The toxic effects of anabolic steroids "nandrolone decanoate" on cardiac and skeletal muscles with the potential ameliorative effects of silymarin and fenugreek seeds extract in adult male albino rats

BACKGROUND

Anabolic steroids (AS) are commonly abused by body builders and athletes aiming to increase their strength and muscle mass but unfortunately, the long-term use of AS may lead to serious side effects. Nandrolone Decanoate is one of the Class II anabolic androgenic steroids which quickly spread globally and used clinically and illicitly. Our research was directed to assess the toxic effects of anabolic steroids on cardiac and skeletal muscles in male albino rats and to evaluate the potential ameliorative effects of fenugreek seeds extract and silymarin.

METHODS

Our research was done on 120 male albino rats that were allocated into 6 groups; group I: Served as a control group, group II: Received the anabolic steroid Nandrolone Decanoate, group III: Received silymarin orally, group IV: Received fenugreek seeds extract orally, group (V): Received the anabolic steroid Nandrolone Decanoate and silymarin and group (VI): Received the anabolic steroid Nandrolone Decanoate and fenugreek seeds extract. By the end of the study, rats were sacrificed, and blood samples were collected for biochemical analysis and autopsy samples for histopathological examination.

RESULTS

The anabolic steroids toxic effects on rats showed a significant decrease in serum High Density Lipoprotein (HDL) level and increase in cholesterol, triglycerides, and Low-Density Lipoprotein (LDL) levels. There was a significant elevation in cardiac troponin I level. As regards to histopathological examination of the cardiac and skeletal muscles, the study showed marked degenerative changes and necrosis. Both silymarin and fenugreek seeds extract provided a protective effect on the biochemical and histopathological changes. The antioxidant effects of silymarin and fenugreek seeds extract were evaluated on the heart, skeletal muscles and showed that, the tissue levels of Superoxide dismutase (SOD), Catalase and reduced glutathione (GSH) decreased in AS treated rats compared to the control group. On the other hand, the tissue Malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were elevated.

CONCLUSIONS

Anabolic steroids have a toxic effect on the cardiac and skeletal muscles of albino rats with improvement by treatment with fenugreek seeds extract and silymarin.

Intraperitoneal injection of MDMB-4en-PINACA mixed with clozapine: Biochemical, Behavioral and Histopathological assessment.. [DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-2369310/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0]

Background: In the last 5 years, synthetic cannabinoids (SCBs) rapidly developed as common drugs of abuse in Europe and the US. Rapidly different preparations became available online and in business institutions. Most of these preparations consist of inert plant materials laced with SCBs and are mixed with unknown pharmaceutical materials to possess pharmacological properties like Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC). Most of synthetic cannabinoids (SCBs) are smoked, but preclinical studies usually rely on injection for drug delivery. MDMB-4en-PINACA is extensively metabolized as many other synthetic cannabinoids. Methods: A total of twenty-one male mice were divided into three groups at random (7 per each). Control group; not exposed to any treatment; MDMB-PINACA with clozapine low dose, MDMB-PINACA with clozapine high dose intraperitoneal injection. In our study we assessed this mixture for its abuse liability by an assessment of oxidative stress markers, histopathological and behavioral changes. Result: intraperitoneal injection of MDMB-PINACA mixed with clozapine induced classic cannabinoid effect (tetrad effect) in mice(hypothermia, hypolocomotion, and increased latency in both catalepsy and tail immersion tests in mice); in addition to the biochemical alterations in brain neurotransmitters, cardiac enzymes and histopathological changes in brain and heart (acute inflammatory changes on both brain and heart) at high doses, besides hypothermia and antinoception with low doses Conclusion: Exposure to MDMB-PINACA mixed with clozapine in high doses through intraperitoneal injection induced behavioural, biochemical, and histopathological alterations in nervous and cardiac systems of mice.

Identification of victims from mass grave discovery near Benghazi, Libya

BACKGROUND

A mass grave is any site that containing two or more associated corpses, at random or on purpose placed, of people who have died as a result of extra-judicial or random executions, not including those people who have died from armed confrontations or known major catastrophes.

CASE PRESENTATION

The purpose of this paper is to explain how to reconstruct a biological profile of decomposed or skeletonized bodies and clarify the efforts done by the Libyan scientist after 2011 revolution and to set a reference for other researcher. The alleged location of the grave, as well as the alleged number and identities of the persons buried in the grave were obtained exclusively from witnesses' and relatives' testimonies.

CONCLUSION

As the testimonies said, the grave was located at the alleged location and seven skeletons were exhumed. Also, the osteological and DNA study made investigators to identify the exhumed skeletons. And the dental analysis support the identification of a seven man alleged to have been buried in the grave, 7 victims were discovered.

Medico-legal aspects of disabilities due to orthopedic injuries and compensations in Egypt

Disability is a complex problem that results in detrimental effects on the victim. The number of disabled has increased considerably. The development constitutes a good reason for paying more specific attention to society's growing number of disabled. The physician's duties are not only to describe the anatomic and physiological defects present in the injured individual, but also to answer questions regarding the patient ability to perform specific economic or social function. This study aimed to clear up some of the problems or difficulties that may face the medico-legal physician or any personal that may be concerned with the process of evaluation. In the other words the aim of work is to design a new strategy for evaluating the degree of permanent infirmities and their compensation. The study investigates the pattern of disability in cases referred for medico-legal examination in department of Cairo and the chief's office of medico-legal administration in ministry of justice. The study included 200 cases of disabled. Male gender was more predominate than female gender (were male 78% - female 22%) and the working group (18-60) were the most frequent age group identified as victims of traumatic injuries. It was recommended the overall development plans of the country should have a positive role in prevention and decrease this problem.