.-T., A.M.-B.), Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona-Madrid; Department of Neurology (L.L., S.Q.), Hospital La Princesa, Madrid, Spain; Department of Neurology (G.U.H., N.M.), Hannover Medical School; Department of Neurology (F.S.) and Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, University Hospital and Biomedical Center (F.S.T.), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany; Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences (DiBiNeM) (G.M.A., F.P.), Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (F.P.); Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences (G.P.), University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena; IRCCS (G.P.), Institute of Neurological Sciences of Bologna, Italy; Neurology Department (K.B.), Cruces University Hospital, Barakaldo, Spain; Department of Neurology (M.B.), Odense University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurogenetics (N.B.), University of Lübeck, Germany; Department of Neurology (T.F.), Medical Clinic of Hospital Geral Cleriston Andrade, Feira de Santana, Brazil; Neurology Unit, Department of Medicine (C.F.N.), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Department of Movement Disorders and Neurology (C. Giordana), CHU Nice, France; Department of Neurology (A.H.-S.M.), Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain; Department of Psychobiology (L.H.), Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Brazil; Clinical Neurosciences (K.K.), St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (H.L.), LKH Murtal, Standort Knittelfeld, Austria; Department of Neurology (T.M.), Fundación Jiménez Diaz, Madrid; Department of Neurology (C.M.), Hospital Universitari i Politècnic La Fe, Valencia; Department of Neurology (J.P.P.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona; Department of Neurology (I.P.), Hospital La Paz, Madrid, Spain; Department of Neurology (T.S.-H.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (C.S.), Mainz University Hospital, Mainz, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.M.S.), University of São Paulo Medical School, Brazil; Department of Neurology (N. Tellez), Hospital Clínico Universitario, Valladolid; Department of Neurology (J.V.-Á.), Hospital Universitario Rey Juan Carlos, Madrid, Spain; Department of Neurology (B.W.), Antwerp University Hospital and University of Antwerp, Belgium; and Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA) (J.D.), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antonio Martin-Bastida
- From the Neuroimmunology Program (C. Gaig, L.S., A.I., J.S.C., J.D., F.G.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS); Department of Neurology (C. Gaig, Y. Compta, M.J.M., A.I., J.S., J.D.), Multidisciplinary Sleep Disorders Unit (C. Gaig, A.I., J.S.), and Parkinson's Disease & Movement Disorders Unit (Y. Compta, M.J.M.), Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology, Division of Sleep Medicine and Neuromuscular Disorders (A.H.), University Hospital Muenster, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.H., B.H.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Neurology (M.J.T., Y. Crijnen), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (J.L.), Ulm University, Germany; Neurology Department, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra (M.E.E.), Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), Pamplona; Neurology Department (J.C.G.-M.), Hospital Universitario de Basurto, Bilbao (formerly Department of Neurology, Hospital de Galdakao); Movement Disorders Center (P.N., N. Tambasco), Perugia General Hospital and University of Perugia, Italy; Department of Neurology and Neurorehabilitation (M.P.-O.), Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland; Department of Neurology (M.E.), Klinik Donaustadt, Karl-Landsteiner-Institut, Vienna; Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry (R.H.), Department of Neurology (S.M., E.B.-S.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Section Translational Neuroimmunology (C. Geis), Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology 1 (M.H.), Neuromed Campus, Kepler Universitätsklinikum Linz; Department of Neurology with Stroke Unit and Acute Geriatrics (M.H.), Saint John of God Hospital Linz, Austria; Department of Neurology and Neurosciences (A.M.-T., A.M.-B.), Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona-Madrid; Department of Neurology (L.L., S.Q.), Hospital La Princesa, Madrid, Spain; Department of Neurology (G.U.H., N.M.), Hannover Medical School; Department of Neurology (F.S.) and Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, University Hospital and Biomedical Center (F.S.T.), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany; Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences (DiBiNeM) (G.M.A., F.P.), Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (F.P.); Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences (G.P.), University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena; IRCCS (G.P.), Institute of Neurological Sciences of Bologna, Italy; Neurology Department (K.B.), Cruces University Hospital, Barakaldo, Spain; Department of Neurology (M.B.), Odense University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurogenetics (N.B.), University of Lübeck, Germany; Department of Neurology (T.F.), Medical Clinic of Hospital Geral Cleriston Andrade, Feira de Santana, Brazil; Neurology Unit, Department of Medicine (C.F.N.), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Department of Movement Disorders and Neurology (C. Giordana), CHU Nice, France; Department of Neurology (A.H.-S.M.), Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain; Department of Psychobiology (L.H.), Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Brazil; Clinical Neurosciences (K.K.), St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (H.L.), LKH Murtal, Standort Knittelfeld, Austria; Department of Neurology (T.M.), Fundación Jiménez Diaz, Madrid; Department of Neurology (C.M.), Hospital Universitari i Politècnic La Fe, Valencia; Department of Neurology (J.P.P.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona; Department of Neurology (I.P.), Hospital La Paz, Madrid, Spain; Department of Neurology (T.S.-H.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (C.S.), Mainz University Hospital, Mainz, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.M.S.), University of São Paulo Medical School, Brazil; Department of Neurology (N. Tellez), Hospital Clínico Universitario, Valladolid; Department of Neurology (J.V.-Á.), Hospital Universitario Rey Juan Carlos, Madrid, Spain; Department of Neurology (B.W.), Antwerp University Hospital and University of Antwerp, Belgium; and Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA) (J.D.), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lydia Lopez Manzanares
- From the Neuroimmunology Program (C. Gaig, L.S., A.I., J.S.C., J.D., F.G.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS); Department of Neurology (C. Gaig, Y. Compta, M.J.M., A.I., J.S., J.D.), Multidisciplinary Sleep Disorders Unit (C. Gaig, A.I., J.S.), and Parkinson's Disease & Movement Disorders Unit (Y. Compta, M.J.M.), Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology, Division of Sleep Medicine and Neuromuscular Disorders (A.H.), University Hospital Muenster, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.H., B.H.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Neurology (M.J.T., Y. Crijnen), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (J.L.), Ulm University, Germany; Neurology Department, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra (M.E.E.), Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), Pamplona; Neurology Department (J.C.G.-M.), Hospital Universitario de Basurto, Bilbao (formerly Department of Neurology, Hospital de Galdakao); Movement Disorders Center (P.N., N. Tambasco), Perugia General Hospital and University of Perugia, Italy; Department of Neurology and Neurorehabilitation (M.P.-O.), Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland; Department of Neurology (M.E.), Klinik Donaustadt, Karl-Landsteiner-Institut, Vienna; Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry (R.H.), Department of Neurology (S.M., E.B.-S.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Section Translational Neuroimmunology (C. Geis), Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology 1 (M.H.), Neuromed Campus, Kepler Universitätsklinikum Linz; Department of Neurology with Stroke Unit and Acute Geriatrics (M.H.), Saint John of God Hospital Linz, Austria; Department of Neurology and Neurosciences (A.M.-T., A.M.-B.), Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona-Madrid; Department of Neurology (L.L., S.Q.), Hospital La Princesa, Madrid, Spain; Department of Neurology (G.U.H., N.M.), Hannover Medical School; Department of Neurology (F.S.) and Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, University Hospital and Biomedical Center (F.S.T.), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany; Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences (DiBiNeM) (G.M.A., F.P.), Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (F.P.); Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences (G.P.), University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena; IRCCS (G.P.), Institute of Neurological Sciences of Bologna, Italy; Neurology Department (K.B.), Cruces University Hospital, Barakaldo, Spain; Department of Neurology (M.B.), Odense University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurogenetics (N.B.), University of Lübeck, Germany; Department of Neurology (T.F.), Medical Clinic of Hospital Geral Cleriston Andrade, Feira de Santana, Brazil; Neurology Unit, Department of Medicine (C.F.N.), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Department of Movement Disorders and Neurology (C. Giordana), CHU Nice, France; Department of Neurology (A.H.-S.M.), Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain; Department of Psychobiology (L.H.), Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Brazil; Clinical Neurosciences (K.K.), St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (H.L.), LKH Murtal, Standort Knittelfeld, Austria; Department of Neurology (T.M.), Fundación Jiménez Diaz, Madrid; Department of Neurology (C.M.), Hospital Universitari i Politècnic La Fe, Valencia; Department of Neurology (J.P.P.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona; Department of Neurology (I.P.), Hospital La Paz, Madrid, Spain; Department of Neurology (T.S.-H.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (C.S.), Mainz University Hospital, Mainz, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.M.S.), University of São Paulo Medical School, Brazil; Department of Neurology (N. Tellez), Hospital Clínico Universitario, Valladolid; Department of Neurology (J.V.-Á.), Hospital Universitario Rey Juan Carlos, Madrid, Spain; Department of Neurology (B.W.), Antwerp University Hospital and University of Antwerp, Belgium; and Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA) (J.D.), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sonia Quintas
- From the Neuroimmunology Program (C. Gaig, L.S., A.I., J.S.C., J.D., F.G.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS); Department of Neurology (C. Gaig, Y. Compta, M.J.M., A.I., J.S., J.D.), Multidisciplinary Sleep Disorders Unit (C. Gaig, A.I., J.S.), and Parkinson's Disease & Movement Disorders Unit (Y. Compta, M.J.M.), Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology, Division of Sleep Medicine and Neuromuscular Disorders (A.H.), University Hospital Muenster, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.H., B.H.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Neurology (M.J.T., Y. Crijnen), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (J.L.), Ulm University, Germany; Neurology Department, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra (M.E.E.), Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), Pamplona; Neurology Department (J.C.G.-M.), Hospital Universitario de Basurto, Bilbao (formerly Department of Neurology, Hospital de Galdakao); Movement Disorders Center (P.N., N. Tambasco), Perugia General Hospital and University of Perugia, Italy; Department of Neurology and Neurorehabilitation (M.P.-O.), Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland; Department of Neurology (M.E.), Klinik Donaustadt, Karl-Landsteiner-Institut, Vienna; Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry (R.H.), Department of Neurology (S.M., E.B.-S.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Section Translational Neuroimmunology (C. Geis), Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology 1 (M.H.), Neuromed Campus, Kepler Universitätsklinikum Linz; Department of Neurology with Stroke Unit and Acute Geriatrics (M.H.), Saint John of God Hospital Linz, Austria; Department of Neurology and Neurosciences (A.M.-T., A.M.-B.), Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona-Madrid; Department of Neurology (L.L., S.Q.), Hospital La Princesa, Madrid, Spain; Department of Neurology (G.U.H., N.M.), Hannover Medical School; Department of Neurology (F.S.) and Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, University Hospital and Biomedical Center (F.S.T.), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany; Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences (DiBiNeM) (G.M.A., F.P.), Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (F.P.); Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences (G.P.), University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena; IRCCS (G.P.), Institute of Neurological Sciences of Bologna, Italy; Neurology Department (K.B.), Cruces University Hospital, Barakaldo, Spain; Department of Neurology (M.B.), Odense University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurogenetics (N.B.), University of Lübeck, Germany; Department of Neurology (T.F.), Medical Clinic of Hospital Geral Cleriston Andrade, Feira de Santana, Brazil; Neurology Unit, Department of Medicine (C.F.N.), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Department of Movement Disorders and Neurology (C. Giordana), CHU Nice, France; Department of Neurology (A.H.-S.M.), Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain; Department of Psychobiology (L.H.), Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Brazil; Clinical Neurosciences (K.K.), St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (H.L.), LKH Murtal, Standort Knittelfeld, Austria; Department of Neurology (T.M.), Fundación Jiménez Diaz, Madrid; Department of Neurology (C.M.), Hospital Universitari i Politècnic La Fe, Valencia; Department of Neurology (J.P.P.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona; Department of Neurology (I.P.), Hospital La Paz, Madrid, Spain; Department of Neurology (T.S.-H.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (C.S.), Mainz University Hospital, Mainz, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.M.S.), University of São Paulo Medical School, Brazil; Department of Neurology (N. Tellez), Hospital Clínico Universitario, Valladolid; Department of Neurology (J.V.-Á.), Hospital Universitario Rey Juan Carlos, Madrid, Spain; Department of Neurology (B.W.), Antwerp University Hospital and University of Antwerp, Belgium; and Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA) (J.D.), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Günter U Höglinger
- From the Neuroimmunology Program (C. Gaig, L.S., A.I., J.S.C., J.D., F.G.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS); Department of Neurology (C. Gaig, Y. Compta, M.J.M., A.I., J.S., J.D.), Multidisciplinary Sleep Disorders Unit (C. Gaig, A.I., J.S.), and Parkinson's Disease & Movement Disorders Unit (Y. Compta, M.J.M.), Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology, Division of Sleep Medicine and Neuromuscular Disorders (A.H.), University Hospital Muenster, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.H., B.H.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Neurology (M.J.T., Y. Crijnen), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (J.L.), Ulm University, Germany; Neurology Department, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra (M.E.E.), Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), Pamplona; Neurology Department (J.C.G.-M.), Hospital Universitario de Basurto, Bilbao (formerly Department of Neurology, Hospital de Galdakao); Movement Disorders Center (P.N., N. Tambasco), Perugia General Hospital and University of Perugia, Italy; Department of Neurology and Neurorehabilitation (M.P.-O.), Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland; Department of Neurology (M.E.), Klinik Donaustadt, Karl-Landsteiner-Institut, Vienna; Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry (R.H.), Department of Neurology (S.M., E.B.-S.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Section Translational Neuroimmunology (C. Geis), Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology 1 (M.H.), Neuromed Campus, Kepler Universitätsklinikum Linz; Department of Neurology with Stroke Unit and Acute Geriatrics (M.H.), Saint John of God Hospital Linz, Austria; Department of Neurology and Neurosciences (A.M.-T., A.M.-B.), Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona-Madrid; Department of Neurology (L.L., S.Q.), Hospital La Princesa, Madrid, Spain; Department of Neurology (G.U.H., N.M.), Hannover Medical School; Department of Neurology (F.S.) and Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, University Hospital and Biomedical Center (F.S.T.), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany; Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences (DiBiNeM) (G.M.A., F.P.), Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (F.P.); Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences (G.P.), University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena; IRCCS (G.P.), Institute of Neurological Sciences of Bologna, Italy; Neurology Department (K.B.), Cruces University Hospital, Barakaldo, Spain; Department of Neurology (M.B.), Odense University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurogenetics (N.B.), University of Lübeck, Germany; Department of Neurology (T.F.), Medical Clinic of Hospital Geral Cleriston Andrade, Feira de Santana, Brazil; Neurology Unit, Department of Medicine (C.F.N.), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Department of Movement Disorders and Neurology (C. Giordana), CHU Nice, France; Department of Neurology (A.H.-S.M.), Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain; Department of Psychobiology (L.H.), Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Brazil; Clinical Neurosciences (K.K.), St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (H.L.), LKH Murtal, Standort Knittelfeld, Austria; Department of Neurology (T.M.), Fundación Jiménez Diaz, Madrid; Department of Neurology (C.M.), Hospital Universitari i Politècnic La Fe, Valencia; Department of Neurology (J.P.P.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona; Department of Neurology (I.P.), Hospital La Paz, Madrid, Spain; Department of Neurology (T.S.-H.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (C.S.), Mainz University Hospital, Mainz, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.M.S.), University of São Paulo Medical School, Brazil; Department of Neurology (N. Tellez), Hospital Clínico Universitario, Valladolid; Department of Neurology (J.V.-Á.), Hospital Universitario Rey Juan Carlos, Madrid, Spain; Department of Neurology (B.W.), Antwerp University Hospital and University of Antwerp, Belgium; and Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA) (J.D.), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nora Möhn
- From the Neuroimmunology Program (C. Gaig, L.S., A.I., J.S.C., J.D., F.G.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS); Department of Neurology (C. Gaig, Y. Compta, M.J.M., A.I., J.S., J.D.), Multidisciplinary Sleep Disorders Unit (C. Gaig, A.I., J.S.), and Parkinson's Disease & Movement Disorders Unit (Y. Compta, M.J.M.), Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology, Division of Sleep Medicine and Neuromuscular Disorders (A.H.), University Hospital Muenster, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.H., B.H.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Neurology (M.J.T., Y. Crijnen), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (J.L.), Ulm University, Germany; Neurology Department, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra (M.E.E.), Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), Pamplona; Neurology Department (J.C.G.-M.), Hospital Universitario de Basurto, Bilbao (formerly Department of Neurology, Hospital de Galdakao); Movement Disorders Center (P.N., N. Tambasco), Perugia General Hospital and University of Perugia, Italy; Department of Neurology and Neurorehabilitation (M.P.-O.), Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland; Department of Neurology (M.E.), Klinik Donaustadt, Karl-Landsteiner-Institut, Vienna; Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry (R.H.), Department of Neurology (S.M., E.B.-S.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Section Translational Neuroimmunology (C. Geis), Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology 1 (M.H.), Neuromed Campus, Kepler Universitätsklinikum Linz; Department of Neurology with Stroke Unit and Acute Geriatrics (M.H.), Saint John of God Hospital Linz, Austria; Department of Neurology and Neurosciences (A.M.-T., A.M.-B.), Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona-Madrid; Department of Neurology (L.L., S.Q.), Hospital La Princesa, Madrid, Spain; Department of Neurology (G.U.H., N.M.), Hannover Medical School; Department of Neurology (F.S.) and Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, University Hospital and Biomedical Center (F.S.T.), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany; Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences (DiBiNeM) (G.M.A., F.P.), Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (F.P.); Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences (G.P.), University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena; IRCCS (G.P.), Institute of Neurological Sciences of Bologna, Italy; Neurology Department (K.B.), Cruces University Hospital, Barakaldo, Spain; Department of Neurology (M.B.), Odense University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurogenetics (N.B.), University of Lübeck, Germany; Department of Neurology (T.F.), Medical Clinic of Hospital Geral Cleriston Andrade, Feira de Santana, Brazil; Neurology Unit, Department of Medicine (C.F.N.), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Department of Movement Disorders and Neurology (C. Giordana), CHU Nice, France; Department of Neurology (A.H.-S.M.), Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain; Department of Psychobiology (L.H.), Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Brazil; Clinical Neurosciences (K.K.), St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (H.L.), LKH Murtal, Standort Knittelfeld, Austria; Department of Neurology (T.M.), Fundación Jiménez Diaz, Madrid; Department of Neurology (C.M.), Hospital Universitari i Politècnic La Fe, Valencia; Department of Neurology (J.P.P.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona; Department of Neurology (I.P.), Hospital La Paz, Madrid, Spain; Department of Neurology (T.S.-H.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (C.S.), Mainz University Hospital, Mainz, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.M.S.), University of São Paulo Medical School, Brazil; Department of Neurology (N. Tellez), Hospital Clínico Universitario, Valladolid; Department of Neurology (J.V.-Á.), Hospital Universitario Rey Juan Carlos, Madrid, Spain; Department of Neurology (B.W.), Antwerp University Hospital and University of Antwerp, Belgium; and Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA) (J.D.), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Florian Schöberl
- From the Neuroimmunology Program (C. Gaig, L.S., A.I., J.S.C., J.D., F.G.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS); Department of Neurology (C. Gaig, Y. Compta, M.J.M., A.I., J.S., J.D.), Multidisciplinary Sleep Disorders Unit (C. Gaig, A.I., J.S.), and Parkinson's Disease & Movement Disorders Unit (Y. Compta, M.J.M.), Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology, Division of Sleep Medicine and Neuromuscular Disorders (A.H.), University Hospital Muenster, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.H., B.H.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Neurology (M.J.T., Y. Crijnen), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (J.L.), Ulm University, Germany; Neurology Department, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra (M.E.E.), Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), Pamplona; Neurology Department (J.C.G.-M.), Hospital Universitario de Basurto, Bilbao (formerly Department of Neurology, Hospital de Galdakao); Movement Disorders Center (P.N., N. Tambasco), Perugia General Hospital and University of Perugia, Italy; Department of Neurology and Neurorehabilitation (M.P.-O.), Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland; Department of Neurology (M.E.), Klinik Donaustadt, Karl-Landsteiner-Institut, Vienna; Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry (R.H.), Department of Neurology (S.M., E.B.-S.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Section Translational Neuroimmunology (C. Geis), Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology 1 (M.H.), Neuromed Campus, Kepler Universitätsklinikum Linz; Department of Neurology with Stroke Unit and Acute Geriatrics (M.H.), Saint John of God Hospital Linz, Austria; Department of Neurology and Neurosciences (A.M.-T., A.M.-B.), Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona-Madrid; Department of Neurology (L.L., S.Q.), Hospital La Princesa, Madrid, Spain; Department of Neurology (G.U.H., N.M.), Hannover Medical School; Department of Neurology (F.S.) and Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, University Hospital and Biomedical Center (F.S.T.), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany; Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences (DiBiNeM) (G.M.A., F.P.), Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (F.P.); Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences (G.P.), University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena; IRCCS (G.P.), Institute of Neurological Sciences of Bologna, Italy; Neurology Department (K.B.), Cruces University Hospital, Barakaldo, Spain; Department of Neurology (M.B.), Odense University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurogenetics (N.B.), University of Lübeck, Germany; Department of Neurology (T.F.), Medical Clinic of Hospital Geral Cleriston Andrade, Feira de Santana, Brazil; Neurology Unit, Department of Medicine (C.F.N.), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Department of Movement Disorders and Neurology (C. Giordana), CHU Nice, France; Department of Neurology (A.H.-S.M.), Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain; Department of Psychobiology (L.H.), Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Brazil; Clinical Neurosciences (K.K.), St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (H.L.), LKH Murtal, Standort Knittelfeld, Austria; Department of Neurology (T.M.), Fundación Jiménez Diaz, Madrid; Department of Neurology (C.M.), Hospital Universitari i Politècnic La Fe, Valencia; Department of Neurology (J.P.P.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona; Department of Neurology (I.P.), Hospital La Paz, Madrid, Spain; Department of Neurology (T.S.-H.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (C.S.), Mainz University Hospital, Mainz, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.M.S.), University of São Paulo Medical School, Brazil; Department of Neurology (N. Tellez), Hospital Clínico Universitario, Valladolid; Department of Neurology (J.V.-Á.), Hospital Universitario Rey Juan Carlos, Madrid, Spain; Department of Neurology (B.W.), Antwerp University Hospital and University of Antwerp, Belgium; and Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA) (J.D.), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Franziska S Thaler
- From the Neuroimmunology Program (C. Gaig, L.S., A.I., J.S.C., J.D., F.G.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS); Department of Neurology (C. Gaig, Y. Compta, M.J.M., A.I., J.S., J.D.), Multidisciplinary Sleep Disorders Unit (C. Gaig, A.I., J.S.), and Parkinson's Disease & Movement Disorders Unit (Y. Compta, M.J.M.), Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology, Division of Sleep Medicine and Neuromuscular Disorders (A.H.), University Hospital Muenster, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.H., B.H.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Neurology (M.J.T., Y. Crijnen), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (J.L.), Ulm University, Germany; Neurology Department, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra (M.E.E.), Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), Pamplona; Neurology Department (J.C.G.-M.), Hospital Universitario de Basurto, Bilbao (formerly Department of Neurology, Hospital de Galdakao); Movement Disorders Center (P.N., N. Tambasco), Perugia General Hospital and University of Perugia, Italy; Department of Neurology and Neurorehabilitation (M.P.-O.), Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland; Department of Neurology (M.E.), Klinik Donaustadt, Karl-Landsteiner-Institut, Vienna; Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry (R.H.), Department of Neurology (S.M., E.B.-S.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Section Translational Neuroimmunology (C. Geis), Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology 1 (M.H.), Neuromed Campus, Kepler Universitätsklinikum Linz; Department of Neurology with Stroke Unit and Acute Geriatrics (M.H.), Saint John of God Hospital Linz, Austria; Department of Neurology and Neurosciences (A.M.-T., A.M.-B.), Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona-Madrid; Department of Neurology (L.L., S.Q.), Hospital La Princesa, Madrid, Spain; Department of Neurology (G.U.H., N.M.), Hannover Medical School; Department of Neurology (F.S.) and Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, University Hospital and Biomedical Center (F.S.T.), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany; Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences (DiBiNeM) (G.M.A., F.P.), Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (F.P.); Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences (G.P.), University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena; IRCCS (G.P.), Institute of Neurological Sciences of Bologna, Italy; Neurology Department (K.B.), Cruces University Hospital, Barakaldo, Spain; Department of Neurology (M.B.), Odense University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurogenetics (N.B.), University of Lübeck, Germany; Department of Neurology (T.F.), Medical Clinic of Hospital Geral Cleriston Andrade, Feira de Santana, Brazil; Neurology Unit, Department of Medicine (C.F.N.), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Department of Movement Disorders and Neurology (C. Giordana), CHU Nice, France; Department of Neurology (A.H.-S.M.), Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain; Department of Psychobiology (L.H.), Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Brazil; Clinical Neurosciences (K.K.), St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (H.L.), LKH Murtal, Standort Knittelfeld, Austria; Department of Neurology (T.M.), Fundación Jiménez Diaz, Madrid; Department of Neurology (C.M.), Hospital Universitari i Politècnic La Fe, Valencia; Department of Neurology (J.P.P.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona; Department of Neurology (I.P.), Hospital La Paz, Madrid, Spain; Department of Neurology (T.S.-H.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (C.S.), Mainz University Hospital, Mainz, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.M.S.), University of São Paulo Medical School, Brazil; Department of Neurology (N. Tellez), Hospital Clínico Universitario, Valladolid; Department of Neurology (J.V.-Á.), Hospital Universitario Rey Juan Carlos, Madrid, Spain; Department of Neurology (B.W.), Antwerp University Hospital and University of Antwerp, Belgium; and Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA) (J.D.), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gian Maria Asioli
- From the Neuroimmunology Program (C. Gaig, L.S., A.I., J.S.C., J.D., F.G.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS); Department of Neurology (C. Gaig, Y. Compta, M.J.M., A.I., J.S., J.D.), Multidisciplinary Sleep Disorders Unit (C. Gaig, A.I., J.S.), and Parkinson's Disease & Movement Disorders Unit (Y. Compta, M.J.M.), Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology, Division of Sleep Medicine and Neuromuscular Disorders (A.H.), University Hospital Muenster, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.H., B.H.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Neurology (M.J.T., Y. Crijnen), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (J.L.), Ulm University, Germany; Neurology Department, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra (M.E.E.), Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), Pamplona; Neurology Department (J.C.G.-M.), Hospital Universitario de Basurto, Bilbao (formerly Department of Neurology, Hospital de Galdakao); Movement Disorders Center (P.N., N. Tambasco), Perugia General Hospital and University of Perugia, Italy; Department of Neurology and Neurorehabilitation (M.P.-O.), Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland; Department of Neurology (M.E.), Klinik Donaustadt, Karl-Landsteiner-Institut, Vienna; Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry (R.H.), Department of Neurology (S.M., E.B.-S.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Section Translational Neuroimmunology (C. Geis), Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology 1 (M.H.), Neuromed Campus, Kepler Universitätsklinikum Linz; Department of Neurology with Stroke Unit and Acute Geriatrics (M.H.), Saint John of God Hospital Linz, Austria; Department of Neurology and Neurosciences (A.M.-T., A.M.-B.), Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona-Madrid; Department of Neurology (L.L., S.Q.), Hospital La Princesa, Madrid, Spain; Department of Neurology (G.U.H., N.M.), Hannover Medical School; Department of Neurology (F.S.) and Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, University Hospital and Biomedical Center (F.S.T.), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany; Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences (DiBiNeM) (G.M.A., F.P.), Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (F.P.); Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences (G.P.), University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena; IRCCS (G.P.), Institute of Neurological Sciences of Bologna, Italy; Neurology Department (K.B.), Cruces University Hospital, Barakaldo, Spain; Department of Neurology (M.B.), Odense University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurogenetics (N.B.), University of Lübeck, Germany; Department of Neurology (T.F.), Medical Clinic of Hospital Geral Cleriston Andrade, Feira de Santana, Brazil; Neurology Unit, Department of Medicine (C.F.N.), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Department of Movement Disorders and Neurology (C. Giordana), CHU Nice, France; Department of Neurology (A.H.-S.M.), Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain; Department of Psychobiology (L.H.), Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Brazil; Clinical Neurosciences (K.K.), St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (H.L.), LKH Murtal, Standort Knittelfeld, Austria; Department of Neurology (T.M.), Fundación Jiménez Diaz, Madrid; Department of Neurology (C.M.), Hospital Universitari i Politècnic La Fe, Valencia; Department of Neurology (J.P.P.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona; Department of Neurology (I.P.), Hospital La Paz, Madrid, Spain; Department of Neurology (T.S.-H.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (C.S.), Mainz University Hospital, Mainz, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.M.S.), University of São Paulo Medical School, Brazil; Department of Neurology (N. Tellez), Hospital Clínico Universitario, Valladolid; Department of Neurology (J.V.-Á.), Hospital Universitario Rey Juan Carlos, Madrid, Spain; Department of Neurology (B.W.), Antwerp University Hospital and University of Antwerp, Belgium; and Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA) (J.D.), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Federica Provini
- From the Neuroimmunology Program (C. Gaig, L.S., A.I., J.S.C., J.D., F.G.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS); Department of Neurology (C. Gaig, Y. Compta, M.J.M., A.I., J.S., J.D.), Multidisciplinary Sleep Disorders Unit (C. Gaig, A.I., J.S.), and Parkinson's Disease & Movement Disorders Unit (Y. Compta, M.J.M.), Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology, Division of Sleep Medicine and Neuromuscular Disorders (A.H.), University Hospital Muenster, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.H., B.H.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Neurology (M.J.T., Y. Crijnen), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (J.L.), Ulm University, Germany; Neurology Department, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra (M.E.E.), Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), Pamplona; Neurology Department (J.C.G.-M.), Hospital Universitario de Basurto, Bilbao (formerly Department of Neurology, Hospital de Galdakao); Movement Disorders Center (P.N., N. Tambasco), Perugia General Hospital and University of Perugia, Italy; Department of Neurology and Neurorehabilitation (M.P.-O.), Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland; Department of Neurology (M.E.), Klinik Donaustadt, Karl-Landsteiner-Institut, Vienna; Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry (R.H.), Department of Neurology (S.M., E.B.-S.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Section Translational Neuroimmunology (C. Geis), Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology 1 (M.H.), Neuromed Campus, Kepler Universitätsklinikum Linz; Department of Neurology with Stroke Unit and Acute Geriatrics (M.H.), Saint John of God Hospital Linz, Austria; Department of Neurology and Neurosciences (A.M.-T., A.M.-B.), Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona-Madrid; Department of Neurology (L.L., S.Q.), Hospital La Princesa, Madrid, Spain; Department of Neurology (G.U.H., N.M.), Hannover Medical School; Department of Neurology (F.S.) and Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, University Hospital and Biomedical Center (F.S.T.), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany; Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences (DiBiNeM) (G.M.A., F.P.), Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (F.P.); Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences (G.P.), University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena; IRCCS (G.P.), Institute of Neurological Sciences of Bologna, Italy; Neurology Department (K.B.), Cruces University Hospital, Barakaldo, Spain; Department of Neurology (M.B.), Odense University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurogenetics (N.B.), University of Lübeck, Germany; Department of Neurology (T.F.), Medical Clinic of Hospital Geral Cleriston Andrade, Feira de Santana, Brazil; Neurology Unit, Department of Medicine (C.F.N.), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Department of Movement Disorders and Neurology (C. Giordana), CHU Nice, France; Department of Neurology (A.H.-S.M.), Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain; Department of Psychobiology (L.H.), Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Brazil; Clinical Neurosciences (K.K.), St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (H.L.), LKH Murtal, Standort Knittelfeld, Austria; Department of Neurology (T.M.), Fundación Jiménez Diaz, Madrid; Department of Neurology (C.M.), Hospital Universitari i Politècnic La Fe, Valencia; Department of Neurology (J.P.P.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona; Department of Neurology (I.P.), Hospital La Paz, Madrid, Spain; Department of Neurology (T.S.-H.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (C.S.), Mainz University Hospital, Mainz, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.M.S.), University of São Paulo Medical School, Brazil; Department of Neurology (N. Tellez), Hospital Clínico Universitario, Valladolid; Department of Neurology (J.V.-Á.), Hospital Universitario Rey Juan Carlos, Madrid, Spain; Department of Neurology (B.W.), Antwerp University Hospital and University of Antwerp, Belgium; and Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA) (J.D.), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Giuseppe Plazzi
- From the Neuroimmunology Program (C. Gaig, L.S., A.I., J.S.C., J.D., F.G.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS); Department of Neurology (C. Gaig, Y. Compta, M.J.M., A.I., J.S., J.D.), Multidisciplinary Sleep Disorders Unit (C. Gaig, A.I., J.S.), and Parkinson's Disease & Movement Disorders Unit (Y. Compta, M.J.M.), Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology, Division of Sleep Medicine and Neuromuscular Disorders (A.H.), University Hospital Muenster, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.H., B.H.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Neurology (M.J.T., Y. Crijnen), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (J.L.), Ulm University, Germany; Neurology Department, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra (M.E.E.), Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), Pamplona; Neurology Department (J.C.G.-M.), Hospital Universitario de Basurto, Bilbao (formerly Department of Neurology, Hospital de Galdakao); Movement Disorders Center (P.N., N. Tambasco), Perugia General Hospital and University of Perugia, Italy; Department of Neurology and Neurorehabilitation (M.P.-O.), Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland; Department of Neurology (M.E.), Klinik Donaustadt, Karl-Landsteiner-Institut, Vienna; Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry (R.H.), Department of Neurology (S.M., E.B.-S.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Section Translational Neuroimmunology (C. Geis), Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology 1 (M.H.), Neuromed Campus, Kepler Universitätsklinikum Linz; Department of Neurology with Stroke Unit and Acute Geriatrics (M.H.), Saint John of God Hospital Linz, Austria; Department of Neurology and Neurosciences (A.M.-T., A.M.-B.), Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona-Madrid; Department of Neurology (L.L., S.Q.), Hospital La Princesa, Madrid, Spain; Department of Neurology (G.U.H., N.M.), Hannover Medical School; Department of Neurology (F.S.) and Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, University Hospital and Biomedical Center (F.S.T.), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany; Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences (DiBiNeM) (G.M.A., F.P.), Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (F.P.); Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences (G.P.), University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena; IRCCS (G.P.), Institute of Neurological Sciences of Bologna, Italy; Neurology Department (K.B.), Cruces University Hospital, Barakaldo, Spain; Department of Neurology (M.B.), Odense University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurogenetics (N.B.), University of Lübeck, Germany; Department of Neurology (T.F.), Medical Clinic of Hospital Geral Cleriston Andrade, Feira de Santana, Brazil; Neurology Unit, Department of Medicine (C.F.N.), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Department of Movement Disorders and Neurology (C. Giordana), CHU Nice, France; Department of Neurology (A.H.-S.M.), Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain; Department of Psychobiology (L.H.), Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Brazil; Clinical Neurosciences (K.K.), St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (H.L.), LKH Murtal, Standort Knittelfeld, Austria; Department of Neurology (T.M.), Fundación Jiménez Diaz, Madrid; Department of Neurology (C.M.), Hospital Universitari i Politècnic La Fe, Valencia; Department of Neurology (J.P.P.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona; Department of Neurology (I.P.), Hospital La Paz, Madrid, Spain; Department of Neurology (T.S.-H.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (C.S.), Mainz University Hospital, Mainz, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.M.S.), University of São Paulo Medical School, Brazil; Department of Neurology (N. Tellez), Hospital Clínico Universitario, Valladolid; Department of Neurology (J.V.-Á.), Hospital Universitario Rey Juan Carlos, Madrid, Spain; Department of Neurology (B.W.), Antwerp University Hospital and University of Antwerp, Belgium; and Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA) (J.D.), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Koldo Berganzo
- From the Neuroimmunology Program (C. Gaig, L.S., A.I., J.S.C., J.D., F.G.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS); Department of Neurology (C. Gaig, Y. Compta, M.J.M., A.I., J.S., J.D.), Multidisciplinary Sleep Disorders Unit (C. Gaig, A.I., J.S.), and Parkinson's Disease & Movement Disorders Unit (Y. Compta, M.J.M.), Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology, Division of Sleep Medicine and Neuromuscular Disorders (A.H.), University Hospital Muenster, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.H., B.H.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Neurology (M.J.T., Y. Crijnen), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (J.L.), Ulm University, Germany; Neurology Department, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra (M.E.E.), Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), Pamplona; Neurology Department (J.C.G.-M.), Hospital Universitario de Basurto, Bilbao (formerly Department of Neurology, Hospital de Galdakao); Movement Disorders Center (P.N., N. Tambasco), Perugia General Hospital and University of Perugia, Italy; Department of Neurology and Neurorehabilitation (M.P.-O.), Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland; Department of Neurology (M.E.), Klinik Donaustadt, Karl-Landsteiner-Institut, Vienna; Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry (R.H.), Department of Neurology (S.M., E.B.-S.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Section Translational Neuroimmunology (C. Geis), Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology 1 (M.H.), Neuromed Campus, Kepler Universitätsklinikum Linz; Department of Neurology with Stroke Unit and Acute Geriatrics (M.H.), Saint John of God Hospital Linz, Austria; Department of Neurology and Neurosciences (A.M.-T., A.M.-B.), Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona-Madrid; Department of Neurology (L.L., S.Q.), Hospital La Princesa, Madrid, Spain; Department of Neurology (G.U.H., N.M.), Hannover Medical School; Department of Neurology (F.S.) and Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, University Hospital and Biomedical Center (F.S.T.), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany; Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences (DiBiNeM) (G.M.A., F.P.), Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (F.P.); Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences (G.P.), University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena; IRCCS (G.P.), Institute of Neurological Sciences of Bologna, Italy; Neurology Department (K.B.), Cruces University Hospital, Barakaldo, Spain; Department of Neurology (M.B.), Odense University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurogenetics (N.B.), University of Lübeck, Germany; Department of Neurology (T.F.), Medical Clinic of Hospital Geral Cleriston Andrade, Feira de Santana, Brazil; Neurology Unit, Department of Medicine (C.F.N.), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Department of Movement Disorders and Neurology (C. Giordana), CHU Nice, France; Department of Neurology (A.H.-S.M.), Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain; Department of Psychobiology (L.H.), Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Brazil; Clinical Neurosciences (K.K.), St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (H.L.), LKH Murtal, Standort Knittelfeld, Austria; Department of Neurology (T.M.), Fundación Jiménez Diaz, Madrid; Department of Neurology (C.M.), Hospital Universitari i Politècnic La Fe, Valencia; Department of Neurology (J.P.P.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona; Department of Neurology (I.P.), Hospital La Paz, Madrid, Spain; Department of Neurology (T.S.-H.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (C.S.), Mainz University Hospital, Mainz, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.M.S.), University of São Paulo Medical School, Brazil; Department of Neurology (N. Tellez), Hospital Clínico Universitario, Valladolid; Department of Neurology (J.V.-Á.), Hospital Universitario Rey Juan Carlos, Madrid, Spain; Department of Neurology (B.W.), Antwerp University Hospital and University of Antwerp, Belgium; and Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA) (J.D.), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Morten Blaabjerg
- From the Neuroimmunology Program (C. Gaig, L.S., A.I., J.S.C., J.D., F.G.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS); Department of Neurology (C. Gaig, Y. Compta, M.J.M., A.I., J.S., J.D.), Multidisciplinary Sleep Disorders Unit (C. Gaig, A.I., J.S.), and Parkinson's Disease & Movement Disorders Unit (Y. Compta, M.J.M.), Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology, Division of Sleep Medicine and Neuromuscular Disorders (A.H.), University Hospital Muenster, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.H., B.H.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Neurology (M.J.T., Y. Crijnen), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (J.L.), Ulm University, Germany; Neurology Department, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra (M.E.E.), Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), Pamplona; Neurology Department (J.C.G.-M.), Hospital Universitario de Basurto, Bilbao (formerly Department of Neurology, Hospital de Galdakao); Movement Disorders Center (P.N., N. Tambasco), Perugia General Hospital and University of Perugia, Italy; Department of Neurology and Neurorehabilitation (M.P.-O.), Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland; Department of Neurology (M.E.), Klinik Donaustadt, Karl-Landsteiner-Institut, Vienna; Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry (R.H.), Department of Neurology (S.M., E.B.-S.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Section Translational Neuroimmunology (C. Geis), Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology 1 (M.H.), Neuromed Campus, Kepler Universitätsklinikum Linz; Department of Neurology with Stroke Unit and Acute Geriatrics (M.H.), Saint John of God Hospital Linz, Austria; Department of Neurology and Neurosciences (A.M.-T., A.M.-B.), Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona-Madrid; Department of Neurology (L.L., S.Q.), Hospital La Princesa, Madrid, Spain; Department of Neurology (G.U.H., N.M.), Hannover Medical School; Department of Neurology (F.S.) and Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, University Hospital and Biomedical Center (F.S.T.), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany; Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences (DiBiNeM) (G.M.A., F.P.), Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (F.P.); Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences (G.P.), University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena; IRCCS (G.P.), Institute of Neurological Sciences of Bologna, Italy; Neurology Department (K.B.), Cruces University Hospital, Barakaldo, Spain; Department of Neurology (M.B.), Odense University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurogenetics (N.B.), University of Lübeck, Germany; Department of Neurology (T.F.), Medical Clinic of Hospital Geral Cleriston Andrade, Feira de Santana, Brazil; Neurology Unit, Department of Medicine (C.F.N.), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Department of Movement Disorders and Neurology (C. Giordana), CHU Nice, France; Department of Neurology (A.H.-S.M.), Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain; Department of Psychobiology (L.H.), Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Brazil; Clinical Neurosciences (K.K.), St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (H.L.), LKH Murtal, Standort Knittelfeld, Austria; Department of Neurology (T.M.), Fundación Jiménez Diaz, Madrid; Department of Neurology (C.M.), Hospital Universitari i Politècnic La Fe, Valencia; Department of Neurology (J.P.P.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona; Department of Neurology (I.P.), Hospital La Paz, Madrid, Spain; Department of Neurology (T.S.-H.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (C.S.), Mainz University Hospital, Mainz, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.M.S.), University of São Paulo Medical School, Brazil; Department of Neurology (N. Tellez), Hospital Clínico Universitario, Valladolid; Department of Neurology (J.V.-Á.), Hospital Universitario Rey Juan Carlos, Madrid, Spain; Department of Neurology (B.W.), Antwerp University Hospital and University of Antwerp, Belgium; and Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA) (J.D.), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Norbert Brüggemann
- From the Neuroimmunology Program (C. Gaig, L.S., A.I., J.S.C., J.D., F.G.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS); Department of Neurology (C. Gaig, Y. Compta, M.J.M., A.I., J.S., J.D.), Multidisciplinary Sleep Disorders Unit (C. Gaig, A.I., J.S.), and Parkinson's Disease & Movement Disorders Unit (Y. Compta, M.J.M.), Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology, Division of Sleep Medicine and Neuromuscular Disorders (A.H.), University Hospital Muenster, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.H., B.H.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Neurology (M.J.T., Y. Crijnen), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (J.L.), Ulm University, Germany; Neurology Department, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra (M.E.E.), Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), Pamplona; Neurology Department (J.C.G.-M.), Hospital Universitario de Basurto, Bilbao (formerly Department of Neurology, Hospital de Galdakao); Movement Disorders Center (P.N., N. Tambasco), Perugia General Hospital and University of Perugia, Italy; Department of Neurology and Neurorehabilitation (M.P.-O.), Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland; Department of Neurology (M.E.), Klinik Donaustadt, Karl-Landsteiner-Institut, Vienna; Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry (R.H.), Department of Neurology (S.M., E.B.-S.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Section Translational Neuroimmunology (C. Geis), Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology 1 (M.H.), Neuromed Campus, Kepler Universitätsklinikum Linz; Department of Neurology with Stroke Unit and Acute Geriatrics (M.H.), Saint John of God Hospital Linz, Austria; Department of Neurology and Neurosciences (A.M.-T., A.M.-B.), Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona-Madrid; Department of Neurology (L.L., S.Q.), Hospital La Princesa, Madrid, Spain; Department of Neurology (G.U.H., N.M.), Hannover Medical School; Department of Neurology (F.S.) and Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, University Hospital and Biomedical Center (F.S.T.), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany; Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences (DiBiNeM) (G.M.A., F.P.), Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (F.P.); Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences (G.P.), University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena; IRCCS (G.P.), Institute of Neurological Sciences of Bologna, Italy; Neurology Department (K.B.), Cruces University Hospital, Barakaldo, Spain; Department of Neurology (M.B.), Odense University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurogenetics (N.B.), University of Lübeck, Germany; Department of Neurology (T.F.), Medical Clinic of Hospital Geral Cleriston Andrade, Feira de Santana, Brazil; Neurology Unit, Department of Medicine (C.F.N.), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Department of Movement Disorders and Neurology (C. Giordana), CHU Nice, France; Department of Neurology (A.H.-S.M.), Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain; Department of Psychobiology (L.H.), Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Brazil; Clinical Neurosciences (K.K.), St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (H.L.), LKH Murtal, Standort Knittelfeld, Austria; Department of Neurology (T.M.), Fundación Jiménez Diaz, Madrid; Department of Neurology (C.M.), Hospital Universitari i Politècnic La Fe, Valencia; Department of Neurology (J.P.P.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona; Department of Neurology (I.P.), Hospital La Paz, Madrid, Spain; Department of Neurology (T.S.-H.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (C.S.), Mainz University Hospital, Mainz, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.M.S.), University of São Paulo Medical School, Brazil; Department of Neurology (N. Tellez), Hospital Clínico Universitario, Valladolid; Department of Neurology (J.V.-Á.), Hospital Universitario Rey Juan Carlos, Madrid, Spain; Department of Neurology (B.W.), Antwerp University Hospital and University of Antwerp, Belgium; and Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA) (J.D.), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Tarsis Farias
- From the Neuroimmunology Program (C. Gaig, L.S., A.I., J.S.C., J.D., F.G.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS); Department of Neurology (C. Gaig, Y. Compta, M.J.M., A.I., J.S., J.D.), Multidisciplinary Sleep Disorders Unit (C. Gaig, A.I., J.S.), and Parkinson's Disease & Movement Disorders Unit (Y. Compta, M.J.M.), Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology, Division of Sleep Medicine and Neuromuscular Disorders (A.H.), University Hospital Muenster, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.H., B.H.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Neurology (M.J.T., Y. Crijnen), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (J.L.), Ulm University, Germany; Neurology Department, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra (M.E.E.), Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), Pamplona; Neurology Department (J.C.G.-M.), Hospital Universitario de Basurto, Bilbao (formerly Department of Neurology, Hospital de Galdakao); Movement Disorders Center (P.N., N. Tambasco), Perugia General Hospital and University of Perugia, Italy; Department of Neurology and Neurorehabilitation (M.P.-O.), Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland; Department of Neurology (M.E.), Klinik Donaustadt, Karl-Landsteiner-Institut, Vienna; Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry (R.H.), Department of Neurology (S.M., E.B.-S.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Section Translational Neuroimmunology (C. Geis), Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology 1 (M.H.), Neuromed Campus, Kepler Universitätsklinikum Linz; Department of Neurology with Stroke Unit and Acute Geriatrics (M.H.), Saint John of God Hospital Linz, Austria; Department of Neurology and Neurosciences (A.M.-T., A.M.-B.), Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona-Madrid; Department of Neurology (L.L., S.Q.), Hospital La Princesa, Madrid, Spain; Department of Neurology (G.U.H., N.M.), Hannover Medical School; Department of Neurology (F.S.) and Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, University Hospital and Biomedical Center (F.S.T.), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany; Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences (DiBiNeM) (G.M.A., F.P.), Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (F.P.); Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences (G.P.), University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena; IRCCS (G.P.), Institute of Neurological Sciences of Bologna, Italy; Neurology Department (K.B.), Cruces University Hospital, Barakaldo, Spain; Department of Neurology (M.B.), Odense University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurogenetics (N.B.), University of Lübeck, Germany; Department of Neurology (T.F.), Medical Clinic of Hospital Geral Cleriston Andrade, Feira de Santana, Brazil; Neurology Unit, Department of Medicine (C.F.N.), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Department of Movement Disorders and Neurology (C. Giordana), CHU Nice, France; Department of Neurology (A.H.-S.M.), Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain; Department of Psychobiology (L.H.), Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Brazil; Clinical Neurosciences (K.K.), St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (H.L.), LKH Murtal, Standort Knittelfeld, Austria; Department of Neurology (T.M.), Fundación Jiménez Diaz, Madrid; Department of Neurology (C.M.), Hospital Universitari i Politècnic La Fe, Valencia; Department of Neurology (J.P.P.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona; Department of Neurology (I.P.), Hospital La Paz, Madrid, Spain; Department of Neurology (T.S.-H.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (C.S.), Mainz University Hospital, Mainz, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.M.S.), University of São Paulo Medical School, Brazil; Department of Neurology (N. Tellez), Hospital Clínico Universitario, Valladolid; Department of Neurology (J.V.-Á.), Hospital Universitario Rey Juan Carlos, Madrid, Spain; Department of Neurology (B.W.), Antwerp University Hospital and University of Antwerp, Belgium; and Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA) (J.D.), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Chen Fei Ng
- From the Neuroimmunology Program (C. Gaig, L.S., A.I., J.S.C., J.D., F.G.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS); Department of Neurology (C. Gaig, Y. Compta, M.J.M., A.I., J.S., J.D.), Multidisciplinary Sleep Disorders Unit (C. Gaig, A.I., J.S.), and Parkinson's Disease & Movement Disorders Unit (Y. Compta, M.J.M.), Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology, Division of Sleep Medicine and Neuromuscular Disorders (A.H.), University Hospital Muenster, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.H., B.H.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Neurology (M.J.T., Y. Crijnen), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (J.L.), Ulm University, Germany; Neurology Department, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra (M.E.E.), Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), Pamplona; Neurology Department (J.C.G.-M.), Hospital Universitario de Basurto, Bilbao (formerly Department of Neurology, Hospital de Galdakao); Movement Disorders Center (P.N., N. Tambasco), Perugia General Hospital and University of Perugia, Italy; Department of Neurology and Neurorehabilitation (M.P.-O.), Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland; Department of Neurology (M.E.), Klinik Donaustadt, Karl-Landsteiner-Institut, Vienna; Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry (R.H.), Department of Neurology (S.M., E.B.-S.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Section Translational Neuroimmunology (C. Geis), Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology 1 (M.H.), Neuromed Campus, Kepler Universitätsklinikum Linz; Department of Neurology with Stroke Unit and Acute Geriatrics (M.H.), Saint John of God Hospital Linz, Austria; Department of Neurology and Neurosciences (A.M.-T., A.M.-B.), Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona-Madrid; Department of Neurology (L.L., S.Q.), Hospital La Princesa, Madrid, Spain; Department of Neurology (G.U.H., N.M.), Hannover Medical School; Department of Neurology (F.S.) and Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, University Hospital and Biomedical Center (F.S.T.), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany; Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences (DiBiNeM) (G.M.A., F.P.), Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (F.P.); Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences (G.P.), University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena; IRCCS (G.P.), Institute of Neurological Sciences of Bologna, Italy; Neurology Department (K.B.), Cruces University Hospital, Barakaldo, Spain; Department of Neurology (M.B.), Odense University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurogenetics (N.B.), University of Lübeck, Germany; Department of Neurology (T.F.), Medical Clinic of Hospital Geral Cleriston Andrade, Feira de Santana, Brazil; Neurology Unit, Department of Medicine (C.F.N.), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Department of Movement Disorders and Neurology (C. Giordana), CHU Nice, France; Department of Neurology (A.H.-S.M.), Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain; Department of Psychobiology (L.H.), Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Brazil; Clinical Neurosciences (K.K.), St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (H.L.), LKH Murtal, Standort Knittelfeld, Austria; Department of Neurology (T.M.), Fundación Jiménez Diaz, Madrid; Department of Neurology (C.M.), Hospital Universitari i Politècnic La Fe, Valencia; Department of Neurology (J.P.P.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona; Department of Neurology (I.P.), Hospital La Paz, Madrid, Spain; Department of Neurology (T.S.-H.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (C.S.), Mainz University Hospital, Mainz, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.M.S.), University of São Paulo Medical School, Brazil; Department of Neurology (N. Tellez), Hospital Clínico Universitario, Valladolid; Department of Neurology (J.V.-Á.), Hospital Universitario Rey Juan Carlos, Madrid, Spain; Department of Neurology (B.W.), Antwerp University Hospital and University of Antwerp, Belgium; and Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA) (J.D.), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Caroline Giordana
- From the Neuroimmunology Program (C. Gaig, L.S., A.I., J.S.C., J.D., F.G.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS); Department of Neurology (C. Gaig, Y. Compta, M.J.M., A.I., J.S., J.D.), Multidisciplinary Sleep Disorders Unit (C. Gaig, A.I., J.S.), and Parkinson's Disease & Movement Disorders Unit (Y. Compta, M.J.M.), Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology, Division of Sleep Medicine and Neuromuscular Disorders (A.H.), University Hospital Muenster, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.H., B.H.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Neurology (M.J.T., Y. Crijnen), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (J.L.), Ulm University, Germany; Neurology Department, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra (M.E.E.), Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), Pamplona; Neurology Department (J.C.G.-M.), Hospital Universitario de Basurto, Bilbao (formerly Department of Neurology, Hospital de Galdakao); Movement Disorders Center (P.N., N. Tambasco), Perugia General Hospital and University of Perugia, Italy; Department of Neurology and Neurorehabilitation (M.P.-O.), Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland; Department of Neurology (M.E.), Klinik Donaustadt, Karl-Landsteiner-Institut, Vienna; Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry (R.H.), Department of Neurology (S.M., E.B.-S.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Section Translational Neuroimmunology (C. Geis), Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology 1 (M.H.), Neuromed Campus, Kepler Universitätsklinikum Linz; Department of Neurology with Stroke Unit and Acute Geriatrics (M.H.), Saint John of God Hospital Linz, Austria; Department of Neurology and Neurosciences (A.M.-T., A.M.-B.), Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona-Madrid; Department of Neurology (L.L., S.Q.), Hospital La Princesa, Madrid, Spain; Department of Neurology (G.U.H., N.M.), Hannover Medical School; Department of Neurology (F.S.) and Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, University Hospital and Biomedical Center (F.S.T.), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany; Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences (DiBiNeM) (G.M.A., F.P.), Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (F.P.); Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences (G.P.), University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena; IRCCS (G.P.), Institute of Neurological Sciences of Bologna, Italy; Neurology Department (K.B.), Cruces University Hospital, Barakaldo, Spain; Department of Neurology (M.B.), Odense University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurogenetics (N.B.), University of Lübeck, Germany; Department of Neurology (T.F.), Medical Clinic of Hospital Geral Cleriston Andrade, Feira de Santana, Brazil; Neurology Unit, Department of Medicine (C.F.N.), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Department of Movement Disorders and Neurology (C. Giordana), CHU Nice, France; Department of Neurology (A.H.-S.M.), Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain; Department of Psychobiology (L.H.), Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Brazil; Clinical Neurosciences (K.K.), St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (H.L.), LKH Murtal, Standort Knittelfeld, Austria; Department of Neurology (T.M.), Fundación Jiménez Diaz, Madrid; Department of Neurology (C.M.), Hospital Universitari i Politècnic La Fe, Valencia; Department of Neurology (J.P.P.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona; Department of Neurology (I.P.), Hospital La Paz, Madrid, Spain; Department of Neurology (T.S.-H.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (C.S.), Mainz University Hospital, Mainz, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.M.S.), University of São Paulo Medical School, Brazil; Department of Neurology (N. Tellez), Hospital Clínico Universitario, Valladolid; Department of Neurology (J.V.-Á.), Hospital Universitario Rey Juan Carlos, Madrid, Spain; Department of Neurology (B.W.), Antwerp University Hospital and University of Antwerp, Belgium; and Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA) (J.D.), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alejandro Herrero-San Martín
- From the Neuroimmunology Program (C. Gaig, L.S., A.I., J.S.C., J.D., F.G.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS); Department of Neurology (C. Gaig, Y. Compta, M.J.M., A.I., J.S., J.D.), Multidisciplinary Sleep Disorders Unit (C. Gaig, A.I., J.S.), and Parkinson's Disease & Movement Disorders Unit (Y. Compta, M.J.M.), Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology, Division of Sleep Medicine and Neuromuscular Disorders (A.H.), University Hospital Muenster, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.H., B.H.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Neurology (M.J.T., Y. Crijnen), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (J.L.), Ulm University, Germany; Neurology Department, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra (M.E.E.), Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), Pamplona; Neurology Department (J.C.G.-M.), Hospital Universitario de Basurto, Bilbao (formerly Department of Neurology, Hospital de Galdakao); Movement Disorders Center (P.N., N. Tambasco), Perugia General Hospital and University of Perugia, Italy; Department of Neurology and Neurorehabilitation (M.P.-O.), Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland; Department of Neurology (M.E.), Klinik Donaustadt, Karl-Landsteiner-Institut, Vienna; Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry (R.H.), Department of Neurology (S.M., E.B.-S.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Section Translational Neuroimmunology (C. Geis), Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology 1 (M.H.), Neuromed Campus, Kepler Universitätsklinikum Linz; Department of Neurology with Stroke Unit and Acute Geriatrics (M.H.), Saint John of God Hospital Linz, Austria; Department of Neurology and Neurosciences (A.M.-T., A.M.-B.), Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona-Madrid; Department of Neurology (L.L., S.Q.), Hospital La Princesa, Madrid, Spain; Department of Neurology (G.U.H., N.M.), Hannover Medical School; Department of Neurology (F.S.) and Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, University Hospital and Biomedical Center (F.S.T.), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany; Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences (DiBiNeM) (G.M.A., F.P.), Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (F.P.); Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences (G.P.), University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena; IRCCS (G.P.), Institute of Neurological Sciences of Bologna, Italy; Neurology Department (K.B.), Cruces University Hospital, Barakaldo, Spain; Department of Neurology (M.B.), Odense University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurogenetics (N.B.), University of Lübeck, Germany; Department of Neurology (T.F.), Medical Clinic of Hospital Geral Cleriston Andrade, Feira de Santana, Brazil; Neurology Unit, Department of Medicine (C.F.N.), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Department of Movement Disorders and Neurology (C. Giordana), CHU Nice, France; Department of Neurology (A.H.-S.M.), Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain; Department of Psychobiology (L.H.), Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Brazil; Clinical Neurosciences (K.K.), St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (H.L.), LKH Murtal, Standort Knittelfeld, Austria; Department of Neurology (T.M.), Fundación Jiménez Diaz, Madrid; Department of Neurology (C.M.), Hospital Universitari i Politècnic La Fe, Valencia; Department of Neurology (J.P.P.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona; Department of Neurology (I.P.), Hospital La Paz, Madrid, Spain; Department of Neurology (T.S.-H.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (C.S.), Mainz University Hospital, Mainz, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.M.S.), University of São Paulo Medical School, Brazil; Department of Neurology (N. Tellez), Hospital Clínico Universitario, Valladolid; Department of Neurology (J.V.-Á.), Hospital Universitario Rey Juan Carlos, Madrid, Spain; Department of Neurology (B.W.), Antwerp University Hospital and University of Antwerp, Belgium; and Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA) (J.D.), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lucio Huebra
- From the Neuroimmunology Program (C. Gaig, L.S., A.I., J.S.C., J.D., F.G.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS); Department of Neurology (C. Gaig, Y. Compta, M.J.M., A.I., J.S., J.D.), Multidisciplinary Sleep Disorders Unit (C. Gaig, A.I., J.S.), and Parkinson's Disease & Movement Disorders Unit (Y. Compta, M.J.M.), Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology, Division of Sleep Medicine and Neuromuscular Disorders (A.H.), University Hospital Muenster, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.H., B.H.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Neurology (M.J.T., Y. Crijnen), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (J.L.), Ulm University, Germany; Neurology Department, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra (M.E.E.), Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), Pamplona; Neurology Department (J.C.G.-M.), Hospital Universitario de Basurto, Bilbao (formerly Department of Neurology, Hospital de Galdakao); Movement Disorders Center (P.N., N. Tambasco), Perugia General Hospital and University of Perugia, Italy; Department of Neurology and Neurorehabilitation (M.P.-O.), Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland; Department of Neurology (M.E.), Klinik Donaustadt, Karl-Landsteiner-Institut, Vienna; Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry (R.H.), Department of Neurology (S.M., E.B.-S.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Section Translational Neuroimmunology (C. Geis), Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology 1 (M.H.), Neuromed Campus, Kepler Universitätsklinikum Linz; Department of Neurology with Stroke Unit and Acute Geriatrics (M.H.), Saint John of God Hospital Linz, Austria; Department of Neurology and Neurosciences (A.M.-T., A.M.-B.), Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona-Madrid; Department of Neurology (L.L., S.Q.), Hospital La Princesa, Madrid, Spain; Department of Neurology (G.U.H., N.M.), Hannover Medical School; Department of Neurology (F.S.) and Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, University Hospital and Biomedical Center (F.S.T.), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany; Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences (DiBiNeM) (G.M.A., F.P.), Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (F.P.); Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences (G.P.), University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena; IRCCS (G.P.), Institute of Neurological Sciences of Bologna, Italy; Neurology Department (K.B.), Cruces University Hospital, Barakaldo, Spain; Department of Neurology (M.B.), Odense University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurogenetics (N.B.), University of Lübeck, Germany; Department of Neurology (T.F.), Medical Clinic of Hospital Geral Cleriston Andrade, Feira de Santana, Brazil; Neurology Unit, Department of Medicine (C.F.N.), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Department of Movement Disorders and Neurology (C. Giordana), CHU Nice, France; Department of Neurology (A.H.-S.M.), Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain; Department of Psychobiology (L.H.), Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Brazil; Clinical Neurosciences (K.K.), St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (H.L.), LKH Murtal, Standort Knittelfeld, Austria; Department of Neurology (T.M.), Fundación Jiménez Diaz, Madrid; Department of Neurology (C.M.), Hospital Universitari i Politècnic La Fe, Valencia; Department of Neurology (J.P.P.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona; Department of Neurology (I.P.), Hospital La Paz, Madrid, Spain; Department of Neurology (T.S.-H.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (C.S.), Mainz University Hospital, Mainz, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.M.S.), University of São Paulo Medical School, Brazil; Department of Neurology (N. Tellez), Hospital Clínico Universitario, Valladolid; Department of Neurology (J.V.-Á.), Hospital Universitario Rey Juan Carlos, Madrid, Spain; Department of Neurology (B.W.), Antwerp University Hospital and University of Antwerp, Belgium; and Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA) (J.D.), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Katya Kotschet
- From the Neuroimmunology Program (C. Gaig, L.S., A.I., J.S.C., J.D., F.G.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS); Department of Neurology (C. Gaig, Y. Compta, M.J.M., A.I., J.S., J.D.), Multidisciplinary Sleep Disorders Unit (C. Gaig, A.I., J.S.), and Parkinson's Disease & Movement Disorders Unit (Y. Compta, M.J.M.), Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology, Division of Sleep Medicine and Neuromuscular Disorders (A.H.), University Hospital Muenster, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.H., B.H.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Neurology (M.J.T., Y. Crijnen), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (J.L.), Ulm University, Germany; Neurology Department, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra (M.E.E.), Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), Pamplona; Neurology Department (J.C.G.-M.), Hospital Universitario de Basurto, Bilbao (formerly Department of Neurology, Hospital de Galdakao); Movement Disorders Center (P.N., N. Tambasco), Perugia General Hospital and University of Perugia, Italy; Department of Neurology and Neurorehabilitation (M.P.-O.), Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland; Department of Neurology (M.E.), Klinik Donaustadt, Karl-Landsteiner-Institut, Vienna; Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry (R.H.), Department of Neurology (S.M., E.B.-S.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Section Translational Neuroimmunology (C. Geis), Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology 1 (M.H.), Neuromed Campus, Kepler Universitätsklinikum Linz; Department of Neurology with Stroke Unit and Acute Geriatrics (M.H.), Saint John of God Hospital Linz, Austria; Department of Neurology and Neurosciences (A.M.-T., A.M.-B.), Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona-Madrid; Department of Neurology (L.L., S.Q.), Hospital La Princesa, Madrid, Spain; Department of Neurology (G.U.H., N.M.), Hannover Medical School; Department of Neurology (F.S.) and Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, University Hospital and Biomedical Center (F.S.T.), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany; Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences (DiBiNeM) (G.M.A., F.P.), Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (F.P.); Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences (G.P.), University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena; IRCCS (G.P.), Institute of Neurological Sciences of Bologna, Italy; Neurology Department (K.B.), Cruces University Hospital, Barakaldo, Spain; Department of Neurology (M.B.), Odense University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurogenetics (N.B.), University of Lübeck, Germany; Department of Neurology (T.F.), Medical Clinic of Hospital Geral Cleriston Andrade, Feira de Santana, Brazil; Neurology Unit, Department of Medicine (C.F.N.), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Department of Movement Disorders and Neurology (C. Giordana), CHU Nice, France; Department of Neurology (A.H.-S.M.), Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain; Department of Psychobiology (L.H.), Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Brazil; Clinical Neurosciences (K.K.), St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (H.L.), LKH Murtal, Standort Knittelfeld, Austria; Department of Neurology (T.M.), Fundación Jiménez Diaz, Madrid; Department of Neurology (C.M.), Hospital Universitari i Politècnic La Fe, Valencia; Department of Neurology (J.P.P.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona; Department of Neurology (I.P.), Hospital La Paz, Madrid, Spain; Department of Neurology (T.S.-H.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (C.S.), Mainz University Hospital, Mainz, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.M.S.), University of São Paulo Medical School, Brazil; Department of Neurology (N. Tellez), Hospital Clínico Universitario, Valladolid; Department of Neurology (J.V.-Á.), Hospital Universitario Rey Juan Carlos, Madrid, Spain; Department of Neurology (B.W.), Antwerp University Hospital and University of Antwerp, Belgium; and Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA) (J.D.), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Herburg Liendl
- From the Neuroimmunology Program (C. Gaig, L.S., A.I., J.S.C., J.D., F.G.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS); Department of Neurology (C. Gaig, Y. Compta, M.J.M., A.I., J.S., J.D.), Multidisciplinary Sleep Disorders Unit (C. Gaig, A.I., J.S.), and Parkinson's Disease & Movement Disorders Unit (Y. Compta, M.J.M.), Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology, Division of Sleep Medicine and Neuromuscular Disorders (A.H.), University Hospital Muenster, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.H., B.H.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Neurology (M.J.T., Y. Crijnen), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (J.L.), Ulm University, Germany; Neurology Department, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra (M.E.E.), Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), Pamplona; Neurology Department (J.C.G.-M.), Hospital Universitario de Basurto, Bilbao (formerly Department of Neurology, Hospital de Galdakao); Movement Disorders Center (P.N., N. Tambasco), Perugia General Hospital and University of Perugia, Italy; Department of Neurology and Neurorehabilitation (M.P.-O.), Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland; Department of Neurology (M.E.), Klinik Donaustadt, Karl-Landsteiner-Institut, Vienna; Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry (R.H.), Department of Neurology (S.M., E.B.-S.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Section Translational Neuroimmunology (C. Geis), Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology 1 (M.H.), Neuromed Campus, Kepler Universitätsklinikum Linz; Department of Neurology with Stroke Unit and Acute Geriatrics (M.H.), Saint John of God Hospital Linz, Austria; Department of Neurology and Neurosciences (A.M.-T., A.M.-B.), Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona-Madrid; Department of Neurology (L.L., S.Q.), Hospital La Princesa, Madrid, Spain; Department of Neurology (G.U.H., N.M.), Hannover Medical School; Department of Neurology (F.S.) and Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, University Hospital and Biomedical Center (F.S.T.), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany; Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences (DiBiNeM) (G.M.A., F.P.), Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (F.P.); Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences (G.P.), University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena; IRCCS (G.P.), Institute of Neurological Sciences of Bologna, Italy; Neurology Department (K.B.), Cruces University Hospital, Barakaldo, Spain; Department of Neurology (M.B.), Odense University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurogenetics (N.B.), University of Lübeck, Germany; Department of Neurology (T.F.), Medical Clinic of Hospital Geral Cleriston Andrade, Feira de Santana, Brazil; Neurology Unit, Department of Medicine (C.F.N.), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Department of Movement Disorders and Neurology (C. Giordana), CHU Nice, France; Department of Neurology (A.H.-S.M.), Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain; Department of Psychobiology (L.H.), Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Brazil; Clinical Neurosciences (K.K.), St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (H.L.), LKH Murtal, Standort Knittelfeld, Austria; Department of Neurology (T.M.), Fundación Jiménez Diaz, Madrid; Department of Neurology (C.M.), Hospital Universitari i Politècnic La Fe, Valencia; Department of Neurology (J.P.P.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona; Department of Neurology (I.P.), Hospital La Paz, Madrid, Spain; Department of Neurology (T.S.-H.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (C.S.), Mainz University Hospital, Mainz, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.M.S.), University of São Paulo Medical School, Brazil; Department of Neurology (N. Tellez), Hospital Clínico Universitario, Valladolid; Department of Neurology (J.V.-Á.), Hospital Universitario Rey Juan Carlos, Madrid, Spain; Department of Neurology (B.W.), Antwerp University Hospital and University of Antwerp, Belgium; and Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA) (J.D.), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Teresa Montojo
- From the Neuroimmunology Program (C. Gaig, L.S., A.I., J.S.C., J.D., F.G.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS); Department of Neurology (C. Gaig, Y. Compta, M.J.M., A.I., J.S., J.D.), Multidisciplinary Sleep Disorders Unit (C. Gaig, A.I., J.S.), and Parkinson's Disease & Movement Disorders Unit (Y. Compta, M.J.M.), Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology, Division of Sleep Medicine and Neuromuscular Disorders (A.H.), University Hospital Muenster, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.H., B.H.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Neurology (M.J.T., Y. Crijnen), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (J.L.), Ulm University, Germany; Neurology Department, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra (M.E.E.), Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), Pamplona; Neurology Department (J.C.G.-M.), Hospital Universitario de Basurto, Bilbao (formerly Department of Neurology, Hospital de Galdakao); Movement Disorders Center (P.N., N. Tambasco), Perugia General Hospital and University of Perugia, Italy; Department of Neurology and Neurorehabilitation (M.P.-O.), Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland; Department of Neurology (M.E.), Klinik Donaustadt, Karl-Landsteiner-Institut, Vienna; Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry (R.H.), Department of Neurology (S.M., E.B.-S.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Section Translational Neuroimmunology (C. Geis), Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology 1 (M.H.), Neuromed Campus, Kepler Universitätsklinikum Linz; Department of Neurology with Stroke Unit and Acute Geriatrics (M.H.), Saint John of God Hospital Linz, Austria; Department of Neurology and Neurosciences (A.M.-T., A.M.-B.), Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona-Madrid; Department of Neurology (L.L., S.Q.), Hospital La Princesa, Madrid, Spain; Department of Neurology (G.U.H., N.M.), Hannover Medical School; Department of Neurology (F.S.) and Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, University Hospital and Biomedical Center (F.S.T.), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany; Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences (DiBiNeM) (G.M.A., F.P.), Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (F.P.); Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences (G.P.), University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena; IRCCS (G.P.), Institute of Neurological Sciences of Bologna, Italy; Neurology Department (K.B.), Cruces University Hospital, Barakaldo, Spain; Department of Neurology (M.B.), Odense University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurogenetics (N.B.), University of Lübeck, Germany; Department of Neurology (T.F.), Medical Clinic of Hospital Geral Cleriston Andrade, Feira de Santana, Brazil; Neurology Unit, Department of Medicine (C.F.N.), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Department of Movement Disorders and Neurology (C. Giordana), CHU Nice, France; Department of Neurology (A.H.-S.M.), Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain; Department of Psychobiology (L.H.), Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Brazil; Clinical Neurosciences (K.K.), St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (H.L.), LKH Murtal, Standort Knittelfeld, Austria; Department of Neurology (T.M.), Fundación Jiménez Diaz, Madrid; Department of Neurology (C.M.), Hospital Universitari i Politècnic La Fe, Valencia; Department of Neurology (J.P.P.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona; Department of Neurology (I.P.), Hospital La Paz, Madrid, Spain; Department of Neurology (T.S.-H.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (C.S.), Mainz University Hospital, Mainz, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.M.S.), University of São Paulo Medical School, Brazil; Department of Neurology (N. Tellez), Hospital Clínico Universitario, Valladolid; Department of Neurology (J.V.-Á.), Hospital Universitario Rey Juan Carlos, Madrid, Spain; Department of Neurology (B.W.), Antwerp University Hospital and University of Antwerp, Belgium; and Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA) (J.D.), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carlos Morata
- From the Neuroimmunology Program (C. Gaig, L.S., A.I., J.S.C., J.D., F.G.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS); Department of Neurology (C. Gaig, Y. Compta, M.J.M., A.I., J.S., J.D.), Multidisciplinary Sleep Disorders Unit (C. Gaig, A.I., J.S.), and Parkinson's Disease & Movement Disorders Unit (Y. Compta, M.J.M.), Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology, Division of Sleep Medicine and Neuromuscular Disorders (A.H.), University Hospital Muenster, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.H., B.H.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Neurology (M.J.T., Y. Crijnen), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (J.L.), Ulm University, Germany; Neurology Department, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra (M.E.E.), Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), Pamplona; Neurology Department (J.C.G.-M.), Hospital Universitario de Basurto, Bilbao (formerly Department of Neurology, Hospital de Galdakao); Movement Disorders Center (P.N., N. Tambasco), Perugia General Hospital and University of Perugia, Italy; Department of Neurology and Neurorehabilitation (M.P.-O.), Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland; Department of Neurology (M.E.), Klinik Donaustadt, Karl-Landsteiner-Institut, Vienna; Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry (R.H.), Department of Neurology (S.M., E.B.-S.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Section Translational Neuroimmunology (C. Geis), Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology 1 (M.H.), Neuromed Campus, Kepler Universitätsklinikum Linz; Department of Neurology with Stroke Unit and Acute Geriatrics (M.H.), Saint John of God Hospital Linz, Austria; Department of Neurology and Neurosciences (A.M.-T., A.M.-B.), Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona-Madrid; Department of Neurology (L.L., S.Q.), Hospital La Princesa, Madrid, Spain; Department of Neurology (G.U.H., N.M.), Hannover Medical School; Department of Neurology (F.S.) and Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, University Hospital and Biomedical Center (F.S.T.), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany; Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences (DiBiNeM) (G.M.A., F.P.), Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (F.P.); Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences (G.P.), University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena; IRCCS (G.P.), Institute of Neurological Sciences of Bologna, Italy; Neurology Department (K.B.), Cruces University Hospital, Barakaldo, Spain; Department of Neurology (M.B.), Odense University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurogenetics (N.B.), University of Lübeck, Germany; Department of Neurology (T.F.), Medical Clinic of Hospital Geral Cleriston Andrade, Feira de Santana, Brazil; Neurology Unit, Department of Medicine (C.F.N.), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Department of Movement Disorders and Neurology (C. Giordana), CHU Nice, France; Department of Neurology (A.H.-S.M.), Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain; Department of Psychobiology (L.H.), Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Brazil; Clinical Neurosciences (K.K.), St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (H.L.), LKH Murtal, Standort Knittelfeld, Austria; Department of Neurology (T.M.), Fundación Jiménez Diaz, Madrid; Department of Neurology (C.M.), Hospital Universitari i Politècnic La Fe, Valencia; Department of Neurology (J.P.P.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona; Department of Neurology (I.P.), Hospital La Paz, Madrid, Spain; Department of Neurology (T.S.-H.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (C.S.), Mainz University Hospital, Mainz, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.M.S.), University of São Paulo Medical School, Brazil; Department of Neurology (N. Tellez), Hospital Clínico Universitario, Valladolid; Department of Neurology (J.V.-Á.), Hospital Universitario Rey Juan Carlos, Madrid, Spain; Department of Neurology (B.W.), Antwerp University Hospital and University of Antwerp, Belgium; and Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA) (J.D.), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jesus Pérez-Pérez
- From the Neuroimmunology Program (C. Gaig, L.S., A.I., J.S.C., J.D., F.G.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS); Department of Neurology (C. Gaig, Y. Compta, M.J.M., A.I., J.S., J.D.), Multidisciplinary Sleep Disorders Unit (C. Gaig, A.I., J.S.), and Parkinson's Disease & Movement Disorders Unit (Y. Compta, M.J.M.), Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology, Division of Sleep Medicine and Neuromuscular Disorders (A.H.), University Hospital Muenster, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.H., B.H.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Neurology (M.J.T., Y. Crijnen), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (J.L.), Ulm University, Germany; Neurology Department, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra (M.E.E.), Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), Pamplona; Neurology Department (J.C.G.-M.), Hospital Universitario de Basurto, Bilbao (formerly Department of Neurology, Hospital de Galdakao); Movement Disorders Center (P.N., N. Tambasco), Perugia General Hospital and University of Perugia, Italy; Department of Neurology and Neurorehabilitation (M.P.-O.), Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland; Department of Neurology (M.E.), Klinik Donaustadt, Karl-Landsteiner-Institut, Vienna; Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry (R.H.), Department of Neurology (S.M., E.B.-S.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Section Translational Neuroimmunology (C. Geis), Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology 1 (M.H.), Neuromed Campus, Kepler Universitätsklinikum Linz; Department of Neurology with Stroke Unit and Acute Geriatrics (M.H.), Saint John of God Hospital Linz, Austria; Department of Neurology and Neurosciences (A.M.-T., A.M.-B.), Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona-Madrid; Department of Neurology (L.L., S.Q.), Hospital La Princesa, Madrid, Spain; Department of Neurology (G.U.H., N.M.), Hannover Medical School; Department of Neurology (F.S.) and Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, University Hospital and Biomedical Center (F.S.T.), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany; Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences (DiBiNeM) (G.M.A., F.P.), Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (F.P.); Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences (G.P.), University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena; IRCCS (G.P.), Institute of Neurological Sciences of Bologna, Italy; Neurology Department (K.B.), Cruces University Hospital, Barakaldo, Spain; Department of Neurology (M.B.), Odense University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurogenetics (N.B.), University of Lübeck, Germany; Department of Neurology (T.F.), Medical Clinic of Hospital Geral Cleriston Andrade, Feira de Santana, Brazil; Neurology Unit, Department of Medicine (C.F.N.), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Department of Movement Disorders and Neurology (C. Giordana), CHU Nice, France; Department of Neurology (A.H.-S.M.), Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain; Department of Psychobiology (L.H.), Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Brazil; Clinical Neurosciences (K.K.), St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (H.L.), LKH Murtal, Standort Knittelfeld, Austria; Department of Neurology (T.M.), Fundación Jiménez Diaz, Madrid; Department of Neurology (C.M.), Hospital Universitari i Politècnic La Fe, Valencia; Department of Neurology (J.P.P.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona; Department of Neurology (I.P.), Hospital La Paz, Madrid, Spain; Department of Neurology (T.S.-H.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (C.S.), Mainz University Hospital, Mainz, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.M.S.), University of São Paulo Medical School, Brazil; Department of Neurology (N. Tellez), Hospital Clínico Universitario, Valladolid; Department of Neurology (J.V.-Á.), Hospital Universitario Rey Juan Carlos, Madrid, Spain; Department of Neurology (B.W.), Antwerp University Hospital and University of Antwerp, Belgium; and Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA) (J.D.), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Inmaculada Puertas
- From the Neuroimmunology Program (C. Gaig, L.S., A.I., J.S.C., J.D., F.G.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS); Department of Neurology (C. Gaig, Y. Compta, M.J.M., A.I., J.S., J.D.), Multidisciplinary Sleep Disorders Unit (C. Gaig, A.I., J.S.), and Parkinson's Disease & Movement Disorders Unit (Y. Compta, M.J.M.), Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology, Division of Sleep Medicine and Neuromuscular Disorders (A.H.), University Hospital Muenster, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.H., B.H.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Neurology (M.J.T., Y. Crijnen), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (J.L.), Ulm University, Germany; Neurology Department, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra (M.E.E.), Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), Pamplona; Neurology Department (J.C.G.-M.), Hospital Universitario de Basurto, Bilbao (formerly Department of Neurology, Hospital de Galdakao); Movement Disorders Center (P.N., N. Tambasco), Perugia General Hospital and University of Perugia, Italy; Department of Neurology and Neurorehabilitation (M.P.-O.), Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland; Department of Neurology (M.E.), Klinik Donaustadt, Karl-Landsteiner-Institut, Vienna; Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry (R.H.), Department of Neurology (S.M., E.B.-S.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Section Translational Neuroimmunology (C. Geis), Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology 1 (M.H.), Neuromed Campus, Kepler Universitätsklinikum Linz; Department of Neurology with Stroke Unit and Acute Geriatrics (M.H.), Saint John of God Hospital Linz, Austria; Department of Neurology and Neurosciences (A.M.-T., A.M.-B.), Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona-Madrid; Department of Neurology (L.L., S.Q.), Hospital La Princesa, Madrid, Spain; Department of Neurology (G.U.H., N.M.), Hannover Medical School; Department of Neurology (F.S.) and Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, University Hospital and Biomedical Center (F.S.T.), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany; Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences (DiBiNeM) (G.M.A., F.P.), Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (F.P.); Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences (G.P.), University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena; IRCCS (G.P.), Institute of Neurological Sciences of Bologna, Italy; Neurology Department (K.B.), Cruces University Hospital, Barakaldo, Spain; Department of Neurology (M.B.), Odense University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurogenetics (N.B.), University of Lübeck, Germany; Department of Neurology (T.F.), Medical Clinic of Hospital Geral Cleriston Andrade, Feira de Santana, Brazil; Neurology Unit, Department of Medicine (C.F.N.), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Department of Movement Disorders and Neurology (C. Giordana), CHU Nice, France; Department of Neurology (A.H.-S.M.), Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain; Department of Psychobiology (L.H.), Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Brazil; Clinical Neurosciences (K.K.), St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (H.L.), LKH Murtal, Standort Knittelfeld, Austria; Department of Neurology (T.M.), Fundación Jiménez Diaz, Madrid; Department of Neurology (C.M.), Hospital Universitari i Politècnic La Fe, Valencia; Department of Neurology (J.P.P.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona; Department of Neurology (I.P.), Hospital La Paz, Madrid, Spain; Department of Neurology (T.S.-H.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (C.S.), Mainz University Hospital, Mainz, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.M.S.), University of São Paulo Medical School, Brazil; Department of Neurology (N. Tellez), Hospital Clínico Universitario, Valladolid; Department of Neurology (J.V.-Á.), Hospital Universitario Rey Juan Carlos, Madrid, Spain; Department of Neurology (B.W.), Antwerp University Hospital and University of Antwerp, Belgium; and Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA) (J.D.), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Thomas Seifert-Held
- From the Neuroimmunology Program (C. Gaig, L.S., A.I., J.S.C., J.D., F.G.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS); Department of Neurology (C. Gaig, Y. Compta, M.J.M., A.I., J.S., J.D.), Multidisciplinary Sleep Disorders Unit (C. Gaig, A.I., J.S.), and Parkinson's Disease & Movement Disorders Unit (Y. Compta, M.J.M.), Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology, Division of Sleep Medicine and Neuromuscular Disorders (A.H.), University Hospital Muenster, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.H., B.H.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Neurology (M.J.T., Y. Crijnen), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (J.L.), Ulm University, Germany; Neurology Department, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra (M.E.E.), Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), Pamplona; Neurology Department (J.C.G.-M.), Hospital Universitario de Basurto, Bilbao (formerly Department of Neurology, Hospital de Galdakao); Movement Disorders Center (P.N., N. Tambasco), Perugia General Hospital and University of Perugia, Italy; Department of Neurology and Neurorehabilitation (M.P.-O.), Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland; Department of Neurology (M.E.), Klinik Donaustadt, Karl-Landsteiner-Institut, Vienna; Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry (R.H.), Department of Neurology (S.M., E.B.-S.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Section Translational Neuroimmunology (C. Geis), Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology 1 (M.H.), Neuromed Campus, Kepler Universitätsklinikum Linz; Department of Neurology with Stroke Unit and Acute Geriatrics (M.H.), Saint John of God Hospital Linz, Austria; Department of Neurology and Neurosciences (A.M.-T., A.M.-B.), Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona-Madrid; Department of Neurology (L.L., S.Q.), Hospital La Princesa, Madrid, Spain; Department of Neurology (G.U.H., N.M.), Hannover Medical School; Department of Neurology (F.S.) and Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, University Hospital and Biomedical Center (F.S.T.), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany; Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences (DiBiNeM) (G.M.A., F.P.), Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (F.P.); Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences (G.P.), University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena; IRCCS (G.P.), Institute of Neurological Sciences of Bologna, Italy; Neurology Department (K.B.), Cruces University Hospital, Barakaldo, Spain; Department of Neurology (M.B.), Odense University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurogenetics (N.B.), University of Lübeck, Germany; Department of Neurology (T.F.), Medical Clinic of Hospital Geral Cleriston Andrade, Feira de Santana, Brazil; Neurology Unit, Department of Medicine (C.F.N.), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Department of Movement Disorders and Neurology (C. Giordana), CHU Nice, France; Department of Neurology (A.H.-S.M.), Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain; Department of Psychobiology (L.H.), Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Brazil; Clinical Neurosciences (K.K.), St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (H.L.), LKH Murtal, Standort Knittelfeld, Austria; Department of Neurology (T.M.), Fundación Jiménez Diaz, Madrid; Department of Neurology (C.M.), Hospital Universitari i Politècnic La Fe, Valencia; Department of Neurology (J.P.P.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona; Department of Neurology (I.P.), Hospital La Paz, Madrid, Spain; Department of Neurology (T.S.-H.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (C.S.), Mainz University Hospital, Mainz, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.M.S.), University of São Paulo Medical School, Brazil; Department of Neurology (N. Tellez), Hospital Clínico Universitario, Valladolid; Department of Neurology (J.V.-Á.), Hospital Universitario Rey Juan Carlos, Madrid, Spain; Department of Neurology (B.W.), Antwerp University Hospital and University of Antwerp, Belgium; and Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA) (J.D.), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Caspar Seitz
- From the Neuroimmunology Program (C. Gaig, L.S., A.I., J.S.C., J.D., F.G.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS); Department of Neurology (C. Gaig, Y. Compta, M.J.M., A.I., J.S., J.D.), Multidisciplinary Sleep Disorders Unit (C. Gaig, A.I., J.S.), and Parkinson's Disease & Movement Disorders Unit (Y. Compta, M.J.M.), Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology, Division of Sleep Medicine and Neuromuscular Disorders (A.H.), University Hospital Muenster, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.H., B.H.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Neurology (M.J.T., Y. Crijnen), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (J.L.), Ulm University, Germany; Neurology Department, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra (M.E.E.), Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), Pamplona; Neurology Department (J.C.G.-M.), Hospital Universitario de Basurto, Bilbao (formerly Department of Neurology, Hospital de Galdakao); Movement Disorders Center (P.N., N. Tambasco), Perugia General Hospital and University of Perugia, Italy; Department of Neurology and Neurorehabilitation (M.P.-O.), Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland; Department of Neurology (M.E.), Klinik Donaustadt, Karl-Landsteiner-Institut, Vienna; Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry (R.H.), Department of Neurology (S.M., E.B.-S.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Section Translational Neuroimmunology (C. Geis), Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology 1 (M.H.), Neuromed Campus, Kepler Universitätsklinikum Linz; Department of Neurology with Stroke Unit and Acute Geriatrics (M.H.), Saint John of God Hospital Linz, Austria; Department of Neurology and Neurosciences (A.M.-T., A.M.-B.), Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona-Madrid; Department of Neurology (L.L., S.Q.), Hospital La Princesa, Madrid, Spain; Department of Neurology (G.U.H., N.M.), Hannover Medical School; Department of Neurology (F.S.) and Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, University Hospital and Biomedical Center (F.S.T.), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany; Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences (DiBiNeM) (G.M.A., F.P.), Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (F.P.); Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences (G.P.), University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena; IRCCS (G.P.), Institute of Neurological Sciences of Bologna, Italy; Neurology Department (K.B.), Cruces University Hospital, Barakaldo, Spain; Department of Neurology (M.B.), Odense University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurogenetics (N.B.), University of Lübeck, Germany; Department of Neurology (T.F.), Medical Clinic of Hospital Geral Cleriston Andrade, Feira de Santana, Brazil; Neurology Unit, Department of Medicine (C.F.N.), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Department of Movement Disorders and Neurology (C. Giordana), CHU Nice, France; Department of Neurology (A.H.-S.M.), Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain; Department of Psychobiology (L.H.), Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Brazil; Clinical Neurosciences (K.K.), St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (H.L.), LKH Murtal, Standort Knittelfeld, Austria; Department of Neurology (T.M.), Fundación Jiménez Diaz, Madrid; Department of Neurology (C.M.), Hospital Universitari i Politècnic La Fe, Valencia; Department of Neurology (J.P.P.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona; Department of Neurology (I.P.), Hospital La Paz, Madrid, Spain; Department of Neurology (T.S.-H.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (C.S.), Mainz University Hospital, Mainz, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.M.S.), University of São Paulo Medical School, Brazil; Department of Neurology (N. Tellez), Hospital Clínico Universitario, Valladolid; Department of Neurology (J.V.-Á.), Hospital Universitario Rey Juan Carlos, Madrid, Spain; Department of Neurology (B.W.), Antwerp University Hospital and University of Antwerp, Belgium; and Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA) (J.D.), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mateus Mistieri Simabukuro
- From the Neuroimmunology Program (C. Gaig, L.S., A.I., J.S.C., J.D., F.G.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS); Department of Neurology (C. Gaig, Y. Compta, M.J.M., A.I., J.S., J.D.), Multidisciplinary Sleep Disorders Unit (C. Gaig, A.I., J.S.), and Parkinson's Disease & Movement Disorders Unit (Y. Compta, M.J.M.), Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology, Division of Sleep Medicine and Neuromuscular Disorders (A.H.), University Hospital Muenster, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.H., B.H.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Neurology (M.J.T., Y. Crijnen), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (J.L.), Ulm University, Germany; Neurology Department, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra (M.E.E.), Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), Pamplona; Neurology Department (J.C.G.-M.), Hospital Universitario de Basurto, Bilbao (formerly Department of Neurology, Hospital de Galdakao); Movement Disorders Center (P.N., N. Tambasco), Perugia General Hospital and University of Perugia, Italy; Department of Neurology and Neurorehabilitation (M.P.-O.), Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland; Department of Neurology (M.E.), Klinik Donaustadt, Karl-Landsteiner-Institut, Vienna; Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry (R.H.), Department of Neurology (S.M., E.B.-S.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Section Translational Neuroimmunology (C. Geis), Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology 1 (M.H.), Neuromed Campus, Kepler Universitätsklinikum Linz; Department of Neurology with Stroke Unit and Acute Geriatrics (M.H.), Saint John of God Hospital Linz, Austria; Department of Neurology and Neurosciences (A.M.-T., A.M.-B.), Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona-Madrid; Department of Neurology (L.L., S.Q.), Hospital La Princesa, Madrid, Spain; Department of Neurology (G.U.H., N.M.), Hannover Medical School; Department of Neurology (F.S.) and Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, University Hospital and Biomedical Center (F.S.T.), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany; Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences (DiBiNeM) (G.M.A., F.P.), Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (F.P.); Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences (G.P.), University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena; IRCCS (G.P.), Institute of Neurological Sciences of Bologna, Italy; Neurology Department (K.B.), Cruces University Hospital, Barakaldo, Spain; Department of Neurology (M.B.), Odense University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurogenetics (N.B.), University of Lübeck, Germany; Department of Neurology (T.F.), Medical Clinic of Hospital Geral Cleriston Andrade, Feira de Santana, Brazil; Neurology Unit, Department of Medicine (C.F.N.), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Department of Movement Disorders and Neurology (C. Giordana), CHU Nice, France; Department of Neurology (A.H.-S.M.), Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain; Department of Psychobiology (L.H.), Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Brazil; Clinical Neurosciences (K.K.), St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (H.L.), LKH Murtal, Standort Knittelfeld, Austria; Department of Neurology (T.M.), Fundación Jiménez Diaz, Madrid; Department of Neurology (C.M.), Hospital Universitari i Politècnic La Fe, Valencia; Department of Neurology (J.P.P.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona; Department of Neurology (I.P.), Hospital La Paz, Madrid, Spain; Department of Neurology (T.S.-H.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (C.S.), Mainz University Hospital, Mainz, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.M.S.), University of São Paulo Medical School, Brazil; Department of Neurology (N. Tellez), Hospital Clínico Universitario, Valladolid; Department of Neurology (J.V.-Á.), Hospital Universitario Rey Juan Carlos, Madrid, Spain; Department of Neurology (B.W.), Antwerp University Hospital and University of Antwerp, Belgium; and Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA) (J.D.), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nieves Téllez
- From the Neuroimmunology Program (C. Gaig, L.S., A.I., J.S.C., J.D., F.G.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS); Department of Neurology (C. Gaig, Y. Compta, M.J.M., A.I., J.S., J.D.), Multidisciplinary Sleep Disorders Unit (C. Gaig, A.I., J.S.), and Parkinson's Disease & Movement Disorders Unit (Y. Compta, M.J.M.), Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology, Division of Sleep Medicine and Neuromuscular Disorders (A.H.), University Hospital Muenster, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.H., B.H.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Neurology (M.J.T., Y. Crijnen), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (J.L.), Ulm University, Germany; Neurology Department, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra (M.E.E.), Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), Pamplona; Neurology Department (J.C.G.-M.), Hospital Universitario de Basurto, Bilbao (formerly Department of Neurology, Hospital de Galdakao); Movement Disorders Center (P.N., N. Tambasco), Perugia General Hospital and University of Perugia, Italy; Department of Neurology and Neurorehabilitation (M.P.-O.), Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland; Department of Neurology (M.E.), Klinik Donaustadt, Karl-Landsteiner-Institut, Vienna; Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry (R.H.), Department of Neurology (S.M., E.B.-S.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Section Translational Neuroimmunology (C. Geis), Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology 1 (M.H.), Neuromed Campus, Kepler Universitätsklinikum Linz; Department of Neurology with Stroke Unit and Acute Geriatrics (M.H.), Saint John of God Hospital Linz, Austria; Department of Neurology and Neurosciences (A.M.-T., A.M.-B.), Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona-Madrid; Department of Neurology (L.L., S.Q.), Hospital La Princesa, Madrid, Spain; Department of Neurology (G.U.H., N.M.), Hannover Medical School; Department of Neurology (F.S.) and Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, University Hospital and Biomedical Center (F.S.T.), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany; Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences (DiBiNeM) (G.M.A., F.P.), Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (F.P.); Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences (G.P.), University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena; IRCCS (G.P.), Institute of Neurological Sciences of Bologna, Italy; Neurology Department (K.B.), Cruces University Hospital, Barakaldo, Spain; Department of Neurology (M.B.), Odense University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurogenetics (N.B.), University of Lübeck, Germany; Department of Neurology (T.F.), Medical Clinic of Hospital Geral Cleriston Andrade, Feira de Santana, Brazil; Neurology Unit, Department of Medicine (C.F.N.), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Department of Movement Disorders and Neurology (C. Giordana), CHU Nice, France; Department of Neurology (A.H.-S.M.), Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain; Department of Psychobiology (L.H.), Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Brazil; Clinical Neurosciences (K.K.), St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (H.L.), LKH Murtal, Standort Knittelfeld, Austria; Department of Neurology (T.M.), Fundación Jiménez Diaz, Madrid; Department of Neurology (C.M.), Hospital Universitari i Politècnic La Fe, Valencia; Department of Neurology (J.P.P.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona; Department of Neurology (I.P.), Hospital La Paz, Madrid, Spain; Department of Neurology (T.S.-H.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (C.S.), Mainz University Hospital, Mainz, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.M.S.), University of São Paulo Medical School, Brazil; Department of Neurology (N. Tellez), Hospital Clínico Universitario, Valladolid; Department of Neurology (J.V.-Á.), Hospital Universitario Rey Juan Carlos, Madrid, Spain; Department of Neurology (B.W.), Antwerp University Hospital and University of Antwerp, Belgium; and Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA) (J.D.), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Javier Villacieros-Álvarez
- From the Neuroimmunology Program (C. Gaig, L.S., A.I., J.S.C., J.D., F.G.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS); Department of Neurology (C. Gaig, Y. Compta, M.J.M., A.I., J.S., J.D.), Multidisciplinary Sleep Disorders Unit (C. Gaig, A.I., J.S.), and Parkinson's Disease & Movement Disorders Unit (Y. Compta, M.J.M.), Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology, Division of Sleep Medicine and Neuromuscular Disorders (A.H.), University Hospital Muenster, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.H., B.H.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Neurology (M.J.T., Y. Crijnen), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (J.L.), Ulm University, Germany; Neurology Department, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra (M.E.E.), Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), Pamplona; Neurology Department (J.C.G.-M.), Hospital Universitario de Basurto, Bilbao (formerly Department of Neurology, Hospital de Galdakao); Movement Disorders Center (P.N., N. Tambasco), Perugia General Hospital and University of Perugia, Italy; Department of Neurology and Neurorehabilitation (M.P.-O.), Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland; Department of Neurology (M.E.), Klinik Donaustadt, Karl-Landsteiner-Institut, Vienna; Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry (R.H.), Department of Neurology (S.M., E.B.-S.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Section Translational Neuroimmunology (C. Geis), Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology 1 (M.H.), Neuromed Campus, Kepler Universitätsklinikum Linz; Department of Neurology with Stroke Unit and Acute Geriatrics (M.H.), Saint John of God Hospital Linz, Austria; Department of Neurology and Neurosciences (A.M.-T., A.M.-B.), Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona-Madrid; Department of Neurology (L.L., S.Q.), Hospital La Princesa, Madrid, Spain; Department of Neurology (G.U.H., N.M.), Hannover Medical School; Department of Neurology (F.S.) and Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, University Hospital and Biomedical Center (F.S.T.), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany; Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences (DiBiNeM) (G.M.A., F.P.), Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (F.P.); Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences (G.P.), University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena; IRCCS (G.P.), Institute of Neurological Sciences of Bologna, Italy; Neurology Department (K.B.), Cruces University Hospital, Barakaldo, Spain; Department of Neurology (M.B.), Odense University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurogenetics (N.B.), University of Lübeck, Germany; Department of Neurology (T.F.), Medical Clinic of Hospital Geral Cleriston Andrade, Feira de Santana, Brazil; Neurology Unit, Department of Medicine (C.F.N.), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Department of Movement Disorders and Neurology (C. Giordana), CHU Nice, France; Department of Neurology (A.H.-S.M.), Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain; Department of Psychobiology (L.H.), Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Brazil; Clinical Neurosciences (K.K.), St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (H.L.), LKH Murtal, Standort Knittelfeld, Austria; Department of Neurology (T.M.), Fundación Jiménez Diaz, Madrid; Department of Neurology (C.M.), Hospital Universitari i Politècnic La Fe, Valencia; Department of Neurology (J.P.P.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona; Department of Neurology (I.P.), Hospital La Paz, Madrid, Spain; Department of Neurology (T.S.-H.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (C.S.), Mainz University Hospital, Mainz, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.M.S.), University of São Paulo Medical School, Brazil; Department of Neurology (N. Tellez), Hospital Clínico Universitario, Valladolid; Department of Neurology (J.V.-Á.), Hospital Universitario Rey Juan Carlos, Madrid, Spain; Department of Neurology (B.W.), Antwerp University Hospital and University of Antwerp, Belgium; and Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA) (J.D.), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Barbara Willekens
- From the Neuroimmunology Program (C. Gaig, L.S., A.I., J.S.C., J.D., F.G.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS); Department of Neurology (C. Gaig, Y. Compta, M.J.M., A.I., J.S., J.D.), Multidisciplinary Sleep Disorders Unit (C. Gaig, A.I., J.S.), and Parkinson's Disease & Movement Disorders Unit (Y. Compta, M.J.M.), Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology, Division of Sleep Medicine and Neuromuscular Disorders (A.H.), University Hospital Muenster, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.H., B.H.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Neurology (M.J.T., Y. Crijnen), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (J.L.), Ulm University, Germany; Neurology Department, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra (M.E.E.), Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), Pamplona; Neurology Department (J.C.G.-M.), Hospital Universitario de Basurto, Bilbao (formerly Department of Neurology, Hospital de Galdakao); Movement Disorders Center (P.N., N. Tambasco), Perugia General Hospital and University of Perugia, Italy; Department of Neurology and Neurorehabilitation (M.P.-O.), Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland; Department of Neurology (M.E.), Klinik Donaustadt, Karl-Landsteiner-Institut, Vienna; Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry (R.H.), Department of Neurology (S.M., E.B.-S.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Section Translational Neuroimmunology (C. Geis), Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology 1 (M.H.), Neuromed Campus, Kepler Universitätsklinikum Linz; Department of Neurology with Stroke Unit and Acute Geriatrics (M.H.), Saint John of God Hospital Linz, Austria; Department of Neurology and Neurosciences (A.M.-T., A.M.-B.), Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona-Madrid; Department of Neurology (L.L., S.Q.), Hospital La Princesa, Madrid, Spain; Department of Neurology (G.U.H., N.M.), Hannover Medical School; Department of Neurology (F.S.) and Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, University Hospital and Biomedical Center (F.S.T.), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany; Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences (DiBiNeM) (G.M.A., F.P.), Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (F.P.); Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences (G.P.), University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena; IRCCS (G.P.), Institute of Neurological Sciences of Bologna, Italy; Neurology Department (K.B.), Cruces University Hospital, Barakaldo, Spain; Department of Neurology (M.B.), Odense University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurogenetics (N.B.), University of Lübeck, Germany; Department of Neurology (T.F.), Medical Clinic of Hospital Geral Cleriston Andrade, Feira de Santana, Brazil; Neurology Unit, Department of Medicine (C.F.N.), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Department of Movement Disorders and Neurology (C. Giordana), CHU Nice, France; Department of Neurology (A.H.-S.M.), Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain; Department of Psychobiology (L.H.), Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Brazil; Clinical Neurosciences (K.K.), St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (H.L.), LKH Murtal, Standort Knittelfeld, Austria; Department of Neurology (T.M.), Fundación Jiménez Diaz, Madrid; Department of Neurology (C.M.), Hospital Universitari i Politècnic La Fe, Valencia; Department of Neurology (J.P.P.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona; Department of Neurology (I.P.), Hospital La Paz, Madrid, Spain; Department of Neurology (T.S.-H.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (C.S.), Mainz University Hospital, Mainz, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.M.S.), University of São Paulo Medical School, Brazil; Department of Neurology (N. Tellez), Hospital Clínico Universitario, Valladolid; Department of Neurology (J.V.-Á.), Hospital Universitario Rey Juan Carlos, Madrid, Spain; Department of Neurology (B.W.), Antwerp University Hospital and University of Antwerp, Belgium; and Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA) (J.D.), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lidia Sabater
- From the Neuroimmunology Program (C. Gaig, L.S., A.I., J.S.C., J.D., F.G.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS); Department of Neurology (C. Gaig, Y. Compta, M.J.M., A.I., J.S., J.D.), Multidisciplinary Sleep Disorders Unit (C. Gaig, A.I., J.S.), and Parkinson's Disease & Movement Disorders Unit (Y. Compta, M.J.M.), Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology, Division of Sleep Medicine and Neuromuscular Disorders (A.H.), University Hospital Muenster, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.H., B.H.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Neurology (M.J.T., Y. Crijnen), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (J.L.), Ulm University, Germany; Neurology Department, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra (M.E.E.), Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), Pamplona; Neurology Department (J.C.G.-M.), Hospital Universitario de Basurto, Bilbao (formerly Department of Neurology, Hospital de Galdakao); Movement Disorders Center (P.N., N. Tambasco), Perugia General Hospital and University of Perugia, Italy; Department of Neurology and Neurorehabilitation (M.P.-O.), Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland; Department of Neurology (M.E.), Klinik Donaustadt, Karl-Landsteiner-Institut, Vienna; Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry (R.H.), Department of Neurology (S.M., E.B.-S.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Section Translational Neuroimmunology (C. Geis), Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology 1 (M.H.), Neuromed Campus, Kepler Universitätsklinikum Linz; Department of Neurology with Stroke Unit and Acute Geriatrics (M.H.), Saint John of God Hospital Linz, Austria; Department of Neurology and Neurosciences (A.M.-T., A.M.-B.), Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona-Madrid; Department of Neurology (L.L., S.Q.), Hospital La Princesa, Madrid, Spain; Department of Neurology (G.U.H., N.M.), Hannover Medical School; Department of Neurology (F.S.) and Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, University Hospital and Biomedical Center (F.S.T.), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany; Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences (DiBiNeM) (G.M.A., F.P.), Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (F.P.); Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences (G.P.), University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena; IRCCS (G.P.), Institute of Neurological Sciences of Bologna, Italy; Neurology Department (K.B.), Cruces University Hospital, Barakaldo, Spain; Department of Neurology (M.B.), Odense University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurogenetics (N.B.), University of Lübeck, Germany; Department of Neurology (T.F.), Medical Clinic of Hospital Geral Cleriston Andrade, Feira de Santana, Brazil; Neurology Unit, Department of Medicine (C.F.N.), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Department of Movement Disorders and Neurology (C. Giordana), CHU Nice, France; Department of Neurology (A.H.-S.M.), Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain; Department of Psychobiology (L.H.), Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Brazil; Clinical Neurosciences (K.K.), St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (H.L.), LKH Murtal, Standort Knittelfeld, Austria; Department of Neurology (T.M.), Fundación Jiménez Diaz, Madrid; Department of Neurology (C.M.), Hospital Universitari i Politècnic La Fe, Valencia; Department of Neurology (J.P.P.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona; Department of Neurology (I.P.), Hospital La Paz, Madrid, Spain; Department of Neurology (T.S.-H.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (C.S.), Mainz University Hospital, Mainz, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.M.S.), University of São Paulo Medical School, Brazil; Department of Neurology (N. Tellez), Hospital Clínico Universitario, Valladolid; Department of Neurology (J.V.-Á.), Hospital Universitario Rey Juan Carlos, Madrid, Spain; Department of Neurology (B.W.), Antwerp University Hospital and University of Antwerp, Belgium; and Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA) (J.D.), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alex Iranzo
- From the Neuroimmunology Program (C. Gaig, L.S., A.I., J.S.C., J.D., F.G.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS); Department of Neurology (C. Gaig, Y. Compta, M.J.M., A.I., J.S., J.D.), Multidisciplinary Sleep Disorders Unit (C. Gaig, A.I., J.S.), and Parkinson's Disease & Movement Disorders Unit (Y. Compta, M.J.M.), Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology, Division of Sleep Medicine and Neuromuscular Disorders (A.H.), University Hospital Muenster, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.H., B.H.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Neurology (M.J.T., Y. Crijnen), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (J.L.), Ulm University, Germany; Neurology Department, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra (M.E.E.), Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), Pamplona; Neurology Department (J.C.G.-M.), Hospital Universitario de Basurto, Bilbao (formerly Department of Neurology, Hospital de Galdakao); Movement Disorders Center (P.N., N. Tambasco), Perugia General Hospital and University of Perugia, Italy; Department of Neurology and Neurorehabilitation (M.P.-O.), Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland; Department of Neurology (M.E.), Klinik Donaustadt, Karl-Landsteiner-Institut, Vienna; Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry (R.H.), Department of Neurology (S.M., E.B.-S.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Section Translational Neuroimmunology (C. Geis), Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology 1 (M.H.), Neuromed Campus, Kepler Universitätsklinikum Linz; Department of Neurology with Stroke Unit and Acute Geriatrics (M.H.), Saint John of God Hospital Linz, Austria; Department of Neurology and Neurosciences (A.M.-T., A.M.-B.), Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona-Madrid; Department of Neurology (L.L., S.Q.), Hospital La Princesa, Madrid, Spain; Department of Neurology (G.U.H., N.M.), Hannover Medical School; Department of Neurology (F.S.) and Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, University Hospital and Biomedical Center (F.S.T.), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany; Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences (DiBiNeM) (G.M.A., F.P.), Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (F.P.); Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences (G.P.), University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena; IRCCS (G.P.), Institute of Neurological Sciences of Bologna, Italy; Neurology Department (K.B.), Cruces University Hospital, Barakaldo, Spain; Department of Neurology (M.B.), Odense University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurogenetics (N.B.), University of Lübeck, Germany; Department of Neurology (T.F.), Medical Clinic of Hospital Geral Cleriston Andrade, Feira de Santana, Brazil; Neurology Unit, Department of Medicine (C.F.N.), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Department of Movement Disorders and Neurology (C. Giordana), CHU Nice, France; Department of Neurology (A.H.-S.M.), Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain; Department of Psychobiology (L.H.), Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Brazil; Clinical Neurosciences (K.K.), St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (H.L.), LKH Murtal, Standort Knittelfeld, Austria; Department of Neurology (T.M.), Fundación Jiménez Diaz, Madrid; Department of Neurology (C.M.), Hospital Universitari i Politècnic La Fe, Valencia; Department of Neurology (J.P.P.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona; Department of Neurology (I.P.), Hospital La Paz, Madrid, Spain; Department of Neurology (T.S.-H.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (C.S.), Mainz University Hospital, Mainz, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.M.S.), University of São Paulo Medical School, Brazil; Department of Neurology (N. Tellez), Hospital Clínico Universitario, Valladolid; Department of Neurology (J.V.-Á.), Hospital Universitario Rey Juan Carlos, Madrid, Spain; Department of Neurology (B.W.), Antwerp University Hospital and University of Antwerp, Belgium; and Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA) (J.D.), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan Santamaria
- From the Neuroimmunology Program (C. Gaig, L.S., A.I., J.S.C., J.D., F.G.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS); Department of Neurology (C. Gaig, Y. Compta, M.J.M., A.I., J.S., J.D.), Multidisciplinary Sleep Disorders Unit (C. Gaig, A.I., J.S.), and Parkinson's Disease & Movement Disorders Unit (Y. Compta, M.J.M.), Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology, Division of Sleep Medicine and Neuromuscular Disorders (A.H.), University Hospital Muenster, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.H., B.H.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Neurology (M.J.T., Y. Crijnen), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (J.L.), Ulm University, Germany; Neurology Department, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra (M.E.E.), Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), Pamplona; Neurology Department (J.C.G.-M.), Hospital Universitario de Basurto, Bilbao (formerly Department of Neurology, Hospital de Galdakao); Movement Disorders Center (P.N., N. Tambasco), Perugia General Hospital and University of Perugia, Italy; Department of Neurology and Neurorehabilitation (M.P.-O.), Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland; Department of Neurology (M.E.), Klinik Donaustadt, Karl-Landsteiner-Institut, Vienna; Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry (R.H.), Department of Neurology (S.M., E.B.-S.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Section Translational Neuroimmunology (C. Geis), Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology 1 (M.H.), Neuromed Campus, Kepler Universitätsklinikum Linz; Department of Neurology with Stroke Unit and Acute Geriatrics (M.H.), Saint John of God Hospital Linz, Austria; Department of Neurology and Neurosciences (A.M.-T., A.M.-B.), Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona-Madrid; Department of Neurology (L.L., S.Q.), Hospital La Princesa, Madrid, Spain; Department of Neurology (G.U.H., N.M.), Hannover Medical School; Department of Neurology (F.S.) and Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, University Hospital and Biomedical Center (F.S.T.), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany; Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences (DiBiNeM) (G.M.A., F.P.), Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (F.P.); Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences (G.P.), University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena; IRCCS (G.P.), Institute of Neurological Sciences of Bologna, Italy; Neurology Department (K.B.), Cruces University Hospital, Barakaldo, Spain; Department of Neurology (M.B.), Odense University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurogenetics (N.B.), University of Lübeck, Germany; Department of Neurology (T.F.), Medical Clinic of Hospital Geral Cleriston Andrade, Feira de Santana, Brazil; Neurology Unit, Department of Medicine (C.F.N.), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Department of Movement Disorders and Neurology (C. Giordana), CHU Nice, France; Department of Neurology (A.H.-S.M.), Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain; Department of Psychobiology (L.H.), Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Brazil; Clinical Neurosciences (K.K.), St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (H.L.), LKH Murtal, Standort Knittelfeld, Austria; Department of Neurology (T.M.), Fundación Jiménez Diaz, Madrid; Department of Neurology (C.M.), Hospital Universitari i Politècnic La Fe, Valencia; Department of Neurology (J.P.P.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona; Department of Neurology (I.P.), Hospital La Paz, Madrid, Spain; Department of Neurology (T.S.-H.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (C.S.), Mainz University Hospital, Mainz, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.M.S.), University of São Paulo Medical School, Brazil; Department of Neurology (N. Tellez), Hospital Clínico Universitario, Valladolid; Department of Neurology (J.V.-Á.), Hospital Universitario Rey Juan Carlos, Madrid, Spain; Department of Neurology (B.W.), Antwerp University Hospital and University of Antwerp, Belgium; and Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA) (J.D.), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep Dalmau
- From the Neuroimmunology Program (C. Gaig, L.S., A.I., J.S.C., J.D., F.G.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS); Department of Neurology (C. Gaig, Y. Compta, M.J.M., A.I., J.S., J.D.), Multidisciplinary Sleep Disorders Unit (C. Gaig, A.I., J.S.), and Parkinson's Disease & Movement Disorders Unit (Y. Compta, M.J.M.), Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology, Division of Sleep Medicine and Neuromuscular Disorders (A.H.), University Hospital Muenster, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.H., B.H.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Neurology (M.J.T., Y. Crijnen), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (J.L.), Ulm University, Germany; Neurology Department, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra (M.E.E.), Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), Pamplona; Neurology Department (J.C.G.-M.), Hospital Universitario de Basurto, Bilbao (formerly Department of Neurology, Hospital de Galdakao); Movement Disorders Center (P.N., N. Tambasco), Perugia General Hospital and University of Perugia, Italy; Department of Neurology and Neurorehabilitation (M.P.-O.), Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland; Department of Neurology (M.E.), Klinik Donaustadt, Karl-Landsteiner-Institut, Vienna; Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry (R.H.), Department of Neurology (S.M., E.B.-S.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Section Translational Neuroimmunology (C. Geis), Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology 1 (M.H.), Neuromed Campus, Kepler Universitätsklinikum Linz; Department of Neurology with Stroke Unit and Acute Geriatrics (M.H.), Saint John of God Hospital Linz, Austria; Department of Neurology and Neurosciences (A.M.-T., A.M.-B.), Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona-Madrid; Department of Neurology (L.L., S.Q.), Hospital La Princesa, Madrid, Spain; Department of Neurology (G.U.H., N.M.), Hannover Medical School; Department of Neurology (F.S.) and Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, University Hospital and Biomedical Center (F.S.T.), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany; Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences (DiBiNeM) (G.M.A., F.P.), Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (F.P.); Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences (G.P.), University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena; IRCCS (G.P.), Institute of Neurological Sciences of Bologna, Italy; Neurology Department (K.B.), Cruces University Hospital, Barakaldo, Spain; Department of Neurology (M.B.), Odense University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurogenetics (N.B.), University of Lübeck, Germany; Department of Neurology (T.F.), Medical Clinic of Hospital Geral Cleriston Andrade, Feira de Santana, Brazil; Neurology Unit, Department of Medicine (C.F.N.), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Department of Movement Disorders and Neurology (C. Giordana), CHU Nice, France; Department of Neurology (A.H.-S.M.), Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain; Department of Psychobiology (L.H.), Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Brazil; Clinical Neurosciences (K.K.), St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (H.L.), LKH Murtal, Standort Knittelfeld, Austria; Department of Neurology (T.M.), Fundación Jiménez Diaz, Madrid; Department of Neurology (C.M.), Hospital Universitari i Politècnic La Fe, Valencia; Department of Neurology (J.P.P.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona; Department of Neurology (I.P.), Hospital La Paz, Madrid, Spain; Department of Neurology (T.S.-H.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (C.S.), Mainz University Hospital, Mainz, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.M.S.), University of São Paulo Medical School, Brazil; Department of Neurology (N. Tellez), Hospital Clínico Universitario, Valladolid; Department of Neurology (J.V.-Á.), Hospital Universitario Rey Juan Carlos, Madrid, Spain; Department of Neurology (B.W.), Antwerp University Hospital and University of Antwerp, Belgium; and Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA) (J.D.), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francesc Graus
- From the Neuroimmunology Program (C. Gaig, L.S., A.I., J.S.C., J.D., F.G.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS); Department of Neurology (C. Gaig, Y. Compta, M.J.M., A.I., J.S., J.D.), Multidisciplinary Sleep Disorders Unit (C. Gaig, A.I., J.S.), and Parkinson's Disease & Movement Disorders Unit (Y. Compta, M.J.M.), Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology, Division of Sleep Medicine and Neuromuscular Disorders (A.H.), University Hospital Muenster, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.H., B.H.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Neurology (M.J.T., Y. Crijnen), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (J.L.), Ulm University, Germany; Neurology Department, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra (M.E.E.), Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), Pamplona; Neurology Department (J.C.G.-M.), Hospital Universitario de Basurto, Bilbao (formerly Department of Neurology, Hospital de Galdakao); Movement Disorders Center (P.N., N. Tambasco), Perugia General Hospital and University of Perugia, Italy; Department of Neurology and Neurorehabilitation (M.P.-O.), Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland; Department of Neurology (M.E.), Klinik Donaustadt, Karl-Landsteiner-Institut, Vienna; Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry (R.H.), Department of Neurology (S.M., E.B.-S.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Section Translational Neuroimmunology (C. Geis), Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology 1 (M.H.), Neuromed Campus, Kepler Universitätsklinikum Linz; Department of Neurology with Stroke Unit and Acute Geriatrics (M.H.), Saint John of God Hospital Linz, Austria; Department of Neurology and Neurosciences (A.M.-T., A.M.-B.), Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona-Madrid; Department of Neurology (L.L., S.Q.), Hospital La Princesa, Madrid, Spain; Department of Neurology (G.U.H., N.M.), Hannover Medical School; Department of Neurology (F.S.) and Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, University Hospital and Biomedical Center (F.S.T.), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany; Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences (DiBiNeM) (G.M.A., F.P.), Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (F.P.); Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences (G.P.), University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena; IRCCS (G.P.), Institute of Neurological Sciences of Bologna, Italy; Neurology Department (K.B.), Cruces University Hospital, Barakaldo, Spain; Department of Neurology (M.B.), Odense University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurogenetics (N.B.), University of Lübeck, Germany; Department of Neurology (T.F.), Medical Clinic of Hospital Geral Cleriston Andrade, Feira de Santana, Brazil; Neurology Unit, Department of Medicine (C.F.N.), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Department of Movement Disorders and Neurology (C. Giordana), CHU Nice, France; Department of Neurology (A.H.-S.M.), Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain; Department of Psychobiology (L.H.), Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Brazil; Clinical Neurosciences (K.K.), St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (H.L.), LKH Murtal, Standort Knittelfeld, Austria; Department of Neurology (T.M.), Fundación Jiménez Diaz, Madrid; Department of Neurology (C.M.), Hospital Universitari i Politècnic La Fe, Valencia; Department of Neurology (J.P.P.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona; Department of Neurology (I.P.), Hospital La Paz, Madrid, Spain; Department of Neurology (T.S.-H.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (C.S.), Mainz University Hospital, Mainz, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.M.S.), University of São Paulo Medical School, Brazil; Department of Neurology (N. Tellez), Hospital Clínico Universitario, Valladolid; Department of Neurology (J.V.-Á.), Hospital Universitario Rey Juan Carlos, Madrid, Spain; Department of Neurology (B.W.), Antwerp University Hospital and University of Antwerp, Belgium; and Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA) (J.D.), Barcelona, Spain.
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16
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Vogrig A, Péricart S, Pinto AL, Rogemond V, Muñiz-Castrillo S, Picard G, Selton M, Mittelbronn M, Lanoiselée HM, Michenet P, Benaiteau M, Pariente J, Zéphir H, Giordana C, Montaut S, Salhi H, Bachoumas P, Montcuquet A, Letovanec I, Uro-Coste E, Honnorat J. Immunopathogenesis and proposed clinical score for identifying Kelch-like protein-11 encephalitis. Brain Commun 2021; 3:fcab185. [PMID: 34557666 PMCID: PMC8453430 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcab185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we report the clinical features of Kelch-like protein 11 antibody-associated paraneoplastic neurological syndrome, design and validate a clinical score to facilitate the identification of patients that should be tested for Kelch-like protein 11 antibodies, and examine in detail the nature of the immune response in both the brain and the tumour samples for a better characterization of the immunopathogenesis of this condition. The presence of Kelch-like protein 11 antibodies was retrospectively assessed in patients referred to the French Reference Center for paraneoplastic neurological syndrome and autoimmune encephalitis with (i) antibody-negative paraneoplastic neurological syndrome [limbic encephalitis (n = 105), cerebellar degeneration (n = 33)] and (ii) antibody-positive paraneoplastic neurological syndrome [Ma2-Ab encephalitis (n = 34), antibodies targeting N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor encephalitis with teratoma (n = 49)]. Additionally, since 1 January 2020, patients were prospectively screened for Kelch-like protein 11 antibodies as new usual clinical practice. Overall, Kelch-like protein 11 antibodies were detected in 11 patients [11/11, 100% were male; their median (range) age was 44 (35-79) years], 9 of them from the antibody-negative paraneoplastic neurological syndrome cohort, 1 from the antibody-positive (Ma2-Ab) cohort and 1 additional prospectively detected patient. All patients manifested a cerebellar syndrome, either isolated (4/11, 36%) or part of a multi-system neurological disorder (7/11, 64%). Additional core syndromes were limbic encephalitis (5/11, 45%) and myelitis (2/11, 18%). Severe weight loss (7/11, 64%) and hearing loss/tinnitus (5/11, 45%) were common. Rarer neurologic manifestations included hypersomnia and seizures (2/11, 18%). Two patients presented phenotypes resembling primary neurodegenerative disorders (progressive supranuclear palsy and flail arm syndrome, respectively). An associated cancer was found in 9/11 (82%) patients; it was most commonly (7/9, 78%) a spontaneously regressed ('burned-out') testicular germ cell tumour. A newly designed clinical score (MATCH score: male, ataxia, testicular cancer, hearing alterations) with a cut-off ≥4 successfully identified patients with Kelch-like protein 11 antibodies (sensitivity 78%, specificity 99%). Pathological findings (three testicular tumours, three lymph node metastases of testicular tumours, one brain biopsy) showed the presence of a T-cell inflammation with resulting anti-tumour immunity in the testis and one chronic, exhausted immune response-demonstrated by immune checkpoint expression-in the metastases and the brain. In conclusion, these findings suggest that Kelch-like protein 11 antibody paraneoplastic neurological syndrome is a homogeneous clinical syndrome and its detection can be facilitated using the MATCH score. The pathogenesis is probably T-cell mediated, but the stages of inflammation are different in the testis, metastases and the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Vogrig
- French Reference Center for Paraneoplastic Neurological Syndromes and Autoimmune Encephalitis, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Neurologique, 69677 Bron, France.,NeuroMyoGene Institute, INSERM U1217/CNRS UMR5310, 69008 Lyon, France.,Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, Lyon, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Sarah Péricart
- Department of Pathology, CHU de Toulouse, IUC-Oncopole, 31300 Toulouse, France.,INSERM U1037, Cancer Research Center of Toulouse (CRCT), 31100 Toulouse, France.,Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, 31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Anne-Laurie Pinto
- French Reference Center for Paraneoplastic Neurological Syndromes and Autoimmune Encephalitis, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Neurologique, 69677 Bron, France.,NeuroMyoGene Institute, INSERM U1217/CNRS UMR5310, 69008 Lyon, France.,Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, Lyon, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Véronique Rogemond
- French Reference Center for Paraneoplastic Neurological Syndromes and Autoimmune Encephalitis, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Neurologique, 69677 Bron, France.,NeuroMyoGene Institute, INSERM U1217/CNRS UMR5310, 69008 Lyon, France.,Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, Lyon, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Sergio Muñiz-Castrillo
- French Reference Center for Paraneoplastic Neurological Syndromes and Autoimmune Encephalitis, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Neurologique, 69677 Bron, France.,NeuroMyoGene Institute, INSERM U1217/CNRS UMR5310, 69008 Lyon, France.,Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, Lyon, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Géraldine Picard
- French Reference Center for Paraneoplastic Neurological Syndromes and Autoimmune Encephalitis, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Neurologique, 69677 Bron, France.,NeuroMyoGene Institute, INSERM U1217/CNRS UMR5310, 69008 Lyon, France.,Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, Lyon, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Marion Selton
- Department of Neurology, CHRU Nancy, 54035 Nancy, France
| | - Michel Mittelbronn
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, 4362 Esch/Alzette, Luxembourg.,Luxembourg Center of Neuropathology (LCNP), L-1526 Luxembourg, Luxembourg.,National Center of Pathology (NCP), Laboratoire National de Santé (LNS), 3555 Dudelange, Luxembourg.,Department of Oncology (DONC), Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), L-1020 Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | | | | | - Marie Benaiteau
- Department of Neurology, CHU de Toulouse, 31300 Toulouse, France
| | - Jérémie Pariente
- Department of Neurology, CHU de Toulouse, 31300 Toulouse, France
| | - Helene Zéphir
- University of Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1172 - Laboratory of neuroinflammation and Multiple Sclerosis, Lille Neuroscience & cognition, 59000 Lille, France.,Department of Neurology, Centre de Ressources et Compétence SEP, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Caroline Giordana
- Department of Movement Disorders and Neurology, CHU Nice, 06003 Nice, France
| | - Solveig Montaut
- Department of Neurology, CHRU de Strasbourg, 67091 Strasbourg, France
| | - Hayet Salhi
- Centre Expert Parkinson, Hôpital Henri-Mondor, AP-HP, 94010 Créteil, France
| | - Panagiotis Bachoumas
- Department of Neurology, Centre Hospitalier Public du Cotentin, 50100 Cherbourg-en-Cotentin, France
| | | | - Igor Letovanec
- Institute of Pathology, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Emmanuelle Uro-Coste
- Department of Pathology, CHU de Toulouse, IUC-Oncopole, 31300 Toulouse, France.,INSERM U1037, Cancer Research Center of Toulouse (CRCT), 31100 Toulouse, France.,Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, 31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Jérôme Honnorat
- French Reference Center for Paraneoplastic Neurological Syndromes and Autoimmune Encephalitis, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Neurologique, 69677 Bron, France.,NeuroMyoGene Institute, INSERM U1217/CNRS UMR5310, 69008 Lyon, France.,Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, Lyon, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
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17
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Kardous R, Joly H, Giordana B, Stefanini L, Mulliez A, Giordana C, Lemaire JJ, Fontaine D. Functional and dysfunctional impulsivities changes after subthalamic nucleus-deep brain stimulation in Parkinson disease. Neurochirurgie 2021; 67:420-426. [PMID: 33845115 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuchi.2021.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We investigated changes of impulsivity after deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the subthalamic nucleus (STN) in Parkinson's disease (PD) patients, distinguishing functional from dysfunctional impulsivity and their contributing factors. METHODS Data of 33 PD patients treated by STN-DBS were studied before and 6 months after surgery: motor impairment, medication (dose and dopaminergic agonists), cognition, mood and occurrence of impulse control disorders. Impulsivity was assessed by the Dickman Impulsivity Inventory, which distinguishes functional impulsivity (FI), reflecting the potential for reasoning and rapid action when the situation requires it, and dysfunctional impulsivity (DI), reflecting the lack of prior reasoning, even when the situation demands it. The location of DBS leads was studied on postoperative MRI using a deformable histological atlas and by compartmentalization of the STN. RESULTS After STN-DBS, DI was significantly increased (mean pre- and postoperative DI scores 1.9±1.6 and 3.5±2.4, P<0.001) although FI was not modified (mean pre- and postoperative FI scores 6.2±2.7 and 5.8±2.6). Factors associated with a DI score's increase≥2 (multivariable logistic regression model) were: low preoperative Frontal Assessment Battery score and location of the left active contact in the ventral part of the STN. CONCLUSION Our study suggests that STN-DBS may have a different impact on both dimensions of impulsivity, worsening pathological impulsivity without altering physiological impulsivity. The increase in dysfunctional impulsivity may be favoured by the location of the electrode in the ventral part of the STN.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Kardous
- Department of Psychiatry, Université Côte d'Azur, CHU de Nice, Nice, France; Centre d'acceuil Psychiatrique, Université Côte d'Azur, CHU de Nice, Nice, France
| | - H Joly
- Department of Neurology, CRC SEP, UR2CA, URRIS, Université Côte d'Azur, CHU de Nice, Hôpital Pasteur 2, 30, avenue de la voie Romaine, 06000 Nice, France.
| | - B Giordana
- Department of Psychiatry, Université Côte d'Azur, CHU de Nice, Nice, France
| | - L Stefanini
- Department of Psychiatry, Université Côte d'Azur, CHU de Nice, Nice, France
| | - A Mulliez
- Unité de Biostatistiques (DRCI), CHU de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - C Giordana
- Department of Neurology, Université Côte d'Azur, CHU de Nice, Nice, France
| | - J-J Lemaire
- CNRS, SIGMA Clermont, Institut Pascal, Université Clermont-Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - D Fontaine
- Department of Neurosurgery, Université Côte d'Azur, CHU de Nice, Nice, France
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18
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Julien C, Hache G, Dulac M, Dubrou C, Castelnovo G, Giordana C, Azulay JP, Fluchère F. The clinical meaning of levodopa equivalent daily dose in Parkinson's disease. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2021; 35:620-630. [PMID: 33458868 DOI: 10.1111/fcp.12646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Levodopa (L-dopa) remains the basis of pharmacological treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD). However, L-dopa therapy is associated with the development of complications and presents major challenges in the long-term treatment. Thus, other medications may be suggested to delay and/or reduce the doses of L-dopa in order to prevent complications. The interpretation of treatment evolution reported in clinical trials on PD may be tricky, especially due to some variability in medications and dose regimens. Some authors have suggested a conversion factor to generate a total L-dopa equivalent daily dose (LEDD), calculated as a sum of each parkinsonian medication. Therefore, LEDD provides an artificial summary of the total daily medication a patient is receiving, and to date, there is no report focusing on the clinical interpretation of this parameter. Thus, based on a 3-year, multi-center retrospective study assessing the impact of second-line therapy initiation on LEDD in PD patients, the aim of our article was to discuss LEDD as a quantitative outcome to estimate the impact of second-line therapies on medication regimens; and in the second part of the discussion, to provide a narrative review of the clinical outcomes associated with LEDD in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Julien
- Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Marseille, Hôpital de la Timone, Service de Pharmacie, Marseille, France
| | - Guillaume Hache
- Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Marseille, Hôpital de la Timone, Service de Pharmacie, Marseille, France
| | - Morgane Dulac
- Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Marseille, Hôpital de la Timone, Service de Pharmacie, Marseille, France
| | - Cléa Dubrou
- Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Marseille, Hôpital de la Timone, Service de Pharmacie, Marseille, France
| | - Giovanni Castelnovo
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nimes, Service de Neurologie, Nîmes, France
| | - Caroline Giordana
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Hôpital Pasteur 2, Service de Neurologie, Nice, France
| | - Jean-Philippe Azulay
- Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Marseille, Hôpital de la Timone, Service de Neurologie pathologies du mouvement, Centre expert et de coordination interrégional pour la maladie de Parkinson, Marseille, France
| | - Frédérique Fluchère
- Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Marseille, Hôpital de la Timone, Service de Neurologie pathologies du mouvement, Centre expert et de coordination interrégional pour la maladie de Parkinson, Marseille, France
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19
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Santin MDN, Voulleminot P, Vrillon A, Hainque E, Béreau M, Lagha‐Boukbiza O, Wirth T, Montaut S, Bardinet E, Kyheng M, Rolland A, Voirin J, Drapier S, Durif F, Eusebio A, Giordana C, Auzou N, Houeto J, Hubsch C, Jarraya B, Laurencin C, Maltete D, Meyer M, Rascol O, Rouaud T, Tir M, Moreau C, Corvol J, Proust F, Grabli D, Devos D, Tranchant C, Anheim M. Impact of Subthalamic Deep Brain Stimulation on Impulse Control Disorders in Parkinson's Disease: A Prospective Study. Mov Disord 2020; 36:750-757. [DOI: 10.1002/mds.28320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Paul Voulleminot
- Department of Neurology NS‐PARK/F‐CRIN, Strasbourg University Hospital, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Médecine de Strasbourg Strasbourg France
| | - Agathe Vrillon
- Department of Neurology NS‐PARK/F‐CRIN, Assistance Publique ‐ Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), Pitié‐Salpêtrière Hospital Paris France
| | - Elodie Hainque
- Department of Neurology NS‐PARK/F‐CRIN, Assistance Publique ‐ Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), Pitié‐Salpêtrière Hospital Paris France
- Sorbonne Universités, Assistance Publique ‐ Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), Inserm, CNRS, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle (ICM) Paris France
| | - Matthieu Béreau
- Department of Neurology NS‐PARK/F‐CRIN, University Hospital of Besançon Besançon France
| | - Ouhaid Lagha‐Boukbiza
- Department of Neurology NS‐PARK/F‐CRIN, Strasbourg University Hospital, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Médecine de Strasbourg Strasbourg France
| | - Thomas Wirth
- Department of Neurology NS‐PARK/F‐CRIN, Strasbourg University Hospital, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Médecine de Strasbourg Strasbourg France
| | - Solveig Montaut
- Department of Neurology NS‐PARK/F‐CRIN, Strasbourg University Hospital, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Médecine de Strasbourg Strasbourg France
| | - Eric Bardinet
- Department of Neurology NS‐PARK/F‐CRIN, University Hospital of Besançon Besançon France
- Centre de Neuroimagerie de Recherche, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle (ICM) Paris France
| | - Maeva Kyheng
- Department of Clinical Research Lille University Hospital Lille France
| | - Anne‐Sophie Rolland
- Department of Medical Pharmacology University Hospital, NS‐PARK/F‐CRIN, University of Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Inserm, UMR‐S1172 Lille France
| | - Jimmy Voirin
- Department of Neurosurgery, NS‐PARK/F‐CRIN Strasbourg University Hospital Strasbourg France
| | - Sophie Drapier
- Department of Neurology NS‐PARK/F‐CRIN, University Hospital of Rennes Rennes France
| | - Franck Durif
- Department of Neurology NS‐PARK/F‐CRIN, CHU Clermont‐Ferrand Clermont‐Ferrand France
| | - Alexandre Eusebio
- Department of Neurology NS‐PARK/F‐CRIN, Assistance Publique ‐ Hôpitaux de Marseille (APHM), Timone University Hospital and Institut de Neurosciences de la Timone Marseille France
| | - Caroline Giordana
- Department of Neurology NS‐PARK/F‐CRIN, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice Nice France
| | - Nicolas Auzou
- Institute of Neurodegenerative Disorders NS‐PARK/F‐CRIN, University Hospital of Bordeaux Bordeaux France
| | - Jean‐Luc Houeto
- Department of Neurology NS‐PARK/F‐CRIN, University Hospital of Poitiers Poitiers France
| | - Cécile Hubsch
- Department of Neurology NS‐PARK/F‐CRIN, Fondation Ophtalmologique Adolphe de Rothschild Paris France
| | - Béchir Jarraya
- Neuroscience Pole NS‐PARK/F‐CRIN, Hôpital Foch, Suresnes, University of Versailles Paris‐Saclay, INSERM‐CEA NeuroSpin Saclay France
| | - Chloé Laurencin
- Department of Neurology NS‐PARK/F‐CRIN, University Hospital of Lyon Lyon France
| | - David Maltete
- Department of Neurology NS‐PARK/F‐CRIN, Rouen University Hospital and University of Rouen, France; INSERM U1239, Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication Mont‐Saint‐Aignan France
| | - Mylène Meyer
- Department of Neurology NS‐PARK/F‐CRIN, University Hospital of Nancy Nancy France
| | - Olivier Rascol
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Neuroscience NS‐Park/F‐CRIN, Toulouse University Hospital Toulouse France
| | - Tiphaine Rouaud
- Department of Neurology NS‐PARK/F‐CRIN, Nantes University Hospital Nantes France
| | - Mélissa Tir
- Department of Neurology NS‐PARK/FCRIN, Amiens University Hospital Amiens France
| | - Caroline Moreau
- Department of Neurology University Hospital, NS‐PARK/F‐CRIN, University of Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, INSERM, UMR‐S1172 Lille France
| | - Jean‐Christophe Corvol
- Department of Neurology NS‐PARK/F‐CRIN, Assistance Publique ‐ Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), Pitié‐Salpêtrière Hospital Paris France
- Sorbonne Universités, Assistance Publique ‐ Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), Inserm, CNRS, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle (ICM) Paris France
| | - François Proust
- Department of Neurosurgery, NS‐PARK/F‐CRIN Strasbourg University Hospital Strasbourg France
| | - David Grabli
- Department of Neurology NS‐PARK/F‐CRIN, Assistance Publique ‐ Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), Pitié‐Salpêtrière Hospital Paris France
| | - David Devos
- Department of Medical Pharmacology University Hospital, NS‐PARK/F‐CRIN, University of Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Inserm, UMR‐S1172 Lille France
- Department of Neurology University Hospital, NS‐PARK/F‐CRIN, University of Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, INSERM, UMR‐S1172 Lille France
| | - Christine Tranchant
- Department of Neurology NS‐PARK/F‐CRIN, Strasbourg University Hospital, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Médecine de Strasbourg Strasbourg France
| | - Mathieu Anheim
- Department of Neurology NS‐PARK/F‐CRIN, Strasbourg University Hospital, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Médecine de Strasbourg Strasbourg France
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20
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Marse C, Druesne V, Giordana C. Paroxysmal Tremor and Vertical Nystagmus Associated with Hypomagnesemia. Mov Disord Clin Pract 2020; 7:S61-S62. [PMID: 33015224 DOI: 10.1002/mdc3.13057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Claire Marse
- Service de Neurologie, CHU Nice, Nice Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur France
| | - Vincent Druesne
- Service de Neurologie, CHU Nice, Nice Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur France
| | - Caroline Giordana
- Service de Neurologie, CHU Nice, Nice Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur France
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21
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Levraut M, Cohen M, Bresch S, Giordana C, Burel-Vandenbos F, Mondot L, Sedat J, Fontaine D, Bourg V, Martis N, Lebrun-Frenay C. Immunoglobulin G4-related hypertrophic pachymeningitis: A case-oriented review. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm 2019; 6:e568. [PMID: 31355304 PMCID: PMC6624094 DOI: 10.1212/nxi.0000000000000568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Objective Meningeal involvement in Immunoglobulin G (IgG)-4-related disease is rare and only described in case reports and series. Because a review into the disease is lacking, we present 2 cases followed by a literature review of IgG4-related hypertrophic pachymeningitis (IgG4-HP). Methods Two IgG4-HP cases were reported, one involving the spinal cord and responding to surgical management and a second involving the brain and responding to Rituximab therapy. We then review clinical cases and case-series of histologically proven IgG4-HP that were published in the PubMed-NCBI database. Results Forty-two case reports and 5 case-series were studied (60 patients, 20 women). The median age was 53. Eighteen patients had systemic involvement and 24 had single-organ IgG4-HP. Fifty-five percent of patients had an elevated serum IgG4. Treatment was surgical in 20/53 cases. Steroid therapy and immunosuppressors were effective in 85% and more than 90% of the cases, respectively. The rate of disease relapse was 42.1% after steroid therapy was discontinued. Discussion/conclusion IgG4-HP is characterized by the lack of extra-neurologic organ-involvement and systemic signs. Histopathologic studies should be performed as it is crucial for diagnosis because serum markers are rarely informative. 18F-FDG positon tomography can be useful to characterize systemic forms. There is no specific CSF marker for IgG4-HP and the diagnostic value of CSF IgG4 levels needs to be studied with larger samples. We provide a treatment algorithm for IgG4-HP. Such treatment strategies rely on early surgery, steroids, and early immunosuppressive therapy to prevent neurologic complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaël Levraut
- Service de Médecine Interne (M.L., N.M.), Hôpital l'Archet 1, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Université Côte d'Azur; Service de Cytologie Pathologique (F.B.-V.), Hôpital l'Archet 1, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Université Côte d'Azur; and Service de Neurologie (M.C., S.B., C.G., V.B., C.L.-F.), Service de Radiologie (L.M.), Service de Radiologie Interventionnelle (J.S.), and Service de Neurochirurgie (D.F.), Hôpital Pasteur 2, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Université Côte d'Azur, France
| | - Mikaël Cohen
- Service de Médecine Interne (M.L., N.M.), Hôpital l'Archet 1, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Université Côte d'Azur; Service de Cytologie Pathologique (F.B.-V.), Hôpital l'Archet 1, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Université Côte d'Azur; and Service de Neurologie (M.C., S.B., C.G., V.B., C.L.-F.), Service de Radiologie (L.M.), Service de Radiologie Interventionnelle (J.S.), and Service de Neurochirurgie (D.F.), Hôpital Pasteur 2, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Université Côte d'Azur, France
| | - Saskia Bresch
- Service de Médecine Interne (M.L., N.M.), Hôpital l'Archet 1, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Université Côte d'Azur; Service de Cytologie Pathologique (F.B.-V.), Hôpital l'Archet 1, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Université Côte d'Azur; and Service de Neurologie (M.C., S.B., C.G., V.B., C.L.-F.), Service de Radiologie (L.M.), Service de Radiologie Interventionnelle (J.S.), and Service de Neurochirurgie (D.F.), Hôpital Pasteur 2, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Université Côte d'Azur, France
| | - Caroline Giordana
- Service de Médecine Interne (M.L., N.M.), Hôpital l'Archet 1, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Université Côte d'Azur; Service de Cytologie Pathologique (F.B.-V.), Hôpital l'Archet 1, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Université Côte d'Azur; and Service de Neurologie (M.C., S.B., C.G., V.B., C.L.-F.), Service de Radiologie (L.M.), Service de Radiologie Interventionnelle (J.S.), and Service de Neurochirurgie (D.F.), Hôpital Pasteur 2, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Université Côte d'Azur, France
| | - Fanny Burel-Vandenbos
- Service de Médecine Interne (M.L., N.M.), Hôpital l'Archet 1, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Université Côte d'Azur; Service de Cytologie Pathologique (F.B.-V.), Hôpital l'Archet 1, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Université Côte d'Azur; and Service de Neurologie (M.C., S.B., C.G., V.B., C.L.-F.), Service de Radiologie (L.M.), Service de Radiologie Interventionnelle (J.S.), and Service de Neurochirurgie (D.F.), Hôpital Pasteur 2, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Université Côte d'Azur, France
| | - Lydiane Mondot
- Service de Médecine Interne (M.L., N.M.), Hôpital l'Archet 1, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Université Côte d'Azur; Service de Cytologie Pathologique (F.B.-V.), Hôpital l'Archet 1, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Université Côte d'Azur; and Service de Neurologie (M.C., S.B., C.G., V.B., C.L.-F.), Service de Radiologie (L.M.), Service de Radiologie Interventionnelle (J.S.), and Service de Neurochirurgie (D.F.), Hôpital Pasteur 2, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Université Côte d'Azur, France
| | - Jacques Sedat
- Service de Médecine Interne (M.L., N.M.), Hôpital l'Archet 1, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Université Côte d'Azur; Service de Cytologie Pathologique (F.B.-V.), Hôpital l'Archet 1, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Université Côte d'Azur; and Service de Neurologie (M.C., S.B., C.G., V.B., C.L.-F.), Service de Radiologie (L.M.), Service de Radiologie Interventionnelle (J.S.), and Service de Neurochirurgie (D.F.), Hôpital Pasteur 2, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Université Côte d'Azur, France
| | - Denys Fontaine
- Service de Médecine Interne (M.L., N.M.), Hôpital l'Archet 1, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Université Côte d'Azur; Service de Cytologie Pathologique (F.B.-V.), Hôpital l'Archet 1, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Université Côte d'Azur; and Service de Neurologie (M.C., S.B., C.G., V.B., C.L.-F.), Service de Radiologie (L.M.), Service de Radiologie Interventionnelle (J.S.), and Service de Neurochirurgie (D.F.), Hôpital Pasteur 2, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Université Côte d'Azur, France
| | - Véronique Bourg
- Service de Médecine Interne (M.L., N.M.), Hôpital l'Archet 1, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Université Côte d'Azur; Service de Cytologie Pathologique (F.B.-V.), Hôpital l'Archet 1, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Université Côte d'Azur; and Service de Neurologie (M.C., S.B., C.G., V.B., C.L.-F.), Service de Radiologie (L.M.), Service de Radiologie Interventionnelle (J.S.), and Service de Neurochirurgie (D.F.), Hôpital Pasteur 2, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Université Côte d'Azur, France
| | - Nihal Martis
- Service de Médecine Interne (M.L., N.M.), Hôpital l'Archet 1, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Université Côte d'Azur; Service de Cytologie Pathologique (F.B.-V.), Hôpital l'Archet 1, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Université Côte d'Azur; and Service de Neurologie (M.C., S.B., C.G., V.B., C.L.-F.), Service de Radiologie (L.M.), Service de Radiologie Interventionnelle (J.S.), and Service de Neurochirurgie (D.F.), Hôpital Pasteur 2, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Université Côte d'Azur, France
| | - Christine Lebrun-Frenay
- Service de Médecine Interne (M.L., N.M.), Hôpital l'Archet 1, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Université Côte d'Azur; Service de Cytologie Pathologique (F.B.-V.), Hôpital l'Archet 1, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Université Côte d'Azur; and Service de Neurologie (M.C., S.B., C.G., V.B., C.L.-F.), Service de Radiologie (L.M.), Service de Radiologie Interventionnelle (J.S.), and Service de Neurochirurgie (D.F.), Hôpital Pasteur 2, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Université Côte d'Azur, France
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22
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Eitan R, Fontaine D, Benoît M, Giordana C, Darmon N, Israel Z, Linesky E, Arkadir D, Ben-Naim S, Iserlles M, Bergman H, Hulse N, Abdelghani M, McGuffin P, Farmer A, DeLea P, Ashkan K, Lerer B. One year double blind study of high vs low frequency subcallosal cingulate stimulation for depression. J Psychiatr Res 2018; 96:124-134. [PMID: 29032294 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2017.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Revised: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Subcallosal Brodmann's Area 25 (Cg25) Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) is a new promising therapy for treatment resistant major depressive disorder (TR-MDD). While different DBS stimulating parameters may have an impact on the efficacy and safety of the therapy, there is no data to support a protocol for optimal stimulation parameters for depression. Here we present a prospective multi-center double-blind randomized crossed-over 13-month study that evaluated the effects of High (130 Hz) vs Low (20 Hz) frequency Cg25 stimulation for nine patients with TR-MDD. Four out of nine patients achieved response criteria (≥40% reduction of symptom score) compared to mean baseline values at the end of the study. The mean percent change of MADRS score showed a similar improvement in the high and low frequency stimulation groups after 6 months of stimulation (-15.4 ± 21.1 and -14.7 ± 21.1 respectively). The mean effect at the end of the second period (6 months after cross-over) was higher than the first period (first 6 months of stimulation) in all patients (-23.4 ± 19.9 (n = 6 periods) and -13.0 ± 22 (n = 9 periods) respectively). At the end of the second period, the mean percent change of the MADRS scores improved more in the high than low frequency groups (-31.3 ± 19.3 (n = 4 patients) and -7.7 ± 10.9 (n = 2 patients) respectively). Given the small numbers, detailed statistical analysis is challenging. Nonetheless the results of this study suggest that long term high frequency stimulation might confer the best results. Larger scale, randomized double blind trials are needed in order to evaluate the most effective stimulation parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renana Eitan
- Department of Medical Neurobiology (Physiology), Institute of Medical Research - Israel-Canada, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel; The Brain Division, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel; Biological Psychiatry Laboratory, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel; Functional Neuroimaging Laboratory, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Denys Fontaine
- Department of Neurosurgery, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Nice, France
| | - Michel Benoît
- Department of Psychiatry, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Nice, France
| | - Caroline Giordana
- Department of Neurology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Nice, France
| | - Nelly Darmon
- Department of Neurosurgery, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Nice, France
| | - Zvi Israel
- The Brain Division, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel; The Center for Functional and Restorative Neurosurgery, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Eduard Linesky
- The Brain Division, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - David Arkadir
- The Brain Division, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Shiri Ben-Naim
- The Brain Division, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel; Peres Academic Center, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Moshe Iserlles
- The Brain Division, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel; Biological Psychiatry Laboratory, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Hagai Bergman
- Department of Medical Neurobiology (Physiology), Institute of Medical Research - Israel-Canada, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel; The Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Research, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Natasha Hulse
- Department of Neurosurgery, King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Mohamed Abdelghani
- Affective Disorders Service, South London & Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychology, Psychiatry and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Peter McGuffin
- Affective Disorders Service, South London & Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychology, Psychiatry and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Anne Farmer
- Affective Disorders Service, South London & Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychology, Psychiatry and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Peichel DeLea
- Clinical Research, St. Jude Medical, Inc., Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Keyoumars Ashkan
- Department of Neurosurgery, King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Institute of Psychology, Psychiatry and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Bernard Lerer
- The Brain Division, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel; Biological Psychiatry Laboratory, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
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Gaig C, Graus F, Compta Y, Högl B, Bataller L, Brüggemann N, Giordana C, Heidbreder A, Kotschet K, Lewerenz J, Macher S, Martí MJ, Montojo T, Pérez-Pérez J, Puertas I, Seitz C, Simabukuro M, Téllez N, Wandinger KP, Iranzo A, Ercilla G, Sabater L, Santamaría J, Dalmau J. Clinical manifestations of the anti-IgLON5 disease. Neurology 2017; 88:1736-1743. [PMID: 28381508 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000003887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 226] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To report the presentation, main syndromes, human leukocyte antigen (HLA) association, and immunoglobulin G (IgG) subclass in the anti-IgLON5 disease: a disorder with parasomnias, sleep apnea, and IgLON5 antibodies. METHODS This was a retrospective clinical analysis of 22 patients. The IgG subclass was determined using reported techniques. RESULTS Patients' median age was 64 years (range 46-83). Symptoms that led to initial consultation included sleep problems (8 patients; 36%), gait abnormalities (8; 36%), bulbar dysfunction (3; 14%), chorea (2; 9%), and cognitive decline (1; 5%). By the time of diagnosis of the disorder, 4 syndromes were identified: (1) a sleep disorder with parasomnia and sleep breathing difficulty in 8 (36%) patients; (2) a bulbar syndrome including dysphagia, sialorrhea, stridor, or acute respiratory insufficiency in 6 (27%); (3) a syndrome resembling progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP-like) in 5 (23%); and (4) cognitive decline with or without chorea in 3 (14%). All patients eventually developed parasomnia, sleep apnea, insomnia, or excessive daytime sleepiness. HLA-DRB1*10:01 and HLA-DQB1*05:01 were positive in 13/15 (87%) patients; the DRB1*10:01 allele was 36 times more prevalent than in the general population. Among 16 patients with paired serum and CSF samples, 14 had IgLON5 antibodies in both, and 2 only in serum (both had a PSP-like syndrome). Twenty of 21 patients had IgG1 and IgG4 antibodies; the latter predominated in 16. CONCLUSIONS Patients with IgLON5 antibodies develop a characteristic sleep disorder preceded or accompanied by bulbar symptoms, gait abnormalities, oculomotor problems, and, less frequently, cognitive decline. IgG4 subclass antibodies predominate over IgG1; we confirm a strong association with the HLA-DRB1*10:01 allele.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carles Gaig
- From the Neuroimmunology Program (C. Gaig, F.G., A.I., L.S., J.S., J.D.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS); Department of Neurology (C. Gaig, F.G., Y.C., M.J.M., A.I., J.S.), Multidisciplinary Sleep Disorders Unit (C. Gaig, A.I., J.S.), Parkinson's Disease & Movement Disorders Unit (Y.C., M.J.M.), and Department of Immunology (G.E.), Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (B.H.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Neurology (L.B.), Hospital Universitari i Politècnic La Fe; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER) (L.B., L.S., J.D.), Valencia, Spain; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurogenetics (N.P., K.-P.W.), University of Lübeck, Germany; Department of Movement Disorders and Neurology (C. Giordana), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Nice, France; Department of Neurology (A.H.), Division of Sleep Medicine and Neuromuscular Disorders, University Hospital Muenster, Germany; Clinical Neurosciences (K.K.), St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (J.L.), Ulm University, Germany; Department of Neurology (S.M.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology (T.M.), Centre Hospitalier de Luxembourg; Department of Neurology (J.P.-P.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona; Department of Neurology (I.P.), Hospital La Paz, Madrid, Spain; Department of Neurology (C.S.), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany; Neurology Division (M.S.), Hospital das Clínicas, São Paulo University, Brazil; Department of Neurology (N.T.), Hospital Clínico Universitario, Valladolid, Spain; Institute of Clinical Chemistry (K.-P.W.), University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck, Germany; Department of Neurology (J.D.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; and Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA) (J.D.), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francesc Graus
- From the Neuroimmunology Program (C. Gaig, F.G., A.I., L.S., J.S., J.D.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS); Department of Neurology (C. Gaig, F.G., Y.C., M.J.M., A.I., J.S.), Multidisciplinary Sleep Disorders Unit (C. Gaig, A.I., J.S.), Parkinson's Disease & Movement Disorders Unit (Y.C., M.J.M.), and Department of Immunology (G.E.), Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (B.H.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Neurology (L.B.), Hospital Universitari i Politècnic La Fe; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER) (L.B., L.S., J.D.), Valencia, Spain; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurogenetics (N.P., K.-P.W.), University of Lübeck, Germany; Department of Movement Disorders and Neurology (C. Giordana), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Nice, France; Department of Neurology (A.H.), Division of Sleep Medicine and Neuromuscular Disorders, University Hospital Muenster, Germany; Clinical Neurosciences (K.K.), St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (J.L.), Ulm University, Germany; Department of Neurology (S.M.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology (T.M.), Centre Hospitalier de Luxembourg; Department of Neurology (J.P.-P.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona; Department of Neurology (I.P.), Hospital La Paz, Madrid, Spain; Department of Neurology (C.S.), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany; Neurology Division (M.S.), Hospital das Clínicas, São Paulo University, Brazil; Department of Neurology (N.T.), Hospital Clínico Universitario, Valladolid, Spain; Institute of Clinical Chemistry (K.-P.W.), University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck, Germany; Department of Neurology (J.D.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; and Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA) (J.D.), Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Yarko Compta
- From the Neuroimmunology Program (C. Gaig, F.G., A.I., L.S., J.S., J.D.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS); Department of Neurology (C. Gaig, F.G., Y.C., M.J.M., A.I., J.S.), Multidisciplinary Sleep Disorders Unit (C. Gaig, A.I., J.S.), Parkinson's Disease & Movement Disorders Unit (Y.C., M.J.M.), and Department of Immunology (G.E.), Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (B.H.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Neurology (L.B.), Hospital Universitari i Politècnic La Fe; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER) (L.B., L.S., J.D.), Valencia, Spain; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurogenetics (N.P., K.-P.W.), University of Lübeck, Germany; Department of Movement Disorders and Neurology (C. Giordana), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Nice, France; Department of Neurology (A.H.), Division of Sleep Medicine and Neuromuscular Disorders, University Hospital Muenster, Germany; Clinical Neurosciences (K.K.), St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (J.L.), Ulm University, Germany; Department of Neurology (S.M.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology (T.M.), Centre Hospitalier de Luxembourg; Department of Neurology (J.P.-P.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona; Department of Neurology (I.P.), Hospital La Paz, Madrid, Spain; Department of Neurology (C.S.), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany; Neurology Division (M.S.), Hospital das Clínicas, São Paulo University, Brazil; Department of Neurology (N.T.), Hospital Clínico Universitario, Valladolid, Spain; Institute of Clinical Chemistry (K.-P.W.), University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck, Germany; Department of Neurology (J.D.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; and Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA) (J.D.), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Birgit Högl
- From the Neuroimmunology Program (C. Gaig, F.G., A.I., L.S., J.S., J.D.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS); Department of Neurology (C. Gaig, F.G., Y.C., M.J.M., A.I., J.S.), Multidisciplinary Sleep Disorders Unit (C. Gaig, A.I., J.S.), Parkinson's Disease & Movement Disorders Unit (Y.C., M.J.M.), and Department of Immunology (G.E.), Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (B.H.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Neurology (L.B.), Hospital Universitari i Politècnic La Fe; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER) (L.B., L.S., J.D.), Valencia, Spain; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurogenetics (N.P., K.-P.W.), University of Lübeck, Germany; Department of Movement Disorders and Neurology (C. Giordana), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Nice, France; Department of Neurology (A.H.), Division of Sleep Medicine and Neuromuscular Disorders, University Hospital Muenster, Germany; Clinical Neurosciences (K.K.), St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (J.L.), Ulm University, Germany; Department of Neurology (S.M.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology (T.M.), Centre Hospitalier de Luxembourg; Department of Neurology (J.P.-P.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona; Department of Neurology (I.P.), Hospital La Paz, Madrid, Spain; Department of Neurology (C.S.), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany; Neurology Division (M.S.), Hospital das Clínicas, São Paulo University, Brazil; Department of Neurology (N.T.), Hospital Clínico Universitario, Valladolid, Spain; Institute of Clinical Chemistry (K.-P.W.), University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck, Germany; Department of Neurology (J.D.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; and Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA) (J.D.), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Luis Bataller
- From the Neuroimmunology Program (C. Gaig, F.G., A.I., L.S., J.S., J.D.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS); Department of Neurology (C. Gaig, F.G., Y.C., M.J.M., A.I., J.S.), Multidisciplinary Sleep Disorders Unit (C. Gaig, A.I., J.S.), Parkinson's Disease & Movement Disorders Unit (Y.C., M.J.M.), and Department of Immunology (G.E.), Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (B.H.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Neurology (L.B.), Hospital Universitari i Politècnic La Fe; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER) (L.B., L.S., J.D.), Valencia, Spain; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurogenetics (N.P., K.-P.W.), University of Lübeck, Germany; Department of Movement Disorders and Neurology (C. Giordana), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Nice, France; Department of Neurology (A.H.), Division of Sleep Medicine and Neuromuscular Disorders, University Hospital Muenster, Germany; Clinical Neurosciences (K.K.), St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (J.L.), Ulm University, Germany; Department of Neurology (S.M.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology (T.M.), Centre Hospitalier de Luxembourg; Department of Neurology (J.P.-P.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona; Department of Neurology (I.P.), Hospital La Paz, Madrid, Spain; Department of Neurology (C.S.), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany; Neurology Division (M.S.), Hospital das Clínicas, São Paulo University, Brazil; Department of Neurology (N.T.), Hospital Clínico Universitario, Valladolid, Spain; Institute of Clinical Chemistry (K.-P.W.), University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck, Germany; Department of Neurology (J.D.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; and Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA) (J.D.), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Norbert Brüggemann
- From the Neuroimmunology Program (C. Gaig, F.G., A.I., L.S., J.S., J.D.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS); Department of Neurology (C. Gaig, F.G., Y.C., M.J.M., A.I., J.S.), Multidisciplinary Sleep Disorders Unit (C. Gaig, A.I., J.S.), Parkinson's Disease & Movement Disorders Unit (Y.C., M.J.M.), and Department of Immunology (G.E.), Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (B.H.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Neurology (L.B.), Hospital Universitari i Politècnic La Fe; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER) (L.B., L.S., J.D.), Valencia, Spain; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurogenetics (N.P., K.-P.W.), University of Lübeck, Germany; Department of Movement Disorders and Neurology (C. Giordana), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Nice, France; Department of Neurology (A.H.), Division of Sleep Medicine and Neuromuscular Disorders, University Hospital Muenster, Germany; Clinical Neurosciences (K.K.), St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (J.L.), Ulm University, Germany; Department of Neurology (S.M.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology (T.M.), Centre Hospitalier de Luxembourg; Department of Neurology (J.P.-P.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona; Department of Neurology (I.P.), Hospital La Paz, Madrid, Spain; Department of Neurology (C.S.), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany; Neurology Division (M.S.), Hospital das Clínicas, São Paulo University, Brazil; Department of Neurology (N.T.), Hospital Clínico Universitario, Valladolid, Spain; Institute of Clinical Chemistry (K.-P.W.), University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck, Germany; Department of Neurology (J.D.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; and Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA) (J.D.), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Caroline Giordana
- From the Neuroimmunology Program (C. Gaig, F.G., A.I., L.S., J.S., J.D.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS); Department of Neurology (C. Gaig, F.G., Y.C., M.J.M., A.I., J.S.), Multidisciplinary Sleep Disorders Unit (C. Gaig, A.I., J.S.), Parkinson's Disease & Movement Disorders Unit (Y.C., M.J.M.), and Department of Immunology (G.E.), Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (B.H.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Neurology (L.B.), Hospital Universitari i Politècnic La Fe; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER) (L.B., L.S., J.D.), Valencia, Spain; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurogenetics (N.P., K.-P.W.), University of Lübeck, Germany; Department of Movement Disorders and Neurology (C. Giordana), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Nice, France; Department of Neurology (A.H.), Division of Sleep Medicine and Neuromuscular Disorders, University Hospital Muenster, Germany; Clinical Neurosciences (K.K.), St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (J.L.), Ulm University, Germany; Department of Neurology (S.M.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology (T.M.), Centre Hospitalier de Luxembourg; Department of Neurology (J.P.-P.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona; Department of Neurology (I.P.), Hospital La Paz, Madrid, Spain; Department of Neurology (C.S.), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany; Neurology Division (M.S.), Hospital das Clínicas, São Paulo University, Brazil; Department of Neurology (N.T.), Hospital Clínico Universitario, Valladolid, Spain; Institute of Clinical Chemistry (K.-P.W.), University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck, Germany; Department of Neurology (J.D.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; and Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA) (J.D.), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna Heidbreder
- From the Neuroimmunology Program (C. Gaig, F.G., A.I., L.S., J.S., J.D.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS); Department of Neurology (C. Gaig, F.G., Y.C., M.J.M., A.I., J.S.), Multidisciplinary Sleep Disorders Unit (C. Gaig, A.I., J.S.), Parkinson's Disease & Movement Disorders Unit (Y.C., M.J.M.), and Department of Immunology (G.E.), Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (B.H.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Neurology (L.B.), Hospital Universitari i Politècnic La Fe; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER) (L.B., L.S., J.D.), Valencia, Spain; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurogenetics (N.P., K.-P.W.), University of Lübeck, Germany; Department of Movement Disorders and Neurology (C. Giordana), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Nice, France; Department of Neurology (A.H.), Division of Sleep Medicine and Neuromuscular Disorders, University Hospital Muenster, Germany; Clinical Neurosciences (K.K.), St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (J.L.), Ulm University, Germany; Department of Neurology (S.M.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology (T.M.), Centre Hospitalier de Luxembourg; Department of Neurology (J.P.-P.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona; Department of Neurology (I.P.), Hospital La Paz, Madrid, Spain; Department of Neurology (C.S.), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany; Neurology Division (M.S.), Hospital das Clínicas, São Paulo University, Brazil; Department of Neurology (N.T.), Hospital Clínico Universitario, Valladolid, Spain; Institute of Clinical Chemistry (K.-P.W.), University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck, Germany; Department of Neurology (J.D.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; and Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA) (J.D.), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Katya Kotschet
- From the Neuroimmunology Program (C. Gaig, F.G., A.I., L.S., J.S., J.D.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS); Department of Neurology (C. Gaig, F.G., Y.C., M.J.M., A.I., J.S.), Multidisciplinary Sleep Disorders Unit (C. Gaig, A.I., J.S.), Parkinson's Disease & Movement Disorders Unit (Y.C., M.J.M.), and Department of Immunology (G.E.), Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (B.H.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Neurology (L.B.), Hospital Universitari i Politècnic La Fe; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER) (L.B., L.S., J.D.), Valencia, Spain; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurogenetics (N.P., K.-P.W.), University of Lübeck, Germany; Department of Movement Disorders and Neurology (C. Giordana), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Nice, France; Department of Neurology (A.H.), Division of Sleep Medicine and Neuromuscular Disorders, University Hospital Muenster, Germany; Clinical Neurosciences (K.K.), St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (J.L.), Ulm University, Germany; Department of Neurology (S.M.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology (T.M.), Centre Hospitalier de Luxembourg; Department of Neurology (J.P.-P.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona; Department of Neurology (I.P.), Hospital La Paz, Madrid, Spain; Department of Neurology (C.S.), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany; Neurology Division (M.S.), Hospital das Clínicas, São Paulo University, Brazil; Department of Neurology (N.T.), Hospital Clínico Universitario, Valladolid, Spain; Institute of Clinical Chemistry (K.-P.W.), University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck, Germany; Department of Neurology (J.D.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; and Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA) (J.D.), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jan Lewerenz
- From the Neuroimmunology Program (C. Gaig, F.G., A.I., L.S., J.S., J.D.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS); Department of Neurology (C. Gaig, F.G., Y.C., M.J.M., A.I., J.S.), Multidisciplinary Sleep Disorders Unit (C. Gaig, A.I., J.S.), Parkinson's Disease & Movement Disorders Unit (Y.C., M.J.M.), and Department of Immunology (G.E.), Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (B.H.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Neurology (L.B.), Hospital Universitari i Politècnic La Fe; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER) (L.B., L.S., J.D.), Valencia, Spain; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurogenetics (N.P., K.-P.W.), University of Lübeck, Germany; Department of Movement Disorders and Neurology (C. Giordana), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Nice, France; Department of Neurology (A.H.), Division of Sleep Medicine and Neuromuscular Disorders, University Hospital Muenster, Germany; Clinical Neurosciences (K.K.), St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (J.L.), Ulm University, Germany; Department of Neurology (S.M.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology (T.M.), Centre Hospitalier de Luxembourg; Department of Neurology (J.P.-P.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona; Department of Neurology (I.P.), Hospital La Paz, Madrid, Spain; Department of Neurology (C.S.), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany; Neurology Division (M.S.), Hospital das Clínicas, São Paulo University, Brazil; Department of Neurology (N.T.), Hospital Clínico Universitario, Valladolid, Spain; Institute of Clinical Chemistry (K.-P.W.), University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck, Germany; Department of Neurology (J.D.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; and Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA) (J.D.), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Stefan Macher
- From the Neuroimmunology Program (C. Gaig, F.G., A.I., L.S., J.S., J.D.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS); Department of Neurology (C. Gaig, F.G., Y.C., M.J.M., A.I., J.S.), Multidisciplinary Sleep Disorders Unit (C. Gaig, A.I., J.S.), Parkinson's Disease & Movement Disorders Unit (Y.C., M.J.M.), and Department of Immunology (G.E.), Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (B.H.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Neurology (L.B.), Hospital Universitari i Politècnic La Fe; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER) (L.B., L.S., J.D.), Valencia, Spain; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurogenetics (N.P., K.-P.W.), University of Lübeck, Germany; Department of Movement Disorders and Neurology (C. Giordana), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Nice, France; Department of Neurology (A.H.), Division of Sleep Medicine and Neuromuscular Disorders, University Hospital Muenster, Germany; Clinical Neurosciences (K.K.), St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (J.L.), Ulm University, Germany; Department of Neurology (S.M.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology (T.M.), Centre Hospitalier de Luxembourg; Department of Neurology (J.P.-P.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona; Department of Neurology (I.P.), Hospital La Paz, Madrid, Spain; Department of Neurology (C.S.), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany; Neurology Division (M.S.), Hospital das Clínicas, São Paulo University, Brazil; Department of Neurology (N.T.), Hospital Clínico Universitario, Valladolid, Spain; Institute of Clinical Chemistry (K.-P.W.), University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck, Germany; Department of Neurology (J.D.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; and Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA) (J.D.), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria J Martí
- From the Neuroimmunology Program (C. Gaig, F.G., A.I., L.S., J.S., J.D.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS); Department of Neurology (C. Gaig, F.G., Y.C., M.J.M., A.I., J.S.), Multidisciplinary Sleep Disorders Unit (C. Gaig, A.I., J.S.), Parkinson's Disease & Movement Disorders Unit (Y.C., M.J.M.), and Department of Immunology (G.E.), Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (B.H.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Neurology (L.B.), Hospital Universitari i Politècnic La Fe; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER) (L.B., L.S., J.D.), Valencia, Spain; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurogenetics (N.P., K.-P.W.), University of Lübeck, Germany; Department of Movement Disorders and Neurology (C. Giordana), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Nice, France; Department of Neurology (A.H.), Division of Sleep Medicine and Neuromuscular Disorders, University Hospital Muenster, Germany; Clinical Neurosciences (K.K.), St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (J.L.), Ulm University, Germany; Department of Neurology (S.M.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology (T.M.), Centre Hospitalier de Luxembourg; Department of Neurology (J.P.-P.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona; Department of Neurology (I.P.), Hospital La Paz, Madrid, Spain; Department of Neurology (C.S.), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany; Neurology Division (M.S.), Hospital das Clínicas, São Paulo University, Brazil; Department of Neurology (N.T.), Hospital Clínico Universitario, Valladolid, Spain; Institute of Clinical Chemistry (K.-P.W.), University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck, Germany; Department of Neurology (J.D.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; and Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA) (J.D.), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Teresa Montojo
- From the Neuroimmunology Program (C. Gaig, F.G., A.I., L.S., J.S., J.D.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS); Department of Neurology (C. Gaig, F.G., Y.C., M.J.M., A.I., J.S.), Multidisciplinary Sleep Disorders Unit (C. Gaig, A.I., J.S.), Parkinson's Disease & Movement Disorders Unit (Y.C., M.J.M.), and Department of Immunology (G.E.), Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (B.H.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Neurology (L.B.), Hospital Universitari i Politècnic La Fe; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER) (L.B., L.S., J.D.), Valencia, Spain; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurogenetics (N.P., K.-P.W.), University of Lübeck, Germany; Department of Movement Disorders and Neurology (C. Giordana), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Nice, France; Department of Neurology (A.H.), Division of Sleep Medicine and Neuromuscular Disorders, University Hospital Muenster, Germany; Clinical Neurosciences (K.K.), St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (J.L.), Ulm University, Germany; Department of Neurology (S.M.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology (T.M.), Centre Hospitalier de Luxembourg; Department of Neurology (J.P.-P.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona; Department of Neurology (I.P.), Hospital La Paz, Madrid, Spain; Department of Neurology (C.S.), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany; Neurology Division (M.S.), Hospital das Clínicas, São Paulo University, Brazil; Department of Neurology (N.T.), Hospital Clínico Universitario, Valladolid, Spain; Institute of Clinical Chemistry (K.-P.W.), University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck, Germany; Department of Neurology (J.D.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; and Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA) (J.D.), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jesus Pérez-Pérez
- From the Neuroimmunology Program (C. Gaig, F.G., A.I., L.S., J.S., J.D.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS); Department of Neurology (C. Gaig, F.G., Y.C., M.J.M., A.I., J.S.), Multidisciplinary Sleep Disorders Unit (C. Gaig, A.I., J.S.), Parkinson's Disease & Movement Disorders Unit (Y.C., M.J.M.), and Department of Immunology (G.E.), Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (B.H.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Neurology (L.B.), Hospital Universitari i Politècnic La Fe; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER) (L.B., L.S., J.D.), Valencia, Spain; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurogenetics (N.P., K.-P.W.), University of Lübeck, Germany; Department of Movement Disorders and Neurology (C. Giordana), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Nice, France; Department of Neurology (A.H.), Division of Sleep Medicine and Neuromuscular Disorders, University Hospital Muenster, Germany; Clinical Neurosciences (K.K.), St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (J.L.), Ulm University, Germany; Department of Neurology (S.M.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology (T.M.), Centre Hospitalier de Luxembourg; Department of Neurology (J.P.-P.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona; Department of Neurology (I.P.), Hospital La Paz, Madrid, Spain; Department of Neurology (C.S.), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany; Neurology Division (M.S.), Hospital das Clínicas, São Paulo University, Brazil; Department of Neurology (N.T.), Hospital Clínico Universitario, Valladolid, Spain; Institute of Clinical Chemistry (K.-P.W.), University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck, Germany; Department of Neurology (J.D.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; and Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA) (J.D.), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Inmaculada Puertas
- From the Neuroimmunology Program (C. Gaig, F.G., A.I., L.S., J.S., J.D.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS); Department of Neurology (C. Gaig, F.G., Y.C., M.J.M., A.I., J.S.), Multidisciplinary Sleep Disorders Unit (C. Gaig, A.I., J.S.), Parkinson's Disease & Movement Disorders Unit (Y.C., M.J.M.), and Department of Immunology (G.E.), Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (B.H.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Neurology (L.B.), Hospital Universitari i Politècnic La Fe; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER) (L.B., L.S., J.D.), Valencia, Spain; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurogenetics (N.P., K.-P.W.), University of Lübeck, Germany; Department of Movement Disorders and Neurology (C. Giordana), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Nice, France; Department of Neurology (A.H.), Division of Sleep Medicine and Neuromuscular Disorders, University Hospital Muenster, Germany; Clinical Neurosciences (K.K.), St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (J.L.), Ulm University, Germany; Department of Neurology (S.M.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology (T.M.), Centre Hospitalier de Luxembourg; Department of Neurology (J.P.-P.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona; Department of Neurology (I.P.), Hospital La Paz, Madrid, Spain; Department of Neurology (C.S.), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany; Neurology Division (M.S.), Hospital das Clínicas, São Paulo University, Brazil; Department of Neurology (N.T.), Hospital Clínico Universitario, Valladolid, Spain; Institute of Clinical Chemistry (K.-P.W.), University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck, Germany; Department of Neurology (J.D.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; and Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA) (J.D.), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Caspar Seitz
- From the Neuroimmunology Program (C. Gaig, F.G., A.I., L.S., J.S., J.D.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS); Department of Neurology (C. Gaig, F.G., Y.C., M.J.M., A.I., J.S.), Multidisciplinary Sleep Disorders Unit (C. Gaig, A.I., J.S.), Parkinson's Disease & Movement Disorders Unit (Y.C., M.J.M.), and Department of Immunology (G.E.), Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (B.H.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Neurology (L.B.), Hospital Universitari i Politècnic La Fe; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER) (L.B., L.S., J.D.), Valencia, Spain; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurogenetics (N.P., K.-P.W.), University of Lübeck, Germany; Department of Movement Disorders and Neurology (C. Giordana), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Nice, France; Department of Neurology (A.H.), Division of Sleep Medicine and Neuromuscular Disorders, University Hospital Muenster, Germany; Clinical Neurosciences (K.K.), St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (J.L.), Ulm University, Germany; Department of Neurology (S.M.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology (T.M.), Centre Hospitalier de Luxembourg; Department of Neurology (J.P.-P.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona; Department of Neurology (I.P.), Hospital La Paz, Madrid, Spain; Department of Neurology (C.S.), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany; Neurology Division (M.S.), Hospital das Clínicas, São Paulo University, Brazil; Department of Neurology (N.T.), Hospital Clínico Universitario, Valladolid, Spain; Institute of Clinical Chemistry (K.-P.W.), University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck, Germany; Department of Neurology (J.D.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; and Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA) (J.D.), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mateus Simabukuro
- From the Neuroimmunology Program (C. Gaig, F.G., A.I., L.S., J.S., J.D.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS); Department of Neurology (C. Gaig, F.G., Y.C., M.J.M., A.I., J.S.), Multidisciplinary Sleep Disorders Unit (C. Gaig, A.I., J.S.), Parkinson's Disease & Movement Disorders Unit (Y.C., M.J.M.), and Department of Immunology (G.E.), Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (B.H.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Neurology (L.B.), Hospital Universitari i Politècnic La Fe; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER) (L.B., L.S., J.D.), Valencia, Spain; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurogenetics (N.P., K.-P.W.), University of Lübeck, Germany; Department of Movement Disorders and Neurology (C. Giordana), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Nice, France; Department of Neurology (A.H.), Division of Sleep Medicine and Neuromuscular Disorders, University Hospital Muenster, Germany; Clinical Neurosciences (K.K.), St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (J.L.), Ulm University, Germany; Department of Neurology (S.M.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology (T.M.), Centre Hospitalier de Luxembourg; Department of Neurology (J.P.-P.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona; Department of Neurology (I.P.), Hospital La Paz, Madrid, Spain; Department of Neurology (C.S.), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany; Neurology Division (M.S.), Hospital das Clínicas, São Paulo University, Brazil; Department of Neurology (N.T.), Hospital Clínico Universitario, Valladolid, Spain; Institute of Clinical Chemistry (K.-P.W.), University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck, Germany; Department of Neurology (J.D.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; and Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA) (J.D.), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nieves Téllez
- From the Neuroimmunology Program (C. Gaig, F.G., A.I., L.S., J.S., J.D.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS); Department of Neurology (C. Gaig, F.G., Y.C., M.J.M., A.I., J.S.), Multidisciplinary Sleep Disorders Unit (C. Gaig, A.I., J.S.), Parkinson's Disease & Movement Disorders Unit (Y.C., M.J.M.), and Department of Immunology (G.E.), Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (B.H.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Neurology (L.B.), Hospital Universitari i Politècnic La Fe; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER) (L.B., L.S., J.D.), Valencia, Spain; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurogenetics (N.P., K.-P.W.), University of Lübeck, Germany; Department of Movement Disorders and Neurology (C. Giordana), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Nice, France; Department of Neurology (A.H.), Division of Sleep Medicine and Neuromuscular Disorders, University Hospital Muenster, Germany; Clinical Neurosciences (K.K.), St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (J.L.), Ulm University, Germany; Department of Neurology (S.M.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology (T.M.), Centre Hospitalier de Luxembourg; Department of Neurology (J.P.-P.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona; Department of Neurology (I.P.), Hospital La Paz, Madrid, Spain; Department of Neurology (C.S.), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany; Neurology Division (M.S.), Hospital das Clínicas, São Paulo University, Brazil; Department of Neurology (N.T.), Hospital Clínico Universitario, Valladolid, Spain; Institute of Clinical Chemistry (K.-P.W.), University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck, Germany; Department of Neurology (J.D.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; and Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA) (J.D.), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Klaus-Peter Wandinger
- From the Neuroimmunology Program (C. Gaig, F.G., A.I., L.S., J.S., J.D.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS); Department of Neurology (C. Gaig, F.G., Y.C., M.J.M., A.I., J.S.), Multidisciplinary Sleep Disorders Unit (C. Gaig, A.I., J.S.), Parkinson's Disease & Movement Disorders Unit (Y.C., M.J.M.), and Department of Immunology (G.E.), Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (B.H.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Neurology (L.B.), Hospital Universitari i Politècnic La Fe; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER) (L.B., L.S., J.D.), Valencia, Spain; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurogenetics (N.P., K.-P.W.), University of Lübeck, Germany; Department of Movement Disorders and Neurology (C. Giordana), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Nice, France; Department of Neurology (A.H.), Division of Sleep Medicine and Neuromuscular Disorders, University Hospital Muenster, Germany; Clinical Neurosciences (K.K.), St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (J.L.), Ulm University, Germany; Department of Neurology (S.M.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology (T.M.), Centre Hospitalier de Luxembourg; Department of Neurology (J.P.-P.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona; Department of Neurology (I.P.), Hospital La Paz, Madrid, Spain; Department of Neurology (C.S.), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany; Neurology Division (M.S.), Hospital das Clínicas, São Paulo University, Brazil; Department of Neurology (N.T.), Hospital Clínico Universitario, Valladolid, Spain; Institute of Clinical Chemistry (K.-P.W.), University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck, Germany; Department of Neurology (J.D.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; and Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA) (J.D.), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alex Iranzo
- From the Neuroimmunology Program (C. Gaig, F.G., A.I., L.S., J.S., J.D.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS); Department of Neurology (C. Gaig, F.G., Y.C., M.J.M., A.I., J.S.), Multidisciplinary Sleep Disorders Unit (C. Gaig, A.I., J.S.), Parkinson's Disease & Movement Disorders Unit (Y.C., M.J.M.), and Department of Immunology (G.E.), Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (B.H.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Neurology (L.B.), Hospital Universitari i Politècnic La Fe; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER) (L.B., L.S., J.D.), Valencia, Spain; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurogenetics (N.P., K.-P.W.), University of Lübeck, Germany; Department of Movement Disorders and Neurology (C. Giordana), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Nice, France; Department of Neurology (A.H.), Division of Sleep Medicine and Neuromuscular Disorders, University Hospital Muenster, Germany; Clinical Neurosciences (K.K.), St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (J.L.), Ulm University, Germany; Department of Neurology (S.M.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology (T.M.), Centre Hospitalier de Luxembourg; Department of Neurology (J.P.-P.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona; Department of Neurology (I.P.), Hospital La Paz, Madrid, Spain; Department of Neurology (C.S.), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany; Neurology Division (M.S.), Hospital das Clínicas, São Paulo University, Brazil; Department of Neurology (N.T.), Hospital Clínico Universitario, Valladolid, Spain; Institute of Clinical Chemistry (K.-P.W.), University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck, Germany; Department of Neurology (J.D.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; and Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA) (J.D.), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Guadalupe Ercilla
- From the Neuroimmunology Program (C. Gaig, F.G., A.I., L.S., J.S., J.D.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS); Department of Neurology (C. Gaig, F.G., Y.C., M.J.M., A.I., J.S.), Multidisciplinary Sleep Disorders Unit (C. Gaig, A.I., J.S.), Parkinson's Disease & Movement Disorders Unit (Y.C., M.J.M.), and Department of Immunology (G.E.), Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (B.H.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Neurology (L.B.), Hospital Universitari i Politècnic La Fe; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER) (L.B., L.S., J.D.), Valencia, Spain; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurogenetics (N.P., K.-P.W.), University of Lübeck, Germany; Department of Movement Disorders and Neurology (C. Giordana), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Nice, France; Department of Neurology (A.H.), Division of Sleep Medicine and Neuromuscular Disorders, University Hospital Muenster, Germany; Clinical Neurosciences (K.K.), St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (J.L.), Ulm University, Germany; Department of Neurology (S.M.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology (T.M.), Centre Hospitalier de Luxembourg; Department of Neurology (J.P.-P.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona; Department of Neurology (I.P.), Hospital La Paz, Madrid, Spain; Department of Neurology (C.S.), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany; Neurology Division (M.S.), Hospital das Clínicas, São Paulo University, Brazil; Department of Neurology (N.T.), Hospital Clínico Universitario, Valladolid, Spain; Institute of Clinical Chemistry (K.-P.W.), University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck, Germany; Department of Neurology (J.D.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; and Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA) (J.D.), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lidia Sabater
- From the Neuroimmunology Program (C. Gaig, F.G., A.I., L.S., J.S., J.D.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS); Department of Neurology (C. Gaig, F.G., Y.C., M.J.M., A.I., J.S.), Multidisciplinary Sleep Disorders Unit (C. Gaig, A.I., J.S.), Parkinson's Disease & Movement Disorders Unit (Y.C., M.J.M.), and Department of Immunology (G.E.), Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (B.H.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Neurology (L.B.), Hospital Universitari i Politècnic La Fe; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER) (L.B., L.S., J.D.), Valencia, Spain; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurogenetics (N.P., K.-P.W.), University of Lübeck, Germany; Department of Movement Disorders and Neurology (C. Giordana), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Nice, France; Department of Neurology (A.H.), Division of Sleep Medicine and Neuromuscular Disorders, University Hospital Muenster, Germany; Clinical Neurosciences (K.K.), St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (J.L.), Ulm University, Germany; Department of Neurology (S.M.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology (T.M.), Centre Hospitalier de Luxembourg; Department of Neurology (J.P.-P.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona; Department of Neurology (I.P.), Hospital La Paz, Madrid, Spain; Department of Neurology (C.S.), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany; Neurology Division (M.S.), Hospital das Clínicas, São Paulo University, Brazil; Department of Neurology (N.T.), Hospital Clínico Universitario, Valladolid, Spain; Institute of Clinical Chemistry (K.-P.W.), University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck, Germany; Department of Neurology (J.D.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; and Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA) (J.D.), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan Santamaría
- From the Neuroimmunology Program (C. Gaig, F.G., A.I., L.S., J.S., J.D.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS); Department of Neurology (C. Gaig, F.G., Y.C., M.J.M., A.I., J.S.), Multidisciplinary Sleep Disorders Unit (C. Gaig, A.I., J.S.), Parkinson's Disease & Movement Disorders Unit (Y.C., M.J.M.), and Department of Immunology (G.E.), Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (B.H.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Neurology (L.B.), Hospital Universitari i Politècnic La Fe; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER) (L.B., L.S., J.D.), Valencia, Spain; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurogenetics (N.P., K.-P.W.), University of Lübeck, Germany; Department of Movement Disorders and Neurology (C. Giordana), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Nice, France; Department of Neurology (A.H.), Division of Sleep Medicine and Neuromuscular Disorders, University Hospital Muenster, Germany; Clinical Neurosciences (K.K.), St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (J.L.), Ulm University, Germany; Department of Neurology (S.M.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology (T.M.), Centre Hospitalier de Luxembourg; Department of Neurology (J.P.-P.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona; Department of Neurology (I.P.), Hospital La Paz, Madrid, Spain; Department of Neurology (C.S.), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany; Neurology Division (M.S.), Hospital das Clínicas, São Paulo University, Brazil; Department of Neurology (N.T.), Hospital Clínico Universitario, Valladolid, Spain; Institute of Clinical Chemistry (K.-P.W.), University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck, Germany; Department of Neurology (J.D.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; and Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA) (J.D.), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep Dalmau
- From the Neuroimmunology Program (C. Gaig, F.G., A.I., L.S., J.S., J.D.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS); Department of Neurology (C. Gaig, F.G., Y.C., M.J.M., A.I., J.S.), Multidisciplinary Sleep Disorders Unit (C. Gaig, A.I., J.S.), Parkinson's Disease & Movement Disorders Unit (Y.C., M.J.M.), and Department of Immunology (G.E.), Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (B.H.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Neurology (L.B.), Hospital Universitari i Politècnic La Fe; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER) (L.B., L.S., J.D.), Valencia, Spain; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurogenetics (N.P., K.-P.W.), University of Lübeck, Germany; Department of Movement Disorders and Neurology (C. Giordana), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Nice, France; Department of Neurology (A.H.), Division of Sleep Medicine and Neuromuscular Disorders, University Hospital Muenster, Germany; Clinical Neurosciences (K.K.), St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (J.L.), Ulm University, Germany; Department of Neurology (S.M.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology (T.M.), Centre Hospitalier de Luxembourg; Department of Neurology (J.P.-P.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona; Department of Neurology (I.P.), Hospital La Paz, Madrid, Spain; Department of Neurology (C.S.), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany; Neurology Division (M.S.), Hospital das Clínicas, São Paulo University, Brazil; Department of Neurology (N.T.), Hospital Clínico Universitario, Valladolid, Spain; Institute of Clinical Chemistry (K.-P.W.), University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck, Germany; Department of Neurology (J.D.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; and Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA) (J.D.), Barcelona, Spain
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Derollez C, Giordana C, Chaussenot A, Pasquier F, Lebouvier T. Syndrome de Gerstmann-Straussler-Scheinker (GSS) à révélation cognitive : à propos d’une famille. Rev Neurol (Paris) 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neurol.2017.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Moreau C, Meguig S, Corvol JC, Labreuche J, Vasseur F, Duhamel A, Delval A, Bardyn T, Devedjian JC, Rouaix N, Petyt G, Brefel-Courbon C, Ory-Magne F, Guehl D, Eusebio A, Fraix V, Saulnier PJ, Lagha-Boukbiza O, Durif F, Faighel M, Giordana C, Drapier S, Maltête D, Tranchant C, Houeto JL, Debû B, Azulay JP, Tison F, Destée A, Vidailhet M, Rascol O, Dujardin K, Defebvre L, Bordet R, Sablonnière B, Devos D. Polymorphism of the dopamine transporter type 1 gene modifies the treatment response in Parkinson's disease. Brain 2015; 138:1271-83. [PMID: 25805645 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awv063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2014] [Accepted: 01/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
After more than 50 years of treating Parkinson's disease with l-DOPA, there are still no guidelines on setting the optimal dose for a given patient. The dopamine transporter type 1, now known as solute carrier family 6 (neurotransmitter transporter), member 3 (SLC6A3) is the most powerful determinant of dopamine neurotransmission and might therefore influence the treatment response. We recently demonstrated that methylphenidate (a dopamine transporter inhibitor) is effective in patients with Parkinson's disease with motor and gait disorders. The objective of the present study was to determine whether genetic variants of the dopamine transporter type 1-encoding gene (SLC6A3) are associated with differences in the response to treatment of motor symptoms and gait disorders with l-DOPA and methylphenidate (with respect to the demographic, the disease and the treatment parameters and the other genes involved in the dopaminergic neurotransmission). This analysis was part of a multicentre, parallel-group, double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial of methylphenidate in Parkinson's disease (Protocol ID:2008-005801-20; ClinicalTrials.gov:NCT00914095). We scored the motor Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale and the Stand-Walk-Sit Test before and after a standardized acute l-DOPA challenge before randomization and then after 3 months of methylphenidate treatment. Patients were screened for variants of genes involved in dopamine metabolism: rs28363170 and rs3836790 polymorphisms in the SLC6A3 gene, rs921451 and rs3837091 in the DDC gene (encoding the aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase involved in the synthesis of dopamine from l-DOPA), rs1799836 in the MAOB gene (coding for monoamine oxidase B) and rs4680 in the COMT gene (coding for catechol-O-methyltransferase). Investigators and patients were blinded to the genotyping data throughout the study. Eighty-one subjects were genotyped and 61 were analysed for their acute motor response to l-DOPA. The SLC6A3 variants were significantly associated with greater efficacy of l-DOPA for motor symptoms. The SLC6A3 variants were also associated with greater efficacy of methylphenidate for motor symptoms and gait disorders in the ON l-DOPA condition. The difference between motor Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale scores for patients with different SLC6A3 genotypes was statistically significant in a multivariate analysis that took account of other disease-related, treatment-related and pharmacogenetic parameters. Our preliminary results suggest that variants of SLC6A3 are genetic modifiers of the treatment response to l-DOPA and methylphenidate in Parkinson's disease. Further studies are required to assess the possible value of these genotypes for (i) guiding l-DOPA dose adaptations over the long term; and (ii) establishing the risk/benefit balance associated with methylphenidate treatment for gait disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Moreau
- 1 Department of Movement Disorders and Neurology, Lille University, CHU Lille, Lille, France 2 INSERM U1171, Lille University, Lille, France
| | - Sayah Meguig
- 3 Department of Molecular Biology and Pathology Centre, Lille University, CHU Lille, Lille, France
| | - Jean-Christophe Corvol
- 4 Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, and INSERM UMRS_1127 and CIC_1422, and CNRS UMR_7225, and AP-HP, and ICM, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Département des Maladies du Système Nerveux, Paris, France
| | - Julien Labreuche
- 5 Department of Biostatistics, Lille University, CHU Lille, Lille, France
| | - Francis Vasseur
- 5 Department of Biostatistics, Lille University, CHU Lille, Lille, France
| | - Alain Duhamel
- 5 Department of Biostatistics, Lille University, CHU Lille, Lille, France
| | - Arnaud Delval
- 1 Department of Movement Disorders and Neurology, Lille University, CHU Lille, Lille, France 2 INSERM U1171, Lille University, Lille, France
| | - Thomas Bardyn
- 3 Department of Molecular Biology and Pathology Centre, Lille University, CHU Lille, Lille, France
| | | | - Nathalie Rouaix
- 3 Department of Molecular Biology and Pathology Centre, Lille University, CHU Lille, Lille, France
| | - Gregory Petyt
- 6 Department of Nuclear Medicine, Lille University, CHU Lille, Lille, France
| | - Christine Brefel-Courbon
- 7 Departments of Clinical Pharmacology and Neurosciences, CIC9302, University Hospital and Paul Sabatier University, Toulouse, France
| | - Fabienne Ory-Magne
- 7 Departments of Clinical Pharmacology and Neurosciences, CIC9302, University Hospital and Paul Sabatier University, Toulouse, France
| | - Dominique Guehl
- 8 Université de Bordeaux, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR CNRS 5293 and CHU de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Alexandre Eusebio
- 9 Department of Neurology and Movement Disorders - APHM Timone University Hospital and Institut de Neurosciences de la Timone, AMU-CNRS UMR 7289, Marseille, France
| | - Valérie Fraix
- 10 Department of Psychiatry and Neurology, CHU Grenoble, Grenoble, France
| | - Pierre-Jean Saulnier
- 11 Department of Movement Disorders and Neurology, Centre d'Investigation Clinique, INSERM CIC 0802, INSERM U1084, Laboratoire de Neurosciences Expérimentales et Cliniques, CHU de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Ouhaid Lagha-Boukbiza
- 12 Department of Movement Disorders and Neurology, CHU Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Frank Durif
- 13 Department of Movement Disorders and Neurology, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Mirela Faighel
- 14 Department of Movement Disorders and Neurology, INSERM, CIC04, CHU Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Caroline Giordana
- 15 Department of Movement Disorders and Neurology, CHU Nice, Nice, France
| | - Sophie Drapier
- 16 Department of Neurology, EA- 425 Université Rennes 1 et CHU Pontchaillou, CHU Rennes, Rennes, France
| | - David Maltête
- 17 Department of Neurology and INSERM CIC-CRB 0204, Rouen University Hospital, CHU Rouen Rouen, France
| | - Christine Tranchant
- 12 Department of Movement Disorders and Neurology, CHU Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Jean-Luc Houeto
- 11 Department of Movement Disorders and Neurology, Centre d'Investigation Clinique, INSERM CIC 0802, INSERM U1084, Laboratoire de Neurosciences Expérimentales et Cliniques, CHU de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Bettina Debû
- 10 Department of Psychiatry and Neurology, CHU Grenoble, Grenoble, France
| | - Jean-Philippe Azulay
- 9 Department of Neurology and Movement Disorders - APHM Timone University Hospital and Institut de Neurosciences de la Timone, AMU-CNRS UMR 7289, Marseille, France
| | - François Tison
- 8 Université de Bordeaux, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR CNRS 5293 and CHU de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Alain Destée
- 1 Department of Movement Disorders and Neurology, Lille University, CHU Lille, Lille, France 18 INSERM U837/6 Lille JPARC, France
| | - Marie Vidailhet
- 6 Department of Nuclear Medicine, Lille University, CHU Lille, Lille, France
| | - Olivier Rascol
- 7 Departments of Clinical Pharmacology and Neurosciences, CIC9302, University Hospital and Paul Sabatier University, Toulouse, France 19 INSERM NS-PARK National Network, France
| | - Kathy Dujardin
- 1 Department of Movement Disorders and Neurology, Lille University, CHU Lille, Lille, France 2 INSERM U1171, Lille University, Lille, France
| | - Luc Defebvre
- 1 Department of Movement Disorders and Neurology, Lille University, CHU Lille, Lille, France 2 INSERM U1171, Lille University, Lille, France
| | - Régis Bordet
- 2 INSERM U1171, Lille University, Lille, France 18 INSERM U837/6 Lille JPARC, France
| | - Bernard Sablonnière
- 3 Department of Molecular Biology and Pathology Centre, Lille University, CHU Lille, Lille, France
| | - David Devos
- 1 Department of Movement Disorders and Neurology, Lille University, CHU Lille, Lille, France 2 INSERM U1171, Lille University, Lille, France 20 Department of Medical Pharmacology, Lille University, CHU Lille, Lille, France
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Gallo P, Agozzino L, Angelini A, Arbustini E, Bartoloni G, Bernucci P, Bonacina E, Bosman C, Catani G, di Gioia C, Giordana C, Leone O, Motta T, Pucci A, Rocco M. Causes of late failure after heart transplantation: a ten-year survey. J Heart Lung Transplant 1997; 16:1113-21. [PMID: 9402510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Little is known about the causes of death of heart transplant recipients who survive long-term. METHODS The pathologic and clinical records of 97 patients who underwent heart transplantation in Italy from 1985 to 1995 and died (85 of 97) or underwent retransplantation (12 of 97) at least 2 years after transplantation were surveyed. Graft failures were classified as late (occurring between 2 and 5 years after transplantation) and belated (more than 5 years). RESULTS Graft vasculopathy was the single most common cause of death (40.0%) and the only cause of late retransplantation. Tumors ranked second (23.5% of deaths), but the expected non-Hodgkin's lymphomas and Kaposi's sarcoma were accompanied by a high number of lung cancers (especially metastasizing adenocarcinomas). They were followed by the emergence or recurrence of pretransplantation diseases (9.4%), fatal infections (exclusively bacterial) (4.7%), the development of transmissible diseases (viral hepatitis and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, 4.7%), and late acute rejection (2.3%). The distribution of failures differed in the late and belated periods: death and organ loss proportions for graft vasculopathy, respectively, fell and rose from the late to the belated period; some types of malignancy and fatal acute rejection were never observed in the belated period, whereas the emergence of pretransplantation diseases prevailed in the belated period. Graft vasculopathy was more frequent and tumors were less frequent among patients undergoing transplantation for ischemic heart disease. CONCLUSIONS The reasons why heart transplant recipients die or undergo retransplantation, respectively, in the late and belated periods slightly differ from one another and are widely different than in short-term survivors.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Gallo
- Section of Cardiovascular Pathology, La Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
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Gabriele P, Sciacero P, Novella V, Ruo Redda MG, Nassisi D, Melano A, Giordana C, Rovea P, Pastore G, Negri G. [Radiotherapy of non-neoplastic diseases: the situation in Piedmont]. Minerva Med 1996; 87:355-61. [PMID: 8975173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The authors report the results of a census among the Piedmont region radiation therapy departments during the period 1980-1991 concerning non antineoplastic radiotherapy. Eight out of eleven centers respond to the questionnaire. During the period considered 36,480 patients were treated, with an annual mean of 4056; the number of treated patients varies from 1.2% to over 71.3% in the different centers when compared to the number of neoplastic patients. Arthrosis, osseous angioma, cheloides and verruca were the most treated diseases. Plesioroentgentherapy and roentgentherapy were normally employed; telecesium and telecobalt therapy were also used; only two centers used electron beams or brachytherapy. The doses of radiotherapy were not uniform; also patients' information and follow-up criteria were quite different in the various centers. The authors conclude with a guidelines for future radiotherapy in benign diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Gabriele
- Divisione di Radioterapia, Università degli Studi di Torino
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Malinverni G, Giordana C, Rosmino C, Mancini A, Sala S. [The current role of radiotherapy in immunogenic exophthalmos]. Radiol Med 1994; 88:665-9. [PMID: 7824786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the value of radiation therapy was investigated in 41 patients with Graves' ophthalmopathy treated with orbital irradiation at the Radiotherapy Department of Mauriziano Hospital in Turin, 1986 through 1993. Our series consisted of 41 patients (32 women and 9 men), whose mean age was 53.6 years (range: 26-72 years). All patients had a high index of endocrine ophthalmopathy, based on the American Thyroid Association classification-NOSPECS classes III and IV. Irradiation was administered with two opposed convergent beams tilted posteriorly 5-10 degrees with 20 Gy/12 fractions/2 weeks. The total dose delivered to the lens was than 5%. The follow-up consisted of endocrinologic and ophthalmologic tests and, if possible, of pre/post-irradiation orbital US. A positive result was obtained in 31 patients, which was very good in 22 of them. Severe complications, i.e., 1 corneal ulceration and 3 cataracts, were observed in the patients with associated ocular conditions and were treated simultaneously with high-dose corticosteroids so that no direct and unquestionable correlation can be made between irradiation and complications. To conclude, our data show that radiation therapy can improve the signs and symptoms of Graves' disease, as many authors report.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Malinverni
- Divisione di Radioterapia, Ospedale Mauriziano Umberto I, Torino
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Giordana C, Malinverni G, Rosmino C, Del Tetto F, Ravarino N, Sala S. [Prognostic factors in adenocarcinoma of the endometrium]. Radiol Med 1991; 81:342-5. [PMID: 2014343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
We report the results of the combined use of surgery and radiation therapy in the treatment of endometrial carcinoma. From January 1974 to December 1989, 89 cases were treated by means of abdominal hysterectomy followed by external radiation therapy. Actuarial survival at 5 years is 100% for stage I, 75% for stage II, and 42.86% for stage III; stage IV patients could not be evaluated. Prognostic factors were statistically significant. In stages II and III survival rates were directly related to histological grading (G1: 90.91%; G2: 81.82%; G3: 25%) and to myometrial infiltration (M1: 85.71%; M2: 81.82%; M3: 70%). Generally, survival was related to age, and prognosis was better in younger patients (under 55) and depended on lymph nodal involvement (N-: 88.24%, versus N+: 25%). Vaginal and pelvic recurrences were 8 (10.1%), and deaths were 13. The identification of high-risk patients will make it possible to select an even more adequate treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Giordana
- Divisione di Radioterapia, Ospedale Mauriziano Umberto, Torino
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Giordana C, Malinverni G, Rosmino C, Del Tetto F. [Postoperative radiotherapy in endometrial adenocarcinoma]. Minerva Ginecol 1990; 42:405-9. [PMID: 2290598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
We present the results of the association of surgery and radiotherapy in endometrial adenocarcinoma. We have 151 cases of which we know FIGO classification, pTNM, histological grading and myometrium infiltration. Follow-up is considered between 6 months and 10 years. We report the survival graphic lines for a five year period relative to every single prognostic factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Giordana
- Divisione di Radioterapia, Ospedale Mauriziano Umberto I di Torino
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Mancini M, Malinverni G, Giordana C. [Role of radiotherapy in the treatment of carcinoma of the thyroid gland]. Minerva Med 1988; 79:873-81. [PMID: 2460800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
A series of 92 thyroid cancer patients treated in collaboration between the Nuclear Medicine and the Oncological Radiotherapy Departments of the Turin Mauriziano Hospital is reported. The age, sex, histotype and stage of the various groups of patients subdivided by therapeutic indications were analysed. In 17 patients, treatment was carried out for pain killing purposes on particularly painful secondary bone localisations with good results symptomatologically and from the point of view of functional recovery. In 21 patients with unfavourable histology who did not take up radioiodine, external radiation treatment was carried out for palliative reasons with, in some case, a lasting effect. In the other 44 patients although generally speaking, at advanced stages of the disease and often in the presence of invasive and anaplastic secondary manifestations, total survival with the two treatments combined was about 55% (24 cases) of whom 75% (18 cases) are alive 5 years later.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Mancini
- Divisione di Radioterapia, Ospedale Mauriziano Umberto I, Torino
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Malinverni G, Mancini M, Giordana C, Sala S. [Optimization of the radiotherapy dosage in vertebral metastases]. Radiol Med 1988; 76:329-32. [PMID: 3187089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The authors describe the radiation therapy treatment planning used in the Department of Radiotherapy of Mauriziano Hospital, Turin, to treat bone metastases from various tumors. The study population consisted of 33 patients with vertebral metastases. Treatment with a 60Co therapy unit was performed following either a conventional or a concentrated schedule. The association of a direct posterior field and a rotational technique with the same center and swing angle varying from 120 degrees and 150 degrees is described. The dose percentage given with the two techniques, the field width and the arching angle variables related to depth and volume of the target are discussed. We present some examples elaborated with a dedicated computer by calculating the integral area dose to the whole body and to the target, towards the best treatment planning for every kind of treatment proposed in two groups of six patients with vertebral and sacral metastases. The technique allows a homogeneous dose distribution to the target, thus reducing the area dose to the whole body, which means good radiotherapeutic results.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Malinverni
- Divisione di Radioterapia, Ospedale Mauriziano Umberto I, Torino
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Mancini M, Malinverni G, Giordana C, Ravarino N, Camanni M, Sala S. [Prognostic factors in endometrial carcinoma treated by surgery and postoperative radiotherapy]. Minerva Ginecol 1988; 40:235-9. [PMID: 3173772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Malinverni G, Giordana C, Sala S. Exclusive use of radiation therapy in the treatment of non-small cell lung carcinoma. Evaluation of a series of 93 patients. Rays 1985; 10:119-26. [PMID: 3039586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Sala S, Barboni G, Giordana C, Malinverni G, Baruffaldi M, Nasi P, Violante R. [Dosimetric study in vivo, using a computer, of Co-60 irradiation of patients with breast prosthesis made of silicone]. Radiol Med 1984; 70:987-92. [PMID: 6545616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Abstract
This work studies the dose distribution through the chest wall in radiation therapy after mammary reconstruction with silicone prostheses. TLD experimental dosimetry has been done on patient with silicone prostheses, on patient without prostheses and on Alderson phantom. Various conditions of treatment have been theorically simulated on a computer. At least authors show the results evaluating the dose distribution through the chest wall, the skin and the local complications.
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Chiecchio A, Torrengo S, Barboni G, Giordana C, Malinverni G. [Homogeneous dose distribution in the moving-strip technic]. Radiol Med 1983; 69:145-50. [PMID: 6836153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The moving-strip technique employing a 60Co beam, is used in radiotherapy for whole abdominal irradiation in ovarian tumours and lymphomas. With this technique the spread of received dose from single strip, around an average value, is very high. Our paper suggest a computerized method for a more homogeneous dose distribution in central strips and a lower dose in out-side tissues.
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