Sulphate-reducing bacterial community structure from produced water of the Periquito and Galo de Campina onshore oilfields in Brazil

Sulphate-reducing bacteria (SRB) cause fouling, souring, corrosion and produce H2S during oil and gas production. Produced water obtained from Periquito (PQO) and Galo de Campina (GC) onshore oilfields in Brazil was investigated for SRB. Produced water with Postgate B, Postgate C and Baars media was incubated anaerobically for 20 days. DNA was extracted, 16S rDNA PCR amplified and fragments were sequenced using Illumina TruSeq. 4.2 million sequence reads were analysed and deposited at NCBI SAR accession number SRP149784. No significant differences in microbial community composition could be attributed to the different media but significant differences in the SRB were observed between the two oil fields. The dominant bacterial orders detected from both oilfields were Desulfovibrionales, Pseudomonadales and Enterobacteriales. The genus Pseudomonas was found predominantly in the GC oilfield and Pleomorphominas and Shewanella were features of the PQO oilfield. 11% and 7.6% of the sequences at GC and PQO were not classified at the genus level but could be partially identified at the order level. Relative abundances changed for Desulfovibrio from 29.8% at PQO to 16.1% at GC. Clostridium varied from 2.8% at PQO and 2.4% at GC. These data provide the first description of SRB from onshore produced water in Brazil and reinforce the importance of Desulfovibrionales, Pseudomonadales, and Enterobacteriales in produced water globally. Identifying potentially harmful microbes is an important first step in developing microbial solutions that prevent their proliferation.

Draft genome sequence of the producer strain of aureocin 4181, an antimicrobial peptide with antagonistic activity against multidrug-resistant staphylococci

OBJECTIVES

The present study reports the draft genome sequence of Staphylococcus aureus 4181, a strain involved in bovine mastitis that produces aureocin 4181, a broad-spectrum antimicrobial peptide (AMP). Inhibition of multidrug-resistant (MDR) staphylococci involved in human infections by S. aureus 4181 was also investigated.

METHODS

A sequencing library was constructed using a Nextera XT DNA Library Preparation Kit (Illumina). Whole-genome shotgun sequencing was performed using an Illumina MiSeq System. The A5-miseq pipeline was employed for de novo genome assembly. Genome annotation was performed by the RAST server. The online automated tools BAGEL4 and antiSMASH v.5.0 were used for mining gene clusters encoding AMP production. The virulence potential of the strain was investigated employing online tools. Its inhibitory activity toward MDR staphylococcal isolates associated with human infections was tested by the deferred antagonism assay on brain-heart infusion agar medium.

RESULTS

The total scaffold size was determined to be 2 719 949 bp, with a G + C content of 32.7%. Genome analyses revealed 2504 protein-coding sequences and 74 RNA-coding sequences as well as several genes encoding drug resistance and a single AMP gene cluster coding for aureocin 4181. Staphylococcus aureus 4181 exhibited a pathogenic potential and inhibited all MDR staphylococcal isolates tested as a target.

CONCLUSIONS

This study describes the main features of the draft genome of S. aureus 4181, a strain that produces the third four-component bacteriocin described in the literature, namely aureocin 4181. This bacteriocin is a potential alternative drug to control MDR staphylococcal isolates involved in human infections.

Antifungal Phenylpropanoid Glycosides from Lippia rubella

Lippia species share various pharmacological activities and are used in traditional cooking and medicine worldwide. Combined chromatographic techniques such as column chromatography, high-performance liquid chromatography, and countercurrent chromatography led to the purification of two new antifungal phenylpropanoid glycosides, lippiarubelloside A (1) and lippiarubelloside B (2), by bioactivity-directed fractionation of an ethanol-soluble extract from Lippia rubella, in addition to the known active related compounds forsythoside A (3), verbascoside (4), isoverbascoside (5), and poliumoside (6). The structures of compounds 1 and 2 were determined by comparison of their NMR spectroscopic data with the prototype active compound 4. Cryptococcus neoformans, which causes opportunistic lung infections, was sensitive to compounds 1-6 in the concentration range of 15-125 μg/mL. A synergistic effect (FIC_index = 0.5) between 3 and amphotericin B was demonstrated. The glycosylated flavonoids pectolinarin (7), linarin (8), and siparunoside (9) were also isolated.

Melanin particles isolated from the fungus Fonsecaea pedrosoi activates the human complement system

BACKGROUND

Melanin production has been associated with virulence in various pathogenic fungi, including Fonsecaea pedrosoi, the major etiological agent for chromoblastomycosis, a subcutaneous fungal disease that occurs in South America.

OBJECTIVE

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of acid-basic extracted F. pedrosoi melanin particles and fungal cell ghosts obtained by Novozym 234 treatment on their ability to activate the human complement system.

METHODS

The ability of melanin particles and fungal cell ghosts to activate the human complement system was evaluated by complement consumption, immunofluorescence, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).

FINDINGS

Unsensitised melanin particles and melanin ghosts presented complement consumption of 82.67 ± 2.08% and 96.04 ± 1.13%, respectively. Immunofluorescence assays revealed intense deposition of the C3 and C4 fragments on the surface of melanin particles and ghosts extracted from F. pedrosoi. Deposition of the C3, C4, and C5 fragments onto melanin samples and zymosan was confirmed by ELISA. Deposition of small amounts of C1q and C9 onto melanin samples and zymosan was detected by ELISA.

CONCLUSION

Fonsecaea pedrosoi melanin particles and fungal cell ghosts activated the complement system mainly through an alternative pathway.

Monohexosylceramides from Rhizopus Species Isolated from Brazilian Caatinga: Chemical Characterization and Evaluation of Their Anti-Biofilm and Antibacterial Activities

Monohexosylceramides (CMHs) are highly conserved fungal glycosphingolipids playing a role in several cellular processes such as growth, differentiation and morphological transition. In this study, we report the isolation, purification and chemical characterization of CMHs from Rhizopus stolonifer and R. microspores. Using positive ion mode ESI-MS, two major ion species were observed at m/z 750 and m/z 766, respectively. Both ion species consisted of a glucose/galactose residue attached to a ceramide moiety containing 9-methyl-4,8-sphingadienine with an amidic linkage to a hydroxylated C16:0 fatty acid. The antimicrobial activity of CMH was evaluated against Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria using the agar diffusion assay. CMH from both Rhizopus species inhibited the growth of Bacillus terrae, Micrococcus luteus (M. luteus) and Pseudomonas stutzeri (P. stutzeri) with a MIC₅₀ of 6.25, 6.25 and 3.13 mg/mL, respectively. The bactericidal effect was detected only for M. luteus and P. stutzeri, with MBC values of 25 and 6.25 mg/mL, respectively. Furthermore, the action of CMH on the biofilm produced by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) was analyzed using 12.5 and 25 mg/mL of CMH from R. microsporus. Total biofilm biomass, biofilm matrix and viability of the cells that form the biofilm structure were evaluated. CMH from R. microsporus was able to inhibit the MRSA biofilm formation in all parameters tested.

Anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive and antioxidant properties of Schinopsis brasiliensis bark

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Schinopsis brasiliensis is a native plant from Brazil, popularly used in folk medicine to relieve pain and treat inflammation. This study evaluated the antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities and antioxidant properties of the hydroethanol extract (HEE) and ethyl acetate fraction (EAF) obtained from S. brasiliensis bark.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The HEE and EAF of S. brasiliensis bark (10, 30 and 100mg/kg, p.o.) were evaluated using models of analgaesia (formalin-induced licking and hot-plate models) or inflammation (licking response by formalin-induced and carrageenan-induced cell migration into the subcutaneous air pouch). The antioxidant activities of HEE and EAF (50, 100 and 200µg/ml) were evaluated using the lipoperoxidation method induced in egg yolk by 2'-azobis(2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride (AAPH) and FeSO₄.

RESULTS

HEE and EAF presented a central antinociceptive effect (at 100mg/kg dose), increasing the baseline and area under the curve in the hot plate model. EAF (100mg/kg) significantly reduced (p< 0.005) the pain response in the first (45%) and second (35%) phases of the formalin-induced licking model, while HEE (100mg/kg) reduced (38%) only the pain response in the second phase. Regarding anti-inflammatory activity, EAF (100mg/kg) also inhibited the inflammatory process induced by subcutaneous carrageenan injection in the SAP model, reducing the amount of the cytokine TNF-α produced.

CONCLUSION

HEE and EAF from S. brasiliensis bark show pharmacological interest because they were able to inhibit the peripheral and central transmission of pain. Our data also suggest that the anti-inflammatory activity caused by EAF exposure occurs through the inhibition of the pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-α, also reducing the spreading of the inflammatory processes by neutralizing reactive oxygen species, which are by-products in the biosynthesis of pain mediators.

In vitro anti-MRSA activity of Couroupita guianensis extract and its component Tryptanthrin

Couroupita guianensis is known in Brazil as 'Abricó-de-Macaco' and it has some attributes such as: antihypertensive, analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities. This study evaluated the antimicrobial activity of ethanolic extract and fractions of C. guianensis flowers and isolation of bioactive component. These extracts and fractions were subjected to agar diffusion, MIC, TLC and bioautography to bacteria, filamentous fungi and yeasts. Among the fractions of EtOH extract, the DCM fraction was the most active, particularly against Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) with MIC of 156 μg/mL. The active compound in this fraction was identified as Tryptanthrin, which showed promising antibacterial activity for MRSA showing MIC of 62.5 μg/mL. Ultrastructural analysis of MRSA incubated in the presence of Tryptanthrin by transmission electron microscope showed significant alterations in the cellular structure. Cytotoxicity tests demonstrated that DCM fraction and Tryptanthrin showed low toxicity, which makes it a promising candidate for alternative therapies to control and combat diseases.

Anti-Inflammatory Properties and Chemical Characterization of the Essential Oils of Four Citrus Species

Citrus fruits have potential health-promoting properties and their essential oils have long been used in several applications. Due to biological effects described to some citrus species in this study our objectives were to analyze and compare the phytochemical composition and evaluate the anti-inflammatory effect of essential oils (EO) obtained from four different Citrus species. Mice were treated with EO obtained from C. limon, C. latifolia, C. aurantifolia or C. limonia (10 to 100 mg/kg, p.o.) and their anti-inflammatory effects were evaluated in chemical induced inflammation (formalin-induced licking response) and carrageenan-induced inflammation in the subcutaneous air pouch model. A possible antinociceptive effect was evaluated in the hot plate model. Phytochemical analyses indicated the presence of geranial, limonene, γ-terpinene and others. EOs from C. limon, C. aurantifolia and C. limonia exhibited anti-inflammatory effects by reducing cell migration, cytokine production and protein extravasation induced by carrageenan. These effects were also obtained with similar amounts of pure limonene. It was also observed that C. aurantifolia induced myelotoxicity in mice. Anti-inflammatory effect of C. limon and C. limonia is probably due to their large quantities of limonene, while the myelotoxicity observed with C. aurantifolia is most likely due to the high concentration of citral. Our results indicate that these EOs from C. limon, C. aurantifolia and C. limonia have a significant anti-inflammatory effect; however, care should be taken with C. aurantifolia.

1,10-phenanthroline inhibits the metallopeptidase secreted by Phialophora verrucosa and modulates its growth, morphology and differentiation

Phialophora verrucosa is one of the etiologic agents of chromoblastomycosis, a fungal infection that affects cutaneous and subcutaneous tissues. This disease is chronic, recurrent and difficult to treat. Several studies have shown that secreted peptidases by fungi are associated with important pathophysiological processes. Herein, we have identified and partially characterized the peptidase activity secreted by P. verrucosa conidial cells. Using human serum albumin as substrate, the best hydrolysis profile was detected at extreme acidic pH (3.0) and at 37 °C. The enzymatic activity was completely blocked by classical metallopeptidase inhibitors/chelating agents as 1,10-phenanthroline and EGTA. Zinc ions stimulated the metallo-type peptidase activity in a dose-dependent manner. Several proteinaceous substrates were cleaved, in different extension, by the P. verrucosa metallopeptidase activity, including immunoglobulin G, fibrinogen, collagen types I and IV, fibronectin, laminin and keratin; however, mucin and hemoglobin were not susceptible to proteolysis. As metallopeptidases participate in different cellular metabolic pathways in fungal cells, we also tested the influence of 1,10-phenanthroline and EGTA on P. verrucosa development. Contrarily to EGTA, 1,10-phenanthroline inhibited the fungal viability (MIC 0.8 µg/ml), showing fungistatic effect, and induced profound morphological alterations as visualized by transmission electron microscopy. In addition, 1,10-phenanthroline arrested the filamentation process in P. verrucosa. Our results corroborate the supposition that metallopeptidase inhibitors/chelating agents have potential to control crucial biological events in fungal agents of chromoblastomycosis.

Apoptosis-inducing effects of Melissa officinalis L. essential oil in glioblastoma multiforme cells

Current therapies for glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) are not effective. This study investigated the activity of the M. officinalis essential oil (EO) and its major component (citral) in GBM cell lines. Both EO and citral decreased the viability and induced apoptosis of GBM cells as demonstrated by DNA fragmentation and caspase-3 activation. Antioxidant prevented citral-induced death, indicating its dependence on the production of reactive oxygen species. Citral downmodulated the activity and inhibited the expression of multidrug resistance associated protein 1 (MRP1). These results show that EO, through its major component, citral, may be of potential interest for the treatment of GBM.

Prevalence of Group B Streptococcus serotypes III and V in pregnant women of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

GBS serotypes III and V were the most prevalent in pregnant women and exhibited resistance to tetracycline, clindamycin and sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim. Serotype III showed high sialic acid content and PFGE analysis discerned 33 heterogeneous profiles. Phenotypic and genotypic characterization could be relevant to control GBS infections unaffected by intra-partum chemoprophylaxis.

Microbial colonization in orthodontic mini-implants

Peri-implant inflammation contributes for loss of secondary stability of orthodontic mini-implants. The investigation of microbial colonization in this area would benefit its control, and consequently favor the long-term success of mini-implants. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the establishment and the evolution of microbial colonization process in orthodontic mini-implants for 3 months, since the time of their installation. One-hundred and fifty samples collected from 15 mini-implants were investigated from baseline up to 3 months. The biological material was obtained from peri-implant area using paper points. Nonspecific, Streptococcus spp, Lactobacillus casei and Candida spp colonizations were analyzed by cell growth methods. Porphyromonas gingivalis colonization was observed by 16S rDNA-directed polymerase chain reaction. Data from cell growth were submitted to the Wilcoxon sign rank test and results from molecular analysis were presented in a descriptive way. There was no significant difference in the microbial colonization among the examined time intervals, except for Streptococcus spp, between baseline and 24 h, which characterized the initial colonization in this time interval. Lactobacillus casei and Candida spp colonizations were insignificant. No Porphyromonas gingivalis was detected among the analyzed samples. The microbial colonization of mini-implants did not significantly change during the study. However, it should be monitored by orthodontists, since it is an important factor for mini-implants success.

Sialoglycoproteins in morphological distinct stages of Mucor polymorphosporus and their influence on phagocytosis by human blood phagocytes

The possible role of sialic acids in host cells-fungi interaction and their association with glycoproteins were evaluated using a clinical isolate of the dimorphic fungus Mucor polymorphosporus. Lectin-binding assays with spores and yeast cells denoted the presence of surface sialoglycoconjugates containing 2,3- and 2,6-linked sialylglycosyl groups. Western blotting with peroxidase-labeled Limulus polyphemus agglutinin revealed the occurrence of different sialoglycoprotein types in both cell lysates and cell wall protein extracts of mycelia, spores, and yeasts of M. polymorphosporus. Sialic acids contributed to the surface negative charge of spores and yeast forms as evaluated by adherence to a cationic substrate. Sialidase-treated spores were less resistant to phagocytosis by human neutrophils and monocytes from healthy individuals than control (untreated) fungal suspensions. The results suggest that sialic acids are terminal units of various glycoproteins of M. polymorphosporus, contributing to negative charge of yeasts and spore cells and protecting infectious propagules from destruction by host cells.

Antimicrobial action and anti-corrosion effect against sulfate reducing bacteria by lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) essential oil and its major component, the citral

The anti-corrosion effect and the antimicrobial activity of lemongrass essential oil (LEO) against the planktonic and sessile growth of a sulfate reducing bacterium (SRB) were evaluated. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of LEO and its major component, the citral, was 0.17 mg ml-1. In addition, both LEO and citral showed an immediate killing effect against SRB in liquid medium, suggesting that citral is responsible for the antimicrobial activity of LEO against SRB. Transmission electron microscopy revealed that the MIC of LEO caused discernible cell membrane alterations and formed electron-dense inclusions. Neither biofilm formation nor corrosion was observed on carbon steel coupons after LEO treatment. LEO was effective for the control of the planktonic and sessile SRB growth and for the protection of carbon steel coupons against biocorrosion. The application of LEO as a potential biocide for SRB growth control in petroleum reservoirs and, consequently, for souring prevention, and/or as a coating protection against biocorrosion is of great interest for the petroleum industries.

Anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antimicrobial activities of Cocos nucifera var. typica

Background

Teas from the husk fiber of Cocos nucifera are used in the folk medicine to treat arthritis and other inflammatory processes. Some works show that some varieties have biological activities. However, one of the main variety of the species, C. nucifera var. typica, known in Brazil as “gigante”, was not studied yet. Thus, this study evaluates if this variety has the anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial activities already reported in other varieties.

Methods

C. nucifera aqueous crude extract (10, 50, and 100 mg/kg) and the reference drugs morphine (1 mg/kg) and acetylsalicylic acid (100 mg/kg) were evaluated in models of inflammation (formalin-induced licking and subcutaneous air pouch). The antioxidant activity was evaluated by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate (DPPH) photometric assay and compared with those of the standards (quercetin, rutin, and ascorbic acid). The extract was also screened against Candida albicans, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), in the agar diffusion method. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) were determined by the broth micro-dilution assay. Activities of combinations of the extract and antibiotics (methicillin or vancomycin) against MRSA were evaluated using checkerboard assays.

Results

The extract significantly inhibited the time that the animals spent licking the formalin-injected paws (second phase). The extract also inhibited the inflammatory process induced by subcutaneous carrageenan injection by reducing cell migration, protein extravasation, and TNF-α production. Additionally, the extract showed an antioxidant potential in vitro as good as standards in their antioxidant activity. The extract was active only against S. aureus and MRSA. MIC and the bactericidal concentrations were identical (1,024 μg/ml). The extract and methicillin acted synergistically against the clinical MRSA isolate, whereas an indifferent effect was detected when the extract was combined with vancomycin.

Conclusions

The extract exhibits anti-inflammatory activity through the inhibition of the cell migration. The mixture of extract constituents and methicillin could lead to the development of a new combination antibiotic against MRSA infections.

Does the essential oil of Lippia sidoides Cham. (pepper-rosmarin) affect its endophytic microbial community?

Background

Lippia sidoides Cham., also known as pepper-rosmarin, produces an essential oil in its leaves that is currently used by the pharmaceutical, perfumery and cosmetic industries for its antimicrobial and aromatic properties. Because of the antimicrobial compounds (mainly thymol and carvacrol) found in the essential oil, we believe that the endophytic microorganisms found in L. sidoides are selected to live in different parts of the plant.

Results

In this study, the endophytic microbial communities from the stems and leaves of four L. sidoides genotypes were determined using cultivation-dependent and cultivation-independent approaches. In total, 145 endophytic bacterial strains were isolated and further grouped using either ERIC-PCR or BOX-PCR, resulting in 76 groups composed of different genera predominantly belonging to the Gammaproteobacteria. The endophytic microbial diversity was also analyzed by PCR-DGGE using 16S rRNA-based universal and group-specific primers for total bacteria, Alphaproteobacteria, Betaproteobacteria and Actinobacteria and 18S rRNA-based primers for fungi. PCR-DGGE profile analysis and principal component analysis showed that the total bacteria, Alphaproteobacteria, Betaproteobacteria and fungi were influenced not only by the location within the plant (leaf vs. stem) but also by the presence of the main components of the L. sidoides essential oil (thymol and/or carvacrol) in the leaves. However, the same could not be observed within the Actinobacteria.

Conclusion

The data presented here are the first step to begin shedding light on the impact of the essential oil in the endophytic microorganisms in pepper-rosmarin.

Conventional therapy and promising plant-derived compounds against trypanosomatid parasites

Leishmaniasis and trypanosomiasis are two neglected and potentially lethal diseases that affect mostly the poor and marginal populations of developing countries around the world and consequently have an important impact on public health. Clinical manifestations such as cutaneous, mucocutaneous, and visceral disorders are the most frequent forms of leishmaniasis, a group of diseases caused by several Leishmania spp. American trypanosomiasis, or Chagas disease, is caused by Trypanosoma cruzi, a parasite that causes progressive damage to different organs, particularly the heart, esophagus, and lower intestine. African trypanosomiasis, or sleeping sickness, is caused by Trypanosoma brucei and is characterized by first presenting as an acute form that affects blood clotting and then becoming a chronic meningoencephalitis. The limited number, low efficacy, and side effects of conventional anti-leishmania and anti-trypanosomal drugs and the resistance developed by parasites are the major factors responsible for the growth in mortality rates. Recent research focused on plants has shown an ingenious way to obtain a solid and potentially rich source of drug candidates against various infectious diseases. Bioactive phytocompounds present in the crude extracts and essential oils of medicinal plants are components of an important strategy linked to the discovery of new medicines. These compounds have proven to be a good source of therapeutic agents for the treatment of leishmaniasis and trypanosomiasis. This work highlights some chemotherapeutic agents while emphasizing the importance of plants as a source of new and powerful drugs against these widespread diseases.

Negative correlation between phospholipase and esterase activity produced by Fusarium isolates

Fusarium species have emerged as one of the more outstanding groups of clinically important filamentous fungi, causing localized and life-threatening invasive infections with high morbidity and mortality. The ability to produce different types of hydrolytic enzymes is thought to be an important virulence mechanism of fungal pathogens and could be associated with the environment of the microorganism. Here, we have measured the production of two distinct lipolytic enzymes, phospholipase and esterase, by sixteen Fusarium isolates recovered from the hospital environment, immunocompromised patients' blood cultures, foot interdigital space scrapings from immunocompromised patients, and foot interdigital space scrapings from immunocompetent patients (4 isolates each). Fourteen of these 16 isolates were identified as Fusarium solani species complex (FSSC) and two were identified as F. oxysporum species complex (FOSC). Some relevant genus characteristics were visualized by light and electron microscopy such as curved and multicelled macroconidia with 3 or 4 septa, microconidia, phialides, and abundant chlamydospores. All Fusarium isolates were able to produce esterase and phospholipase under the experimental conditions. However, a negative correlation was observed between these two enzymes, indicating that a Fusarium isolate with high phospholipase activity has low esterase activity and vice versa. In addition, Fusarium isolated from clinical material produced more phospholipases, while environmental strains produced more esterases. These observations may be correlated with the different types of substrates that these fungi need to degrade during their nutrition processes.

The latex obtained from Hancornia speciosa Gomes possesses anti-inflammatory activity

AIM OF THE STUDY

Hancornia speciosa Gomes (Apocynaceae) is a tree that is widely distributed throughout Brazil. Its latex is collected and used extensively to treat acne, warts, diseases related to bursitis, and inflammation. In this work, we describe the anti-inflammatory effects of the latex.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The latex from Hancornia speciosa (0.06-1.3mg/kg, p.o.) and the reference drug acetylsalicylic acid (ASA, 200mg/kg, p.o.) were evaluated in analgesia (formalin-induced licking, acetic acid-induced contortions, and hot plate) and inflammation models (formalin-induced licking, paw oedema, and subcutaneous air pouch, with measurement of cell migration, exudate volume, protein extravasations, nitric oxide, prostaglandin E2, TNF-α, and IL-6, and expression of the enzymes inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase 2).

RESULTS

The latex from Hancornia speciosa significantly inhibited the number of writhings and the time that the animal spent licking the formalin-injected paw (second phase). Doses of 0.1-1.3mg/kg latex reduced carrageenan-induced rat paw oedema. However, only the highest doses (0.6 and/or 1.3mg/kg) reduced the oedema induced by bradykinin, histamine, and serotonin. The latex also inhibited inflammation induced by subcutaneous carrageenan injection, cell migration, exudate volume, protein extravasations, increased levels of inflammatory mediators (nitric oxide, prostaglandin E2, TNF-α, and IL-6) produced in the pouch, and increased expression of the enzymes nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase 2.

CONCLUSIONS

Our results indicate that the latex obtained from Hancornia speciosa demonstrates significant anti-inflammatory activity through the inhibition of nitric oxide, PGE2, and cytokine production, thus confirming the popular use of this plant as an anti-inflammatory agent.

Activation of the human complement system by pigmented and hypopigmented mycelia of the fungus Fonsecaea pedrosoi

The action of the complement system on pigmented and hypopigmented mycelia of the fungus Fonsecaea pedrosoi, the major aetiological pathogen of the chromoblastomycosis is herein discussed. Fungi were grown in medium Czapeck-Dox at 37°C, for 14 days, without shaking to obtain pigmented mycelium. To obtain hypopigmented mycelium, the fungus was grown at the same conditions, but in the dark and with low oxygenation. Activation was measured by complement consumption and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. We also observed by immunofluorescence the deposition of C3, C4 fragments and C9 on the surface of the different forms studied. The results indicate that both forms were able to activate the complement system mainly by the alternative pathway. Pigmented mycelia had the highest consumption results, indicating that the pigment, melanin, may have influence in activation.

Spores of Mucor ramosissimus, Mucor plumbeus and Mucor circinelloides and their ability to activate human complement system in vitro

Complement activation by spores of Mucor ramosissimus, Mucor plumbeus and Mucor circinelloides was studied using absorbed human serum in the presence or absence of chelators (EGTA or EDTA). We found that the spore caused full complement activation when incubated with EGTA-Mg2+ or without chelators, indicating that the alternative pathway is mainly responsible for this response. In order to compare activation profiles from each species, ELISAs for C3 and C4 fragments, mannan binding lectin (MBL), C-reactive protein (CRP) and IgG studies were carried out. All proteins were present on the species tested. Immunofluorescence tests demonstrated the presence of C3 fragments on the surface of all samples, which were confluent throughout fungal surfaces. The same profile of C3, C4, MBL, CRP and IgG deposition, observed in all species, suggests a similar activation behavior for these species.

Melissa officinalis L. essential oil: antitumoral and antioxidant activities

Melissa officinalis L (lemon balm) is a traditional herbal medicine used widely as a mild sedative, spasmolytic and antibacterial agent. This paper focuses on the analysis of the chemical composition and the biological activities of M. officinalis essential oil obtained under controlled harvesting and drying conditions. An in-vitro cytotoxicity assay using MTT indicated that this oil was very effective against a series of human cancer cell lines (A549, MCF-7, Caco-2, HL-60, K562) and a mouse cell line (B16F10). This oil possessed antioxidant activity, as evidenced by reduction of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH). These results pointed to the potential use of M. officinalis essential oil as an antitumoral agent.

Plant extracts: search for new alternatives to treat microbial diseases

Medicinal plants constitute the base of health care systems in many societies. The recovery of the knowledge and practices associated with these plant resources are part of an important strategy linked to the conservation of biodiversity, discovery of new medicines, and the bettering of the quality of life of poor rural communities. Research in phytosciences, an emerging multidisciplinary science, is almost unlimited, with several aspects to be discussed. Therefore, the focus of the present review is mainly on the antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of bioactive phytocompounds resultant of our research with crude plant extracts and essential oils of medicinal plants belonging to different families, used in various infectious disorders. The results obtained in the last years warrant the present review, discussing not only the use of several medicinal plants against bacteria, yeast, filamentous fungi and protozoa, but also their mechanisms of action, interactions with macromolecules and potential for toxicity in mammalian cells. Problems related to the efficacy of the isolation techniques and stability of bioactive compounds are also commented on. In addition, this review aims to emphasize the greatest importance to investigate plant species that have not been the subject of pharmacological studies, although their popular uses have been reported.

Streptomyces lunalinharesii sp. nov., a chitinolytic streptomycete isolated from cerrado soil in Brazil

A novel chitinolytic actinomycete isolated from a Brazilian cerrado soil, designated strain RCQ1071(T), was assigned to the genus Streptomyces on the basis of chemical and morphological characteristics. The almost-complete nucleotide sequence of the 16S rRNA gene of strain RCQ1071(T) was determined and also placed this strain in the genus Streptomyces. Phylogenetic analyses of 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain RCQ1071(T) formed a long branch in a group related to Streptomyces albulus, sharing approximately 98 % sequence similarity. Levels of DNA-DNA relatedness between strain RCQ1071(T) and members of this group, namely S. albulus DSM 40492(T), Streptomyces noursei DSM 40635(T) and Streptomyces yunnanensis DSM 41793(T), were 38.3, 27.8 and 46 %, respectively, strongly indicating that strain RCQ1071(T) was not a member of any of these species. The relatively long branch length within a stable clade together with the phenotypic data strongly supported that strain RCQ1071(T) represented a novel species. Based on the combination of physiological, phylogenetic and genomic data, strain RCQ1071(T) is suggested to represent a novel species of the genus Streptomyces, for which the name Streptomyces lunalinharesii sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is RCQ1071(T) (=ATCC BAA-1231(T) =CIP 108852(T) =DSM 41876(T)).

Heterogeneous production of metallo-type peptidases in parasites belonging to the family Trypanosomatidae

Proteolytic enzymes play a central role in the physiology of all living organisms, participating in several metabolic pathways and in different phases of parasite-host interactions. We have identified cell-associated peptidase activities in 33 distinct flagellates, including representatives of almost all known trypanosomatid genera parasitizing insects (Herpetomonas, Crithidia, Leishmania, Trypanosoma, Leptomonas, Phytomonas, Blastocrithidia and Endotrypanum) as well as the biflagellate kinetoplastid Bodo, by using SDS-PAGE containing gelatin as co-polymerized substrate and proteolytic inhibitors. Under the alkaline pH (9.0) conditions employed, all the flagellates presented at least one peptidase, with the exception of Crithidia acanthocephali and Phytomonas serpens, which did not display any detectable proteolytic enzyme activity. All the proteolytic activities were completely inhibited by 1,10-phenanthroline, a zinc-chelating agent, putatively identifying these activities as metallo-type peptidases. EDTA and EGTA, two other metallopeptidase inhibitors, E-64 (a cysteine peptidase inhibitor), pepstatin A (an aspartyl peptidase inhibitor) and PMSF (a serine peptidase inhibitor) did not interfere with the metallopeptidase activities detected in the studied trypanosomatids. Conversely, Bodo-derived peptidases were resistant to 1,10-phenanthroline and only partially inhibited by EDTA, showing a distinct inhibition profile. Together, our data demonstrated great heterogeneity of expression of metallopeptidases in a wide range of parasites belonging to the family Trypanosomatidae.

The husk fiber of Cocos nucifera L. (Palmae) is a source of anti-neoplastic activity

In the present study, we investigated the in vitro anti-tumoral activities of fractions from aqueous extracts of the husk fiber of the typical A and common varieties of Cocos nucifera (Palmae). Cytotoxicity against leukemia cells was determined by the 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Cells (2 x 10(4)/well) were incubated with 0, 5, 50 or 500 microg/mL high- or low-molecular weight fractions for 48 h, treated with MTT and absorbance was measured with an ELISA reader. The results showed that both varieties have almost similar antitumoral activity against the leukemia cell line K562 (60.1 +/- 8.5 and 47.5 +/- 11.9% for the typical A and common varieties, respectively). Separation of the crude extracts with Amicon membranes yielded fractions with molecular weights ranging in size from 1-3 kDa (fraction A) to 3-10 kDa (fraction B) and to more than 10 kDa (fraction C). Cells were treated with 500 microg/mL of these fractions and cytotoxicity was evaluated by MTT. Fractions ranging in molecular weight from 1-10 kDa had higher cytotoxicity. Interestingly, C. nucifera extracts were also active against Lucena 1, a multidrug-resistant leukemia cell line. Their cytotoxicity against this cell line was about 50% (51.9 +/- 3.2 and 56.3 +/- 2.9 for varieties typical A and common, respectively). Since the common C. nucifera variety is extensively cultured in Brazil and the husk fiber is its industrial by-product, the results obtained in the present study suggest that it might be a very inexpensive source of new antineoplastic and anti-multidrug resistant drugs that warrants further investigation.

Antifungal activity of Brazilian medicinal plants involved in popular treatment of mycoses

A survey of medicinal plants used to treat common mycoses was done in the Curituba district, Sergipe State, Brazil. One hundred inhabitants were interviewed by health agents and traditional healers. Four different plants were the most cited (more than 50% of the citations): Ziziphus joazeiro, Caesalpinia pyramidalis, Bumelia sartorum and Hymenea courbaril. The aqueous extracts obtained following traditional methods and using different parts of these plants, were submitted to drop agar diffusion tests for primary antimicrobial screening. Only the water infusion extract of Ziziphus joazeiro and Caesalpinea pyramidalis presented a significant antifungal activity against Trichophyton rubrum, Candida guilliermondii, Candida albicans, Cryptococcus neoformans and Fonsecaea pedrosoi, when compared to the antifungal agent amphotericin B. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the bioactive extracts was evaluated by the microdilution method. Best activity with a MIC of 6.5 microg/ml for both extracts was observed against Trichophyton rubrum and Candida guilliermondii. Ziziphus joazeiro and Caesalpinea pyramidalis extracts presented also low acute toxicity in murine models. The present study validates the folk use of these plant extracts and indicates that they can be effective potential candidates for the development of new strategies to treat fungal infections.

Antigiardial activity of Ocimum basilicum essential oil

In this study, we investigated the effects of Ocimum basilicum essential oil on Giardia lamblia and on the modulation of the interaction of these parasites by peritoneal mouse macrophage. The essential oil (2 mg/ml) and its purified substances demonstrated antigiardial activity. Linalool (300 microg/ml), however, was able to kill 100% parasites after 1 h of incubation, which demonstrates its high antigiardial potential. Pretreatment of peritoneal mouse macrophages with 2 mg/ml essential oil dilution reduced in 79% the association index between these macrophages and G. lamblia, with a concomitant increase by 153% on nitric oxide production by the G. lamblia-ingested macrophages. The protein profiles and proteolitic activity of these parasite trophozoites, previously treated or not with 2 mg/ml essential oil or with the purified fractions, were also determined. After 1 and 2 h of incubation, proteins of lysates and culture supernatants revealed significant differences in bands patterns when compared to controls. Besides, the proteolitic activity, mainly of cysteine proteases, was clearly inhibited by the essential oil (2 mg/ml) and the purified linalool (300 microg/ml). These results suggest that, with G. lamblia, the essential oil from O. basilicum and its purified compounds, specially linalool, have a potent antimicrobial activity.

Secretory aspartyl peptidase activity from mycelia of the human fungal pathogen Fonsecaea pedrosoi: effect of HIV aspartyl proteolytic inhibitors

Fonsecaea pedrosoi is the principal causative agent of chromoblastomycosis, which is a chronic, often debilitating, suppurative and granulomatous mycosis. Very little is known about the hydrolytic enzymes produced by this human fungal pathogen. In the present study, we have identified extracellular proteolytic activity from F. pedrosoi mycelial forms when grown in chemically defined conditions. Secretory aspartyl peptidase activity was measured during 15 days of fungal growth in vitro using bovine serum albumin (BSA) as the soluble substrate and extreme acidic pH (2.0). This activity was totally inhibited by pepstatin A, a classic aspartyl peptidase inhibitor. Conversely, metallo (o-phenanthroline), cysteine (E-64) and serine (PMSF) proteolytic inhibitors failed to restrain proteolytic activity. We also evaluated the effect of four distinct HIV aspartyl peptidase inhibitors on the secretory proteolytic activity of F. pedrosoi mycelia. Indinavir, ritonavir and nelfinavir powerfully inhibited extracellular aspartyl proteolytic activity by approximately 97, 96 and 87%, respectively, whereas saquinavir did not significantly interfere with BSA hydrolysis. Mycelial-derived secretory aspartyl peptidase activity cleaved other proteinaceous substrates, including human albumin, fibrinogen, fibronectin, laminin and type I collagen. As previously reported by our group, conidia also produce secretory aspartyl peptidase. In this sense, we investigated the effect of pepstatin A on F. pedrosoi development. Pepstatin A was able to inhibit the growth of conidium and its transformation into mycelium. Taken together, our results suggest a possible participation of aspartyl peptidases in the essential fungal processes, such as growth, differentiation, nutrition and cleavage of relevant host proteinaceous components.

Characterization of Gordonia sp. strain F.5.25.8 capable of dibenzothiophene desulfurization and carbazole utilization

A dibenzothiophene (DBT)-degrading bacterial strain able to utilize carbazole as the only source of nitrogen was identified as Gordonia sp. F.5.25.8 due to its 16S rRNA gene sequence and phenotypic characteristics. Gas chromatography (GC) and GC-mass spectroscopy analyses showed that strain F.5.25.8 transformed DBT into 2-hydroxybiphenyl (2-HBP). This strain was also able to grow using various organic sulfur or nitrogen compounds as the sole sulfur or nitrogen sources. Resting-cell studies indicated that desulfurization occurs either in cell-associated or in cell-free extracts of F.5.25.8. The biological responses of F.5.25.8 to a series of mutagens and environmental agents were also characterized. The results revealed that this strain is highly tolerant to DNA damage and also refractory to induced mutagenesis. Strain F.5.25.8 was also characterized genetically. Results showed that genes involved in desulfurization (dsz) are located in the chromosome, and PCR amplification was observed with primers dszA and dszB designed based on Rhodococcus genes. However, no amplification product was observed with the primer based on dszC.

Production of an antimicrobial substance against Cryptococcus neoformans by Paenibacillus brasilensis Sa3 isolated from the rhizosphere of Kalanchoe brasiliensis

An antifungal substance produced by Paenibacillus brasilensis strain Sa3 was preliminary characterized and showed to be stable after treatment with different enzymes and organic solvents and at a wide range of pH, and presented a molecular weight between 3 and 10 kDa. In vitro antagonism of this strain towards Cryptococcus neoformans was investigated by optical and electronic microscopic analyses and a fungicidal effect on C. neoformans was observed. Ultrastructural analysis showed intense changes on the fungus when it was paired cultured with strain Sa3, mainly the detachment of the capsule from the cell wall and the presence of altered organelles in the cytoplasm. This novel antifungal substance produced by P. brasilensis Sa3 may represent a new insight in antifungal therapy mainly against emergent fungi. Also, prospective studies on rhizobacteria of plants as Kalanchoe brasiliensis may offer a potential source for the discovery of bioactive compounds with medical value.

Antileishmanial activity of Eugenol-rich essential oil from Ocimum gratissimum

Leishmaniasis is a group of diseases with a large spectrum of clinical manifestations caused by protozoans of the genus Leishmania. Here we demonstrate the leishmanicidal activity of the essential oil of Ocimum gratissimum as well as its main constituent, eugenol. The eugenol-rich essential oil of O. gratissimum progressively inhibited Leishmania amazonensis growth at concentrations ranging from 100 to 1000 microg/ml. The IC50 (sub-inhibitory concentration) of the essential oil for promastigotes and amastigotes were respectively 135 and 100 microg/ml and the IC50 of eugenol was 80 microg/ml for promastigote forms. L. amazonensis exposed to essential oil at concentrations corresponding to IC50 for promastigotes and for amastigotes underwent considerable ultrastructural alterations, as shown by transmission electron microscopy. Two or more nuclei or flagella were observed in 31% and 23.3% of treated amastigote and promastigote forms, respectively, suggesting interference in cell division. Considerable mitochondrial swelling was observed in essential oil-treated promastigotes and amastigotes, which had the inner mitochondrial membrane altered, with a significant increase in the number of cristae; in some amastigotes the mitochondrial matrix became less electron-dense. The minimum inhibitory concentration for both promastigotes and amastigotes was 150 microg/ml. Pretreatment of mouse peritoneal macrophages with 100 and 150 microg/ml essential oil reduced the indices of association between promastigotes and the macrophages, followed by increased in nitric oxide production by the infected macrophages. The essential oil showed no cytototoxic effects against mammalian cells. This set of results suggests that O. gratissimum essential oil and its compounds could be used as sources for new antileishmanial drugs.

Secretion of serine peptidase by a clinical strain of Candida albicans: influence of growth conditions and cleavage of human serum proteins and extracellular matrix components

Candida albicans expresses a vast number of hydrolytic enzymes, playing roles in several phases of yeast-host interactions. Here, we identified two novel extracellular peptidase classes in C. albicans. Using gelatin-sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis two gelatinolytic activities were detected at physiological pH: a 60-kDa metallopeptidase, completely blocked by 1,10-phenanthroline, and a 50-kDa serine peptidase inhibited by phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride. In an effort to establish a probable functional implication for these novel peptidase classes, we demonstrated that the 50-kDa secretory serine peptidase was active over a broad pH range (5.0-7.2) and was capable to hydrolyze some soluble human serum proteins and extracellular matrix components. Conversely, when this isolate was grown in yeast carbon base supplemented with bovine serum albumin, a secretory aspartyl peptidase activity was measured, instead of metallo- and serine peptidases, suggesting that distinct medium composition induces different expression of released peptidases in C. albicans. Additionally, we showed by quantitative proteolytic measurement, flow cytometry and immunoblotting assays that the brain heart infusion medium might repress the Sap1-3 production. Collectively, our results showed for the first time the capability of an extracellular proteolytic enzyme other than aspartic-type peptidases to cleave a broad spectrum of relevant host proteinaceous substrates by the human pathogen C. albicans.

The major chromoblastomycosis fungal pathogen, Fonsecaea pedrosoi, extracellularly releases proteolytic enzymes whose expression is modulated by culture medium composition: implications on the fungal development and cleavage of key's host structures

We investigated the possible secretion of peptidases by F. pedrosoi, when conidial cells were cultured in two distinct media. Aspartyl proteolytic activity was detected on the Czapeck-Dox-derived supernatant, which was blocked by pepstatin, and only active in extremely acidic conditions. The supernatant obtained after conidia growth in Kauffman medium presented metallopeptidase activity, which was active over a broad pH range and sensitive to 1,10-phenanthroline and EGTA. Additionally, both culture supernatants were able to cleave a wide range of proteinaceous substrates, including important human serum proteins (e.g. albumin and immunoglobulin G) and extracellular matrix components (e.g. fibronectin and laminin). As peptidases participate in different cellular metabolic pathways, we also tested the influence of proteolytic inhibitors on the F. pedrosoi conidia development in vitro. The metallopeptidase inhibitors, 1,10-phenanthroline, EGTA and EDTA, strongly abrogated the growth of conidial forms by approximately 95%, 85% and 60%, respectively. Moreover, 1,10-phenanthroline blocked the differentiation process from conidia to mycelia, an essential step during the F. pedrosoi life cycle. Phenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride, a serine peptidase inhibitor, slightly reduced the conidial growth, whereas proteolytic inhibitors of cysteine (E-64) and aspartic (pepstatin) type peptidases did not alter conidial developmental behavior. In summary, our results showed for the first time the expression of extracellular proteolytic activity by F. pedrosoi conidial cells.

Leishmanolysin (gp63 metallopeptidase)-like activity extracellularly released byHerpetomonas samuelpessoai

In previous studies, we showed thatHerpetomonas samuelpessoaiproduced a large amount of a surface-located metallopeptidase that presented similar biochemical properties to that of gp63 fromLeishmaniaspp., which is a well-known virulence factor expressed by these digenetic parasites. The present study aims to identify the proteolytic activity released by livingH. samuelpessoaicells. In this context, the parasites were incubated in phosphate buffer up to 4 h, and the supernatants were obtained by centrifugation and filtration steps and were then applied on SDS–PAGE to determine the secretory protein profile and on gelatin-SDS–PAGE to identify the proteolytic activity. The results demonstrated thatH. samuelpessoaisecreted at least 12 polypeptides and an extracellular peptidase of 66 kDa. This enzyme had its activity diminished by 1,10-phenanthroline, EDTA and EGTA. This metallopeptidase was active in a broad spectrum of pH, showing maximum activity at pH 6·0 at 37 °C. Casein was also cleaved by this secretory proteolytic enzyme, while bovine serum albumin and haemoglobin were not degraded under these conditions. Fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry using anti-gp63 antibody against leishmanolysin ofL. amazonensisdemonstrated the presence of similar molecules on the cell-surface ofH. samuelpessoai. Moreover, immunoblot analysis showed the presence of a reactive polypeptide in the cellular extract and in the supernatant fluid ofH. samuelpessoai, which suggests immunological similarities between these two distinct trypanosomatids. The zinc-metallopeptidase inhibitor 1,10-phenanthroline was able to inhibit the secretion of the 66 kDa metallopeptidase in a dose-dependent manner, while the phospholipase C inhibitor (p-CMPS) did not alter the secretion pattern. Additionally, anti-cross-reacting determinant (CRD) antibody failed to recognize any secreted polypeptide fromH. samuelpessoai. Collectively, these results suggest that the gp63-like molecule was released from theH. samuelpessoaisurface by proteolysis instead of phospholipolysis, in a similar mechanism to that observed inLeishmania.

Antimicrobial activity of Croton cajucara Benth linalool-rich essential oil on artificial biofilms and planktonic microorganisms

We have previously demonstrated that a linalool-rich essential oil from Croton cajucara Benth presents leishmanicidal activity. In the present study, we demonstrate that this essential oil inhibits the growth of reference samples of Candida albicans, Lactobacillus casei, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus sobrinus, Porphyromonas gingivalis and Streptococcus mutans cell suspensions, all of them associated with oral cavity disease. The purified linalool fraction was only inhibitory for C. albicans. Microbes of saliva specimens from human individuals with fixed orthodontic appliances, as well as the reference strains, were used to construct an artificial biofilm which was exposed to linalool or to the essential oil. As in microbial suspensions, the essential oil was toxic for all the microorganisms, while the purified linalool fraction mainly inhibited the growth of C. albicans. The compounds of the essential oil were separated by thin layer chromatography and exposed to the above-cited microorganisms. In this analysis, the proliferation of the bacterial cells was inhibited by still uncharacterized molecules, and linalool was confirmed as the antifungal component of the essential oil. The effects of linalool on the cell biology of C. albicans were evaluated by electron microscopy, which showed that linalool induced a reduction in cell size and abnormal germination. Neither the crude essential oil nor the purified linalool fraction is toxic to mammalian cells, which suggests that the essential oil or its purified components may be useful to control the microbial population in patients with fixed orthodontic appliances.

Use of proteolytic enzymes as an additional tool for trypanosomatid identification

The expression of proteolytic activities in the Trypanosomatidae family was explored as a potential marker to discriminate between the morphologically indistinguishable flagellates isolated from insects and plants. We have comparatively analysed the proteolytic profiles of 19 monoxenous trypanosomatids (Herpetomonas anglusteri, H. samuelpessoai, H. mariadeanei, H. roitmani, H. muscarum ingenoplastis, H. muscarum muscarum, H. megaseliae, H. dendoderi, Herpetomoas sp., Crithidia oncopelti, C. deanei, C. acanthocephali, C. harmosa, C. fasciculata, C. guilhermei, C. luciliae, Blastocrithidia culicis, Leptomonas samueli and Lept. seymouri) and 4 heteroxenous flagellates (Phytomonas serpens, P. mcgheei, Trypanosoma cruzi and Leishmania amazonensis) by in situ detection of enzyme activities on sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE ) containing co-polymerized gelatine as substrate, in association with specific proteinase inhibitors. All 23 trypanosomatids expressed at least 1 acidic proteolytic enzyme. In addition, a characteristic and specific pattern of cell-associated metallo and/or cysteine proteinases was observed, except for the similar profiles detected in 2 Herpetomonas (H. anglusteri and H. samuelpessoai) and 3 Crithidia (C. fasciculata, C. guilhermei and C. luciliae) species. However, these flagellates released distinct secretory proteinase profiles into the extracellular medium. These findings strongly suggest that the association of cellular and secretory proteinase pattern could represent a useful marker to help trypanosomatid identification.

Streptomyces drozdowiczii sp. nov., a novel cellulolytic streptomycete from soil in Brazil

An actinomycete strain, isolated from a Mata Atlântica soil sample, showing cellulolytic activity was subjected to polyphasic taxonomic characterization to determine its identity. Strain M7aT presented morphological and chemotaxonomic characteristics consistent with its assignment to the genus Streptomyces. Phylogenetic analysis of its 16S rDNA sequence revealed that the strain differed from described streptomycetes available in the public databases; the most closely related species was Streptomyces laceyi, with 98.4% nucleotide similarity. It also differed from other cellulolytic strains in its phenotypic characteristics. It is therefore proposed that strain M7aT, a cellulolytic strain with biotechnological potential, represents a novel species, named Streptomyces drozdowiczii sp. nov. The type strain is M7aT (=CBMAI 0498T=CIP 107837T=NRRL B-24297T).

Screening of antifungal agents using ethanol precipitation and bioautography of medicinal and food plants

In the search for bioactive compounds, bioautography and ethanol precipitation of macromolecules (proteins, polysaccharides, etc.) of plant aqueous extracts were associated in an antifungal screening. Thus, the supernatants, precipitates (obtained by ethanol precipitation) and aqueous extracts were investigated of medicinal and fruit bearing plants used against skin diseases by the Brazilian population. The agar diffusion and broth dilution methods were used to assess the activity against three fungi: Candida albicans, Trichophyton rubrum and Cryptococcus neoformans. The results, evaluated by the diameter of the inhibition zone of fungal growth, indicate that six plant species, among the 16 investigated, showed significant antifungal activity. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined on plant extracts that showed high efficacy against the tested microorganisms. The most susceptible yeast was Trichophyton rubrum and the best antifungal activity was shown by Xanthosoma sagittifolium supernatant. The bioautography was performed only for the aqueous extracts and supernatants of those plants that showed antifungal activity against Candida albicans and Cryptococcus neoformans, using n-butanol/acetic acid/water (BAW) 8:1:1 to develop silica gel TLC plates. Clear inhibition zones were observed for aqueous extracts of Schinus molle (R(f) 0.89) and Schinus terebinthifolius (R(f) 0.80) against Candida albicans, as for supernatant of Anacardium occidentale (R(f) 0.31) against Cryptococcus neoformans. The separation of macromolecules from metabolites, as in the case of Anacardium occidentale, Solanum sp. and Xanthosoma sagittifolium, enhances antifungal activity. In other cases, the antifungal activity is destroyed, as observed for Momordica charantia, Schinus molle and Schinus terebinthifolius.