El tipo de Macroscirtus bicolor Bolívar, 1893 (Orthoptera, Ensifera, Tettigoniidae, Mecopodinae)

Se localiza el tipo que se creía perdido de Macroscirtus bicolor Bolívar, 1893, ahora incluido en el género Euthypoda Karsch, 1886, en la colección de Entomología del Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (MNCN-CSIC) de Madrid. El ejemplar se compara con otras dos especies de Euthypoda encontradas en la Costa de Marfil.

A new species of Apteroscirtus Karsch, 1891 (Ensifera, Tettigoniidae, Mecopodinae) from Angola

A new species of Apteroscirtus is described from Angola, enlarging the known area of distribution of this genus to west-southern Africa.

Diversification of the Balloon bushcrickets (Orthoptera, Hexacentrinae, Aerotegmina) in the East African mountains

East African mountains constitute a network of isolated habitat islands among dry savannah and are thus ideal for studying species diversification processes. This study elucidated the phylogenetic and phylogeographic relationships of all bushcricket species comprising the genus Aerotegmina. Our analysis indicated that large-scale climatic and topographic processes in Africa are likely to have driven speciation in this group, and revealed the cytogenetic traits of the species. Molecular phylogeny supported the monophyly of Aerotegmina and showed that the genus probably originated in the old Eastern Arc Mountains of Tanzania and Kenya. Two lineages were distinguished: small- and large-sized species with geographically distinct habitats. The underlying processes are thought to be eight dispersals, ten vicariance events, and one extinction event linked to repeated fragmentation of the African rainforest. Those processes, in conjunction with habitat change, probably also led to the spatial separation of the species into a northern clade with a diploid number of chromosomes 2n = 32 + X0 or 2n = 30 + neo-XY and a southern clade with a reduced number of chromosomes (2n = 28 + X0 or 24 + neo-X₁X₂Y). Karyotype analysis suggests that Aerotegmina is currently in the process of speciation.

New species of Mecopodinae (Orthoptera, Tettigoniidae) from Tanzania

New species of Mecopodinae are described from Tanzanian mountain ranges. These are Apteroscirtus densissimus n. sp. from the Nguru Mountains, Gymnoscirtus corifterus n. sp. from the Udzungwa Mountains Nationalpark and a new subspecies of Phyloscirtus cordipennis Karsch, P. c. spinosus n. ssp. from the Nguru Mountains. Data on habitat are provided.

A new species of Stenampyx Karsch, 1890 from East Africa (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae, Pseudophyllinae, Phyllomimini)-evidence of a former connection of West-Central and East African forests

A new Stenampyx, S. viridiflavum n. sp., is described from Tanzania. Stenampyx was monotypic and known from Central to West African forests. As with the genus Pseudotomias Hemp, the newly described species in Stenampyx shows a close relationship to the Central and East African forest fauna.

Rapid chromosomal evolution in the bush-cricket Gonatoxia helleri Hemp, 2016 (Orthoptera, Phaneropterinae)

Gonatoxia helleri Hemp, 2016 is one of the most widespread bush-crickets of the genus Gonatoxia Karsch, 1889 in East Africa. This species with seven large chromosomes (2n♂ = 7) differs from other representatives of the genus Gonatoxia drastically by its reduced chromosome number, the asymmetrical karyotype including karyomorphs rarely found in tettigoniids, as well as in irregularities in the course of meiosis. To better understand the origin of such an exceptional karyotype, chromosomes of 29 specimens from four populations/localities were studied using classical techniques, such as C-banding, silver impregnation, fluorochrome double staining and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) technique with 18S rDNA and (TTAGG) _n telomeric probes. FISH showed many 18S rDNA loci as well as interstitial telomeric sequences, where chromosome morphology varied in these components in terms of quantity and distribution. The 18S rDNA loci coincided with active NORs and C-banding patterns. We suggest that a combination of Robertsonian rearrangements and/or multiple common tandem fusions involving the same chromosomes contributed to the formation of this karyotype/karyomorphs. The results are the first step towards a better understanding of chromosomal reorganization and evolution within the genus Gonatoxia. Low chromosome number, together with the incidence of chromosomal polymorphism that is higher in G. helleri than previously reported in bush-crickets, implies that this species can be a valuable new model for cytogenetic and speciation studies. Our findings suggest that chromosomal translocations lead to diversification and speciation in this species and could be the driving force of adaptive radiation.

Orthoptera (Tettigoniidae and Acridoidea) from Miombo woodlands of Central Tanzania with the description of new taxa

A list of the Orthoptera of Miombo woodlands of the Manyara, Dodoma and Tabora Regions of Tanzania is presented. 64 Ensifera species were recorded of which two genera (Kefalia n. gen. with three species newly described; Sentia n. gen., 1 species) and Melidia adfinia n. sp. are new to science. Further 4 new species of Acrometopini are described from the area (Horatosphaga laticerca n. sp., Horatosphaga scalata n. sp., Peronura wottae n. sp., and Tenerasphaga mpwapwae n. sp.). 78 Acridoidea species were recorded. Miombo woodlands are vanishing rapidly these days so that faunal information will become an important tool to measure habitat quality of a certain forested area and for restauration measures. The species Peronura wottae n. sp. and Kefalia grafika n. sp. must be considered as Critically Endangered since only known from Wotta Forest Reserve on the Mpwapwa plateau. This forest reserve is heavily degraded by illegal cutting and lifestock grazing and will disappear in the near future if no immediate measures are taken by responsible authorities.

New Agraeciini species from the Eastern Arc Mountains, East Africa (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae; Conocephalinae; Agraeciini)

Eleven new Agraeciini species are described. Six species of Afroanthracites are new to science from the North and South Pare, the West and East Usambara, the Udzungwa Mountains of Tanzania, and the Taita Hills of Kenya. The two Afroanthracites Hemp Ingrisch, 2013 species from the Pare Mountains, A. guttatus n. sp. and A. maculatus n. sp., and A. magamba n. sp., from Magamba Forest Reserve in the West Usambara Mountains are morphologically closely related to each other and form a morphological lineage with the already described species from the West Usambara Mountains (A. discolor Hemp, Ingrisch Ünal, 2013 and A. pseudodiscolor Hemp, 2015) and A. pommeri n. sp. from the Taita Hills of Kenya. A. lineatus n. sp. from Lutindi Forest Reserve in the East Usambara Mountains has its morphologically closest relative in A. jagoi Ünal Hemp, 2013 endemic to the Mazumbai Forest Reserve of the West Usambara Mountains while A. montium (Sjöstedt, 1910) from the Kilimanjaro/Meru area, A. inopinatus n. sp. from the South Pare Mountains and A. usambaricus (Sjöstedt, 1913) from the West Usambara Mountains form another morphological lineage. Morphological traits like the shape of the last abdominal tergite in males, the male cerci and the colour pattern suggest at least two lineages reflecting dispersal of the ancestors at a time when forest connected the mountain ranges in the past during climatic fluctuations. In the genus Afroagraecia Ingrisch Hemp, 2013 new species were collected on Zanzibar and in Kazimzumbwi Forest Reserve, the Udzungwa and Nguru Mountains. Distribution patterns and the morphology suggest recent speciation patterns of Afroagraecia in the Eastern Arc Mountains and along the Tanzanian coast. From the Nguru Mountains a third Dendrobia species of the genus, D. plagata n. sp., is described.

Notes on a small collection of phaneropterine bush-crickets (Insecta: Orthoptera: Tettigonioidea) from Central and Southern Madagascar with the description of two new species

During a joint ecological project of the Institute of Forest Ecology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Zvolen, Slovakia, and the University of Antananarivo, Madagascar, eight species (10 specimens) of phaneropterine bush-crickets were collected. Among them, two species were found as new to science (Mimoscudderia longicaudata n. sp., Paraphyrrhicia leuca n. sp.) and are described in this paper. Two other species (Plangia segonoides, Trigonocorypha maxima) were found the first time after their description more than 100 years ago. We provide first detailed data about their localities and habitat.

Broken bridges: The isolation of Kilimanjaro's ecosystem

Biodiversity studies of global change mainly focus on direct impacts such as losses in species numbers or ecosystem functions. In this study, we focus on the long-term effects of recent land-cover conversion and subsequent ecological isolation of Kilimanjaro on biodiversity in a paleobiogeographical context, linking our findings with the long-standing question whether colonization of African mountains mainly depended on long-distance dispersal, or whether gradual migration has been possible through habitat bridges under colder climates. For this, we used Orthoptera as bioindicators, whose patterns of endemism and habitat demands we studied on about 500 vegetation plots on Kilimanjaro and Mt. Meru (Tanzania) since 1996. Land-cover changes in the same area were revealed using a supervised classification of Landsat images from 1976 to 2000. In 1976, there was a corridor of submontane forest vegetation linking Kilimanjaro with Mt. Meru, replaced by human settlements and agriculture after 2000. Until recently, this submontane forest bridge facilitated the dispersal of forest animals, illustrated by the large number of endemic submontane forest Orthoptera shared by both mountains. Furthermore, the occurrence of common montane endemics suggests the existence of a former forest corridor with montane vegetation during much earlier times under climatic conditions 2-7°C cooler and 400-1,700 mm wetter than today. Based on the endemicity patterns of forest Orthoptera, negative consequences are predicted due to the effects of isolation, in particular for larger forest animals. Kilimanjaro is becoming an increasingly isolated ecosystem with far reaching consequences for diversity and endemism. Forest bridges between East African mountains acted as important migratory corridors and are not only a prehistoric phenomenon during periods with other climatic conditions but also disappeared in some places recently due to increasing and direct anthropogenic impact.

Beyond body size: consistent decrease of traits within orthopteran assemblages with elevation

Morphological traits provide the interface between species and their environment. For example, body size affects the fitness of individuals in various ways. Yet especially for ectotherms, the applicability of general rules of interspecific clines of body size and even more so of other morphological traits is still under debate. Here we tested relationships between elevation (as a proxy for temperature) and productivity with four ecologically relevant morphological traits of orthopteran assemblages that are related to fecundity (body size), dispersal (wing length), jumping ability (hind femur length), and predator detection (eye size). We measured traits of 160 orthopteran species that were sampled along an extensive environmental gradient at Mt. Kilimanjaro (Tanzania), spanning elevations from 790 to 4,410 m above sea level (a.s.l.) with different levels of plant productivity. For traits other than body size, we calculated the residuals from a regression on body length to estimate the variation of traits irrespective of body size. Bayesian analyses revealed that mean body size of assemblages, as well as the means of relative wing length, hind femur length, and eye size, decreased with increasing elevation. Body size and relative eye size also decreased with increasing productivity. Both phylogenetic relationships, as well as species-specific adaptations, contributed to these patterns. Our results suggest that orthopteran assemblages had higher fecundity and better dispersal and escape abilities, as well as better predator detection at higher temperatures (low elevations) than at low temperatures (high elevations). Large body sizes might be advantageous in habitats with low productivity because of a reduced risk of starvation. Likewise, large eye size might be advantageous because of the ability to detect predators in habitats with low vegetation cover, where hiding possibilities are scarce. Our study highlights that changes in temperature and productivity not only lead to interspecific changes in body size but are also related to independent changes of other morphological traits that influence the ecological fit of organisms in their environment.

Review of the African genera <i>Arantia</i> Stål and <i>Goetia</i> Karsch (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Phaneropterinae)

The genus Arantia is reviewed, the distribution and distinguishing characters given. The three species of Goetia are assigned as subgenus to Arantia. Arantia gestri Griffini is transferred to this new subgenus and synonymized with G. dimidiata Bolívar. Other species synonymized are: A. accrana Karsch with A. rectifolia Brunner von Wattenwyl; A. gabunensis Brunner von Wattenwyl with A. regina Karsch; A. mammisignum Karsch and A. tigrina Bolívar with A. excelsior Karsch; A. ugandana Rehn is synonymized with A. fasciata (Walker). 6 species from Tropical Africa are newly described: A. (Arantia) quinquemaculata n. sp., A. (Arantia) ivoriana n. sp., A. (Euarantia) tanzanica n. sp., A. (Euarantia) tibiaspinosa n. sp., A. (Euarantia) bispinosa n. sp. and A. (Euarantia) griffinii n. sp. A key to the subgenera and species of Arantia is provided. The tribe Arantiini is synonymized with Holochlorini.

New <i>Eurycorypha</i> species (Orthoptera: Tettigonoidea: Phaneropteridae; Phaneropterinae from East Africa

Eight Eurycorypha species are newly described for Tanzania. These are E. binasuta n. sp. from the Nguru and Udzungwa Mountains, E. curviflava n. sp. from the eastern slopes of Mt Kilimanjaro, E. divertata n. sp., E. elongata n. sp. and E. flexata n. sp. from the East Usambara Mountains, E. pseudomeruensis n. sp. from Central-west Tanzania and western Kenya, E. pseudovaria n. sp. from the West and East Usambara Mountains and E. victoriae n. sp. from the shores of Lake Victoria. Further the hitherto unknown females of two Eurycorypha, E. combretoides Hemp and E. ligata Hemp are described. A key to the males of Tanzania and Kenya is provided.

Revision of the genus Amytta (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae, Meconematinae) and new species from East Africa

New species of Amytta are described from East Africa. Beside tegminal length, they differ mainly in the structure of the complicated male genitalic organs, notably the last abdominal tergite and cerci. Data on habitat and the acoustics of some species and a key to the species are provided. The songs of all seven Amytta species studied are very similar, consisting of long trills with a syllable repetition rate of about 60 Hz (at 20ºC) and a broad frequency peak in the ultrasound at around 40 kHz. The biogeographic pattern and phylogenetic relationships are discussed for the group.

The genus <i>Phlesirtes</i> Bolivar, 1922 (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Conocephalinae, Conocephalini; Karniellina), a review of the genus with data on its bioacoustics and the description of new species

Species of the genus Phlesirtes are reviewed in this paper and 16 new species described. A key is provided to the species of Phlesirtes. Among the subtribe Karniellina of Conocephalini members of the genus Phlesirtes occupy habitats of montane to afroalpine grasslands in East Africa. All recorded species produced long-lasting, trill-like calling songs, consisting of sequences of continuously repeated syllables or syllable pairs with the peak of the carrier frequency in the low ultrasound.

New species of Lentulidae and Tettigoniidae (Orthoptera) from the Udzungwa Mountains, Tanzania

A list of the Caelifera and Ensifera (Orthoptera) of lowland wet forest of the Udzungwa Mountains is presented. Five new species are described. These are the Agraeciini Afroagraecia mangula n. sp. (Conocephalinae), the Meconematinae Afrophisis undosa n. sp. and Phlugidia ampendiculata n. sp., the Phaneropterinae Eurycorypha pianofortis n. sp., and the lentulid Usambilla castigata n. sp. A total number of 19 Caelifera and 26 Tettigoniidea species are recorded. About one third of the species are endemic to the Udzungwa Mountains.

Annotated checklist of Orthoptera from Kazimzumbwi Forest Reserve, Tanzania with the description of new species and discussion of the biogeographic patterns of threatened species

A checklist of Ensifera and Acridomorpha of Kazimzumbwi Forest Reserve, Kisarawe near Dar es Salaam is given and eight new Tettigoniidae species described. These are the Agraeciini species Afroagraecia kisarawe n. sp., the Meconematinae species Phlugidia kisarawe n. sp., and the female of Aerotegmina megaloptera (Hexacentrinae). The Phaneropterinae species Dioncomena scutellata n. sp. is known at present only from two localities, the Pugu Hills near Dar es Salaam and Kwamgumi forest reseve on the foothills of the East Usambara Mountains. Two new Eurycorypha species, E. annexata n. sp. and E. ligata n. sp. are described from the area known at present only from the male sex. A second species is described in the genus Lunidia Hemp, L. acuticercata n. sp. Two new Phaneropterinae genera are erected on Pseudopreussia flavifolia n. gen. n. sp. and Materuana ericki n. gen. n. sp., species of wet lowland forest along coastal Tanzania and forest reserves in the East Usambara and on the foothills of the Uluguru Mountains.Kazimzumbwi Forest Reserve is severly threatened by encroachment and deforestation although it is recognized as belonging to the oldest surviving forests of the world.

The Eastern Arc Mountains and coastal forests of East Africa-an archive to understand large-scale biogeographical patterns: Pseudotomias, a new genus of African Pseudophyllinae (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae)

A new genus of Pseudophyllinae restricted to East Africa is described. Data on the ecology, and the habitat are provided. The biogeographical pattern and morphology suggests an old radiation since Tomias from Central and West Africa is the closest relative to Pseudotomias. The old forests of East Africa could hereby be the source of representatives of this old radiation since venation is less reduced in East African taxa of Phyllomimini.

Libanasa kilomeni, a new species of East African Lutosinae (Orthoptera: Anostostomatidae)

A new species of Libanasa, L. kilomeni, is described. In contrast to L. brachyura, an inhabitant of lowland wet to submontane forest along the Tanzanian coast and part of the Eastern Arc Mountains of Tanzania, this new species is found in montane forest in the North Pare Mountains. L. kilomeni n. sp. is restricted to a small forest reserve and due to forest clearing at lower elevations probably driven to its upper ecological border. Therefore this species is considered endangered and should be included in the IUCN red list.

Redescription of Libanasa brachyura Karny, 1928. (Orthoptera: Anostostomatidae: ?Lutosinae) from Tanzania and problems at the subfamily level

Libanasa brachyura Karny, 1928 is resurrected and redescribed. Morphological details are added which now question its placement in the Lutosinae, and this in turn questions the subfamily arrangements as a whole. New characters are introduced for future comparison with other genera. Some details of its biology are also added.

A new species of Philoscirtus (Orthoptera: Phaneropteridae: Mecopodinae) from the West Usambara Mountains of Tanzania and its conservation status

A new Philoscirtus species, P. viridulus n. sp. from forests of the West Usambara Mountains is described and the genus revised. Both species of the genus are known from few localities only. Their habitats are under pressure due to an increasing human population in the East and West Usambara Mountains. Both taxa should be included thus in the IUCN red list of globally threatened taxa to attract more attention to the importance of small forest patches. The biogeographical distribution of species from West Usambaran forests is discussed indicating on one hand that there must have been isolating mechanisms within the West Usambara Mountains and that part of the observed biodiversity in flightless Orthoptera is due to speciation processes not older than approximately 2 million years. 

Description of the female and notes on distribution, habitat, nymphal development, song and chromosomes of Tropidonotacris grandis Ragge (Orthoptera: Phaneropteridae)

The female of Tropidonotacris grandis is described and information on distribution, habitat, song, chromosomes and nymphal development of this species given. The populations of northern Tanzania all occur in deciduous dry forest, a habitat highly endangered by destruction and therefore T. grandis must be regarded at least as a vulnerable species according to the IUCN red list. 

Fiddler on the tree--a bush-cricket species with unusual stridulatory organs and song

Insects of the order Orthoptera are well-known for their acoustic communication. The structures used for this purpose show a high diversity which obviously relates to differences in song parameters and to the physics of sound production. Here we describe song and morphology of the sound producing organs of a tropical bush-cricket, Ectomoptera nepicauda, from East Africa. It has a very unusual calling song consisting of frequency-modulated, pure-tone sounds in the high ultrasonic range of 80 to 120 kHz and produced by extremely fast wing movements. Concerning morphology, it represents the most extreme state in the degree of left-right fore-wing differentiation found among Orthoptera: the acoustic parts of the left fore-wing consist exclusively of the stridulatory file, comparable in function to the bow of a violin, while the right wing carries only the plectrum ( =  string) and mirror ( =  soundbox).

A new Lobosceliana Dirsh species (Orthoptera: Pamphagidae: Porthetinae) from coastal Tanzania, East Africa

A new flightless species of Lobosceliana is described from coastal Tanzania, East Africa. This is the first species within this genus with shortened wings in the male sex. The antennal formula is special in this species as well since it differs from that of other Lobosceliana species, questioning the systematic value of the number of antennal segments in Porthetinae as a useful generic character.

Annotated list of Ensifera (Orthoptera) and further records on Caelifera (Orthoptera) of Mt Kilimanjaro, Tanzania

A list of the Tettigoniidae and Gryllacrididae (Orthoptera: Ensifera) of Mt Kilimanjaro is presented. A total number of 63 Ensifera was recorded for this mountain, of which 25 species belonged to Phaneropterinae, 18 to Conocephalinae, 6 to Hetrodinae and three to Pseudophyllinae. The subfamily Meconematinae contributed two species while only one species of the subfamilies Hexacentrinae, Mecopodinae and Saginae was found. Gryllacrididae contributed six species. Three species recorded in literature were not found again during the research period. 15 species are newly recorded for Mt Kilimanjaro in this study and one species of Agraeciini newly described. Two new genera, Afroanthracites Hemp & Ingrisch n. gen. (type species: Anthracites montium Sjöstedt, 1910) and Afroagraecia Ingrisch & Hemp n. gen. (type species: Agraecia sansibara Redtenbacher, 1891), are erected on African Agraeciini (Conocephalinae). Anthracites kilimandjaricus Sjöstedt, 1910 is snonymized with A. montium Sjöstedt, 1910. Agraecia sansibara (Redtenbacher, 1891), Anthracites bloyeti Brongniart, 1897 and Anelytra panteli Karny are transferred to Afroagraecia. Aethiomerus stenorhinus Saussure, 1899 is synonymised with Afroagraecia sansibara (Redtenbacher, 1891). In Caelifera two Catantopinae (Acrididae) species are newly recorded for Mt Kilimanjaro and one pyrgomorphid species, Maura lurida (Fabricius, 1781), recovered again for the area.

New Phlugidia species (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Meconematinae, Phlugidini) from the Eastern Arc Mountains of Tanzania, Africa

Two new species of Phlugidia (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Meconematinae) are described from the Eastern Arc Mountains of Tanzania. P. planicercus Hemp n. sp. occurs in lowland forest at the foothills of the Uluguru Mountains, while P. ob- tusicercus Hemp n. sp. was collected in the Nguru Mountains. A key to Phlugidia species is provided.

Climatic change as an engine for speciation in flightless Orthoptera species inhabiting African mountains

Many East African mountains are characterized by an exceptionally high biodiversity. Here we assess the hypothesis that climatic fluctuations during the Plio-Pleistocene led to ecological fragmentation with subsequent genetic isolation and speciation in forest habitats in East Africa. Hypotheses on speciation in savannah lineages are also investigated. To do this, mitochondrial DNA sequences from a group of bush crickets consisting of both forest and savannah inhabiting taxa were analysed in relation to Plio-Pleistocene range fragmentations indicated by palaeoclimatic studies. Coalescent modelling and mismatch distributions were used to distinguish between alternative biogeographical scenarios. The results indicate two radiations: the earliest one overlaps in time with the global spread of C4 grasslands and only grassland inhabiting lineages originated in this radiation. Climatically induced retraction of forest to higher altitudes about 0.8 million years ago, promoting vicariant speciation in species inhabiting the montane zone, can explain the second radiation. Although much of the biodiversity in East Africa is presently threatened by climate change, past climatic fluctuations appear to have contributed to the species richness observed in the East African hot spots. Perceiving forests as centres of speciation reinforces the importance of conserving the remaining forest patches in the region.

Compilation of canthariphilous insects

Die durch Cantharidin angezogenen Insekten werden aufgelistet. Die meisten Cantharidin-abhängigen Insekten sind in der Käferfamilie Anthicidae mit 185 Arten in den drei Unterfamilien Anthicinae (179), Lemodiinae (1) und Tomoderinae (5) gefunden worden. Weitere Cantharidin-abhängige Arten sind bekannt aus den Käferfamilien Endomychidae (5), Cleridae (4), Chrysomelidae (3), und Staphylinidae (1). In der Familie Pyrochroidae sind 23 Arten aus der Unterfamilie Pedilinae und 6 Arten aus den Pyrochroinae Cantharidin beeinflußt. Bei den Dipteren sind dies in den Familien Anthomyiidae (3), Cecidomyidae (2), Ceratopogonidae (22) Chloropidae (1), Platystomatidae (1) und Sciaridae (5). Manche Arten der Heteropterenfamilie Miridae (29) sind bekannt wegen des Einflusses von Cantharidin ebenso jeweils eine Art aus den Familien Lygaeidae und Tingidae. Parasiten der Hymenopterenfamilie Braconidae (6) zeigen eine positive Reaktion auf Cantharidin, ebenso wie Arten der Unterfamilie Diapriinae der Familie Diapriidae. Chemische Analysen von Arten der Fulgoridae und Cicadidae zeigen, dass auch Arten der Homoptera Cantharidin-abhängig scheinen.Stichwörtercantharidin, canthariphilous insects, Coleoptera, Diptera, Heteroptera, Homoptera.