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Lam S, Hoffmann V, Bett B, Fèvre EM, Moodley A, Mohan CV, Meteo-Sagasta J, Nguyen-Viet H. Navigating One Health in research-for-development: Reflections on the design and implementation of the CGIAR Initiative on One Health. One Health 2024; 18:100710. [PMID: 38533195 PMCID: PMC10963858 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2024.100710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Adopting One Health approaches is key for addressing interconnected health challenges. Yet, how to best put One Health into practice in research-for-development initiatives aiming to 'deliver impacts' remains unclear. Drawing on the CGIAR Initiative on One Health - a global initiative to address zoonotic diseases, antimicrobial resistance, and food and water safety - we reflect on challenges during program conception and implementation, prompting us to suggest improvements in multisectoral collaboration, coordination, and communication. Our approach involves conducting a researcher-centered process evaluation, comprising individual interviews that are subsequently thematically analyzed and synthesized. The key takeaway is that limited time for planning processes and short program timelines compared to envisioned development impacts may impede research-for-development efforts. Yet, collaborative work can be successful when adequate time and resources are allocated for planning with minimal disruption throughout implementation. Additionally, due to the multifaceted nature of One Health initiatives, it is important to pay attention to co-benefits and trade-offs, where taking action in one aspect may yield advantages and disadvantages in another, aiding to identify sustainable One Health development pathways. Forming close partnerships with national governments and local stakeholders is essential not only to promote sustainability but also to ensure local relevance, enhancing the potential for meaningful impact. Finally, regularly assessing progress toward development goals is critical as development stands as an overarching objective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Lam
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Vivian Hoffmann
- International Food and Policy Research Institute, Washington, United States
- Department of Economics and School of Public Policy and Administration, Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Bernard Bett
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Eric M. Fèvre
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Neston, United Kingdom
| | - Arshnee Moodley
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
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Rheman S, Hossain S, Sarker MS, Akter F, Khor L, Gan HM, Powell A, Card RM, Hounmanou YMG, Dalsgaard A, Mohan CV, Bupasha ZB, Samad MA, Verner-Jeffreys DW, Delamare-Deboutteville J. Nanopore sequencing for identification and characterization of antimicrobial-resistant Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. from tilapia and shrimp sold at wet markets in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1329620. [PMID: 38516018 PMCID: PMC10956512 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1329620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Wet markets in low-and middle-income countries are often reported to have inadequate sanitation resulting in fecal contamination of sold produce. Consumption of contaminated wet market-sourced foods has been linked to individual illness and disease outbreaks. This pilot study, conducted in two major wet markets in Dhaka city, Bangladesh during a 4-month period in 2021 aimed to assess the occurrence and characteristics of Escherichia coli and non-typhoidal Salmonella spp. (NTS) from tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and shrimp (Penaeus monodon). Fifty-four individuals of each species were collected. The identity of the bacterial isolates was confirmed by PCR and their susceptibility toward 15 antimicrobials was tested by disk diffusion. The whole genome of 15 E. coli and nine Salmonella spp. were sequenced using Oxford Nanopore Technology. E. coli was present in 60-74% of tilapia muscle tissue and 41-44% of shrimp muscle tissue. Salmonella spp. was found in skin (29%) and gills (26%) of tilapia, and occasionally in muscle and intestinal samples of shrimp. The E. coli had several Multilocus sequence typing and serotypes and limited antimicrobial resistance (AMR) determinants, such as point mutations on glpT and pmrB. One E. coli (BD17) from tilapia carried resistance genes for beta-lactams, quinolones, and tetracycline. All the E. coli belonged to commensal phylogroups B1 and A and showed no Shiga-toxin and other virulence genes, confirming their commensal non-pathogenic status. Among the Salmonella isolates, five belonged to Kentucky serovar and had similar AMR genes and phenotypic resistance patterns. Three strains of this serovar were ST198, often associated with human disease, carried the same resistance genes, and were genetically related to strains from the region. The two undetermined sequence types of S. Kentucky were distantly related and positioned in a separate phylogenetic clade. Two Brunei serovar isolates, one Augustenborg isolate, and one Hartford isolate showed different resistance profiles. This study revealed high fecal contamination levels in tilapia and shrimp sold at two main wet markets in Dhaka. Together with the occurrence of Salmonella spp., including S. Kentucky ST198, a well-known human pathogen, these results stress the need to improve hygienic practices and sanitation standards at markets to improve food safety and protect consumer health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shafiq Rheman
- Laboratory Department of Sustainable Aquaculture, WorldFish, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Sabrina Hossain
- Laboratory Department of Sustainable Aquaculture, WorldFish, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md Samun Sarker
- Antimicrobial Resistance Action Center (ARAC), Animal Health Research Division, Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute, Savar, Bangladesh
| | - Farhana Akter
- Laboratory Department of Sustainable Aquaculture, WorldFish, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Laura Khor
- Department of Sustainable Aquaculture, WorldFish, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Han Ming Gan
- Patriot Biotech Sdn Bhd, Bandar Sunway, Malaysia
| | - Andy Powell
- Weymouth Laboratory, Cefas: Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Weymouth, United Kingdom
- Veterinary Medicines Directorate FAO Reference Centre for Antimicrobial Resistance, Weybridge, United Kingdom
| | - Roderick M. Card
- Bacteriology Department, Animal Plant Health Agency, Weybridge, United Kingdom
| | - Yaovi Mahuton Gildas Hounmanou
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Anders Dalsgaard
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | | | - Zamila Bueaza Bupasha
- Antimicrobial Resistance Action Center (ARAC), Animal Health Research Division, Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute, Savar, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammed A. Samad
- Antimicrobial Resistance Action Center (ARAC), Animal Health Research Division, Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute, Savar, Bangladesh
| | - David W. Verner-Jeffreys
- Weymouth Laboratory, Cefas: Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Weymouth, United Kingdom
- Veterinary Medicines Directorate FAO Reference Centre for Antimicrobial Resistance, Weybridge, United Kingdom
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Delamare-Deboutteville J, Meemetta W, Pimsannil K, Sangpo P, Gan HM, Mohan CV, Dong HT, Senapin S. A multiplexed RT-PCR assay for nanopore whole genome sequencing of Tilapia lake virus (TiLV). Sci Rep 2023; 13:20276. [PMID: 37985860 PMCID: PMC10661697 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-47425-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Tilapia lake virus (TiLV) is a highly contagious viral pathogen that affects tilapia, a globally significant and affordable source of fish protein. To prevent the introduction and spread of TiLV and its impact, there is an urgent need for increased surveillance, improved biosecurity measures, and continuous development of effective diagnostic and rapid sequencing methods. In this study, we have developed a multiplexed RT-PCR assay that can amplify all ten complete genomic segments of TiLV from various sources of isolation. The amplicons generated using this approach were immediately subjected to real-time sequencing on the Nanopore system. By using this approach, we have recovered and assembled 10 TiLV genomes from total RNA extracted from naturally TiLV-infected tilapia fish, concentrated tilapia rearing water, and cell culture. Our phylogenetic analysis, consisting of more than 36 TiLV genomes from both newly sequenced and publicly available TiLV genomes, provides new insights into the high genetic diversity of TiLV. This work is an essential steppingstone towards integrating rapid and real-time Nanopore-based amplicon sequencing into routine genomic surveillance of TiLV, as well as future vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Watcharachai Meemetta
- Fish Health Platform, Center of Excellence for Shrimp Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (Centex Shrimp), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama VI Rd., Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Khaettareeya Pimsannil
- Fish Health Platform, Center of Excellence for Shrimp Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (Centex Shrimp), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama VI Rd., Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Pattiya Sangpo
- Fish Health Platform, Center of Excellence for Shrimp Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (Centex Shrimp), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama VI Rd., Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Han Ming Gan
- Patriot Biotech Sdn Bhd, Bandar Sunway, 47500, Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | | | - Ha Thanh Dong
- School of Environment, Resources and Development, Asian Institute of Technology, Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Saengchan Senapin
- Fish Health Platform, Center of Excellence for Shrimp Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (Centex Shrimp), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama VI Rd., Bangkok, 10400, Thailand.
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand.
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Ali SE, Mahana O, Mohan CV, Delamare-Deboutteville J, Elgendy MY. Genetic characterization and antimicrobial profiling of bacterial isolates collected from Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) affected by summer mortality syndrome. J Fish Dis 2022; 45:1857-1871. [PMID: 36057979 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Revised: 08/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, Egyptian tilapia aquaculture has experienced mortality episodes during the summer months. The causative agents responsible for such mortalities have not been clearly identified. A total of 400 fish specimens were collected from affected tilapia farms within five Egyptian governorates. A total of 344 bacterial isolates were identified from the examined fish specimens. Bacterial isolates were grouped into seven genera based on API 20E results. The most prevalent pathogens were Aeromonas spp. (42%), Vibrio spp. (21%), and Streptococcus agalactiae (14.5%). Other emerging infections like, Plesiomonas shigelloides (10%), Staphyloccocus spp. (8%), Pseudomonas oryzihabitans, and Acinetobacter lwoffii (2.3%) were also detected. Sequence analysis of the 16S ribosomal RNA bacterial gene of some isolates, confirmed the phenotypic identification results. The analysis of antibiotic resistance genes revealed the presence of aac(6')-Ib-cr (35.7%), blaCTX gene (23.8%), qnrS (19%), ampC (16.7%), floR (14.3%), sul1, tetA, and van.C1 (2.4%) genes in some isolates. The antimicrobia resistance gene, qac was reported in 46% of screened isolates. Bacterial strains showed variable virulence genes profiles. Aeromonas spp. harboured (act, gcat, aerA, lip, fla, and ser) genes. All Vibrio spp. possessed the hlyA gene, while cylE, hylB, and lmb genes, were detected in S. agalactiae strains. Our findings point to the possible role of the identified bacterial pathogens in tilapia summer mortality syndrome and highlight the risk of the irresponsible use of antibiotics on antimicrobial resistance in aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shimaa E Ali
- WorldFish, Abbassa, Sharqia, Egypt
- Department of Hydrobiology, Veterinary Research Institute, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - Osama Mahana
- Animal Health Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Giza, Egypt
| | | | | | - Mamdouh Y Elgendy
- Department of Hydrobiology, Veterinary Research Institute, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
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Taengphu S, Kayansamruaj P, Kawato Y, Delamare-Deboutteville J, Mohan CV, Dong HT, Senapin S. Concentration and quantification of Tilapia tilapinevirus from water using a simple iron flocculation coupled with probe-based RT-qPCR. PeerJ 2022; 10:e13157. [PMID: 35462762 PMCID: PMC9022640 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Tilapia tilapinevirus, also known as tilapia lake virus (TiLV), is a significant virus that is responsible for the die-off of farmed tilapia across the globe. The detection and quantification of the virus using environmental RNA (eRNA) from pond water samples represents a potentially non-invasive and routine strategy for monitoring pathogens and early disease forecasting in aquaculture systems. Methods Here, we report a simple iron flocculation method for concentrating viruses in water, together with a newly-developed hydrolysis probe quantitative RT-qPCR method for the detection and quantification of TiLV. Results The RT-qPCR method designed to target a conserved region of the TiLV genome segment 9 has a detection limit of 10 viral copies per µL of template. The method had a 100% analytical specificity and sensitivity for TiLV. The optimized iron flocculation method was able to recover 16.11 ± 3.3% of the virus from water samples spiked with viral cultures. Tilapia and water samples were collected for use in the detection and quantification of TiLV disease during outbreaks in an open-caged river farming system and two earthen fish farms. TiLV was detected from both clinically sick and asymptomatic fish. Most importantly, the virus was successfully detected from water samples collected from different locations in the affected farms (i.e., river water samples from affected cages (8.50 × 103 to 2.79 × 105 copies/L) and fish-rearing water samples, sewage, and reservoir (4.29 × 103 to 3.53 × 104 copies/L)). By contrast, TiLV was not detected in fish or water samples collected from two farms that had previously experienced TiLV outbreaks and from one farm that had never experienced a TiLV outbreak. In summary, this study suggests that the eRNA detection system using iron flocculation, coupled with probe based-RT-qPCR, is feasible for use in the concentration and quantification of TiLV from water. This approach may be useful for the non-invasive monitoring of TiLV in tilapia aquaculture systems and may support evidence-based decisions on biosecurity interventions needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suwimon Taengphu
- Fish Health Platform, Center of Excellence for Shrimp Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (Centex Shrimp), Mahidol University, Phayathai, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Pattanapon Kayansamruaj
- Center of Excellence in Aquatic Animal Health Management, Faculty of Fisheries, Kasetsart University, Chatuchak, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Yasuhiko Kawato
- Pathology Division, Nansei Field Station, Fisheries Technology Institute, Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, Minami-Ise, Mie, Japan
| | | | | | - Ha Thanh Dong
- School of Environment, Resources and Development, Asian Institute of Technology, Klong Luang, Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Saengchan Senapin
- Fish Health Platform, Center of Excellence for Shrimp Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (Centex Shrimp), Mahidol University, Phayathai, Bangkok, Thailand,National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Klong Luang, Pathum Thani, Thailand
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Debnath PP, Dinh‐Hung N, Taengphu S, Nguyen VV, Delamare‐Deboutteville J, Senapin S, Vishnumurthy Mohan C, Dong HT, Rodkhum C. Tilapia Lake Virus was not detected in non-tilapine species within tilapia polyculture systems of Bangladesh. J Fish Dis 2022; 45:77-87. [PMID: 34580880 PMCID: PMC9293328 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Sixteen countries, including Bangladesh, have reported the presence of tilapia lake virus (TiLV), an emerging tilapia pathogen. Fish polyculture is a common farming practice in Bangladesh. Some unusual mortalities reported in species co-cultivated with TiLV-infected tilapia led us to investigate whether any of the co-cultivated species would also test positive for TiLV and whether they were susceptible to TiLV infection under controlled laboratory experiments. Using 183 samples obtained from 15 farms in six districts across Bangladesh, we determined that 20% of the farms tested positive for TiLV in tilapia, while 15 co-cultivated fish species and seven other invertebrates (e.g. insects and crustaceans) considered potential carriers all tested negative. Of the six representative fish species experimentally infected with TiLV, only Nile tilapia showed the typical clinical signs of the disease, with 70% mortality within 12 days. By contrast, four carp species and one catfish species challenged with TiLV showed no signs of TiLV infection. Challenged tilapia were confirmed as TiLV-positive by RT-qPCR, while challenged carp and walking catfish all tested negative. Overall, our field and laboratory findings indicate that species used in polycultures are not susceptible to TiLV. Although current evidence suggests that TiLV is likely host-specific to tilapia, targeted surveillance for TiLV in other fish species in polyculture systems should continue, in order to prepare for a possible future scenario where TiLV mutates and/or adapts to new host(s).
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Affiliation(s)
- Partho Pratim Debnath
- The International Graduate Course of Veterinary Science and Technology (VST)Faculty of Veterinary ScienceChulalongkorn UniversityBangkokThailand
- Department of Veterinary MicrobiologyCenter of Excellent in Fish Infectious Diseases (CE FID)Faculty of Veterinary ScienceChulalongkorn UniversityBangkokThailand
| | - Nguyen Dinh‐Hung
- Department of Veterinary MicrobiologyCenter of Excellent in Fish Infectious Diseases (CE FID)Faculty of Veterinary ScienceChulalongkorn UniversityBangkokThailand
| | - Suwimon Taengphu
- Fish Health PlatformCenter of Excellence for Shrimp Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (Centex Shrimp)Faculty of ScienceMahidol UniversityBangkokThailand
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC)National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA)Pathum ThaniThailand
| | | | | | - Saengchan Senapin
- Fish Health PlatformCenter of Excellence for Shrimp Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (Centex Shrimp)Faculty of ScienceMahidol UniversityBangkokThailand
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC)National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA)Pathum ThaniThailand
| | | | - Ha Thanh Dong
- Department of Food, Agriculture and BioresourcesAquaculture and Aquatic Resources Management ProgramAsian Institute of Technology (AIT)School of EnvironmentKlong LuangPathumthaniThailand
| | - Channarong Rodkhum
- The International Graduate Course of Veterinary Science and Technology (VST)Faculty of Veterinary ScienceChulalongkorn UniversityBangkokThailand
- Department of Veterinary MicrobiologyCenter of Excellent in Fish Infectious Diseases (CE FID)Faculty of Veterinary ScienceChulalongkorn UniversityBangkokThailand
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Taengphu S, Kayansamruaj P, Kawato Y, Delamare-Deboutteville J, Mohan CV, Dong HT, Senapin S. Concentration and quantification of Tilapia tilapinevirus from water using a simple iron flocculation coupled with probe-based RT-qPCR. PeerJ 2022. [PMID: 35462762 DOI: 10.1101/2021.08.10.455809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tilapia tilapinevirus, also known as tilapia lake virus (TiLV), is a significant virus that is responsible for the die-off of farmed tilapia across the globe. The detection and quantification of the virus using environmental RNA (eRNA) from pond water samples represents a potentially non-invasive and routine strategy for monitoring pathogens and early disease forecasting in aquaculture systems. METHODS Here, we report a simple iron flocculation method for concentrating viruses in water, together with a newly-developed hydrolysis probe quantitative RT-qPCR method for the detection and quantification of TiLV. RESULTS The RT-qPCR method designed to target a conserved region of the TiLV genome segment 9 has a detection limit of 10 viral copies per µL of template. The method had a 100% analytical specificity and sensitivity for TiLV. The optimized iron flocculation method was able to recover 16.11 ± 3.3% of the virus from water samples spiked with viral cultures. Tilapia and water samples were collected for use in the detection and quantification of TiLV disease during outbreaks in an open-caged river farming system and two earthen fish farms. TiLV was detected from both clinically sick and asymptomatic fish. Most importantly, the virus was successfully detected from water samples collected from different locations in the affected farms (i.e., river water samples from affected cages (8.50 × 103 to 2.79 × 105 copies/L) and fish-rearing water samples, sewage, and reservoir (4.29 × 103 to 3.53 × 104 copies/L)). By contrast, TiLV was not detected in fish or water samples collected from two farms that had previously experienced TiLV outbreaks and from one farm that had never experienced a TiLV outbreak. In summary, this study suggests that the eRNA detection system using iron flocculation, coupled with probe based-RT-qPCR, is feasible for use in the concentration and quantification of TiLV from water. This approach may be useful for the non-invasive monitoring of TiLV in tilapia aquaculture systems and may support evidence-based decisions on biosecurity interventions needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suwimon Taengphu
- Fish Health Platform, Center of Excellence for Shrimp Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (Centex Shrimp), Mahidol University, Phayathai, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Pattanapon Kayansamruaj
- Center of Excellence in Aquatic Animal Health Management, Faculty of Fisheries, Kasetsart University, Chatuchak, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Yasuhiko Kawato
- Pathology Division, Nansei Field Station, Fisheries Technology Institute, Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, Minami-Ise, Mie, Japan
| | | | | | - Ha Thanh Dong
- School of Environment, Resources and Development, Asian Institute of Technology, Klong Luang, Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Saengchan Senapin
- Fish Health Platform, Center of Excellence for Shrimp Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (Centex Shrimp), Mahidol University, Phayathai, Bangkok, Thailand
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Klong Luang, Pathum Thani, Thailand
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Verma DK, Sood N, Paria A, Swaminathan TR, Mohan CV, Rajendran KV, Pradhan PK. Reassortment and evolutionary dynamics of tilapia lake virus genomic segments. Virus Res 2021; 308:198625. [PMID: 34780882 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2021.198625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The tilapia lake virus (TiLV), a highly infectious negative-sense single-stranded segmented RNA virus, has caused several outbreaks worldwide since its first report from Israel in 2014, and continues to pose a major threat to the global tilapia industry. Despite its economic importance, little is known about the underlying mechanisms in the genomic evolution of this highly infectious viral pathogen. Using phylogenomic approaches to the genome sequences of TiLV isolates from various geographic regions, we report on the pervasive role of reassortment, selection, and mutation in TiLV evolution. Our findings provided the evidence of genome-wide reassortment in this newly discovered RNA virus. The rate of non-synonymous (dN) to synonymous (dS) substitutions was less than one (dN/dS = 0.076 to 0.692), indicating that each genomic segment has been subjected to purifying selection. Concurrently, the rate of nucleotide substitution for each genomic segment was in the order of 1-3 × 10-3 nucleotide substitutions per site per year, which is comparable to the rate of other RNA viruses. Collectively, in line with the results of the previous studies, our results demonstrated that reassortment is the dominant force in the evolution and emergence of this highly infectious segmented RNA virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dev Kumar Verma
- ICAR-National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Canal Ring Road, P.O. Dilkusha, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226002, India
| | - Neeraj Sood
- ICAR-National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Canal Ring Road, P.O. Dilkusha, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226002, India
| | - Anutosh Paria
- ICAR-National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Canal Ring Road, P.O. Dilkusha, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226002, India
| | - T R Swaminathan
- Peninsular and Marine Fish Genetic Resources Centre, ICAR-NBFGR, CMFRI Campus, Kochi, Kerala 682018, India
| | | | - K V Rajendran
- ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Versova, Andheri (W), Mumbai, Maharashtra 400061, India
| | - P K Pradhan
- ICAR-National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Canal Ring Road, P.O. Dilkusha, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226002, India.
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9
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Delamare‐Deboutteville J, Taengphu S, Gan HM, Kayansamruaj P, Debnath PP, Barnes A, Wilkinson S, Kawasaki M, Vishnumurthy Mohan C, Senapin S, Dong HT. Rapid genotyping of tilapia lake virus (TiLV) using Nanopore sequencing. J Fish Dis 2021; 44:1491-1502. [PMID: 34101853 PMCID: PMC8518713 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Infectious diseases represent one of the major challenges to sustainable aquaculture production. Rapid, accurate diagnosis and genotyping of emerging pathogens during early-suspected disease cases is critical to facilitate timely response to deploy adequate control measures and prevent or reduce spread. Currently, most laboratories use PCR to amplify partial pathogen genomic regions, occasionally combined with sequencing of PCR amplicon(s) using conventional Sanger sequencing services for confirmatory diagnosis. The main limitation of this approach is the lengthy turnaround time. Here, we report an innovative approach using a previously developed specific PCR assay for pathogen diagnosis combined with a new Oxford Nanopore Technologies (ONT)-based amplicon sequencing method for pathogen genotyping. Using fish clinical samples, we applied this approach for the rapid confirmation of PCR amplicon sequences identity and genotyping of tilapia lake virus (TiLV), a disease-causing virus affecting tilapia aquaculture globally. The consensus sequences obtained after polishing exhibit strikingly high identity to references derived by Illumina and Sanger methods (99.83%-100%). This study suggests that ONT-based amplicon sequencing is a promising platform to deploy in regional aquatic animal health diagnostic laboratories in low- and medium-income countries, for fast identification and genotyping of emerging infectious pathogens from field samples within a single day.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Suwimon Taengphu
- Fish Health PlatformCenter of Excellence for Shrimp Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (Centex Shrimp)Faculty of ScienceMahidol UniversityBangkokThailand
| | | | - Pattanapon Kayansamruaj
- Center of Excellence in Aquatic Animal Health ManagementFaculty of FisheriesKasetsart UniversityBangkokThailand
| | | | - Andrew Barnes
- School of Biological Sciences and Centre for Marine ScienceThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQLDAustralia
| | - Shaun Wilkinson
- School of Biological SciencesVictoria University of WellingtonWellingtonNew Zealand
- Wilderlab NZ LtdWellingtonNew Zealand
| | - Minami Kawasaki
- School of Biological Sciences and Centre for Marine ScienceThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQLDAustralia
| | | | - Saengchan Senapin
- Fish Health PlatformCenter of Excellence for Shrimp Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (Centex Shrimp)Faculty of ScienceMahidol UniversityBangkokThailand
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC)National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA)Pathum ThaniThailand
| | - Ha Thanh Dong
- Faculty of Science and TechnologySuan Sunandha Rajabhat UniversityBangkokThailand
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Desbois AP, Garza M, Eltholth M, Hegazy YM, Mateus A, Adams A, Little DC, Høg E, Mohan CV, Ali SE, Brunton LA. Systems-thinking approach to identify and assess feasibility of potential interventions to reduce antibiotic use in tilapia farming in Egypt. Aquaculture 2021; 540:736735. [PMID: 34276104 PMCID: PMC8164158 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2021.736735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Antibiotics are used in aquaculture to maintain the health and welfare of stocks; however, the emergence and selection of antibiotic resistance in bacteria poses threats to humans, animals and the environment. Mitigation of antibiotic resistance relies on understanding the flow of antibiotics, residues, resistant bacteria and resistance genes through interconnecting systems, so that potential solutions can be identified and issues around their implementation evaluated. Participatory systems-thinking can capture the deep complexity of a system while integrating stakeholder perspectives. In this present study, such an approach was applied to Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) production in the Nile Delta of Egypt, where disease events caused by antibiotic-resistant pathogens have been reported. A system map was co-produced with aquaculture stakeholders at a workshop in May 2018 and used to identify hotspots of antibiotic use, exposure and fate and to describe approaches that would promote fish health and thus reduce antibiotic use. Antibiotics are introduced into the aquaculture system via direct application for example in medicated feed, but residues may also be introduced into the system through agricultural drainage water, which is the primary source of water for most fish farms in Egypt. A follow-up survey of stakeholders assessed the perceived feasibility, advantages and disadvantages of potential interventions. Interventions that respondents felt could be implemented in the short-term to reduce antibiotic usage effectively included: more frequent water exchanges, regular monitoring of culture water quality parameters, improved storage conditions for feed, use of probiotics and greater access to farmer and service providers training programmes. Other potential interventions included greater access to suitable and rapid diagnostics, high quality feeds, improved biosecurity measures and genetically-improved fish, but these solutions were expected to be achieved as long-term goals, with cost being of one of the noted barriers to implementation. Identifying feasible and sustainable interventions that can be taken to reduce antibiotic use, and understanding implementation barriers, are important for addressing antibiotic resistance and ensuring the continued efficacy of antibiotics. This is vital to ensuring the productivity of the tilapia sector in Egypt. The approach taken in the present study provides a means to identify points in the system where the effectiveness of interventions can be evaluated and thus it may be applied to other food production systems to combat the problem of antibiotic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew P. Desbois
- Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, FK9 4LA, United Kingdom
| | - Maria Garza
- Royal Veterinary College, University of London, AL9 7TA, United Kingdom
| | - Mahmoud Eltholth
- Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, FK9 4LA, United Kingdom
- Department of Hygiene and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt
- Global Academy of Agriculture and Food Security, The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Yamen M. Hegazy
- Department of Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt
| | - Ana Mateus
- Royal Veterinary College, University of London, AL9 7TA, United Kingdom
| | - Alexandra Adams
- Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, FK9 4LA, United Kingdom
| | - David C. Little
- Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, FK9 4LA, United Kingdom
| | - Erling Høg
- Department of Global Health and Development, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom
| | | | - Shimaa E. Ali
- WorldFish, Penang, Malaysia
- Department of Hydrobiology, National Research Centre, Egypt
| | - Lucy A. Brunton
- Royal Veterinary College, University of London, AL9 7TA, United Kingdom
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Sood N, Verma DK, Paria A, Yadav SC, Yadav MK, Bedekar MK, Kumar S, Swaminathan TR, Mohan CV, Rajendran KV, Pradhan PK. Transcriptome analysis of liver elucidates key immune-related pathways in Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus following infection with tilapia lake virus. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2021; 111:208-219. [PMID: 33577877 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2021.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) is one of the most important aquaculture species farmed worldwide. However, the recent emergence of tilapia lake virus (TiLV) disease, also known as syncytial hepatitis of tilapia, has threatened the global tilapia industry. To gain more insight regarding the host response against the disease, the transcriptional profiles of liver in experimentally-infected and control tilapia were compared. Analysis of RNA-Seq data identified 4640 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), which were involved among others in antigen processing and presentation, MAPK, apoptosis, necroptosis, chemokine signaling, interferon, NF-kB, acute phase response and JAK-STAT pathways. Enhanced expression of most of the DEGs in the above pathways suggests an attempt by tilapia to resist TiLV infection. However, upregulation of some of the key genes such as BCL2L1 in apoptosis pathway; NFKBIA in NF-kB pathway; TRFC in acute phase response; and SOCS, EPOR, PI3K and AKT in JAK-STAT pathway and downregulation of the genes, namely MAP3K7 in MAPK pathway; IFIT1 in interferon; and TRIM25 in NF-kB pathway suggested that TiLV was able to subvert the host immune response to successfully establish the infection. The study offers novel insights into the cellular functions that are affected following TiLV infection and will serve as a valuable genomic resource towards our understanding of susceptibility of tilapia to TiLV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neeraj Sood
- ICAR-National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Canal Ring Road, P.O. Dilkusha, Lucknow, 226002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Dev Kumar Verma
- ICAR-National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Canal Ring Road, P.O. Dilkusha, Lucknow, 226002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Anutosh Paria
- ICAR-National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Canal Ring Road, P.O. Dilkusha, Lucknow, 226002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Shrish Chandra Yadav
- ICAR-National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Canal Ring Road, P.O. Dilkusha, Lucknow, 226002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Manoj Kumar Yadav
- ICAR-National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Canal Ring Road, P.O. Dilkusha, Lucknow, 226002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Megha Kadam Bedekar
- ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Versova, Andheri (W), Mumbai, 400 061, Maharashtra, India
| | - Saurav Kumar
- ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Versova, Andheri (W), Mumbai, 400 061, Maharashtra, India
| | - Thangaraj Raja Swaminathan
- Peninsular and Marine Fish Genetic Resources Centre, ICAR-NBFGR, CMFRI Campus, Kochi, 682 018, Kerala, India
| | | | - K V Rajendran
- ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Versova, Andheri (W), Mumbai, 400 061, Maharashtra, India
| | - Pravata Kumar Pradhan
- ICAR-National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Canal Ring Road, P.O. Dilkusha, Lucknow, 226002, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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12
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Debnath PP, Delamare-Deboutteville J, Jansen MD, Phiwsaiya K, Dalia A, Hasan MA, Senapin S, Mohan CV, Dong HT, Rodkhum C. Two-year surveillance of tilapia lake virus (TiLV) reveals its wide circulation in tilapia farms and hatcheries from multiple districts of Bangladesh. J Fish Dis 2020; 43:1381-1389. [PMID: 32851674 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Tilapia lake virus (TiLV) is an emerging pathogen in aquaculture, reportedly affecting farmed tilapia in 16 countries across multiple continents. Following an early warning in 2017 that TiLV might be widespread, we executed a surveillance programme on tilapia grow-out farms and hatcheries from 10 districts of Bangladesh in 2017 and 2019. Among farms experiencing unusual mortality, eight out of 11 farms tested positive for TiLV in 2017, and two out of seven tested positive in 2019. Investigation of asymptomatic broodstock collected from 16 tilapia hatcheries revealed that six hatcheries tested positive for TiLV. Representative samples subjected to histopathology confirmed pathognomonic lesions of syncytial hepatitis. We recovered three complete genomes of TiLV from infected fish, one from 2017 and two from 2019. Phylogenetic analyses based on both the concatenated coding sequences of 10 segments and only segment 1 consistently revealed that Bangladeshi TiLV isolates formed a unique cluster within Thai clade, suggesting a close genetic relation. In summary, this study revealed the circulation of TiLV in 10 farms and six hatcheries located in eight districts of Bangladesh. We recommend continuing TiLV-targeted surveillance efforts to identify contaminated sources to minimize the countrywide spread and severity of TiLV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Partho Pratim Debnath
- The International Graduate Course of Veterinary Science and Technology (VST), Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- WorldFish, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Fish Infectious Diseases Research Unit (FID RU), Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | | | - Kornsunee Phiwsaiya
- Fish Health Platform, Center of Excellence for Shrimp Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Centex Shrimp, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | | | | | - Saengchan Senapin
- Fish Health Platform, Center of Excellence for Shrimp Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Centex Shrimp, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | | | - Ha Thanh Dong
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Suan Sunandha Rajabhat University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Channarong Rodkhum
- The International Graduate Course of Veterinary Science and Technology (VST), Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Fish Infectious Diseases Research Unit (FID RU), Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
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13
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Mohammad Ridzuan MS, Md Radzi NA, Sudirwan F, Ahmad K, Kua BC, Mohan CV, Nawi MF. On-Farm Epidemiological Surveillance of Genetically Improved Farmed Tilapia (GIFT) Cultured at Floating Net Cages in Pahang, Malaysia. SAINS MALAYS 2020. [DOI: 10.17576/jsm-2020-4908-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Abstract
The role of aquatic animals in global food and nutrition security is increasingly recognised. The global demand for fish is increasing, leading to a need to significantly increase its supply. Securing future fish supplies through sustainable production is a challenge as major resources such as fresh water and land are becoming limited worldwide. Aquaculture and capture fisheries face various threats from both human-mediated and natural environmental change, including climate change. Aquaculture systems and practices are vulnerable to such changes. Moreover, aquatic animal diseases are currently considered one of the most important constraints to sustainable global fish production. The need to increase global production, combined with climate change, may increase losses due to diseases. This paper examines key vulnerabilities, their impacts and management to achieve increased and sustainable global fish production. The authors focus on the need to apply international standards, and to develop biosecurity and capacity in aquatic animal health to improve global fish health. Research needed to underpin the development of improved detection and control of fish diseases is also discussed.
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15
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Brunton LA, Desbois AP, Garza M, Wieland B, Mohan CV, Häsler B, Tam CC, Le PNT, Phuong NT, Van PT, Nguyen-Viet H, Eltholth MM, Pham DK, Duc PP, Linh NT, Rich KM, Mateus ALP, Hoque MA, Ahad A, Khan MNA, Adams A, Guitian J. Identifying hotspots for antibiotic resistance emergence and selection, and elucidating pathways to human exposure: Application of a systems-thinking approach to aquaculture systems. Sci Total Environ 2019; 687:1344-1356. [PMID: 31412468 PMCID: PMC6905156 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.06.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Revised: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/08/2019] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Aquaculture systems are highly complex, dynamic and interconnected systems influenced by environmental, biological, cultural, socio-economic and human behavioural factors. Intensification of aquaculture production is likely to drive indiscriminate use of antibiotics to treat or prevent disease and increase productivity, often to compensate for management and husbandry deficiencies. Surveillance or monitoring of antibiotic usage (ABU) and antibiotic resistance (ABR) is often lacking or absent. Consequently, there are knowledge gaps for the risk of ABR emergence and human exposure to ABR in these systems and the wider environment. The aim of this study was to use a systems-thinking approach to map two aquaculture systems in Vietnam - striped catfish and white-leg shrimp - to identify hotspots for emergence and selection of resistance, and human exposure to antibiotics and antibiotic-resistant bacteria. System mapping was conducted by stakeholders at an interdisciplinary workshop in Hanoi, Vietnam during January 2018, and the maps generated were refined until consensus. Thereafter, literature was reviewed to complement and cross-reference information and to validate the final maps. The maps and component interactions with the environment revealed the grow-out phase, where juveniles are cultured to harvest size, to be a key hotspot for emergence of ABR in both systems due to direct and indirect ABU, exposure to water contaminated with antibiotics and antibiotic-resistant bacteria, and duration of this stage. The pathways for human exposure to antibiotics and ABR were characterised as: occupational (on-farm and at different handling points along the value chain), through consumption (bacterial contamination and residues) and by environmental routes. By using systems thinking and mapping by stakeholders to identify hotspots we demonstrate the applicability of an integrated, interdisciplinary approach to characterising ABU in aquaculture. This work provides a foundation to quantify risks at different points, understand interactions between components, and identify stakeholders who can lead and implement change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy A Brunton
- Veterinary Epidemiology, Economics and Public Health Group, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, Hatfield AL9 7TA, UK.
| | - Andrew P Desbois
- Institute of Aquaculture, Pathfoot Building, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, UK.
| | - Maria Garza
- Veterinary Epidemiology, Economics and Public Health Group, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, Hatfield AL9 7TA, UK.
| | - Barbara Wieland
- International Livestock Research Institute, P.O. Box 5689, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
| | | | - Barbara Häsler
- Veterinary Epidemiology, Economics and Public Health Group, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, Hatfield AL9 7TA, UK.
| | - Clarence C Tam
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, UK; National University of Singapore, National University Health System, 1E Kent Ridge Rd, Singapore.
| | - Phuc Nguyen Thien Le
- School of Biotechnology, International University - Vietnam National University HCMC, Đông Hoà, Thủ Đức, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | - Nguyen Thanh Phuong
- College of Aquaculture and Fisheries, Can Tho University, Campus 2, 3/2 street, Xuân Khánh, Ninh Kiều, Cần Thơ, Viet Nam.
| | - Phan Thi Van
- Research Institute for Aquaculture No. 1, Đình Bảng, Từ Sơn, Bắc Ninh, Viet Nam.
| | - Hung Nguyen-Viet
- International Livestock Research Institute, 298 Kim Ma Street, Ba Dinh District, Hanoi, Viet Nam.
| | - Mahmoud M Eltholth
- Institute of Aquaculture, Pathfoot Building, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, UK; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, El Guish St., Kafr El Sheikh, Egypt
| | - Dang Kim Pham
- Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Trau Quy, Gia Lam, Hanoi, Viet Nam.
| | - Phuc Pham Duc
- Hanoi University of Public Health, 1A Đức Thắng, Phường Đức Thắng, Đông Ngạc, Bắc Từ Liêm, Hà Nội, Viet Nam.
| | - Nguyen Tuong Linh
- School of Biotechnology, International University - Vietnam National University HCMC, Đông Hoà, Thủ Đức, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | - Karl M Rich
- International Livestock Research Institute, 298 Kim Ma Street, Ba Dinh District, Hanoi, Viet Nam.
| | - Ana L P Mateus
- Veterinary Epidemiology, Economics and Public Health Group, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, Hatfield AL9 7TA, UK.
| | - Md Ahasanul Hoque
- Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Zakir Hossain Road, Khulshi, Chittagong, Bangladesh.
| | - Abdul Ahad
- Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Zakir Hossain Road, Khulshi, Chittagong, Bangladesh.
| | - Mohammed Nurul Absar Khan
- Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Zakir Hossain Road, Khulshi, Chittagong, Bangladesh
| | - Alexandra Adams
- Institute of Aquaculture, Pathfoot Building, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, UK.
| | - Javier Guitian
- Veterinary Epidemiology, Economics and Public Health Group, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, Hatfield AL9 7TA, UK.
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Ali H, Rahman MM, Rico A, Jaman A, Basak SK, Islam MM, Khan N, Keus HJ, Mohan CV. An assessment of health management practices and occupational health hazards in tiger shrimp ( Penaeus monodon) and freshwater prawn ( Macrobrachium rosenbergii) aquaculture in Bangladesh. Vet Anim Sci 2018; 5:10-19. [PMID: 32734040 PMCID: PMC7386765 DOI: 10.1016/j.vas.2018.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Revised: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Diseases have been recognized as the major obstacle to the shrimp (Penaeus monodon) and prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) aquaculture production in Bangladesh. This study provides an assessment of shrimp and prawn diseases/syndromes, health management practices, and occupational health hazards associated with the handling of chemical and biological products to prevent and treat shrimp and prawn diseases. A survey was conducted using a semi-structured questionnaire with 380 shrimp and prawn farmers in the southwest of Bangladesh during February and June of 2016. The farms were categorized on the basis of the three cropping patterns: shrimp polyculture, prawn polyculture, and shrimp and prawn polyculture. Eight different diseases and/or symptoms were reported by the surveyed farmers. The white spot disease and the broken antenna and rostrum symptom were the most common in shrimp and prawn species, respectively. In total, 35 chemical and biological products (4 antibiotics, 15 disinfectants, 13 pesticides, 2 feed additives and probiotics) were used to treat and/or prevent diseases in the all farm categories. The major constraints for disease management were limited access to disease diagnostic service, inadequate product application information and lack of knowledge on better management practices. Handling chemicals and preparation of medicated feed with bare hands was identified as a potential occupational health hazard. This study suggests improvements in farmers' knowledge and skill in disease diagnostics and health management practices, and appropriate handling of potentially hazardous chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hazrat Ali
- WorldFish, Bangladesh and South Asia Office, House #22/B, Road # 7, Block #F, Banani, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Muhammad Meezanur Rahman
- WorldFish, Bangladesh and South Asia Office, House #22/B, Road # 7, Block #F, Banani, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Andreu Rico
- IMDEA Water Institute, Science and Technology Campus of the University of Alcalá, Avenida Punto Com 2, P.O. Box 28805, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ahmed Jaman
- WorldFish, Bangladesh and South Asia Office, House #22/B, Road # 7, Block #F, Banani, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Siddhwartha Kumar Basak
- WorldFish, Bangladesh and South Asia Office, House #22/B, Road # 7, Block #F, Banani, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Mahbubul Islam
- WorldFish, Bangladesh and South Asia Office, House #22/B, Road # 7, Block #F, Banani, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Nazneen Khan
- WorldFish, Bangladesh and South Asia Office, House #22/B, Road # 7, Block #F, Banani, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Hendrik Jan Keus
- WorldFish, Bangladesh and South Asia Office, House #22/B, Road # 7, Block #F, Banani, Dhaka, Bangladesh
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Garza M, Mohan CV, Rahman M, Wieland B, Häsler B. The role of infectious disease impact in informing decision-making for animal health management in aquaculture systems in Bangladesh. Prev Vet Med 2018; 167:202-213. [PMID: 29625785 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2018.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Revised: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The aquaculture sector in Bangladesh is an important employer and a significant source of foreign exchange. In addition, it contributes significantly to food security due to the role of fish in peoples' diets, the most important source of protein and micronutrients. However, infectious diseases represent an important barrier to sector development due to economic losses and vulnerability of smallholders. The aim of this study was to gain an overview of the impact of infectious diseases in the aquaculture sector, and to assess the usefulness and use of impact studies in decision making for animal health management and biosecurity governance in Bangladesh. A review of scientific and grey literature on infectious disease impact in different aquaculture systems was conducted and their methodologies and findings summarised. Subsequently, interviews with 28 stakeholders from the private and public sector were conducted to enquire about decision-making structures in animal health management. The data were analysed using the framework method to allow the development of themes, by using the information, experiences and opinions inductively obtained from interviewees, deductively through the reviewed literature. Results showed a substantial socio-economic impact of infectious diseases. The numerous stakeholders involved in the decision-making process explained that key barriers to effective aquaculture health management were insufficient resources to investigate and tackle infectious aquatic animal diseases, a dearth of legislation and capacity for disease surveillance, a reliance on reactive response, and a lack of impact and evidence-based approaches for prioritising problem-solving, commonly based on anecdotal evidence. Furthermore, communication among the multiple stakeholders involved was reported to be weak. This complex situation requires a multi-level response, which should span from strengthening the knowledge of farmers and professionals in the field to the improvement of surveillance and diagnostic systems. Improved systems along with evidence on disease impact could inform the prioritisation of diseases and resource allocation for disease control in Bangladesh. Further, this evidence needs to be used to advise decisions to have a true value, for which establishing and strengthening communication pathways and processes is critical to make systematic use of the information and improve animal health management. In the light of future threats to Bangladesh such as climate change, increasing population density and demand for animal source foods, it is crucial to strengthen animal health management systems to reduce livelihoods vulnerability, food insecurity and the likelihood of disease emergence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Garza
- Royal Veterinary College, London, United Kingdom; Leverhulme Centre for Integrative Research on Agriculture and Health, London, United Kingdom.
| | | | - Meezanur Rahman
- WorldFish, Bangladesh and South Asia Office, Banani, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Barbara Wieland
- International Livestock Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Barbara Häsler
- Royal Veterinary College, London, United Kingdom; Leverhulme Centre for Integrative Research on Agriculture and Health, London, United Kingdom
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18
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Smitha T, Mohan CV, Hemavathy S. Prevalence of human papillomavirus16 DNA and p16 INK4a protein in oral squamous cell carcinoma: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Oral Maxillofac Pathol 2017; 21:76-81. [PMID: 28479691 PMCID: PMC5406823 DOI: 10.4103/jomfp.jomfp_248_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Indian patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) are etiologically associated with the use of tobacco and alcohol; yet, a proportion of tumors that may harbor human papillomavirus (HPV) infections cannot be neglected. The following meta-analysis was conducted to address the association of p16INK4a and HPV DNA with OSCC. In addition, the study also provides the updated prevalence of HPV-induced OSCC. MATERIALS AND METHODS Literature survey was performed using databases such as PubMed with the help of the following keywords - "HPV infection," "oral squamous cell carcinoma," "p16INK4a," "HPV DNA," "E6," "E7," "L1," "L2" and "LCR." Proportion method was performed to derive the forest plot using MedCalc statistical software version 16.4.3. RESULTS Among 145 research articles, 33 articles were selected for further analysis, in which 13 articles were related to HPV DNA detection in tissues, 11 articles detected the overexpression of p16INK4a and nine articles reported the detection of both HPV DNA and p16INK4a expression. Meta-analysis revealed significant heterogeneity (P < 0.0001) among the articles. Overall, the study consisted of 3339 patients with OSCC, among which 559 patients were diagnosed with the presence of HPV16 DNA with a random proportion of 20.1% at 95% confidence interval (CI) (13.9-27.1, P < 0.0001). Overexpression of p16INK4a protein was observed in 709 patients with a random proportion of 25.4% at 95% CI (14.3-38.3, P < 0.0001). CONCLUSION HPV DNA and expression of p16INK4a was suggested as gold standard for the detection of HPV infection in many cases of cancers. Frequency of HPV infection is significantly higher in patients with OSCC as identified through the detection of HPV DNA and p16INK4a expression. Even though the association of HPV infection has been established in head and neck cancer, this review could further the establishment of molecular level interaction of HPV in patients with oral cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Smitha
- Department of Oral Pathology, VS Dental College and Hospital, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - C V Mohan
- Dental Care and Research Centre, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - S Hemavathy
- Department of Oral Pathology, Sri Rajiv Gandhi College of Dental Science, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
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19
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Abstract
Identification of humans, especially in mass disaster is a challenging aspect for team members of the disaster victim identification (DVI) unit. Identification is necessary for humanitarian and emotional reasons and for many legal issues, particularly for family members. In the modern day, all possible methods have been applied for establishing the identification of deceased individuals. The DVI team comprises specialists from different disciplines. The forensic dentist plays a major role in the identification of victims in disaster. To establish a simple, faster and time saving procedure for Postmortem dental identification in mass disaster. In this article, we present a simpler and faster method, which helps in gaining access into the oral cavity that helps in the recording of postmortem oral findings where required.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - C V Mohan
- Dental Care and Research Center, Government Dental College, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Hemavathi
- Department of Oral Pathology, Government Dental College, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
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20
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Sahoo AK, Thakur PC, Shankar KM, Mohan CV, Sharma SRK, Corsin F. Histopathological findings on innate responses of white spot disease positive Penaeus monodon (Fabricius) under semi-intensive culture. J Fish Dis 2015; 38:91-95. [PMID: 24423278 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2013] [Revised: 10/15/2013] [Accepted: 10/15/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A K Sahoo
- Fish Pathology and Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Aquaculture, College of Fisheries, Karnataka Veterinary, Animal and Fishery Science University, Mangalore, India; Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Barrackpore, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
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22
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Abstract
It is well known that the transboundary spread of infectious diseases is aided by trade in live animals and the consequences can be severe if, as a result, a pathogen broadens its host range to new species. Trade in aquatic animal species is increasing, and aquaculture is also expanding to meet the growing human population's demands for animal protein. Moreover, it is clear that aquaculture has created potential new pathways by which pathogens and diseases may be introduced or spread to new areas. The risk of pathogen transfer is generally considered greater for the movement of live aquatic animals than for the movement of processed and dead products. The currently available health standards support the concept of minimising the risk of disease and pathogen incursion while, at the same time, avoiding unjustifiable or unnecessary impediments to trade. Nevertheless, the international spread of diseases through the movement of animals still occurs, despite these standards. Consequently, this paper considers the evidence linking international trade in aquatic animals and aquatic animal-derived products with the transmission and spread of diseases. The authors provide examples of pathogen transfer leading to disease spread and considerthe situation of emerging diseases, as well as the need for a holistic approach to deal with risk-based threats at their source.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Rodgers
- Institut de Recerca i Tecnología Agroalimentáries-Sant Caries de la Rgpita, Crta. Poble Nou s/n, Apartat de Correus 200, 43540 Tarragona, Spain
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Sahoo AK, Mohan CV, Shankar KM, Corsin F, Turnbull JF, Thakur PC, Hao NV, Morgan KL, Padiyar AP. Clinical white spot disease status in Penaeus monodon during the middle of the culture period - its epidemiological significance. J Fish Dis 2010; 33:609-615. [PMID: 20298451 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2761.2010.01144.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A K Sahoo
- Fish Pathology and Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Aquaculture, College of Fisheries, Mangalore, Karnataka, India.
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Sittidilokratna N, Dangtip S, Sritunyalucksana K, Babu R, Pradeep B, Mohan CV, Gudkovs N, Walker PJ. Detection of Laem-Singh virus in cultured Penaeus monodon shrimp from several sites in the Indo-Pacific region. Dis Aquat Organ 2009; 84:195-200. [PMID: 19565696 DOI: 10.3354/dao02059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Laem-Singh virus (LSNV) is a positive-sense single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) virus that was recently identified in Penaeus monodon shrimp in Thailand displaying signs of slow growth syndrome. A total of 326 shrimp collected between 1998 and 2007 from countries in the Indo-Pacific region were tested by RT-PCR for evidence of LSNV infection. The samples comprised batches of whole postlarvae, and lymphoid organ, gill, muscle or pleopod tissue of juvenile, subadult and adult shrimp. LSNV was not detected in 96 P. monodon, P. japonicus or P. merguiensis from Australia or 16 P. monodon from Fiji, Philippines, Sri Lanka and Mozambique. There was no evidence of LSNV infection in 73 healthy juvenile P. vannamei collected during 2006 from ponds at 9 locations in Thailand. However, LNSV was detected in each of 6 healthy P. monodon tested from Malaysia and Indonesia, 2 of 6 healthy P. monodon tested from Vietnam and 39 of 40 P. monodon collected from slow-growth ponds in Thailand. A survey of 81 P. monodon collected in 2007 from Andhra Pradesh, India, indicated 56.8% prevalence of LSNV infection but no clear association with disease or slow growth. Phylogenetic analysis of PCR amplicons obtained from samples from India, Vietnam, Malaysia and Thailand indicated that nucleotide sequence variation was very low (>98% identity) and there was no clustering of viruses according to site of isolation or the health status of the shrimp. The data suggests that LSNV exists as a single genetic lineage and occurs commonly in healthy P. monodon in parts of Asia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nusra Sittidilokratna
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency, Phathumthani 12120, Thailand
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Patil R, Palaksha KJ, Anil TM, Patil P, Shankarl KM, Mohan CV, Sripada A. Evaluation of an immunodot test to manage white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) during cultivation of the giant tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon. Dis Aquat Organ 2008; 79:157-161. [PMID: 18500033 DOI: 10.3354/dao01884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
A monoclonal antibody-based immunodot test was compared to a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay for managing white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) on shrimp farms at Kundapur and Kumta situated in Udupi and Uttar Kannada Districts, respectively, of Karnataka on the west coast of India. Of 12 grow-out farms in Kundapur, 6 (F1 to F6) yielded shrimp samples that were negative for WSSV by both immunodot test and 1-step PCR from stocking to successful harvest. Samples from the other 6 farms (F7 to F12) were positive for WSSV by both immunodot test and 1-step PCR at various times post stocking, and their crops failed. In the 2 farms at Kumta (F13, F14), immunodot and 1-step PCR results were both negative, and harvests were successful. In contrast to 1-step PCR results, farms F5, F6, F13, and F14 gave positive results for WSSV by 2-step PCR, and they were successfully harvested at 105 d post stocking. Our results indicate that an inexpensive immunodot assay can be used to replace the more expensive 1-step PCR assay for disease monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajreddy Patil
- Fish Pathology and Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Aquaculture, College of Fisheries, Karnataka Veterinary, Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Mangalore 575 002, India
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Mohan CV, Phillips MJ, Bhat BV, Umesh NR, Padiyar PA. Farm-level plans and husbandry measures for aquatic animal disease emergencies. REV SCI TECH OIE 2008; 27:161-173. [PMID: 18666486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Disease is one of the gravest threats to the sustainability of the aquaculture industry. A good understanding of biosecurity and disease causation is essential for developing and implementing farm-level plans and husbandry measures to respond to disease emergencies. Using epidemiological approaches, it is possible to identify pond- and farm-level risk factors for disease outbreaks and develop intervention strategies. Better management practices (BMPs) should be simple, science-based, cost-effective and appropriate to their context if farmers are to adopt and implement them. As part of a regional initiative by the Network of Aquaculture Centres in Asia-Pacific (NACA) to control aquatic animal diseases, effective extension approaches to promote the widespread adoption of BMPs have been developed in India, Indonesia, Vietnam and Thailand, and have proved their worth. A highly successful programme, which addresses rising concerns about the effect of disease on the sustainability of shrimp farming in India, is now in its seventh year. In this paper, the authors present a brief insight into the details of the programme, its outcomes and impact, the lessons learned and the way forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- C V Mohan
- Network of Aquaculture Centres in Asia-Pacific (NACA), Suraswadi Building, Department of Fisheries, PO. Box 1040, Kasetsart Post Office, Bangkok 10903, Thailand
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Mohan CV, Chinabut S, Kanchanakhan S. Perspectives on aquatic animal disease contingency planning in the Asia-Pacific region. REV SCI TECH OIE 2008; 27:89-102. [PMID: 18666481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The movement of live aquatic animals is one of the principal reasons for the rising number of disease emergencies in Asia and the Pacific. Contingency planning is crucial in the effective management of such emergencies. Within Asia, the Asia Regional Technical Guidelines on Health Management and the Responsible Movement of Live Aquatic Animals provide the basic framework for national and regional efforts to reduce the risk of introducing disease across borders. However, in following these guidelines, the progress made by countries on contingency planning has, to date, been rather limited. In this paper, the authors broadly examine the implementation of health management programmes, highlight some regional initiatives that support contingency planning and describe the present status of contingency planning in the Asia-Pacific region.
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Affiliation(s)
- C V Mohan
- Network of Aquaculture Centres in Asia-Pacific (NACA), Suraswadi Building, Department of Fisheries, P.O. Box 1040, Kasetsart Post Office, Bangkok 10903, Thailand
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Mohan CV, Phillips MJ, Corsin F. Communication and networking in a regional organisation. Dev Biol (Basel) 2007; 129:73-79. [PMID: 18306521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Access to accurate information and technical expertise is a pre-requisite for informed decision making. The Network of Aquaculture Centres in Asia-Pacific (NACA), an intergovernmental organization of 17 governments in Asia-Pacific, works on the principle of cooperation and collaboration with the intention of sharing regional resources amongst the stakeholders within the network: governments, institutions and individuals. Networking, communication and project implementation coordinated by NACA in collaboration with partner organizations and donor agencies has been instrumental in facilitating the flow of science and provision of technical assistance to relevant stakeholders in Member Countries. Development and adoption of the FAO/NACA's Asia regional technical guidelines (TG) for the responsible movement of live aquatic animals by 21 Asia-Pacific governments is a major outcome of networking and communication that had been facilitated by the NACA, from 1999 to 2001. Since then, the implementation of key elements of the TG has remained the focus of NACA's regional aquatic animal health programme. The present paper provides some examples of past and ongoing activities that highlight the role of networking and communication in a regional organization in strengthening aquatic animal health capacity and biosecurity in the Asia-Pacific region.
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Affiliation(s)
- C V Mohan
- Network of Aquaculture Centres in Asia-Pacific, Bangkok, Thailand.
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Corsin F, Giorgetti G, Mohan CV. Contribution of science to farm-level aquatic animal health management. Dev Biol (Basel) 2007; 129:35-40. [PMID: 18306517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The contribution of science to farm level disease management is a story of two worlds. The development of effective vaccines has allowed for the control of important salmonid diseases such as furunculosis, yersiniosis and vibriosis and has significantly reduced farmers' reliance on antibiotics. Control of diseases for which cost-effective vaccines have yet to be developed has been achieved through the development of increasingly targeted antibiotics and chemotherapeutants. Increasingly, accurate and rapid diagnostic and water quality tests have allowed farmers to improve farm-level aquatic animal health management. In developed countries, these achievements have been possible thanks to the strong link between science and farm management. This link has been assisted by the presence of strong farmer organizations capable of coordinating research projects and hosting meetings at which scientific information is discussed and disseminated. Although Asia is responsible for the production of about 90% of aquaculture products, it presents a rather different picture from the above. Science has indeed made significant progress in health management but the links with farm management are still weak. Management practices capable of preventing important health problems in shrimp and fish farming are still poorly adopted by farmers. This is largely due to constraints in the dissemination of information to the large number of producers involved, the limited resources of both producers and their countries and the lack of effective farmer organizations capable of liaising with the scientific world. Recently, the Asian region has witnessed some successful examples of aquatic animal health management through the adoption of simple Better Management Practices. Efforts so far have been largely focused on shrimp farming, although activities have been initiated to adopt a similar approach to other commodities. The need for both observational and experimental epidemiological studies to identify simple and affordable farm practices for the control of aquatic animal diseases is highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Corsin
- Network of Aquaculture Centres in Asia-Pacific, Suraswadi Building, Department of Fisheries, Kasetsart University Campus, Ladyao, Jatujak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand.
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Nayak DK, Asha A, Shankar KM, Mohan CV. Evaluation of biofilm of Aeromonas hydrophila for oral vaccination of Clarias batrachus--a carnivore model. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2004; 16:613-619. [PMID: 15110335 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2003.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2003] [Accepted: 09/29/2003] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Biofilm of Aeromonas hydrophila was evaluated for oral vaccination of walking catfish (Clarias batrachus L.). Fish were fed with fish paste incorporating biofilm (BF) or free cells (FC) of A. hydrophila for 20 days and monitored for serum antibody production up to 60 days post-vaccination. Serum agglutinating antibody titre and relative percent survival (RPS) following challenge were found to be significantly higher in catfish fed with BF vaccine compared to that with FC.
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Affiliation(s)
- D K Nayak
- Department of Aquaculture, Fish Pathology and Biotechnology Laboratory, College of Fisheries, University of Agricultural Sciences, Mangalore 575 002, India
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Asha A, Nayak DK, Shankar KM, Mohan CV. Antigen expression in biofilm cells of Aeromonas hydrophila employed in oral vaccination of fish. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2004; 16:429-436. [PMID: 15123309 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2003.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2003] [Accepted: 08/12/2003] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Total protein, S-layer protein and lipopolysaccharides (LPS) of biofilm cells of Aeromonas hydrophila were analysed by SDS-PAGE and compared with that of planktonic cells. In the whole cell lysate of biofilm cells, about 15 proteins were repressed while three new proteins were expressed compared to that in planktonic cells. Interestingly, in biofilm cells the S-layer proteins were lost and LPS showed an additional high molecular weight band compared to that in planktonic cells. We propose that the change in LPS profile must have contributed to the loss of S-layer. Also, the high molecular weight band of LPS might play a role in the better performance of biofilm oral vaccine by eliciting a protective immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Asha
- Fish Pathology and Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Aquaculture, College of Fisheries, University of Agricultural Sciences, Mangalore 575 002, India
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Corsin F, Thakur PC, Padiyar PA, Madhusudhan M, Turnbull JF, Mohan CV, Hao NV, Morgan KL. Relationship between white spot syndrome virus and indicators of quality in Penaeus monodon postlarvae in Karnataka, India. Dis Aquat Organ 2003; 54:97-104. [PMID: 12747635 DOI: 10.3354/dao054097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
White spot disease (WSD) is a viral disease of shrimp caused by white spot syndrome virus (WSSV). Stocking WSSV-infected seed has been implicated as a major risk factor for outbreaks of WSD. In addition, the quality of postlarvae batches has been proposed as a predictor for good crops. This paper describes the relationship between indicators of quality and WSSV in postlarvae (PL) of Penaeus monodon from Karnataka, India, over the period September 1999 to January 2000. Three outcome variables were considered: the WSSV status of the PL, as determined by PCR, and 2 subjective assessments of PL quality, namely the activity of the PL and the quality of the PL as determined by research assistants and farmers, respectively. Of the 73 batches of PL, 49.3% from a random sample of farms tested positive for WSSV. After adjusting for confounding, stocking earlier in the growing season and duration of transportation were the main risk factors for the presence of WSSV. The quality assessed by farmers and the PL activity assessed by research assistants showed only fair agreement (kappa 0.252) reaffirming the subjective nature of such techniques. The only variables consistently associated with either assessment of quality in univariate analysis were PL length, number per bag and salinity of the water in the delivery bags. After adjusting for confounding, no single variable was consistently associated with PL quality and activity. The research assistants' assessment of PL activity was also associated with the hatchery and a brown-orange hepatopancreas in univariate analysis. After adjusting for confounding, a brown-orange hepatopancreas was still significant and fitted into the model together with the salinity of the water in the PL bags. The farmers' assessment of quality was associated with PL length, date of stocking and duration of transportation in both univariate and multivariable analyses. There was no relationship between quality assessment and WSSV in PCR-positive PL.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Corsin
- Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, Scotland, United Kingdom
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Anil TM, Shankar KM, Mohan CV. Monoclonal antibodies developed for sensitive detection and comparison of white spot syndrome virus isolates in India. Dis Aquat Organ 2002; 51:67-75. [PMID: 12240972 DOI: 10.3354/dao051067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Since its first report in 1994, white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) has become widespread in India. We have developed a simple, rapid and sensitive monoclonal antibody (MAb)-based immunodot test for detection of WSSV. Four MAbs of IgG isotype were produced against an Indian isolate of WSSV: 1 MAb recognised a 28 kDa viral protein while the other 3 recognised both 28 and 18 kDa proteins. The 4 MAbs recognised 4 different Indian WSSV isolates collected at different times from the east and west coasts of India, indicating antigenic uniformity of the isolates. The limit of detection of the immunodot test was 500 pg of the viral protein, which compared well with 1 step PCR and could be used to detect WSSV in shrimp Penaeus monodon with and without gross signs of white spots in the cuticle. Furthermore, the test was rapid (3 h for completion) and is suitable for further development as a simple field kit.
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Affiliation(s)
- T M Anil
- Department of Aquaculture, University of Agricultural Sciences, College of Fisheries, Mangalore, India
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Mohan CV, Corsin F, Thakur PC, Padiyar PA, Madhusudan M, Turnbull JF, Hao NV, Morgan KL. Usefulness of dead shrimp specimens in studying the epidemiology of white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) and chronic bacterial infection. Dis Aquat Organ 2002; 50:1-8. [PMID: 12152899 DOI: 10.3354/dao050001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
This paper describes the utility of dead shrimp samples in epidemiological investigations of the white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) and chronic bacterial infections. A longitudinal observational study was undertaken in shrimp farms in Kundapur, Karnataka, India, from September 1999 to April 2000 to identify risk factors associated with outbreaks of white spot disease (WSD) in cultured Penaeus monodon. As a part of the larger study, farmers were trained to collect and preserve dead and moribund shrimp (when observed) during the production cycle. At the end of the production cycle, 73 samples from 50 ponds had been collected for histopathology and 55 samples from 44 ponds for PCR. Intranuclear viral inclusion bodies diagnostic of WSSV infection were detected in dead samples from 32 ponds (64 %). Samples of dead shrimp from 18 ponds (36%) showed no histopathological evidence of WSSV infection. However, of these, samples from 13 ponds (26%) showed clear evidence of shell, oral, enteric and systemic chronic inflammatory lesions (CIL) in the form of haemocytic nodules, typical of bacterial infection. Samples from 5 ponds (10%) were negative for both WSSV and CIL. Samples from 8 ponds had dual WSSV and CIL, although both WSSV and CIL were only observed in the same shrimp from 1 pond. Useful information was obtained from these shrimp despite the presence of post-mortem changes. Samples from 19 ponds (43%) tested positive for WSSV by 1-step PCR and samples from an additional 10 ponds (22.7%) were positive by 2-step nested PCR. Samples from 15 ponds (34.1%) were negative for WSSV by 2-step nested PCR. There was moderate to substantial agreement between PCR and histopathology in the diagnosis of WSSV infection in dead shrimp. WSSV infection in dead shrimp was significantly associated with crop failures as defined by a shorter length of the production cycle (<90 d) and lower average weight at harvest (<22 g). WSSV infection was also associated with lower survival (<50%), but this was not significant. Ponds with CIL did not experience any crop failures, and the presence of CIL was significantly associated with successful crops. The study demonstrates that samples of dead shrimp can provide useful information for disease surveillance and epidemiological investigations of WSSV and chronic bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- C V Mohan
- Department of Aquaculture, College of Fisheries, University of Agricultural Sciences, Mangalore, India.
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Thakur PC, Corsin F, Turnbull JF, Shankar KM, Hao NV, Padiyar PA, Madhusudhan M, Morgan KL, Mohan CV. Estimation of prevalence of white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) by polymerase chain reaction in Penaeus monodon postlarvae at time of stocking in shrimp farms of Karnataka, India: a population-based study. Dis Aquat Organ 2002; 49:235-243. [PMID: 12113310 DOI: 10.3354/dao049235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
White spot disease (WSD) is at present the most serious viral disease affecting cultivated shrimp species globally. The causative agent, white spot syndrome virus (WSSV), is extremely virulent, has a wide host range and can also be transmitted from broodstock to their offspring. The shrimp postlarvae (PL) act as asymptomatic, latent carriers of the virus, and stocking of WSSV-infected PL has been reported as a risk factor for WSD outbreaks in culture ponds. However, there is no population-based study on WSSV prevalence in PL of shrimp. The present manuscript documents the approaches and the results in the estimation of prevalence of WSSV in PL populations of Penaeus monodon at the time of stocking. A maximum of 300 PL from each of the 73 batches of PL stocked at various farms in the west coast of India during September 1999 to January 2000 were tested for the presence of WSSV by 2-step nested PCR. Thirty-six (49%) of the 73 batches tested positive for WSSV either by 1-step alone (3 batches) or after 2-step nested PCR (33 batches). Sub-samples of 5 PL each or 1 PL each tested to quantify the proportion of infected PL within batches showed that WSSV prevalence was very high in 1-step PCR-positive batches and low in 2-step PCR-positive batches. The study also showed that appropriate sampling and sample size were major factors in determining the prevalence of WSSV in PL populations, underlining the need for testing large samples of PL to reduce errors from falsely negative results.
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Affiliation(s)
- P C Thakur
- Department of Aquaculture, University of Agricultural Sciences, College of Fisheries, Mangalore, India
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Corsin F, Phi TT, Phuoc LH, Tinh NTN, Hao NV, Mohan CV, Turnbull JF, Morgan KL. Problems and solutions with the design and execution of an epidemiological study of white spot disease in black tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon) in Vietnam. Prev Vet Med 2002; 53:117-32. [PMID: 11821141 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-5877(01)00265-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
White spot disease (WSD) is caused by white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) and is an acutely fatal pandemic disease of crustaceans. It has resulted in massive losses to the shrimp-farming industry in Asia and has now spread to the Americas. This paper reports the problems and solutions associated with the design and execution of a longitudinal epidemiological study of shrimp (Penaeus monodon) health on farms practising a crop rotation of rice and shrimp in the Mekong Delta of Vietnam. The pre-sampling phase of the project involved selecting an appropriate site and sampling variables, obtaining permission and establishing the necessary laboratory and logistic facilities. At the start of the sampling phase, 40 farmers were selected and 32 of these were visited and interviewed. This resulted in the enrolment of only 17 farmers. A further seven had to be enrolled to obtain the maximum number of farmers that could be sampled by the study team. Compliance was enhanced through meetings, regular visits by senior members of the project team and ensuring that visits were punctual and that all information was treated confidentially. The production cycle began in January 1998 and lasted for approximately 5 months. An attempt was made to collect 500 post larvae (PL) before each pond was stocked to assess the health of the batch and to test for the presence of WSSV by one-step PCR. After stocking, the wild crustaceans also were sampled from the pond for PCR analyses. Information was collected on the management practices and samples of water, pond bottom, feed and shrimp collected throughout the production cycle. Water quality variables with predictable diurnal variation were sampled in the morning and afternoon, twice a week. Two months after stocking, the first outbreak of WSD occurred; subsequently, 18 farms conducted a complete emergency harvest due to the actual or perceived presence of a WSD outbreak. Detectable mortalities were reported from 19 farms, and moribund shrimps were collected from four of these for PCR and histological analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Corsin
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Science and Animal Husbandry, The University of Liverpool, Chester High Road, Leahurst, Neston, UK
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Corsin F, Turnbull JF, Hao NV, Mohan CV, Phi TT, Phuoc LH, Tinh NT, Morgan KL. Risk factors associated with white spot syndrome virus infection in a Vietnamese rice-shrimp farming system. Dis Aquat Organ 2001; 47:1-12. [PMID: 11797910 DOI: 10.3354/dao047001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
White spot disease (WSD) is a pandemic disease caused by a virus commonly known as white spot syndrome virus (WSSV). Several risk factors for WSD outbreaks have been suggested. However, there have been very few studies to identify risk factors for WSD outbreaks in culture systems. This paper presents and discusses the risk factors for WSSV infection identified during a longitudinal observational study conducted in a Vietnamese rice-shrimp farming system. A total of 158 variables were measured comprising location, features of the pond, management practices, pond bottom quality, shrimp health and other animals in the pond. At the end of the study period WSSV was detected in 15 of the 24 ponds followed through the production cycle (62.5%). One hundred and thirty-nine variables were used in univariate analyses. All the variables with a p-value < or = 0.10 were used in unconditional logistic regression in a forward stepwise model. An effect of location was identified in both univariate and multivariate analyses showing that ponds located in the eastern portion of the study site, closer to the sea, were more likely to test positive for WSSV by 1-step PCR at harvest. Ponds with shrimp of a smaller average size 1 mo after stocking tended to be positive for WSSV at the end of the production cycle. Average weight at 1 mo was also highlighted in multivariate analyses when considered as either a risk factor or an outcome. Other risk factors identified in univariate analyses were earlier date of stocking and use of commercial feed. A number of variables also appeared to be associated with a reduced risk of WSSV at harvest including the presence of dead post larvae in the batch sampled at stocking, presence of Hemigrapsus spp. crabs during the first month of production, feeding vitamin premix or legumes, presence of high numbers of shrimp with bacterial infection and the presence of larger mud crabs or gobies at harvest. No associations were detected with WSSV at harvest and stocking density, presence, or number or weight of wild shrimp in the pond. The multivariate model to identify outcomes associated with WSSV infection highlighted the presence of high mortality as the main variable explaining the data. The results obtained from this study are discussed in the context of WSD control and areas requiring further investigation are suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Corsin
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Science and Animal Husbandry, The University of Liverpool, Neston, United Kingdom
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Azad IS, Shankar KM, Mohan CV, Kalita B. Uptake and processing of biofilm and free-cell vaccines of Aeromonas hydrophila in indian major carps and common carp following oral vaccination--antigen localization by a monoclonal antibody. Dis Aquat Organ 2000; 43:103-108. [PMID: 11145450 DOI: 10.3354/dao043103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Uptake and processing of biofilm (BF) and free-cell (FC) vaccines of Aeromonas hydrophila were studied in the Indian major carps catla Catla catla, and rohu Labeo rohita and in the common carp Cyprinus carpio following a single dose oral vaccination of 10(11) CFU g(-1) fish. Fish were sampled at 0.5, 1, 3, 6, 12, 24 h and at 2, 3, 5 and 10 d following vaccination and antigen localization was studied in the gut, kidney and spleen employing monoclonal antibody based immunofluorescence and immunoperoxidase. The general pattern of antigen localization was similar in catla, rohu and common carp. Initially, both the BF and FC antigens were localized in the gut lumen, followed by their uptake by intraepithelial vacuoles and macrophages. Antigen administered orally was also seen in the spleen and kidney. Both BF and FC antigens were detected in the gut lumen of carp within 30 min following oral delivery. However, BF antigen remained in the lumen of the hindgut for 48 h compared to 6 h in the case of FC antigen. In the early stages, BF antigen was localized in the gut epithelial vacuoles while FC antigen was associated with the small macrophages of the hindgut. Antigen localization in spleen and kidney was observed at 3 h and persisted even up to 10 d following oral delivery. In general, there was a distinct difference between BF and FC vaccines in the duration of retention and quantity of uptake in the gut, kidney and spleen.
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Affiliation(s)
- I S Azad
- Department of Aquaculture, University of Agricultural Sciences, College of Fisheries, Mangalore, India
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Mohan CV, Shankar KM, Kulkarni S, Sudha PM. Histopathology of cultured shrimp showing gross signs of yellow head syndrome and white spot syndrome during 1994 Indian epizootics. Dis Aquat Organ 1998; 34:9-12. [PMID: 9789974 DOI: 10.3354/dao034009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Two epizootics of cultured shrimp occurred in India in 1994. The first case of mass mortalities of tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon in July 1994 was very similar to that caused by yellowhead virus (YHV) infection with regard to gross clinical signs, host species and size of shrimp affected, but it was histologically atypical. Very interestingly, intranuclear inclusions typical of a white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) infection were present in shrimp showing gross signs of yellow head syndrome, suggesting a dual infection. The second case of mass mortalities of P. monodon and P. indicus of all age groups and sizes in November 1994 was typical of a WSSV infection, clinically and histopathologically. Densely stained, round intracytoplasmic inclusions typical for YHV infection found in the lymphoid organ and haematopoietic tissue of WSSV-infected shrimp indicated a possible dual infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- C V Mohan
- Department of Aquaculture, College of Fisheries, UAS, Mangalore, India
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Kaul SN, Mohan CV. Magnetic behavior of an amorphous ferromagnet for temperatures close to, and above, the Curie point: Structural relaxation effects. Phys Rev B Condens Matter 1994; 50:6157-6168. [PMID: 9976989 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.50.6157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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