1
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Wigge C, Stefanovic A, Radjainia M. The rapidly evolving role of cryo-EM in drug design. Drug Discov Today Technol 2021; 38:91-102. [PMID: 34895645 DOI: 10.1016/j.ddtec.2020.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Since the early 2010s, cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) has evolved to a mainstream structural biology method in what has been dubbed the "resolution revolution". Pharma companies also began to use cryo-EM in drug discovery, evidenced by a growing number of industry publications. Hitherto limited in resolution, throughput and attainable molecular weight, cryo-EM is rapidly overcoming its main limitations for more widespread use through a new wave of technological advances. This review discusses how cryo-EM has already impacted drug discovery, and how the state-of-the-art is poised to further revolutionize its application to previously intractable proteins as well as new use cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Wigge
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, Achtseweg Noord 5, 5651 GG Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | | | - Mazdak Radjainia
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, Achtseweg Noord 5, 5651 GG Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
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2
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Carter SD, Hampton CM, Langlois R, Melero R, Farino ZJ, Calderon MJ, Li W, Wallace CT, Tran NH, Grassucci RA, Siegmund SE, Pemberton J, Morgenstern TJ, Eisenman L, Aguilar JI, Greenberg NL, Levy ES, Yi E, Mitchell WG, Rice WJ, Wigge C, Pilli J, George EW, Aslanoglou D, Courel M, Freyberg RJ, Javitch JA, Wills ZP, Area-Gomez E, Shiva S, Bartolini F, Volchuk A, Murray SA, Aridor M, Fish KN, Walter P, Balla T, Fass D, Wolf SG, Watkins SC, Carazo JM, Jensen GJ, Frank J, Freyberg Z. Ribosome-associated vesicles: A dynamic subcompartment of the endoplasmic reticulum in secretory cells. Sci Adv 2020; 6:eaay9572. [PMID: 32270040 PMCID: PMC7112762 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aay9572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a highly dynamic network of membranes. Here, we combine live-cell microscopy with in situ cryo-electron tomography to directly visualize ER dynamics in several secretory cell types including pancreatic β-cells and neurons under near-native conditions. Using these imaging approaches, we identify a novel, mobile form of ER, ribosome-associated vesicles (RAVs), found primarily in the cell periphery, which is conserved across different cell types and species. We show that RAVs exist as distinct, highly dynamic structures separate from the intact ER reticular architecture that interact with mitochondria via direct intermembrane contacts. These findings describe a new ER subcompartment within cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen D. Carter
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Cheri M. Hampton
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Robert Langlois
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Roberto Melero
- Biocomputing Unit, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología–CSIC, Darwin 3, Campus Universidad Autónoma, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Zachary J. Farino
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Michael J. Calderon
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Wen Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Callen T. Wallace
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Ngoc Han Tran
- HHMI, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Robert A. Grassucci
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Stephanie E. Siegmund
- Department of Cellular, Molecular and Biophysical Studies, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Joshua Pemberton
- Section on Molecular Signal Transduction, Program for Developmental Neuroscience, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Travis J. Morgenstern
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Division of Molecular Therapeutics, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Leanna Eisenman
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Jenny I. Aguilar
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Division of Molecular Therapeutics, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Nili L. Greenberg
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Division of Molecular Therapeutics, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Elana S. Levy
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Division of Molecular Therapeutics, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Edward Yi
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Division of Molecular Therapeutics, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - William G. Mitchell
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Division of Molecular Therapeutics, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | | | | | - Jyotsna Pilli
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Emily W. George
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Despoina Aslanoglou
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Maïté Courel
- CNRS-UMR7622, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine, Université Pierre & Marie Curie, 75252 Paris, France
| | - Robin J. Freyberg
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Jonathan A. Javitch
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Division of Molecular Therapeutics, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Zachary P. Wills
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Estela Area-Gomez
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Sruti Shiva
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
- Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
- Center for Metabolism and Mitochondrial Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Francesca Bartolini
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Allen Volchuk
- Program in Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sandra A. Murray
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Meir Aridor
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Kenneth N. Fish
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Peter Walter
- HHMI, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Tamas Balla
- Section on Molecular Signal Transduction, Program for Developmental Neuroscience, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Deborah Fass
- Department of Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Sharon G. Wolf
- Department of Chemical Research Support, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Simon C. Watkins
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - José María Carazo
- Biocomputing Unit, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología–CSIC, Darwin 3, Campus Universidad Autónoma, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Grant J. Jensen
- HHMI, Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Joachim Frank
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Zachary Freyberg
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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3
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Liu X, Farnung L, Wigge C, Cramer P. Cryo-EM structure of a mammalian RNA polymerase II elongation complex inhibited by α-amanitin. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:7189-7194. [PMID: 29550768 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.002545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Revised: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
RNA polymerase II (Pol II) is the central enzyme that transcribes eukaryotic protein-coding genes to produce mRNA. The mushroom toxin α-amanitin binds Pol II and inhibits transcription at the step of RNA chain elongation. Pol II from yeast binds α-amanitin with micromolar affinity, whereas metazoan Pol II enzymes exhibit nanomolar affinities. Here, we present the high-resolution cryo-EM structure of α-amanitin bound to and inhibited by its natural target, the mammalian Pol II elongation complex. The structure revealed that the toxin is located in a pocket previously identified in yeast Pol II but forms additional contacts with metazoan-specific residues, which explains why its affinity to mammalian Pol II is ∼3000 times higher than for yeast Pol II. Our work provides the structural basis for the inhibition of mammalian Pol II by the natural toxin α-amanitin and highlights that cryo-EM is well suited to studying interactions of a small molecule with its macromolecular target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyang Liu
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Lucas Farnung
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Christoph Wigge
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Patrick Cramer
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, 37077 Göttingen, Germany.
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4
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Schilbach S, Hantsche M, Tegunov D, Dienemann C, Wigge C, Urlaub H, Cramer P. Structures of transcription pre-initiation complex with TFIIH and Mediator. Nature 2017; 551:204-209. [PMID: 29088706 PMCID: PMC6078178 DOI: 10.1038/nature24282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
For the initiation of transcription, RNA polymerase II (Pol II) assembles with general transcription factors on promoter DNA to form the pre-initiation complex (PIC). Here we report cryo-electron microscopy structures of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae PIC and PIC-core Mediator complex at nominal resolutions of 4.7 Å and 5.8 Å, respectively. The structures reveal transcription factor IIH (TFIIH), and suggest how the core and kinase TFIIH modules function in the opening of promoter DNA and the phosphorylation of Pol II, respectively. The TFIIH core subunit Ssl2 (a homologue of human XPB) is positioned on downstream DNA by the 'E-bridge' helix in TFIIE, consistent with TFIIE-stimulated DNA opening. The TFIIH kinase module subunit Tfb3 (MAT1 in human) anchors the kinase Kin28 (CDK7), which is mobile in the PIC but preferentially located between the Mediator hook and shoulder in the PIC-core Mediator complex. Open spaces between the Mediator head and middle modules may allow access of the kinase to its substrate, the C-terminal domain of Pol II.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Schilbach
- Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Department of Molecular Biology, Am Fassberg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - M Hantsche
- Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Department of Molecular Biology, Am Fassberg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - D Tegunov
- Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Department of Molecular Biology, Am Fassberg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - C Dienemann
- Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Department of Molecular Biology, Am Fassberg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - C Wigge
- Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Department of Molecular Biology, Am Fassberg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - H Urlaub
- Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Department of Molecular Biology, Am Fassberg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
- University Medical Center Göttingen, Institute of Clinical Chemistry, Bioanalytics Group, Robert-Koch-Straße 40, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - P Cramer
- Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Department of Molecular Biology, Am Fassberg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
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5
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Liu Q, Acharya P, Dolan MA, Zhang P, Guzzo C, Lu J, Kwon A, Gururani D, Miao H, Bylund T, Chuang GY, Druz A, Zhou T, Rice WJ, Wigge C, Carragher B, Potter CS, Kwong PD, Lusso P. Quaternary contact in the initial interaction of CD4 with the HIV-1 envelope trimer. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2017; 24:370-378. [PMID: 28218750 DOI: 10.1038/nsmb.3382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Binding of the gp120 envelope (Env) glycoprotein to the CD4 receptor is the first step in the HIV-1 infectious cycle. Although the CD4-binding site has been extensively characterized, the initial receptor interaction has been difficult to study because of major CD4-induced structural rearrangements. Here we used cryogenic electron microscopy (cryo-EM) to visualize the initial contact of CD4 with the HIV-1 Env trimer at 6.8-Å resolution. A single CD4 molecule is embraced by a quaternary HIV-1-Env surface formed by coalescence of the previously defined CD4-contact region with a second CD4-binding site (CD4-BS2) in the inner domain of a neighboring gp120 protomer. Disruption of CD4-BS2 destabilized CD4-trimer interaction and abrogated HIV-1 infectivity by preventing the acquisition of coreceptor-binding competence. A corresponding reduction in HIV-1 infectivity occurred after the mutation of CD4 residues that interact with CD4-BS2. Our results document the critical role of quaternary interactions in the initial HIV-Env-receptor contact, with implications for treatment and vaccine design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingbo Liu
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Priyamvada Acharya
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.,National Resource for Automated Molecular Microscopy, Simons Electron Microscopy Center, New York Structural Biology Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Michael A Dolan
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biosciences Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Peng Zhang
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Christina Guzzo
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Jacky Lu
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Alice Kwon
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Deepali Gururani
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Huiyi Miao
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Tatsiana Bylund
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Gwo-Yu Chuang
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Aliaksandr Druz
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Tongqing Zhou
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - William J Rice
- National Resource for Automated Molecular Microscopy, Simons Electron Microscopy Center, New York Structural Biology Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Christoph Wigge
- National Resource for Automated Molecular Microscopy, Simons Electron Microscopy Center, New York Structural Biology Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Bridget Carragher
- National Resource for Automated Molecular Microscopy, Simons Electron Microscopy Center, New York Structural Biology Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Clinton S Potter
- National Resource for Automated Molecular Microscopy, Simons Electron Microscopy Center, New York Structural Biology Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Peter D Kwong
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Paolo Lusso
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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6
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Grahammer F, Wigge C, Schell C, Kretz O, Patrakka J, Schneider S, Klose M, Kind J, Arnold SJ, Habermann A, Bräuniger R, Rinschen MM, Völker L, Bregenzer A, Rubbenstroth D, Boerries M, Kerjaschki D, Miner JH, Walz G, Benzing T, Fornoni A, Frangakis AS, Huber TB. A flexible, multilayered protein scaffold maintains the slit in between glomerular podocytes. JCI Insight 2016; 1:86177. [PMID: 27430022 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.86177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Vertebrate life critically depends on renal filtration and excretion of low molecular weight waste products. This process is controlled by a specialized cell-cell contact between podocyte foot processes: the slit diaphragm (SD). Using a comprehensive set of targeted KO mice of key SD molecules, we provided genetic, functional, and high-resolution ultrastructural data highlighting a concept of a flexible, dynamic, and multilayered architecture of the SD. Our data indicate that the mammalian SD is composed of NEPHRIN and NEPH1 molecules, while NEPH2 and NEPH3 do not participate in podocyte intercellular junction formation. Unexpectedly, homo- and heteromeric NEPHRIN/NEPH1 complexes are rarely observed. Instead, single NEPH1 molecules appear to form the lower part of the junction close to the glomerular basement membrane with a width of 23 nm, while single NEPHRIN molecules form an adjacent junction more apically with a width of 45 nm. In both cases, the molecules are quasiperiodically spaced 7 nm apart. These structural findings, in combination with the flexibility inherent to the repetitive Ig folds of NEPHRIN and NEPH1, indicate that the SD likely represents a highly dynamic cell-cell contact that forms an adjustable, nonclogging barrier within the renal filtration apparatus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Grahammer
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Wigge
- Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences and Institute for Biophysics, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Christoph Schell
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine.,Faculty of Biology, and
| | - Oliver Kretz
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,BIOSS Center for Biological Signalling Studies, Albert-Ludwigs University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Institute of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jaakko Patrakka
- KI/AZ Integrated Cardio-Metabolic Center (ICMC), Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet at Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Simon Schneider
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Martin Klose
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium and.,German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Julia Kind
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sebastian J Arnold
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,BIOSS Center for Biological Signalling Studies, Albert-Ludwigs University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Anja Habermann
- Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences and Institute for Biophysics, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Ricarda Bräuniger
- Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences and Institute for Biophysics, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Markus M Rinschen
- Department II of Internal Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Linus Völker
- Department II of Internal Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Andreas Bregenzer
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Dennis Rubbenstroth
- Institute of Virology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Melanie Boerries
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium and.,German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Jeffrey H Miner
- Renal Division, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Gerd Walz
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Benzing
- Department II of Internal Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Alessia Fornoni
- Division of Nephrology and Katz Family Drug Discovery Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Achilleas S Frangakis
- Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences and Institute for Biophysics, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Tobias B Huber
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine.,BIOSS Center for Biological Signalling Studies, Albert-Ludwigs University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,FRIAS, Freiburg Institute for Advanced Studies and ZBSA, Center for Biological System Analysis, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Germany
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7
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Razinkov I, Dandey V, Wei H, Zhang Z, Melnekoff D, Rice WJ, Wigge C, Potter CS, Carragher B. A new method for vitrifying samples for cryoEM. J Struct Biol 2016; 195:190-198. [PMID: 27288865 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2016.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Revised: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Almost every aspect of cryo electron microscopy (cryoEM) has been automated over the last few decades. One of the challenges that remains to be addressed is the robust and reliable preparation of vitrified specimens of suitable ice thickness. We present results from a new device for preparing vitrified samples. The successful use of the device is coupled to a new "self-blotting" grid that we have developed to provide a method for spreading a sample to a thin film without the use of externally applied filter paper. This new approach has the advantage of using small amounts of protein material, resulting in large areas of ice of a well defined thickness containing evenly distributed single particles. We believe that these methods will in the future result in a system for vitrifying grids that is completely automated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Razinkov
- Simons Electron Microscopy Center, The National Resource for Automated Molecular Microscopy, New York Structural Biology Center
| | - Venkat Dandey
- Simons Electron Microscopy Center, The National Resource for Automated Molecular Microscopy, New York Structural Biology Center
| | - Hui Wei
- Simons Electron Microscopy Center, The National Resource for Automated Molecular Microscopy, New York Structural Biology Center
| | - Zhening Zhang
- Simons Electron Microscopy Center, The National Resource for Automated Molecular Microscopy, New York Structural Biology Center
| | - David Melnekoff
- Simons Electron Microscopy Center, The National Resource for Automated Molecular Microscopy, New York Structural Biology Center
| | - William J Rice
- Simons Electron Microscopy Center, The National Resource for Automated Molecular Microscopy, New York Structural Biology Center
| | - Christoph Wigge
- Simons Electron Microscopy Center, The National Resource for Automated Molecular Microscopy, New York Structural Biology Center
| | - Clinton S Potter
- Simons Electron Microscopy Center, The National Resource for Automated Molecular Microscopy, New York Structural Biology Center
| | - Bridget Carragher
- Simons Electron Microscopy Center, The National Resource for Automated Molecular Microscopy, New York Structural Biology Center
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8
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McEwan DG, Richter B, Claudi B, Wigge C, Wild P, Farhan H, McGourty K, Coxon FP, Franz-Wachtel M, Perdu B, Akutsu M, Habermann A, Kirchof A, Helfrich MH, Odgren PR, Van Hul W, Frangakis AS, Rajalingam K, Macek B, Holden DW, Bumann D, Dikic I. PLEKHM1 regulates Salmonella-containing vacuole biogenesis and infection. Cell Host Microbe 2014; 17:58-71. [PMID: 25500191 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2014.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2014] [Revised: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The host endolysosomal compartment is often manipulated by intracellular bacterial pathogens. Salmonella (Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium) secrete numerous effector proteins, including SifA, through a specialized type III secretion system to hijack the host endosomal system and generate the Salmonella-containing vacuole (SCV). To form this replicative niche, Salmonella targets the Rab7 GTPase to recruit host membranes through largely unknown mechanisms. We show that Pleckstrin homology domain-containing protein family member 1 (PLEKHM1), a lysosomal adaptor, is targeted by Salmonella through direct interaction with SifA. By binding the PLEKHM1 PH2 domain, Salmonella utilize a complex containing PLEKHM1, Rab7, and the HOPS tethering complex to mobilize phagolysosomal membranes to the SCV. Depletion of PLEKHM1 causes a profound defect in SCV morphology with multiple bacteria accumulating in enlarged structures and significantly dampens Salmonella proliferation in multiple cell types and mice. Thus, PLEKHM1 provides a critical interface between pathogenic infection and the host endolysosomal system.
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Affiliation(s)
- David G McEwan
- Institute of Biochemistry II, Goethe University School of Medicine, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, D-60590 Frankfurt (Main), Germany
| | - Benjamin Richter
- Institute of Biochemistry II, Goethe University School of Medicine, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, D-60590 Frankfurt (Main), Germany
| | - Beatrice Claudi
- Infection Biology, Biozentrum, University Basel, Klingelbergstr. 50/70, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Christoph Wigge
- Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Max-von-Laue-Str. 15, Goethe University 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Philipp Wild
- Institute of Biochemistry II, Goethe University School of Medicine, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, D-60590 Frankfurt (Main), Germany
| | - Hesso Farhan
- Infection Biology, Biozentrum, University Basel, Klingelbergstr. 50/70, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland; Biotechnology Institute Thurga, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Kieran McGourty
- Centre for Molecular Microbiology and Infection, Imperial College London, Armstrong Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Fraser P Coxon
- Musculoskeletal Research Programme, Division of Applied Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Mirita Franz-Wachtel
- Proteome Center Tübingen, Interfaculty Institute for Cell Biology, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 15, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Bram Perdu
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Antwerp, Prins Boudewijnlaan 43B, 2650 Edegem, Belgium
| | - Masato Akutsu
- Infection Biology, Biozentrum, University Basel, Klingelbergstr. 50/70, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Anja Habermann
- Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Max-von-Laue-Str. 15, Goethe University 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Anja Kirchof
- Institute of Biochemistry II, Goethe University School of Medicine, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, D-60590 Frankfurt (Main), Germany
| | - Miep H Helfrich
- Musculoskeletal Research Programme, Division of Applied Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Paul R Odgren
- Deptartment of Cell Biology, S7-242, University of Massachusetts Medical School, North Worcester, MA 01655, USA
| | - Wim Van Hul
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Antwerp, Prins Boudewijnlaan 43B, 2650 Edegem, Belgium
| | - Achilleas S Frangakis
- Infection Biology, Biozentrum, University Basel, Klingelbergstr. 50/70, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Krishnaraj Rajalingam
- Molecular Signaling Unit, FZI, Institute for immunology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Langenbeckstraße 1, Mainz 55131, Germany
| | - Boris Macek
- Proteome Center Tübingen, Interfaculty Institute for Cell Biology, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 15, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - David W Holden
- Centre for Molecular Microbiology and Infection, Imperial College London, Armstrong Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Dirk Bumann
- Infection Biology, Biozentrum, University Basel, Klingelbergstr. 50/70, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Ivan Dikic
- Institute of Biochemistry II, Goethe University School of Medicine, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, D-60590 Frankfurt (Main), Germany; Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Max-von-Laue-Str. 15, Goethe University 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; University of Split, School of Medicine, Department of Immunology and Medical Genetics, Soltanska 2, 21 000 Split, Croatia.
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9
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Geiser M, Wigge C, Conrad ML, Eigeldinger-Berthou S, Künzi L, Garn H, Renz H, Mall MA. Nanoparticle uptake by airway phagocytes after fungal spore challenge in murine allergic asthma and chronic bronchitis. BMC Pulm Med 2014; 14:116. [PMID: 25027175 PMCID: PMC4110072 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2466-14-116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2013] [Accepted: 07/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In healthy lungs, deposited micrometer-sized particles are efficiently phagocytosed by macrophages present on airway surfaces; however, uptake of nanoparticles (NP) by macrophages appears less effective and is largely unstudied in lung disease. Using mouse models of allergic asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), we investigated NP uptake after challenge with common biogenic ambient air microparticles. Methods Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) cells from diseased mice (allergic asthma: ovalbumin [OVA] sensitized and COPD: Scnn1b-transgenic [Tg]) and their respective healthy controls were exposed ex vivo first to 3-μm fungal spores of Calvatia excipuliformis and then to 20-nm gold (Au) NP. Electron microscopic imaging was performed and NP uptake was assessed by quantitative morphometry. Results Macrophages from diseased mice were significantly larger compared to controls in OVA-allergic versus sham controls and in Scnn1b-Tg versus wild type (WT) mice. The percentage of macrophages containing AuNP tended to be lower in Scnn1b-Tg than in WT mice. In all animal groups, fungal spores were localized in macrophage phagosomes, the membrane tightly surrounding the spore, whilst AuNP were found in vesicles largely exceeding NP size, co-localized in spore phagosomes and occasionally, in the cytoplasm. AuNP in vesicles were located close to the membrane. In BAL from OVA-allergic mice, 13.9 ± 8.3% of all eosinophils contained AuNP in vesicles exceeding NP size and close to the membrane. Conclusions Overall, AuNP uptake by BAL macrophages occurred mainly by co-uptake together with other material, including micrometer-sized ambient air particles like fungal spores. The lower percentage of NP containing macrophages in BAL from Scnn1b-Tg mice points to a change in the macrophage population from a highly to a less phagocytic phenotype. This likely contributes to inefficient macrophage clearance of NP in lung disease. Finally, the AuNP containing eosinophils in OVA-allergic mice show that other inflammatory cells present on airway surfaces may substantially contribute to NP uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne Geiser
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
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10
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Perkovic M, Kunz M, Endesfelder U, Bunse S, Wigge C, Yu Z, Hodirnau VV, Scheffer MP, Seybert A, Malkusch S, Schuman EM, Heilemann M, Frangakis AS. Correlative light- and electron microscopy with chemical tags. J Struct Biol 2014; 186:205-13. [PMID: 24698954 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2014.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Revised: 03/20/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Correlative microscopy incorporates the specificity of fluorescent protein labeling into high-resolution electron micrographs. Several approaches exist for correlative microscopy, most of which have used the green fluorescent protein (GFP) as the label for light microscopy. Here we use chemical tagging and synthetic fluorophores instead, in order to achieve protein-specific labeling, and to perform multicolor imaging. We show that synthetic fluorophores preserve their post-embedding fluorescence in the presence of uranyl acetate. Post-embedding fluorescence is of such quality that the specimen can be prepared with identical protocols for scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM); this is particularly valuable when singular or otherwise difficult samples are examined. We show that synthetic fluorophores give bright, well-resolved signals in super-resolution light microscopy, enabling us to superimpose light microscopic images with a precision of up to 25 nm in the x-y plane on electron micrographs. To exemplify the preservation quality of our new method we visualize the molecular arrangement of cadherins in adherens junctions of mouse epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Perkovic
- Goethe University Frankfurt, Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences and Institute for Biophysics, Max-von-Laue Str. 15, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Michael Kunz
- Goethe University Frankfurt, Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences and Institute for Biophysics, Max-von-Laue Str. 15, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Ulrike Endesfelder
- Goethe University Frankfurt, Institute for Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Max-von-Laue Str. 13, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Stefanie Bunse
- Max-Planck-Institute for Brain Research, Max-von-Laue Str. 4, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Christoph Wigge
- Goethe University Frankfurt, Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences and Institute for Biophysics, Max-von-Laue Str. 15, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Zhou Yu
- Goethe University Frankfurt, Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences and Institute for Biophysics, Max-von-Laue Str. 15, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Victor-Valentin Hodirnau
- Goethe University Frankfurt, Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences and Institute for Biophysics, Max-von-Laue Str. 15, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Margot P Scheffer
- Goethe University Frankfurt, Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences and Institute for Biophysics, Max-von-Laue Str. 15, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Anja Seybert
- Goethe University Frankfurt, Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences and Institute for Biophysics, Max-von-Laue Str. 15, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Sebastian Malkusch
- Goethe University Frankfurt, Institute for Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Max-von-Laue Str. 13, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Erin M Schuman
- Max-Planck-Institute for Brain Research, Max-von-Laue Str. 4, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Mike Heilemann
- Goethe University Frankfurt, Institute for Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Max-von-Laue Str. 13, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Achilleas S Frangakis
- Goethe University Frankfurt, Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences and Institute for Biophysics, Max-von-Laue Str. 15, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
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11
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Geiser M, Quaile O, Wenk A, Wigge C, Eigeldinger-Berthou S, Hirn S, Schäffler M, Schleh C, Möller W, Mall MA, Kreyling WG. Cellular uptake and localization of inhaled gold nanoparticles in lungs of mice with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Part Fibre Toxicol 2013; 10:19. [PMID: 23680060 PMCID: PMC3660288 DOI: 10.1186/1743-8977-10-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2013] [Accepted: 05/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Inhalative nanocarriers for local or systemic therapy are promising. Gold nanoparticles (AuNP) have been widely considered as candidate material. Knowledge about their interaction with the lungs is required, foremost their uptake by surface macrophages and epithelial cells. Diseased lungs are of specific interest, since these are the main recipients of inhalation therapy. We, therefore, used Scnn1b-transgenic (Tg) mice as a model of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and compared uptake and localization of inhaled AuNP in surface macrophages and lung tissue to wild-type (Wt) mice. Methods Scnn1b-Tg and Wt mice inhaled a 21-nm AuNP aerosol for 2 h. Immediately (0 h) or 24 h thereafter, bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) macrophages and whole lungs were prepared for stereological analysis of AuNP by electron microscopy. Results AuNP were mainly found as singlets or small agglomerates of ≤ 100 nm diameter, at the epithelial surface and within lung-surface structures. Macrophages contained also large AuNP agglomerates (> 100 nm). At 0 h after aerosol inhalation, 69.2±4.9% AuNP were luminal, i.e. attached to the epithelial surface and 24.0±5.9% in macrophages in Scnn1b-Tg mice. In Wt mice, 35.3±32.2% AuNP were on the epithelium and 58.3±41.4% in macrophages. The percentage of luminal AuNP decreased from 0 h to 24 h in both groups. At 24 h, 15.5±4.8% AuNP were luminal, 21.4±14.2% within epithelial cells and 63.0±18.9% in macrophages in Scnn1b-Tg mice. In Wt mice, 9.5±5.0% AuNP were luminal, 2.2±1.6% within epithelial cells and 82.8±0.2% in macrophages. BAL-macrophage analysis revealed enhanced AuNP uptake in Wt animals at 0 h and in Scnn1b-Tg mice at 24 h, confirming less efficient macrophage uptake and delayed clearance of AuNP in Scnn1b-Tg mice. Conclusions Inhaled AuNP rapidly bound to the alveolar epithelium in both Wt and Scnn1b-Tg mice. Scnn1b-Tg mice showed less efficient AuNP uptake by surface macrophages and concomitant higher particle internalization by alveolar type I epithelial cells compared to Wt mice. This likely promotes AuNP depth translocation in Scnn1b-Tg mice, including enhanced epithelial targeting. These results suggest AuNP nanocarrier delivery as successful strategy for therapeutic targeting of alveolar epithelial cells and macrophages in COPD.
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