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Seiler KM, Bajinting A, Alvarado DM, Traore MA, Binkley MM, Goo WH, Lanik WE, Ou J, Ismail U, Iticovici M, King CR, VanDussen KL, Swietlicki EA, Gazit V, Guo J, Luke CJ, Stappenbeck T, Ciorba MA, George SC, Meacham JM, Rubin DC, Good M, Warner BW. Patient-derived small intestinal myofibroblasts direct perfused, physiologically responsive capillary development in a microfluidic Gut-on-a-Chip Model. Sci Rep 2020; 10:3842. [PMID: 32123209 PMCID: PMC7051952 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-60672-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The development and physiologic role of small intestine (SI) vasculature is poorly studied. This is partly due to a lack of targetable, organ-specific markers for in vivo studies of two critical tissue components: endothelium and stroma. This challenge is exacerbated by limitations of traditional cell culture techniques, which fail to recapitulate mechanobiologic stimuli known to affect vessel development. Here, we construct and characterize a 3D in vitro microfluidic model that supports the growth of patient-derived intestinal subepithelial myofibroblasts (ISEMFs) and endothelial cells (ECs) into perfused capillary networks. We report how ISEMF and EC-derived vasculature responds to physiologic parameters such as oxygen tension, cell density, growth factors, and pharmacotherapy with an antineoplastic agent (Erlotinib). Finally, we demonstrate effects of ISEMF and EC co-culture on patient-derived human intestinal epithelial cells (HIECs), and incorporate perfused vasculature into a gut-on-a-chip (GOC) model that includes HIECs. Overall, we demonstrate that ISEMFs possess angiogenic properties as evidenced by their ability to reliably, reproducibly, and quantifiably facilitate development of perfused vasculature in a microfluidic system. We furthermore demonstrate the feasibility of including perfused vasculature, including ISEMFs, as critical components of a novel, patient-derived, GOC system with translational relevance as a platform for precision and personalized medicine research.
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Grants
- R01 DK106382 NIDDK NIH HHS
- T32 DK007130 NIDDK NIH HHS
- R01 DK104698 NIDDK NIH HHS
- R01 DK114047 NIDDK NIH HHS
- R03 DK111473 NIDDK NIH HHS
- R01 DK109384 NIDDK NIH HHS
- R01 DK118568 NIDDK NIH HHS
- R01 DK112378 NIDDK NIH HHS
- K08 DK101608 NIDDK NIH HHS
- P30 DK052574 NIDDK NIH HHS
- T32 HD043010 NICHD NIH HHS
- K01 DK109081 NIDDK NIH HHS
- Association for Academic Surgery Foundation (AASF)
- Children’s Discovery Institute of Washington University in St. Louis and St. Louis Children’s Hospital MI-F-2017-629; National Institutes of Health 4T32HD043010-14
- National Institutes of Health 3T32DK007130-45S1
- Givin’ it all for Guts Foundation (https://givinitallforguts.org/), Lawrence C. Pakula MD IBD Research, Innovation, and Education Fund, National Institutes of Health R01DK109384
- National Institutes of Health R03DK111473, R01DK118568, and K08DK101608, Children’s Discovery Institute of Washington University in St. Louis and St. Louis Children’s Hospital MI-FR-2017-596, March of Dimes Foundation Grant No. 5-FY17-79, Department of Pediatrics at Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen M Seiler
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
| | - Adam Bajinting
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
- Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
| | - David M Alvarado
- Division of Gastroenterology and the Inflammatory Bowel Diseases Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
| | - Mahama A Traore
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
| | - Michael M Binkley
- Department of Mechanical Engineering & Materials Science, Washington University McKelvey School of Engineering, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - William H Goo
- Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
| | - Wyatt E Lanik
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
| | - Jocelyn Ou
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
| | - Usama Ismail
- Department of Mechanical Engineering & Materials Science, Washington University McKelvey School of Engineering, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Micah Iticovici
- Division of Gastroenterology and the Inflammatory Bowel Diseases Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
| | - Cristi R King
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
| | - Kelli L VanDussen
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Elzbieta A Swietlicki
- Division of Gastroenterology and the Inflammatory Bowel Diseases Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
| | - Vered Gazit
- Division of Gastroenterology and the Inflammatory Bowel Diseases Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
| | - Jun Guo
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
| | - Cliff J Luke
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
| | - Thaddeus Stappenbeck
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
| | - Matthew A Ciorba
- Division of Gastroenterology and the Inflammatory Bowel Diseases Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
| | - Steven C George
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, California, United States
| | - J Mark Meacham
- Department of Mechanical Engineering & Materials Science, Washington University McKelvey School of Engineering, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Deborah C Rubin
- Division of Gastroenterology and the Inflammatory Bowel Diseases Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
| | - Misty Good
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
| | - Brad W Warner
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States.
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Gage BF, Bass AR, Lin H, Woller SC, Stevens SM, Al-Hammadi N, Anderson JL, Li J, Rodriguez T, Miller JP, McMillin GA, Pendleton RC, Jaffer AK, King CR, Whipple B, Porche-Sorbet R, Napoli L, Merritt K, Thompson AM, Hyun G, Hollomon W, Barrack RL, Nunley RM, Moskowitz G, Dávila-Román V, Eby CS. Effect of Low-Intensity vs Standard-Intensity Warfarin Prophylaxis on Venous Thromboembolism or Death Among Patients Undergoing Hip or Knee Arthroplasty: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA 2019; 322:834-842. [PMID: 31479138 PMCID: PMC6724181 DOI: 10.1001/jama.2019.12085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE The optimal international normalized ratio (INR) to prevent venous thromboembolism (VTE) in warfarin-treated patients with recent arthroplasty is unknown. OBJECTIVE To determine the safety and efficacy of a target INR of 1.8 vs 2.5 for VTE prophylaxis after orthopedic surgery. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS The randomized Genetic Informatics Trial (GIFT) of Warfarin to Prevent Deep Vein Thrombosis enrolled 1650 patients aged 65 years or older initiating warfarin for elective hip or knee arthroplasty at 6 US medical centers. Enrollment began in April 2011 and follow-up concluded in October 2016. INTERVENTIONS In a 2 × 2 factorial design, participants were randomized to a target INR of 1.8 (n = 823) or 2.5 (n = 827) and to either genotype-guided or clinically guided warfarin dosing. For the first 11 days of therapy, open-label warfarin dosing was guided by a web application. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES The primary outcome was the composite of VTE (within 60 days) or death (within 30 days). Participants underwent screening duplex ultrasound postoperatively. The hypothesis was that an INR target of 1.8 would be noninferior to an INR target of 2.5, using a noninferiority margin of 3% for the absolute risk of VTE. Secondary end points were bleeding and INR values of 4 or more. RESULTS Among 1650 patients who were randomized (mean age, 72.1 years; 1049 women [63.6%]; 1502 white [91.0%]), 1597 (96.8%) received at least 1 dose of warfarin and were included in the primary analysis. The rate of the primary composite outcome of VTE or death was 5.1% (41 of 804) in the low-intensity-warfarin group (INR target, 1.8) vs 3.8% (30 of 793) in the standard-treatment-warfarin group (INR target, 2.5), for a difference of 1.3% (1-sided 95% CI, -∞ to 3.05%, P = .06 for noninferiority). Major bleeding occurred in 0.4% of patients in the low-intensity group and 0.9% of patients in the standard-intensity group, for a difference of -0.5% (95% CI, -1.6% to 0.4%). The INR values of 4 or more occurred in 4.5% of patients in the low-intensity group and 12.2% of the standard-intensity group, for a difference of -7.8% (95% CI, -10.5% to -5.1%). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Among older patients undergoing hip or knee arthroplasty and receiving warfarin prophylaxis, an international normalized ratio goal of 1.8 compared with 2.5 did not meet the criterion for noninferiority for risk of the composite outcome of VTE or death. However, the trial may have been underpowered to meet this criterion and further research may be warranted. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01006733.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian F. Gage
- Department of Medicine, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Anne R. Bass
- Department of Medicine, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York
| | - Hannah Lin
- Department of Medicine, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri
- Department of Medical Education, University of Massachusetts, Worcester
| | - Scott C. Woller
- Department of Medicine, Intermountain Medical Center, Salt Lake City, Utah
- Department of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City
| | - Scott M. Stevens
- Department of Medicine, Intermountain Medical Center, Salt Lake City, Utah
- Department of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City
| | - Noor Al-Hammadi
- Department of Medicine, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Jeffrey L. Anderson
- Department of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City
- Department of Cardiology, Intermountain Medical Center, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Juan Li
- Department of Medicine, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Tomás Rodriguez
- Department of Medicine, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri
| | - J. Philip Miller
- Department of Medicine, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri
| | | | | | - Amir K. Jaffer
- Department of Medicine, New York Presbyterian Queens Hospital, New York
| | - Cristi R. King
- Department of Medicine, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Brandi Whipple
- Department of Medicine, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri
| | | | - Lynnae Napoli
- Department of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City
| | - Kerri Merritt
- Department of Medicine, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York
| | - Anna M. Thompson
- Department of Medicine, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri
- Department of Medical Education, University of Central Florida College of Medicine, Orlando
| | - Gina Hyun
- Department of Medicine, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri
- Department of Radiology, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Wesley Hollomon
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York
| | - Robert L. Barrack
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Ryan M. Nunley
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Gerard Moskowitz
- Department of Medicine, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Victor Dávila-Román
- Department of Medicine, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Charles S. Eby
- Department of Medicine, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri
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3
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Gage BF, Bass AR, Lin H, Woller SC, Stevens SM, Al-Hammadi N, Li J, Rodríguez T, Miller JP, McMillin GA, Pendleton RC, Jaffer AK, King CR, Whipple BD, Porche-Sorbet R, Napoli L, Merritt K, Thompson AM, Hyun G, Anderson JL, Hollomon W, Barrack RL, Nunley RM, Moskowitz G, Dávila-Román V, Eby CS. Effect of Genotype-Guided Warfarin Dosing on Clinical Events and Anticoagulation Control Among Patients Undergoing Hip or Knee Arthroplasty: The GIFT Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA 2017; 318:1115-1124. [PMID: 28973620 PMCID: PMC5818817 DOI: 10.1001/jama.2017.11469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Warfarin use accounts for more medication-related emergency department visits among older patients than any other drug. Whether genotype-guided warfarin dosing can prevent these adverse events is unknown. OBJECTIVE To determine whether genotype-guided dosing improves the safety of warfarin initiation. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PATIENTS The randomized clinical Genetic Informatics Trial (GIFT) of Warfarin to Prevent Deep Vein Thrombosis included patients aged 65 years or older initiating warfarin for elective hip or knee arthroplasty and was conducted at 6 US medical centers. Enrollment began in April 2011 and follow-up concluded in October 2016. INTERVENTIONS Patients were genotyped for the following polymorphisms: VKORC1-1639G>A, CYP2C9*2, CYP2C9*3, and CYP4F2 V433M. In a 2 × 2 factorial design, patients were randomized to genotype-guided (n = 831) or clinically guided (n = 819) warfarin dosing on days 1 through 11 of therapy and to a target international normalized ratio (INR) of either 1.8 or 2.5. The recommended doses of warfarin were open label, but the patients and clinicians were blinded to study group assignment. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES The primary end point was the composite of major bleeding, INR of 4 or greater, venous thromboembolism, or death. Patients underwent a screening lower-extremity duplex ultrasound approximately 1 month after arthroplasty. RESULTS Among 1650 randomized patients (mean age, 72.1 years [SD, 5.4 years]; 63.6% women; 91.0% white), 1597 (96.8%) received at least 1 dose of warfarin therapy and completed the trial (n = 808 in genotype-guided group vs n = 789 in clinically guided group). A total of 87 patients (10.8%) in the genotype-guided group vs 116 patients (14.7%) in the clinically guided warfarin dosing group met at least 1 of the end points (absolute difference, 3.9% [95% CI, 0.7%-7.2%], P = .02; relative rate [RR], 0.73 [95% CI, 0.56-0.95]). The numbers of individual events in the genotype-guided group vs the clinically guided group were 2 vs 8 for major bleeding (RR, 0.24; 95% CI, 0.05-1.15), 56 vs 77 for INR of 4 or greater (RR, 0.71; 95% CI, 0.51-0.99), 33 vs 38 for venous thromboembolism (RR, 0.85; 95% CI, 0.54-1.34), and there were no deaths. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Among patients undergoing elective hip or knee arthroplasty and treated with perioperative warfarin, genotype-guided warfarin dosing, compared with clinically guided dosing, reduced the combined risk of major bleeding, INR of 4 or greater, venous thromboembolism, or death. Further research is needed to determine the cost-effectiveness of personalized warfarin dosing. TRIAL REGISTRATION clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT01006733.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian F. Gage
- Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Anne R. Bass
- Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York
| | - Hannah Lin
- Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri
- University of Massachusetts, Worcester
| | - Scott C. Woller
- Intermountain Healthcare, Salt Lake City, Utah
- University of Utah, Salt Lake City
| | - Scott M. Stevens
- Intermountain Healthcare, Salt Lake City, Utah
- University of Utah, Salt Lake City
| | | | - Juan Li
- Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri
| | | | | | | | | | - Amir K. Jaffer
- New York Presbyterian Queens Hospital, New York, New York
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Anna M. Thompson
- Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri
- University of Central Florida College of Medicine, Orlando
| | - Gina Hyun
- Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri
- Saint Louis University, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Jeffrey L. Anderson
- Intermountain Healthcare, Salt Lake City, Utah
- University of Utah, Salt Lake City
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4
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Marsh S, King CR, Van Booven DJ, Revollo JY, Gilman RH, McLeod HL. Pharmacogenomic assessment of Mexican and Peruvian populations. Pharmacogenomics 2016; 16:441-8. [PMID: 25916516 DOI: 10.2217/pgs.15.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clinically relevant polymorphisms often demonstrate population-specific allele frequencies. Central and South America remain largely uncategorized in the context of pharmacogenomics. MATERIALS & METHODS We assessed 15 polymorphisms from 12 genes (ABCB1 3435C>T, ABCG2 Q141K, CYP1B1*3, CYP2C19*2, CYP3A4*1B, CYP3A5*3C, ERCC1 N118N, ERCC2 K751Q, GSTP1 I105V, TPMT 238G>C, TPMT 460G>A, TPMT 719A>G, TYMS TSER, UGT1A1*28 and UGT1A1 -3156G>A) in 81 Peruvian and 95 Mexican individuals. RESULTS Six polymorphism frequencies differed significantly between the two populations: ABCB1 3435C>T, CYP1B1*3, GSTP1 I105V, TPMT 460G>A, UGT1A1*28 and UGT1A1 -3156G>A. The pattern of observed allele frequencies for all polymorphisms could not be accurately estimated from any single previously studied population. CONCLUSION This highlights the need to expand the scope of geographic data for use in pharmacogenomics studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon Marsh
- Faculty of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, 3142F Katz Centre for Pharmacy & Health Research, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada
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5
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King CR, Lee T. Principles and Techniques of Expert Laparoscopic Surgical Dissection. J Minim Invasive Gynecol 2015; 22:S121. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmig.2015.08.348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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6
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Merna N, Fung KM, Wang JJ, King CR, Hansen KC, Christman KL, George SC. Differential β3 Integrin Expression Regulates the Response of Human Lung and Cardiac Fibroblasts to Extracellular Matrix and Its Components. Tissue Eng Part A 2015; 21:2195-205. [PMID: 25926101 PMCID: PMC4528988 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2014.0337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2014] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular matrix (ECM) derived from whole organ decellularization has been successfully used in a variety of tissue engineering applications. ECM contains a complex mixture of functional and structural molecules that are ideally suited for the tissue from which the ECM is harvested. However, decellularization disrupts the structural properties and protein composition of the ECM, which may impact function when cells such as the fibroblast are reintroduced during recellularization. We hypothesized that the ECM structure and composition, fibroblast source, and integrin expression would influence the fibroblast phenotype. Human cardiac fibroblasts (HCFs) and normal human lung fibroblasts (NHLFs) were cultured on intact cardiac ECM, collagen gels, and coatings composed of cardiac ECM, lung ECM, and individual ECM components (collagen and fibronectin [FN]) for 48 h. COL1A expression of HCFs and NHLFs cultured on ECM and FN coatings decreased to <50% of that of untreated cells; COL1A expression for HCFs cultured on ECM coatings was one- to twofold higher than HCFs cultured on intact ECM. NHLFs cultured on ECM and FN coatings expressed 12- to 31-fold more alpha-smooth muscle actin (αSMA) than HCFs; the αSMA expression for HCFs and NHLFs cultured on ECM coatings was ∼2- to 5-fold higher than HCFs and NHLFs cultured on intact ECM. HCFs expressed significantly higher levels of β3 and β4 integrins when compared to NHLFs. Inhibition of the β3 integrin, but not β4, resulted in a 16- to 26-fold increase in αSMA expression in HCFs cultured on ECM coatings and FN. Our results demonstrate that β3 integrin expression depends on the source of the fibroblast and that its expression inhibits αSMA expression (and thus the myofibroblast phenotype). We conclude that the fibroblast source and integrin expression play important roles in regulating the fibroblast phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nick Merna
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, California
| | - Kelsey M. Fung
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, California
| | - Jean J. Wang
- Department of Bioengineering and Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Cristi R. King
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Kirk C. Hansen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado
| | - Karen L. Christman
- Department of Bioengineering and Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Steven C. George
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, Missouri
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Abstract
Despite the influx of high throughput sequencing techniques, there is still a niche for low-medium throughput genotyping technologies for small-scale screening and validation purposes. Pyrosequencing is a genotyping assay based on sequencing-by-synthesis. Short runs of sequence around each polymorphism are generated, allowing for internal controls for each sample. Pyrosequencing can also be utilized to identify tri-allelic, indel, and short repeat polymorphisms, as well as determining allele percentages for methylation or pooled sample assessment. This range of applications makes it well-suited to the research laboratory as a one-stop system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristi R King
- Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
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Jurgens CK, Morrow G, Boggiano C, Panis M, Coleman J, Powell R, Yuan M, Kemelman M, Tamot N, Lopez M, Ouattara A, Iyer S, Backer M, Wright K, Domi A, Chiuchiolo M, King CR, Caulfield M, Parks C. Evaluation of a replication-competent VSV-SIV vaccine candidate. Retrovirology 2012. [PMCID: PMC3441803 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-9-s2-p329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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9
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Parks CL, Rabinovich S, Tiberio PJ, Wright KJ, Yuan M, Delboy MG, Kemelman M, Wilson AJ, Powell RL, Hoffenberg S, Chiuchiolo MJ, Boggiano C, Morrow G, Lorenz IC, Jurgens CK, Zhang X, Lindsay RW, Koff WC, King CR, Caulfield MJ. Viral vector delivery of Env trimer immunogens. Retrovirology 2012. [PMCID: PMC3441608 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-9-s2-p341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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10
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King CR, Deych E, Milligan P, Eby C, Lenzini P, Grice G, Porche-Sorbet RM, Ridker PM, Gage BF. Gamma-glutamyl carboxylase and its influence on warfarin dose. Thromb Haemost 2010; 104:750-4. [PMID: 20694283 DOI: 10.1160/th09-11-0763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2009] [Accepted: 06/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Via generation of vitamin K-dependent proteins, gamma-glutamyl carboxylase (GGCX) plays a critical role in the vitamin K cycle. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in GGCX, therefore, may affect dosing of the vitamin K antagonist, warfarin. In a multi-centered, cross-sectional study of 985 patients prescribed warfarin therapy, we genotyped for two GGCX SNPs (rs11676382 and rs12714145) and quantified their relationship to therapeutic dose. GGCX rs11676382 was a significant (p=0.03) predictor of residual dosing error and was associated with a 6.1% reduction in warfarin dose (95% CI: 0.6%-11.4%) per G allele. The prevalence was 14.1% in our predominantly (78%) Caucasian cohort, but the overall contribution to dosing accuracy was modest (partial R2 = 0.2%). GGCX rs12714145 was not a significant predictor of therapeutic dose (p = 0.26). GGCX rs11676382 is a statistically significant predictor of warfarin dose, but the clinical relevance is modest. Given the potentially low marginal cost of adding this SNP to existing genotyping platforms, we have modified our non-profit website (www.WarfarinDosing.org) to accommodate knowledge of this variant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristi R King
- Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
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11
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McLeod HL, Sargent DJ, Marsh S, Green EM, King CR, Fuchs CS, Ramanathan RK, Williamson SK, Findlay BP, Thibodeau SN, Grothey A, Morton RF, Goldberg RM. Pharmacogenetic predictors of adverse events and response to chemotherapy in metastatic colorectal cancer: results from North American Gastrointestinal Intergroup Trial N9741. J Clin Oncol 2010; 28:3227-33. [PMID: 20530282 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2009.21.7943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE With three available chemotherapy drugs for advanced colorectal cancer (CRC), response rate (RR) and survival outcomes have improved with associated morbidity, accentuating the need for tools to select optimal individualized treatment. Pharmacogenetics identifies the likelihood of adverse events or response based on variants in genes involved in drug transport, metabolism, and cellular targets. PATIENTS AND METHODS Germline DNA was extracted from 520 patients on the North American Gastrointestinal Intergroup N9741 study. Three study arms were evaluated: IFL (fluorouracil [FU] + irinotecan [IRN]), FOLFOX (FU + oxaliplatin), and IROX (IRN + oxaliplatin). Information on adverse events, response, and disease-free survival was available. Thirty-four variants in 15 candidate genes for analysis based on previous associations with adverse events or outcome were assessed. Genotyping was performed using pyrosequencing. RESULTS All variants were polymorphic. The homozygous UGT1A1*28 allele observed in 9% of patients was associated with risk of grade 4 neutropenia in patients on IROX (55% v 15%; P = .002). Deletion in GSTM1 was associated with grade 4 neutropenia after FOLFOX (28% v 16%; P = .02). Patients with a homozygous variant genotype for GSTP1 were more likely to discontinue FOLFOX because of neurotoxicity (24% v 10%; P = .01). The presence of a CYP3A5 variant was significantly associated with RR on IFL (29% v 60%; P = .0074). Most previously published genotype-toxicity or -efficacy relationships were not validated in this study. CONCLUSION This study provides a platform to evaluate pharmacogenetic predictors of response or severe adverse events in advanced CRC. Pharmacogenetic studies can be conducted in multicenter trials, and our findings demonstrate that with continued research, clinical application is practical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Howard L McLeod
- University of North Carolina Institute for Pharmacogenomics and Individualized Therapy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7360, USA.
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Voora D, Koboldt DC, King CR, Lenzini PA, Eby CS, Porche-Sorbet R, Deych E, Crankshaw M, Milligan PE, McLeod HL, Patel SR, Cavallari LH, Ridker PM, Grice GR, Miller RD, Gage BF. A polymorphism in the VKORC1 regulator calumenin predicts higher warfarin dose requirements in African Americans. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2010; 87:445-51. [PMID: 20200517 DOI: 10.1038/clpt.2009.291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Warfarin demonstrates a wide interindividual variability in response that is mediated partly by variants in cytochrome P450 2C9 (CYP2C9) and vitamin K 2,3-epoxide reductase complex subunit 1 (VKORC1). It is not known whether variants in calumenin (CALU) (vitamin K reductase regulator) have an influence on warfarin dose requirements. We resequenced CALU regions in a discovery cohort of dose outliers: patients with high (>90th percentile, n = 55) or low (<10th percentile, n = 53) warfarin dose requirements (after accounting for known genetic and nongenetic variables). One CALU variant, rs339097, was associated with high doses (P = 0.01). We validated this variant as a predictor of higher warfarin doses in two replication cohorts: (i) 496 patients of mixed ethnicity and (ii) 194 African-American patients. The G allele of rs339097 (the allele frequency was 0.14 in African Americans and 0.002 in Caucasians) was associated with the requirement for a 14.5% (SD +/- 7%) higher therapeutic dose (P = 0.03) in the first replication cohort and a higher-than-predicted dose in the second replication cohort (allele frequency 0.14, one-sided P = 0.03). CALU rs339097 A>G is associated with higher warfarin dose requirements, independent of known genetic and nongenetic predictors of warfarin dose in African Americans.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Voora
- Department of Medicine, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri, USA
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13
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Ferder NS, Eby CS, Deych E, Harris JK, Ridker PM, Milligan PE, Goldhaber SZ, King CR, Giri T, McLeod HL, Glynn RJ, Gage BF. Ability of VKORC1 and CYP2C9 to predict therapeutic warfarin dose during the initial weeks of therapy. J Thromb Haemost 2010; 8:95-100. [PMID: 19874474 PMCID: PMC3718044 DOI: 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2009.03677.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND CYP2C9 and VKORC1 genotypes predict therapeutic warfarin dose at initiation of therapy; however, the predictive ability of genetic information after a week or longer is unknown. Experts have hypothesized that genotype becomes irrelevant once international normalized ratio (INR) values are available because INR response reflects warfarin sensitivity. METHODS We genotyped the participants in the Prevention of Recurrent Venous Thromboembolism (PREVENT) trial, who had idiopathic venous thromboemboli and began low-intensity warfarin (therapeutic INR 1.5-2.0) using a standard dosing protocol. To develop pharmacogenetic models, we quantified the effect of genotypes, clinical factors, previous doses and INR on therapeutic warfarin dose in the 223 PREVENT participants who were randomized to warfarin and achieved stable therapeutic INRs. RESULTS A pharmacogenetic model using data from day 0 (before therapy initiation) explained 54% of the variability in therapeutic dose (R(2)). The R(2) increased to 68% at day 7, 75% at day 14, and 77% at day 21, because of increasing contributions from prior doses and INR response. Although CYP2C9 and VKORC1 genotypes were significant independent predictors of therapeutic dose at each weekly interval, the magnitude of their predictive ability diminished over time: partial R(2) of genotype was 43% at day 0, 12% at day 7, 4% at day 14, and 1% at day 21. CONCLUSION Over the first weeks of warfarin therapy, INR and prior dose become increasingly predictive of therapeutic dose, and genotype becomes less relevant. However, at day 7, genotype remains clinically relevant, accounting for 12% of therapeutic dose variability.
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Affiliation(s)
- N S Ferder
- Saint Louis College of Pharmacy, St Louis, MO, USA
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14
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King CR, Forster BB, Gilbart MK. Young woman with hip pain and clicking. Br J Sports Med 2009; 43:536, 541. [DOI: 10.1136/bjsm.2008.048066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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15
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Murugesan SR, King CR, Osborn R, Fairweather WR, O'Reilly EM, Thornton MO, Wei LL. Combination of human tumor necrosis factor-alpha (hTNF-alpha) gene delivery with gemcitabine is effective in models of pancreatic cancer. Cancer Gene Ther 2009; 16:841-7. [PMID: 19444305 DOI: 10.1038/cgt.2009.32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic adenocarcinoma is an aggressive and highly lethal malignancy. Currently, gemcitabine is commonly used in patients with pancreatic cancer. However, the life expectancy of pancreatic cancer patients remains poor. We explored the possibility of increased anti-tumor activity by combining human tumor necrosis factor-alpha (hTNF-alpha) with current front-line therapy. Human TNF-alpha displays potent anti-tumor activity, but its use is limited by the toxicity of systemic administration. We developed a gene delivery approach using intratumoral injections of an adenoviral vector expressing hTNF-alpha, AdEgr.TNF.11D (TNFerade), to increase local concentrations of hTNF-alpha within the tumor, thereby maximizing local anti-tumor activity and yet minimizing the systemic toxicities. An ongoing phase III clinical trial is testing the efficacy of AdEgr.TNF.11D-injected intratumorally and combining with chemotherapy in locally advanced pancreatic cancer. In this study, we show that treatment with AdEgr.TNF.11D and gemcitabine results in a high level of hTNF-alpha expression in human pancreatic cancer cell lines. The combined treatment was well tolerated, highly active and produced marked delays in the growth of human pancreatic xenograft tumors relative to either agent alone. Our results strongly suggest that combination of AdEgr.TNF.11D and gemcitabine may be a potentially useful therapeutic approach for the improved treatment of pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- S R Murugesan
- Department of Research, GenVec Inc, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
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16
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Waterhouse J, King CR, Chin P, Forster BB. A 61-year-old man with pain in antecubital fossa after an elbow hyperextension injury. Br J Sports Med 2009; 43:172, 229-30. [DOI: 10.1136/bjsm.2008.050658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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17
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Lenzini PA, Grice GR, Milligan PE, Dowd MB, Subherwal S, Deych E, Eby CS, King CR, Porche-Sorbet RM, Murphy CV, Marchand R, Millican EA, Barrack RL, Clohisy JC, Kronquist K, Gatchel SK, Gage BF. Laboratory and clinical outcomes of pharmacogenetic vs. clinical protocols for warfarin initiation in orthopedic patients. J Thromb Haemost 2008; 6:1655-62. [PMID: 18662264 PMCID: PMC2920450 DOI: 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2008.03095.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Warfarin is commonly prescribed for prophylaxis and treatment of thromboembolism after orthopedic surgery. During warfarin initiation, out-of-range International Normalized Ratio (INR) values and adverse events are common. METHODS In orthopedic patients beginning warfarin therapy, we developed and prospectively validated pharmacogenetic and clinical dose refinement algorithms to revise the estimated therapeutic dose after 4 days of therapy. RESULTS The pharmacogenetic algorithm used the cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2C9 genotype, smoking status, peri-operative blood loss, liver disease, INR values and dose history to predict the therapeutic dose. The R(2) was 82% in a derivation cohort (n = 86) and 70% when used prospectively (n = 146). The R(2) of the clinical algorithm that used INR values and dose history to predict the therapeutic dose was 57% in a derivation cohort (n = 178) and 48% in a prospective validation cohort (n = 146). In 1 month of prospective follow-up, the percent time spent in the therapeutic range was 7% higher (95% CI: 2.7-11.7) in the pharmacogenetic cohort. The risk of a laboratory or clinical adverse event was also significantly reduced in the pharmacogenetic cohort (Hazard Ratio 0.54; 95% CI: 0.30-0.97). CONCLUSIONS Warfarin dose adjustments that incorporate genotype and clinical variables available after four warfarin doses are accurate. In this non-randomized, prospective study, pharmacogenetic dose refinements were associated with more time spent in the therapeutic range and fewer laboratory or clinical adverse events. To facilitate gene-guided warfarin dosing we created a non-profit website, http://www.WarfarinDosing.org.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra A. Lenzini
- Washington University School of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine
| | - Gloria R. Grice
- Washington University School of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine
- St. Louis College of Pharmacy
| | - Paul E. Milligan
- Washington University School of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine
- St. Louis College of Pharmacy
| | | | - Sumeet Subherwal
- Washington University School of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine
| | - Elena Deych
- Washington University School of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine
| | - Charles S. Eby
- Washington University School of Medicine, Department of Pathology
| | - Cristi R. King
- Washington University School of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine
| | | | | | | | - Eric A. Millican
- Washington University School of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine
| | - Robert L. Barrack
- Washington University School of Medicine, Department of Orthopedic Surgery
| | - John C. Clohisy
- Washington University School of Medicine, Department of Orthopedic Surgery
| | | | - Susan K. Gatchel
- Washington University School of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine
| | - Brian F. Gage
- Washington University School of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine
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King CR, Porche-Sorbet RM, Gage BF, Ridker PM, Renaud Y, Phillips MS, Eby C. Performance of commercial platforms for rapid genotyping of polymorphisms affecting warfarin dose. Am J Clin Pathol 2008; 129:876-83. [PMID: 18480003 DOI: 10.1309/1e34uapr06pj6hml] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Initiation of warfarin therapy is associated with bleeding owing to its narrow therapeutic window and unpredictable therapeutic dose. Pharmacogenetic-based dosing algorithms can improve accuracy of initial warfarin dosing but require rapid genotyping for cytochrome P-450 2C9 (CYP2C9) *2 and *3 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and a vitamin K epoxide reductase (VKORC1) SNP. We evaluated 4 commercial systems: INFINITI analyzer (AutoGenomics, Carlsbad, CA), Invader assay (Third Wave Technologies, Madison, WI), Tag-It Mutation Detection assay (Luminex Molecular Diagnostics, formerly Tm Bioscience, Toronto, Canada), and Pyrosequencing (Biotage, Uppsala, Sweden). We genotyped 112 DNA samples and resolved any discrepancies with bidirectional sequencing. The INFINITI analyzer was 100% accurate for all SNPs and required 8 hours. Invader and Tag-It were 100% accurate for CYP2C9 SNPs, 99% accurate for VKORC1 -1639/3673 SNP, and required 3 hours and 8 hours, respectively. Pyrosequencing was 99% accurate for CYP2C9 *2, 100% accurate for CYP2C9 *3, and 100% accurate for VKORC1 and required 4 hours. Current commercial platforms provide accurate and rapid genotypes for pharmacogenetic dosing during initiation of warfarin therapy.
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Marsh S, Paul J, King CR, Gifford G, McLeod HL, Brown R. Pharmacogenetic assessment of toxicity and outcome after platinum plus taxane chemotherapy in ovarian cancer: the Scottish Randomised Trial in Ovarian Cancer. J Clin Oncol 2007; 25:4528-35. [PMID: 17925548 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2006.10.4752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Standard therapy for advanced ovarian cancer consists of a platinum agent in combination with a taxane, which has a 5-year survival rate of approximately 45%. The large individual variability for ovarian cancer patients in both outcome and toxicity risk from chemotherapy makes the identification of pharmacogenetic markers that can be used to screen patients before therapy selection an attractive prospect. PATIENTS AND METHODS We assessed 27 selected polymorphisms based on previously described associations or putative functional effects in 16 key genes from pathways that may influence cellular sensitivity to taxanes (ABCB1, ABCC1, ABCC2, ABCG2, CDKN1A, CYP1B1, CYP2C8, CYP3A4, CYP3A5, MAPT, and TP53) and platinum (ABCC2, ABCG2, ERCC1, ERCC2, GSTP1, MPO, and XRCC1) using polymerase chain reaction and Pyrosequencing in 914 ovarian cancer patients from the Scottish Randomised Trial in Ovarian Cancer phase III trial who were treated at presentation with carboplatin and taxane regimens after cytoreductive surgery. RESULTS No reproducible significant associations between genotype and outcome or toxicity were found for any of the genes analyzed. Previously reported genotype associations could not be replicated in this large study of a well-defined patient population within one specific clinical trial. CONCLUSION There are no clear candidates for taxane/platinum pharmacogenetic markers. This study highlights the need for validation of putative genetic markers in large, well-defined clinical sample sets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon Marsh
- Washington University School of Medicine, Division of Oncology, St Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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20
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Abstract
Pharmacogenetic research benefits first-hand from the abundance of information provided by the completion of the Human Genome Project. With such a tremendous amount of data available comes an explosion of genotyping methods. Pyrosequencing is one of the most thorough yet simple methods to date used to analyze polymorphisms. It also has the ability to identify tri-allelic, indels, short-repeat polymorphisms, along with determining allele percentages for methylation or pooled sample assessment. In addition, there is a standardized control sequence that provides internal quality control. This method has led to rapid and efficient single-nucleotide polymorphism evaluation including many clinically relevant polymorphisms. The technique and methodology of Pyrosequencing is explained in this chapter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristi R King
- Division of Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
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King CR, Xiao M, Yu J, Minton MR, Addleman NJ, Van Booven DJ, Kwok PY, McLeod HL, Marsh S. Identification of NR1I2 genetic variation using resequencing. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2007; 63:547-54. [PMID: 17404718 DOI: 10.1007/s00228-007-0295-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2006] [Accepted: 03/07/2007] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The nuclear receptor NR1I2 (also called PXR or SXR) is primarily expressed in mouse and human liver and intestines. Direct activation of NR1I2 occurs in response to a range of xenobiotics, which causes the formation of a heterodimer with the RXR receptor. This heterodimer binds to the nuclear receptor response elements of downstream genes such as ABCB1, CYP2C, and CYP3A. This study determined the extent of NR1I2 variation in three world populations. METHODS Variation in NR1I2 was identified by pooled resequencing in African, Asian, and European populations. Validation was performed in European and African populations using PCR and Pyrosequencing technology. RNA expression of NR1I2, ABCB1 and CYP3A4 was assessed using real-time PCR. RESULTS Of 36 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) identified, 24 were in the untranslated region, 8 were intronic, and 4 exonic. Thirty-six percent were unique to the African population. In comparison with previously published data, we identified 13 novel polymorphisms. The NR1I2 -566A > C polymorphism was significantly associated with ABCB1 and CYP3A4 RNA expression in colon tumor (P = 0.04 in both cases), however, this polymorphism was not associated with NR1I2 expression. CONCLUSION With NR1I2 playing such a large role in the regulation of genes involved in drug metabolism and transport, genetic variation contributing to altered NR1I2 function may have an important clinical impact.
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MESH Headings
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1/biosynthesis
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1/genetics
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Asian People
- Black People
- Colonic Neoplasms/metabolism
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A/biosynthesis
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A/genetics
- Female
- Gene Frequency
- Genetic Variation
- Genotype
- Humans
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide
- Pregnane X Receptor
- RNA/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Steroid/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Steroid/genetics
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- White People
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristi R King
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
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Marsh S, Somlo G, Li X, Frankel P, King CR, Shannon WD, McLeod HL, Synold TW. Pharmacogenetic analysis of paclitaxel transport and metabolism genes in breast cancer. Pharmacogenomics J 2007; 7:362-5. [PMID: 17224914 DOI: 10.1038/sj.tpj.6500434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Paclitaxel is commonly used in the treatment of breast cancer. Variability in paclitaxel clearance may contribute to the unpredictability of clinical outcomes. We assessed genomic DNA from the plasma of 93 patients with high-risk primary or stage IV breast cancer, who received dose-intense paclitaxel, doxorubicin and cyclophosphamide. Eight polymorphisms in six genes associated with metabolism and transport of paclitaxel were analyzed using Pyrosequencing. We found no association between ABCB1, ABCG2, CYP1B1, CYP3A4, CYP3A5 and CYP2C8 genotypes and paclitaxel clearance. However, patients homozygous for the CYP1B1*3 allele had a significantly longer progression-free survival than patients with at least one Valine allele (P=0.037). This finding could reflect altered paclitaxel metabolism, however, the finding was independent of paclitaxel clearance. Alternatively, the role of CYP1B1 in estrogen metabolism may influence the risk of invasive or paclitaxel resistant breast cancer in patients carrying the CYP1B1*3 allele.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Marsh
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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Marsh S, King CR, McLeod HL, Paul J, Gifford G, Brown R. ABCB1 2677G>T/A genotype and paclitaxel pharmacogenetics in ovarian cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2006; 12:4127; author reply 4127-9. [PMID: 16818714 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-06-0461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Zamboni WC, Ramanathan RK, McLeod HL, Mani S, Potter DM, Strychor S, Maruca LJ, King CR, Jung LL, Parise RA, Egorin MJ, Davis TA, Marsh S. Disposition of 9-nitrocamptothecin and its 9-aminocamptothecin metabolite in relation to ABC transporter genotypes. Invest New Drugs 2006; 24:393-401. [PMID: 16505951 DOI: 10.1007/s10637-006-6335-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The source of the pharmacokinetic variability of 9-nitrocamptothecin (9NC) and its 9-aminocamptothecin (9AC) metabolite is unknown. ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters have been reported to modulate camptothecin analogues, are associated with camptothecin resistance, and might also affect 9NC and 9AC pharmacokinetics. The aim of this study was to evaluate the functional consequence of known single nucleotide polymorphisms in the transporter genes ABCB1, ABCC2, and ABCG2 on the pharmacokinetic disposition of 9NC and 9AC. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Pharmacokinetic and genotyping studies were performed in 55 patients as part of two phase I studies of 9NC in patients with refractory solid tumors, a phase II study of 9NC in patients with advanced colon cancer, and a study evaluating the disposition of 9NC after administration of a single dose under fasting conditions. DNA was isolated from plasma and analyzed for variants in ABCB1, ABCC2, and ABCG2 genes. The ABCB1 1236C>T (n = 43), ABCB1 2677G>T/A (n = 43), ABCB1 3435C>T (n = 43), ABCC2 3972C>T (n = 39), and ABCG2 421C>A (n = 42) variants were analyzed using Pyrosequencing. RESULTS The ABCG2 421C>A genotype significantly affected the pharmacokinetics of 9AC. The mean 9AC lactone AUC/dose for wild-type (n = 25) and heterozygous (n = 2) patients were 14.3 ng/mL x h and 51.1 ng/mL x h, respectively (P = 0.032). The mean +/- SD 9AC total AUC/dose for wild-type (n = 39) and heterozygous (n = 3) patients were 91.9 +/- 78.3 ng/mL x h and 129.0 +/- 90.5 ng/mL x h, respectively (P = 0.40). 9NC and 9AC disposition were not significantly influenced by variants in ABCB1, ABCC2, and ABCG2, and ABCB1 and ABCC2, respectively (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION These findings suggest that inter-individual variability in 9AC disposition, but not 9NC, may be influenced, in part, by ABCG2 genotype. In contrast, there was no evidence for a relationship between ABCG2 and the disposition of 9NC, or for relationships between ABCB1 and ABCC2 genotypes and the disposition of 9NC or 9AC.
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Affiliation(s)
- William C Zamboni
- Hillman Cancer Research Center, Molecular Therapeutics Drug Discovery Program, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
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Abstract
The data generated from the Human Genome Project has led to an explosion of technology for low-, medium-, and high-throughput genotyping methods. Pyrosequencing is a genotyping assay based on sequencing by synthesis. Short runs of sequence around each polymorphism are generated, allowing for internal controls for each sample. Pyrosequencing can also be used to identify tri-allelic, indel, and short-repeat polymorphisms, as well as determining allele percentages for methylation or pooled sample assessment. Assays details for Pyrosequencing of clinically relevant polymorphisms are described in this chapter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon Marsh
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
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Abstract
Excision Repair Cross-Complementing Rodent Repair Group 2 (ERCC2) plays an important role in DNA repair by eliminating bulky DNA adducts produced by platinum agents during the nucleotide excision repair pathway. Several studies have associated polymorphisms in ERCC2 with response to platinum therapy, lung cancer risk, and DNA repair capacity. This study examined ERCC2 polymorphisms and haplotype structure across 18.9 kb in 95 European, 95 African, and 95 Asian individuals. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) (ERCC2 -9164 A>T, -1989 A>G, -516 G>A, 468 C>A [Arg156Arg], 1737 C>T [Val579Val], 2133 C>T [Asp711Asp], and 2251 T>G [Lys751Gln]) were mined and mapped using Golden Path, PolyMAPr, and Promolign. Genotyping was performed using PCR and pyrosequencing. Allele frequencies ranged from 0 to 0.47 (Europeans), 0.05 to 0.72 (Africans), and 0 to 0.47 (Asians). The synonymous cSNP at codon 579 could not be confirmed in our populations. There were significant differences in haplotype structure and frequency between populations. This information on ERCC2 genomic structure will allow the construction of definitive studies to clarify the clinical role of this important gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- C R King
- Department of Medicine, Division of Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
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Marsh S, King CR, Ahluwalia R, McLeod HL. Distribution of ITPA P32T alleles in multiple world populations. J Hum Genet 2004; 49:579-581. [PMID: 15322947 DOI: 10.1007/s10038-004-0183-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2004] [Accepted: 06/25/2004] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Dose-limiting toxicity from azathioprine treatment affects up to 37% of patients. Screening for thiopurine methyltransferase (TPMT) polymorphisms will prospectively identify approximately 10% of patients. Recently, a polymorphism in the inosine triphosphate pyrophosphatase gene (ITPA) has been associated with severe azathioprine toxicity. We demonstrate here that this proline to threonine substitution at codon 32 in the ITPA gene is found at low frequency in Central/South American populations (1-2%), at a constant frequency across Caucasian and African populations (6-7%), and is highest in Asian populations (14-19%). This data is consistent with previously described allele frequencies in other Caucasian (7%), African (5%), and Asian (11-15%) populations. This data provides a foundation on which prospective screening studies can be planned to identify patients at risk for severe toxicity from azathioprine therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon Marsh
- Division of Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, Campus Box 8069, St Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
| | - Cristi R King
- Division of Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, Campus Box 8069, St Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Ranjeet Ahluwalia
- Division of Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, Campus Box 8069, St Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Howard L McLeod
- Division of Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, Campus Box 8069, St Louis, MO, 63110, USA
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McLeod HL, King CR, Marsh S. Application of Pharmacogenomics in the Individualization of Chemotherapy for Gastrointestinal Malignancies. Clin Colorectal Cancer 2004; 4 Suppl 1:S43-7. [PMID: 15212705 DOI: 10.3816/ccc.2004.s.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The large number of active combination chemotherapy regimens for the treatment of gastrointestinal cancers has led to the need for better information to guide the "standard" treatment for each patient. In an attempt to individualize therapy, pharmacogenomics evaluates the hereditary basis for interindividual differences in drug response. This report will focus on the results of studies assessing the effects of polymorphisms in drug-metabolizing enzymes and drug targets on the toxicity and response to chemotherapy drugs commonly used to treat gastrointestinal malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Howard L McLeod
- Department of Medicine and the Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110-1093, USA.
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Einfeld DA, Schroeder R, Roelvink PW, Lizonova A, King CR, Kovesdi I, Wickham TJ. Reducing the native tropism of adenovirus vectors requires removal of both CAR and integrin interactions. J Virol 2001; 75:11284-91. [PMID: 11689608 PMCID: PMC114713 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.75.23.11284-11291.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of tissue-selective virus-based vectors requires a better understanding of the role of receptors in gene transfer in vivo, both to rid the vectors of their native tropism and to introduce new specificity. CAR and alphav integrins have been identified as the primary cell surface components that interact with adenovirus type 5 (Ad5)-based vectors during in vitro transduction. We have constructed a set of four vectors, which individually retain the wild-type cell interactions, lack CAR binding, lack alphav integrin binding, or lack both CAR and alphav integrin binding. These vectors have been used to examine the roles of CAR and alphav integrin in determining the tropism of Ad vectors in a mouse model following intrajugular or intramuscular injection. CAR was found to play a significant role in liver transduction. The absence of CAR binding alone, however, had little effect on the low level of expression from Ad in other tissues. Binding of alphav integrins appeared to have more influence than did binding of CAR in promoting the expression in these tissues and was also found to be important in liver transduction by Ad vectors. An effect of the penton base modification was a reduction in the number of vector genomes that could be detected in several tissues. In the liver, where CAR binding is important, combining defects in CAR and alphav integrin binding was essential to effectively reduce the high level of expression from Ad vectors. While there may be differences in Ad vector tropism among species, our results indicate that both CAR and alphav integrins can impact vector distribution in vivo. Disruption of both CAR and alphav integrin interactions may be critical for effectively reducing native tropism and enhancing the efficacy of specific targeting ligands in redirecting Ad vectors to target tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Einfeld
- GenVec, Inc., Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878, USA.
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Jarrett CR, Blancato J, Cao T, Bressette DS, Cepeda M, Young PE, King CR, Byers SW. Human APC2 localization and allelic imbalance. Cancer Res 2001; 61:7978-84. [PMID: 11691822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
A second adenomatous polyposis coli (APC)-like gene, APC2/APCL, was recently described and localized to chromosome 19. We have fine mapped APC2 to a small region of chromosome 19p13.3 containing markers D19S883 and WI-19632, a region commonly lost in a variety of cancers, particularly ovarian cancer. Interphase fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis revealed an APC2 allelic imbalance in 19 of 20 ovarian cancers screened and indicates that APC2 could be a potential tumor suppressor gene in ovarian cancer. When overexpressed in SKOV3 ovarian cancer cells, which express low levels of APC2, exogenous APC2 localized to the Golgi apparatus, actin-containing structures, and occasionally to microtubules. Antibodies against the NH2 terminus of human APC2 show that endogenous APC2 is diffusely distributed in the cytoplasm and colocalizes with both the Golgi apparatus and actin filaments. APC2 remained associated with actin filaments after treatment with the actin-disrupting agent, cytochalasin D. These results suggest that APC2 is involved in actin-associated events and could influence cell motility or adhesion through interaction with actin filaments, as well as functioning independently or in cooperation with APC to down-regulate beta-catenin signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- C R Jarrett
- The Lombardi Cancer Research Center, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC 20007, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- C R King
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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Kirkman W, Chen P, Schroeder R, Feneley MR, Rodriguez R, Wickham TJ, King CR, Bruder JT. Transduction and apoptosis induction in the rat prostate, using adenovirus vectors. Hum Gene Ther 2001; 12:1499-512. [PMID: 11506693 DOI: 10.1089/10430340152480230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Proapoptotic adenovirus vectors offer great promise for the treatment of cancer and nonmalignant conditions. Benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH) is a common nonmalignant enlargement of the prostate that involves epithelial, stromal, and smooth muscle components of the gland. We tested the hypothesis that an adenovirus vector expressing Fas ligand can be used to induce apoptosis in the prostate. We analyzed the efficiency of transduction and apoptosis induction in primary cultures of human prostate cells after adenovirus-mediated gene transfer. Efficient transduction was observed in primary prostate epithelial cells. Stromal and smooth muscle cells were more difficult to transduce, as no coxsackie-adenovirus receptor (CAR) expression was detectable on these cells. However, transduction was achieved in these cells when the multiplicity of infection was increased to 100 focal-forming units per cell, or when the vectors were delivered as calcium phosphate precipitates. Infection of all three primary prostate cell types with an adenovirus vector that expresses Fas ligand (AdFasL/G) resulted in rapid apoptosis. Direct injection of the rat prostate with an adenovirus vector carrying luciferase resulted in substantial luciferase expression. TUNEL analysis demonstrated that AdFasL/G administration induced low-level apoptosis in prostatic epithelial cells throughout the gland. As a first step toward enhancing the efficiency of prostate transduction in vivo, we tested an adenovirus vector that was engineered to have an expanded tropism. This vector, AdZ.F2K(pK7), was 10- to 500-fold more efficient than unmodified vectors in transducing prostate epithelial, smooth muscle, and stromal cells in culture. Moreover, AdZ.F2K(pK7) was more efficient than an unmodified vector at transducing the rat prostate in vivo, although the effect was dose dependent.
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Lung FD, Long YQ, Roller PP, King CR, Varady J, Wu XW, Wang S. Functional preference of the constituent amino acid residues in a phage-library-based nonphosphorylated inhibitor of the Grb2-SH2 domain. J Pept Res 2001; 57:447-54. [PMID: 11437948 DOI: 10.1034/j.1399-3011.2001.00833.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A nonphosphorylated disulfide-bridged peptide, cyclo(Cys-Glu1-Leu-Tyr-Glu-Asn-Val-Gly-Met-Tyr9-Cys)-amide (termed G1) has been identified, by phage library, that binds to the Grb2-SH2 domain but not the src SH2 domain. Synthetic G1 blocks the Grb2-SH2 domain association (IC50 of 15.5 microM) with natural phosphopeptide ligands. As a new structural motif that binds to the Grb2-SH2 domain in a pTyr-independent manner, the binding affinity of G1 is contributed by the highly favored interactions of its structural elements interacting with the binding pocket of the protein. These interactions involve side-chains of amino acids Glu1, Tyr3, Glu4, Asn5, and Met8. Also a specific conformation is required for the cyclic peptide when bound to the protein. Ala scanning within G1 and molecular modeling analysis suggest a promising model in which G1 peptide binds in the phosphotyrosine binding site of the Grb2-SH2 domain in a beta-turn-like conformation. Replacement of Tyr3 or Asn5 with Ala abrogates the inhibitory activity of the peptide, indicating that G1 requires a Y-X-N consensus sequence similar to that found in natural pTyr-containing ligands, but without Tyr phosphorylation. Significantly, the Ala mutant of Glu1, i.e. the amino acid N-terminal to Y3, remarkably reduces the binding affinity. The position of the Glu1 side-chain is confirmed to provide a complementary role for pTyr3, as demonstrated by the low micromolar inhibitory activity (IC50 = 1.02 microM) of the nonphosphorylated peptide 11, G1(Gla1), in which Glu1 was replaced by gamma-carboxy-glutamic acid (Gla).
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Affiliation(s)
- F D Lung
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Division of Basic Sciences, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, USA
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35
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King CR. The dance of life. Clin J Oncol Nurs 2001; 5:29-33. [PMID: 11899398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
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Abstract
Potential reasons for discordance between the Gleason score in biopsies and surgical specimens are: 1) pathological interpretation bias, and 2) sampling effects. The importance of sampling effects in grading errors was examined in a series where the number of biopsy cores obtained was high. Biopsies were obtained using a technique whereby 18 directed cores were systematically obtained and mapped out within the gland. Gleason scores from biopsies and matched prostatectomy specimens were compared among 28 consecutive patients with localized prostate cancer. A pooled database from 10 series (n = 2,687) served as a baseline for comparison in the accuracy of Gleason score grading. With the present biopsy technique, an exact Gleason score match was achieved in 57% of cases, compared with the pooled database (PD) mean of 42% (P = 0.055), and was within 1 point in 93% of cases compared with 78% (PD) (P = 0.029). Upgrading of biopsies was seen in 35% of cases, compared with 43% (PD) (P = 0.19). With respect to Gleason score 7, an exact match was present in 78% of cases, compared with 63% (PD) (P = 0.17), and upgrading was 0%, compared with 20% (PD) (P = 0.07). The data suggest a significant reduction in grade errors by minimizing sampling effects, one that it is of the same order of magnitude as the reduction achieved from consensus pathologic evaluation. In our study, seven patients (25%) would have had their cancers missed altogether with sextant biopsies. Sampling effects may contribute significantly to grading errors in prostate needle biopsies, although a larger study is needed to confirm this. A methodology which adopts a higher number of cores combined with a consensus pathologic evaluation could potentially reduce grading errors substantially. The optimal number of cores remains to be determined in a larger study. Int. J. Cancer (Radiat. Oncol. Invest.) 90, 326-330 (2000).
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Affiliation(s)
- C R King
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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Abstract
The predictive value of Gleason grading from prostate needle biopsy was examined and the patterns of grade discordance with surgical specimens are discussed in terms of their clinical implications. Gleason scores from biopsy and matched radical prostatectomy specimens were compared in 428 consecutive patients. Patterns of concordance were examined with respect to numerical agreement as well as to whether differences result in a change in group assignment with respect to Gleason score group 2-4, 5-6, 7, and 8-10. The coefficient of agreement, kappa, and accuracy were used to measure predictive value. An exact Gleason score match was present in 41% of the cases, while 48% were undergraded and 17% overgraded. With respect to group assignment, 51% remained unchanged while 35% were undergraded and 14% overgraded. Kappa analysis yielded a value of 0.26, which represents a poor agreement beyond chance. A Gleason score of 5-6, 7, or 8 was reproduced in 52%, 53%, and 58% of cases, respectively. A systematic bias toward progressive undergrading of more well-differentiated cancers and overgrading of more poorly differentiated cancers on biopsy is suggested by the data. A pooled analysis with nine additional series (n = 2,687) confirms this conclusion. No correlation was found between the amount of tumor in the biopsy specimen and grade discordance. Biases in pathologic interpretation and sampling effects are suggested as responsible for grade discordance. Predictable differences exist between the histologic grade in prostate needle biopsies and the surgical specimen. Clinical staging of organ-confined prostate cancer should include the likelihood of histologic upgrading or downgrading when used to stratify patients for clinical trials, in comparing results among therapies based on biopsy grading and when recommending a radical therapy. Developing a methodology which reduces both sampling effects and pathologic interpretation bias would likely result in significantly improved accuracy of Gleason grading of prostate biopsies. Int. J. Cancer (Radiat. Oncol. Invest.) 90, 305-311 (2000).
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Affiliation(s)
- C R King
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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Mandler R, Wu C, Sausville EA, Roettinger AJ, Newman DJ, Ho DK, King CR, Yang D, Lippman ME, Landolfi NF, Dadachova E, Brechbiel MW, Waldmann TA. Immunoconjugates of geldanamycin and anti-HER2 monoclonal antibodies: antiproliferative activity on human breast carcinoma cell lines. J Natl Cancer Inst 2000; 92:1573-81. [PMID: 11018093 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/92.19.1573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND HER2 is a membrane receptor whose overexpression is strongly associated with poor prognosis in breast carcinomas. Inhibition of HER2 activity can reduce tumor growth, which led to the development of Herceptin, an anti-HER2 monoclonal antibody (MAb) that is already in clinical use. However, the objective response rate to Herceptin monotherapy is quite low. HER2 activity can also be inhibited by the highly cytotoxic antibiotic geldanamycin (GA). However, GA is not used clinically because of its adverse toxicity. Our purpose was to enhance the inhibitory activity of anti-HER2 MAb by coupling it to GA. METHODS We synthesized 17-(3-aminopropylamino)GA (17-APA-GA) and conjugated it to the anti-HER2 MAb e21, to form e21 : GA. The noninternalizing anti-HER2 MAb AE1 was used as a control. Internalization assays and western blot analyses were used to determine whether the anti-HER2 MAbs and their immunoconjugates were internalized into HER2-expressing cells and reduced HER2 levels. All statistical tests were two-sided. RESULTS The immunoconjugate e21 : GA inhibited the proliferation of HER2-overexpressing cell lines better than unconjugated e21 (concentration required for 50% inhibition = 40 versus 1650 microg/mL, respectively). At 15 microg/mL, e21 : GA reduced HER2 levels by 86% within 16 hours, whereas unconjugated e21, 17-APA-GA, or AE1 : GA reduced HER2 levels by only 20%. These effects were not caused by release of 17-APA-GA from the immunoconjugate because immunoconjugates containing [(3)H]GA were stable in serum at 37 degrees C. Furthermore, e21 : GA did not significantly inhibit proliferation of the adult T-cell leukemia cell line HuT102, which is HER2 negative yet highly sensitive to GA. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that conjugating GA to internalizing MAbs enhances the inhibitory effect of the MAbs. This approach might also be applied in cellular targeting via growth factors and may be of clinical interest.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibiotics, Antineoplastic/immunology
- Antibiotics, Antineoplastic/pharmacology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/therapeutic use
- Benzoquinones
- Blotting, Western
- Breast Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Breast Neoplasms/immunology
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Humans
- Immunoconjugates
- Lactams, Macrocyclic
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Quinones/immunology
- Quinones/pharmacology
- Receptor, ErbB-2/immunology
- Receptor, ErbB-2/metabolism
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
- Up-Regulation
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Affiliation(s)
- R Mandler
- Metabolism Branch, Division of Clinical Sciences, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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King CR. What is the T(pot) for prostate cancer? Radiobiological implications of the equivalent outcome with (125)I or (103)Pd. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2000; 47:1165-7. [PMID: 10939883 DOI: 10.1016/s0360-3016(00)00543-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Peschel RE, Robnett TJ, Hesse D, King CR, Ennis RD, Schiff PB, Wilson LD. PSA based review of adjuvant and salvage radiation therapy vs. observation in postoperative prostate cancer patients. Int J Cancer 2000; 90:29-36. [PMID: 10725855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
Because of the uncertainties regarding the efficacy of postoperative radiation therapy for early prostate cancer, treatment strategies following radical prostatectomy include: (1) observation alone in high-risk patients, (2) adjuvant radiation therapy (PSA undetectable) in high-risk patients, or (3) salvage radiation therapy for biochemical and clinical recurrence. Fifty-two patients treated with postoperative radiation therapy in either an adjuvant setting (13) or for salvage (39) were retrospectively reviewed. The actuarial biochemical disease-free survival (bNED) rates following radiation therapy were calculated using the life-table method. Univariate and multi variate analyses were used to define the clinical factors that predict biochemical failure following postoperative radiation therapy. In addition, the bNED survival rate for 36 high-risk surgery patients who were simply observed following prostatectomy was determined. The 3-year bNED survival rate for the adjuvant radiation group was 85% compared with 27% for salvage radiation and 43% for the observation group. These results are statistically significant. Factors that predict biochemical failure following postoperative radiation therapy include preoperative PSA level, pre-radiation therapy PSA level, and seminal vesicle involvement. At our institutions, adjuvant radiation therapy was a superior strategy compared with either observation alone or salvage radiation therapy for high-risk postoperative prostate cancer patients. Int. J. Cancer (Radiat. Oncol. Invest.) 90, 29-36 (2000).
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Affiliation(s)
- R E Peschel
- Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8040, USA.
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42
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King CR, DiPetrillo TA, Wazer DE. Optimal radiotherapy for prostate cancer: predictions for conventional external beam, IMRT, and brachytherapy from radiobiologic models. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2000; 46:165-72. [PMID: 10656389 DOI: 10.1016/s0360-3016(99)00406-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine, on the basis of radiobiological models, optimal modalities of radiotherapy for localized prostate cancer, and to provide a rational basis for therapeutic decisions. METHODS AND MATERIALS An algorithm based on extensions to the linear-quadratic (LQ) cell survival model is constructed for fractionated and protracted irradiation. These radiobiological models include prostate tumor cell line-derived LQ parameters, clonogen repopulation, repair of sublethal damage, hypoxia, and radioisotope decay. In addition, dose inhomogeneities for both IMRT and brachytherapy (125I and 103Pd) from patient-derived Dose Volume Histograms (DVH), as well as dose escalation, are incorporated. Three risk groups are defined in terms of sets of biologic parameters tailored to correspond to clinical risk groups as follows: Favorable-iPSA <10 and bGS < or =6 and stage T2; Intermediate-one parameter increased; and Unfavorable-two or more parameters increased. Tumor control probabilities (TCP) are predicted for conventional external beam radiotherapy (EBRT, including 3D-CRT), intensity modulated radiotherapy (IMRT), and permanent brachytherapy. RESULTS Brachytherapy is less susceptible to variations in alpha/beta than EBRT and more susceptible to variations in clonogen potential doubling time (Tp). Our models predict TCP consistent with the bNED results from recent dose escalation trials and long-term outcomes from brachytherapy. TCP from IMRT are systematically superior to those from conventional fractionated RT, and suggests its possible use in dose escalation without additional dose to surrounding normal tissues. For potentially rapidly dividing tumors (Tp < 30 days) 103Pd yields superior cell kill compared with 125I, but for very slowly proliferating tumors the converse is suggested. Brachytherapy predicts equivalent or superior TCP to dose escalated EBRT. For unfavorable risk tumors, combined 45 Gy EBRT+brachytherapy boost predicts superior TCP than with either modality alone. CONCLUSIONS The radiobiological models presented suggest a rational basis for choosing among several radiotherapeutic modalities based on biologic risk factors. In addition, they suggest that IMRT may potentially be superior to 3D-CRT in allowing dose escalation without increased morbidity, and that brachytherapy, as monotherapy or as boost, may achieve superior tumor control compared with dose escalation 3D-CRT. The latter conclusion is supported by clinical data.
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Affiliation(s)
- C R King
- Department of Radiation Oncology, New England Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
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Long YQ, Yao ZJ, Voigt JH, Lung FD, Luo JH, Burke TR, King CR, Yang D, Roller PP. Structural requirements for Tyr in the consensus sequence Y-E-N of a novel nonphosphorylated inhibitor to the Grb2-SH2 domain. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1999; 264:902-8. [PMID: 10544028 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.1999.1599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The phage library derived, nonphosphorylated and thioether-cyclized peptide, termed G1TE, cyclo(CH(2)CO-Glu(1)-Leu-Tyr(3)-Glu-Asn-Val-Gly-Met-Tyr-Cys(10))-amid e, represents a new structural motif that binds to the Grb2-SH2 domain in a pTyr-independent manner, with an IC(50) of 20 microM. The retention of binding affinity is very sensitive with respect to peptide ring-size alterations and Ala mutations. We demonstrated previously that the Glu(1) side chain and its closely related analogs partially compensate for the absence of the phosphate functionality on Tyr(3), and, based on molecular modeling, these acidic side-chains complex with the Arg67 and Arg86 side-chains of the protein in the binding cavity. In this study we judiciously altered and incorporated various natural and unnatural amino acids as Tyr replacements within the -YEN- motif, and we demonstrate the functional importance and structural requirement of Tyr(3) for effective binding of this novel non-phosphorylated ligand to the Grb2-SH2 domain. The phenyl side-chain moiety and a polar functional group with specific orientation in position Y(3) of the peptide are particularly required. Using SPR binding assays, a submicromolar inhibitor (IC(50) = 0.70 microM) was obtained when Glu(1) was replaced with alpha-aminoadipate and Tyr(3) was replaced with 4-carboxymethyl-Phe, providing peptide 14, G1TE(Adi(1), cmPhe(3)). Peptide 14 also inhibited Grb2/p185(erb)(B-2) protein association in cell homogenates of erbB-2-overexpressing MDA-MA-453 cancer cells at near one micromolar concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Q Long
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Division of Basic Sciences, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Building 37, Room 5C02, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892, USA
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Long YQ, Voigt JH, Lung FD, King CR, Roller PP. Significant compensatory role of position Y-2 conferring high affinity to non-phosphorylated inhibitors of Grb2-SH2 domain. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 1999; 9:2267-72. [PMID: 10465559 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(99)00379-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Systematic modification of amino acid at position Y-2 of a library-derived non-phosporylated thioether-cyclized peptide, cyclo(CH2CO-Glu2-Leu-Tyr0-Glu-Asn-Val-Gly-Met-Tyr-Cys) -amide, aided by molecular modeling, demonstrates that the Glu(-2) sidechain compensates for the absence of Tyr0 phosphorylation in retaining effective binding to Grb2-SH2 domain. Replacement of Glu(-2) with gamma-carboxyglutamic acid produced a high affinity inhibitor, the first example with submicromolar affinity (IC50 = 640 nM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Q Long
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Division of Basic Sciences, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Burke TR, Luo J, Yao ZJ, Gao Y, Zhao H, Milne GW, Guo R, Voigt JH, King CR, Yang D. Monocarboxylic-based phosphotyrosyl mimetics in the design of GRB2 SH2 domain inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 1999; 9:347-52. [PMID: 10091682 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(98)00740-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Three monocarboxylic-containing analogues, O-carboxymethyltyrosine (cmT, 5), 4-(carboxymethyl)phenylalanine (cmF, 6), and 4-(carboxydifluoromethyl)phenylalanine (F2cmF, 7) were utilized as phosphotyrosyl (pTyr) replacements in a high affinity B-bend mimicking platform, where they exhibited IC50 values of 2.5 microM, 65 microM and 28 microM, respectively, in a Grb2 SH2 domain Biacore binding assay. When a terminal N(alpha)-oxalyl axillary was utilized to enhance ligand interactions with a critical SH2 domain Arg67 residue (alphaA-helix), binding potencies increased from 4- to 10-fold, resulting in submicromolar affinity for cmF (IC50 = 0.6 microM) and low micromolar affinity for F2cmF (IC50 = 2 microM). Cell lysate binding studies also showed inhibition of cognate Grb2 binding to the p185erbB-2 phosphoprotein in the same rank order of potency as observed in the Biacore assay. These results indicate the potential value of cmF and F2cmF residues as pTyr mimetics for the study of Grb2 SH2 domains and suggest new strategies for improvements in inhibitor design.
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Affiliation(s)
- T R Burke
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Division of Basic Sciences, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Yao ZJ, King CR, Cao T, Kelley J, Milne GW, Voigt JH, Burke TR. Potent inhibition of Grb2 SH2 domain binding by non-phosphate-containing ligands. J Med Chem 1999; 42:25-35. [PMID: 9888830 DOI: 10.1021/jm980388x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Development of Grb2 Src homology 2 (SH2) domain binding inhibitors has important implications for treatment of a variety of diseases, including several cancers. In cellular studies, inhibitors of Grb2 SH2 domain binding have to date been large, highly charged peptides which relied on special transport devices for cell membrane penetration. Work presented in the current study examines a variety of pTyr mimetics in the context of a high-affinity Grb2 binding platform. Among the analogues studied are new non-phosphorus-containing pTyr mimetics 23a and 23b which, when incorporated into tripeptide structures 18f and 20f, are able to inhibit Grb2 SH2 domain binding with affinities among the best yet reported for non-phosphorus-containing SH2 domain inhibitors (IC50 values of 6.7 and 1.3 microM, respectively). The present study has also demonstrated the usefulness of the Nalpha-oxalyl group as an auxiliary which enhances the binding potency of both phosphorus- and non-phosphorus-containing pTyr mimetics. When combined with the (phosphonomethyl)phenylalanine (Pmp) residue to give analogues such as L-20d, potent inhibition of Grb2 SH2 domain binding can be achieved both in extracellular assays using isolated Grb2 SH2 domain protein and in intracellular systems measuring the association of endogenous Grb2 with its cognate p185erbB-2 ligand. These latter effects can be achieved at micromolar to submicromolar concentrations without prodrug derivatization. The oxalyl-containing pTyr mimetics presented in this study should be of general usefulness for the development of other Grb2 SH2 domain antagonists, independent of the beta-bend-mimicking platform utilized for their display.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z J Yao
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Division of Basic Sciences, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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Gomez EG, King CR. Introduction: Oncology Nursing and the Internet. Oncol Nurs Forum 1998; 25:3. [PMID: 9826844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- E G Gomez
- Newtonnet Productions, Ridgefield, CT, USA
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Gomez EG, DuBois K, King CR. Improving oncology nursing practice through understanding and exploring the Internet. Oncol Nurs Forum 1998; 25:4-10. [PMID: 9826845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE/OBJECTIVES To provide an overview of the evolution of computer technology, a brief history of the Internet, and guidelines for searching the Internet. DATA SOURCES Literature, electronic online sources, and personal experience. DATA SYNTHESIS Vast collections of resources are available on the Internet that can enhance many aspects of oncology nursing practice. These resources are stored on computers, rarely published as print documents, and only available to those oncology nurses who learn to navigate the Internet. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING PRACTICE Specific Internet-based oncology nursing resources can enhance clinical practice, improve education, and facilitate oncology nursing research. CONCLUSIONS Because a significant number of valuable resources are available on the Internet, it is critical that oncology nurses understand it, be aware of the resources, and have the skills to access the appropriate information.
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Affiliation(s)
- E G Gomez
- Lippincott's Nursing Center, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, New York, NY, USA
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Hijazi MM, Young PE, Dougherty MK, Bressette DS, Cao TT, Pierce JH, Wong LM, Alimandi M, King CR. NRG-3 in human breast cancers: activation of multiple erbB family proteins. Int J Oncol 1998; 13:1061-7. [PMID: 9772300 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.13.5.1061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Ligands of the EGF/Heregulin family control the growth of epithelial cells by binding to receptors of the erbB family. By searching a large database of cDNA sequences at Human Genome Sciences Inc. we have identified a new encoded protein sequence containing all the conserved elements of the EGF/Heregulin family. The same sequence has recently been independently identified as NRG-3. The EGF-like domain of NRG-3 was generated as a recombinant protein in E. coli and used to test the specificity of receptor binding. In human breast cancer cells and in 32D cells transfected by erbB family members, NRG-3 activated multiple erbB family members. These include EGF receptor (erbB1) and erbB4 when expressed individually and erbB2 and erbB3 when expressed together. Recombinant NRG-3 altered the growth of human breast cancer cells growing in vitro. NRG-3 was expressed in cell lines derived from breast cancer. These results indicate that NRG-3 is a potential regulator of normal and malignant breast epithelial cells in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Hijazi
- Lombardi Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
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Gomez EG, Ehrenberger H, Murray PJ, King CR. The impact of the national information infrastructure on distance education and the changing role of the nurse. Oncol Nurs Forum 1998; 25:16-20. [PMID: 9826847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE/OBJECTIVES To describe a new opportunity for learning--distance education--that is available to oncology nurses and the role of the nurse educator in the distance-learning environment. DATA SOURCES Literature and electronic information. DATA SYNTHESIS Distance learning is a new option for oncology nurses that is based on the assumption that the student is motivated to grasp new ideas and will pursue studies with autonomy and honesty. This article reviews the principals of distance learning, its advantages, and the role of the nurse educator in this new learning environment. CONCLUSIONS Electronic networks are providing oncology nurses with the opportunity to share information and collaborate with colleagues throughout the world. This same technology supports the opportunity for distance education. Oncology nurses have numerous opportunities to participate in distance learning, both as learners and as nurse educators, and the advantages of this new learning environment are numerous. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING PRACTICE Opportunities now exist for formal education (both undergraduate and graduate) and continuing education for oncology nurses via distance learning. Oncology nurses need to treat technology as a friend and use distance learning to cultivate life-long learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- E G Gomez
- Newtonnet Productions, Ridgefield, CI, USA
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