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Hastie KM, Li H, Bedinger D, Schendel SL, Dennison SM, Li K, Rayaprolu V, Yu X, Mann C, Zandonatti M, Diaz Avalos R, Zyla D, Buck T, Hui S, Shaffer K, Hariharan C, Yin J, Olmedillas E, Enriquez A, Parekh D, Abraha M, Feeney E, Horn GQ, Aldon Y, Ali H, Aracic S, Cobb RR, Federman RS, Fernandez JM, Glanville J, Green R, Grigoryan G, Lujan Hernandez AG, Ho DD, Huang KYA, Ingraham J, Jiang W, Kellam P, Kim C, Kim M, Kim HM, Kong C, Krebs SJ, Lan F, Lang G, Lee S, Leung CL, Liu J, Lu Y, MacCamy A, McGuire AT, Palser AL, Rabbitts TH, Rikhtegaran Tehrani Z, Sajadi MM, Sanders RW, Sato AK, Schweizer L, Seo J, Shen B, Snitselaar JL, Stamatatos L, Tan Y, Tomic MT, van Gils MJ, Youssef S, Yu J, Yuan TZ, Zhang Q, Peters B, Tomaras GD, Germann T, Saphire EO. Defining variant-resistant epitopes targeted by SARS-CoV-2 antibodies: A global consortium study. Science 2021; 374:472-478. [PMID: 34554826 PMCID: PMC9302186 DOI: 10.1126/science.abh2315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Antibody-based therapeutics and vaccines are essential to combat COVID-19 morbidity and mortality after severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. Multiple mutations in SARS-CoV-2 that could impair antibody defenses propagated in human-to-human transmission and spillover or spillback events between humans and animals. To develop prevention and therapeutic strategies, we formed an international consortium to map the epitope landscape on the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, defining and structurally illustrating seven receptor binding domain (RBD)–directed antibody communities with distinct footprints and competition profiles. Pseudovirion-based neutralization assays reveal spike mutations, individually and clustered together in variants, that affect antibody function among the communities. Key classes of RBD-targeted antibodies maintain neutralization activity against these emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants. These results provide a framework for selecting antibody treatment cocktails and understanding how viral variants might affect antibody therapeutic efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn M. Hastie
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Haoyang Li
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Daniel Bedinger
- Carterra, 825 N. 300 W. Ste C309, Salt Lake City, UT 84103, USA
| | - Sharon L. Schendel
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - S. Moses Dennison
- Center for Human Systems Immunology, Departments of Surgery, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics and Microbiology and Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC 27701, USA
| | - Kan Li
- Center for Human Systems Immunology, Departments of Surgery, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics and Microbiology and Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC 27701, USA
| | - Vamseedhar Rayaprolu
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Xiaoying Yu
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Colin Mann
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Michelle Zandonatti
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Ruben Diaz Avalos
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Dawid Zyla
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Tierra Buck
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Sean Hui
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Kelly Shaffer
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Chitra Hariharan
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Jieyun Yin
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Eduardo Olmedillas
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Adrian Enriquez
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Diptiben Parekh
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Milite Abraha
- Center for Human Systems Immunology, Departments of Surgery, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics and Microbiology and Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC 27701, USA
| | - Elizabeth Feeney
- Center for Human Systems Immunology, Departments of Surgery, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics and Microbiology and Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC 27701, USA
| | - Gillian Q. Horn
- Center for Human Systems Immunology, Departments of Surgery, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics and Microbiology and Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC 27701, USA
| | - CoVIC-DB team1
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Carterra, 825 N. 300 W. Ste C309, Salt Lake City, UT 84103, USA
- Center for Human Systems Immunology, Departments of Surgery, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics and Microbiology and Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC 27701, USA
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Quadrucept Bio, Ltd., Cambridge CB23 6DW, UK
- Myrio Therapeutics Pty, Ltd., 1 Dalmore Drive, Scoresby, VIC 3179, Australia
- National Resilience, Inc., 13200 NW Nano Ct., Alachua, FL 32615, USA
- Generate Biomedicines, Inc., 26 Landsdowne Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Activemotif, Inc., 1914 Palomar Oaks Way, Suite 150, Carlsbad, CA 92008, USA
- Centivax, Inc., 201 Gateway Blvd., Floor 1, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
- Twist Bioscience, 681 Gateway Blvd., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, 701 West 168th St., HHSC 1102, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Research Center for Emerging Viral Infections, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Shanghai Henlius Biotech, Inc., 9/F, Innov Tower, Zone A, no. 1801 Hongmei Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, China
- Kymab, Ltd., The Bennet Building, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge CB22 3AT, UK
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College, London SW7 2AZ, UK
- Celltrion, Inc., Department of Research and Development, 23 Academy-ro Yeonsu-gu Incheon, Republic of Korea
- Sanyou Biopharmaceuticals Co., Ltd., no. 188 Xinjunhuan Road, Building 6B-C, 3rd Floor, Minhang District, Shanghai 201114, China
- Emerging Infectious Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, International Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism, Ministry of Science and Technology, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- AbCipher Biotechnology, 188 Xinjun Ring Road, Building 2, 4th Floor, Minhang District, Shanghai 201114, China
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Vaccines and Infectious Diseases Division, Seattle, WA, USA
- Institute of Cancer Research, Centre for Cancer Drug Discovery, London SM2 5NG, UK
- Division of Clinical Care and Research, Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
- HiFiBiO, Inc., 237 Putnam Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- National Resilience, Inc., 2061 Challenger Dr., Alameda, CA 94501, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Yoann Aldon
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Hanif Ali
- Quadrucept Bio, Ltd., Cambridge CB23 6DW, UK
| | - Sanja Aracic
- Myrio Therapeutics Pty, Ltd., 1 Dalmore Drive, Scoresby, VIC 3179, Australia
| | - Ronald R. Cobb
- National Resilience, Inc., 13200 NW Nano Ct., Alachua, FL 32615, USA
| | - Ross S. Federman
- Generate Biomedicines, Inc., 26 Landsdowne Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Joseph M. Fernandez
- Activemotif, Inc., 1914 Palomar Oaks Way, Suite 150, Carlsbad, CA 92008, USA
| | - Jacob Glanville
- Centivax, Inc., 201 Gateway Blvd., Floor 1, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Robin Green
- Generate Biomedicines, Inc., 26 Landsdowne Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Gevorg Grigoryan
- Generate Biomedicines, Inc., 26 Landsdowne Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | | | - David D. Ho
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, 701 West 168th St., HHSC 1102, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Kuan-Ying A. Huang
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Research Center for Emerging Viral Infections, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - John Ingraham
- Generate Biomedicines, Inc., 26 Landsdowne Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Weidong Jiang
- Shanghai Henlius Biotech, Inc., 9/F, Innov Tower, Zone A, no. 1801 Hongmei Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, China
| | - Paul Kellam
- Kymab, Ltd., The Bennet Building, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge CB22 3AT, UK
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Cheolmin Kim
- Celltrion, Inc., Department of Research and Development, 23 Academy-ro Yeonsu-gu Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Minsoo Kim
- Celltrion, Inc., Department of Research and Development, 23 Academy-ro Yeonsu-gu Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeong Mi Kim
- Celltrion, Inc., Department of Research and Development, 23 Academy-ro Yeonsu-gu Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Chao Kong
- Sanyou Biopharmaceuticals Co., Ltd., no. 188 Xinjunhuan Road, Building 6B-C, 3rd Floor, Minhang District, Shanghai 201114, China
| | - Shelly J. Krebs
- Emerging Infectious Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
| | - Fei Lan
- Activemotif, Inc., 1914 Palomar Oaks Way, Suite 150, Carlsbad, CA 92008, USA
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, International Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism, Ministry of Science and Technology, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guojun Lang
- Sanyou Biopharmaceuticals Co., Ltd., no. 188 Xinjunhuan Road, Building 6B-C, 3rd Floor, Minhang District, Shanghai 201114, China
| | - Sooyoung Lee
- Celltrion, Inc., Department of Research and Development, 23 Academy-ro Yeonsu-gu Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheuk Lun Leung
- Generate Biomedicines, Inc., 26 Landsdowne Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Junli Liu
- Shanghai Henlius Biotech, Inc., 9/F, Innov Tower, Zone A, no. 1801 Hongmei Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanan Lu
- Activemotif, Inc., 1914 Palomar Oaks Way, Suite 150, Carlsbad, CA 92008, USA
- AbCipher Biotechnology, 188 Xinjun Ring Road, Building 2, 4th Floor, Minhang District, Shanghai 201114, China
| | - Anna MacCamy
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Vaccines and Infectious Diseases Division, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Andrew T. McGuire
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Vaccines and Infectious Diseases Division, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Anne L. Palser
- Kymab, Ltd., The Bennet Building, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge CB22 3AT, UK
| | - Terence H. Rabbitts
- Quadrucept Bio, Ltd., Cambridge CB23 6DW, UK
- Institute of Cancer Research, Centre for Cancer Drug Discovery, London SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Zahra Rikhtegaran Tehrani
- Division of Clinical Care and Research, Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Mohammad M. Sajadi
- Division of Clinical Care and Research, Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Rogier W. Sanders
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Aaron K. Sato
- Twist Bioscience, 681 Gateway Blvd., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | | | - Jimin Seo
- Celltrion, Inc., Department of Research and Development, 23 Academy-ro Yeonsu-gu Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Bingqing Shen
- HiFiBiO, Inc., 237 Putnam Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Jonne L. Snitselaar
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Leonidas Stamatatos
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Vaccines and Infectious Diseases Division, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Yongcong Tan
- Sanyou Biopharmaceuticals Co., Ltd., no. 188 Xinjunhuan Road, Building 6B-C, 3rd Floor, Minhang District, Shanghai 201114, China
| | - Milan T. Tomic
- National Resilience, Inc., 2061 Challenger Dr., Alameda, CA 94501, USA
| | - Marit J. van Gils
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Sawsan Youssef
- Centivax, Inc., 201 Gateway Blvd., Floor 1, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Jian Yu
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, 701 West 168th St., HHSC 1102, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Tom Z. Yuan
- Twist Bioscience, 681 Gateway Blvd., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Qian Zhang
- HiFiBiO, Inc., 237 Putnam Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Bjoern Peters
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Georgia D. Tomaras
- Center for Human Systems Immunology, Departments of Surgery, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics and Microbiology and Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC 27701, USA
| | - Timothy Germann
- Carterra, 825 N. 300 W. Ste C309, Salt Lake City, UT 84103, USA
| | - Erica Ollmann Saphire
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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Eskiocak U, Guzman W, Wolf B, Cummings C, Milling L, Wu HJ, Ophir M, Lambden C, Bakhru P, Gilmore DC, Ottinger S, Liu L, McConaughy WK, He SQ, Wang C, Leung CL, Lajoie J, Carson WF, Zizlsperger N, Schmidt MM, Anderson AC, Bobrowicz P, Schuetz TJ, Tighe R. Differentiated agonistic antibody targeting CD137 eradicates large tumors without hepatotoxicity. JCI Insight 2020; 5:133647. [PMID: 32161196 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.133647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
CD137 (4-1BB) is a member of the TNFR superfamily that represents a promising target for cancer immunotherapy. Recent insights into the function of TNFR agonist antibodies implicate epitope, affinity, and IgG subclass as critical features, and these observations help explain the limited activity and toxicity seen with clinically tested CD137 agonists. Here, we describe the preclinical characterization of CTX-471, a fully human IgG4 agonist of CD137 that engages a unique epitope that is shared by human, cynomolgus monkey, and mouse and is associated with a differentiated pharmacology and toxicology profile. In vitro, CTX-471 increased IFN-γ production by human T cells in an Fcγ receptor-dependent (FcγR-dependent) manner, displaying an intermediate level of activity between 2 clinical-stage anti-CD137 antibodies. In mice, CTX-471 exhibited curative monotherapy activity in various syngeneic tumor models and showed a unique ability to cure mice of very large (~500 mm3) tumors compared with validated antibodies against checkpoints and TNFR superfamily members. Extremely high doses of CTX-471 were well tolerated, with no signs of hepatic toxicity. Collectively, these data demonstrate that CTX-471 is a unique CD137 agonist that displays an excellent safety profile and an unprecedented level of monotherapy efficacy against very large tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Lauren Milling
- Compass Therapeutics, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.,Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Hsin-Jung Wu
- Compass Therapeutics, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Conner Lambden
- Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases and Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Pearl Bakhru
- Compass Therapeutics, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | | | - Lucy Liu
- Compass Therapeutics, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Sunny Q He
- Compass Therapeutics, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Chao Wang
- Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases and Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Jason Lajoie
- Compass Therapeutics, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | | | | | - Ana C Anderson
- Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases and Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | | | - Robert Tighe
- Compass Therapeutics, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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