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Krecl P, Harrison RM, Johansson C, Targino AC, Beddows DC, Ellermann T, Lara C, Ketzel M. Long-term trends in nitrogen oxides concentrations and on-road vehicle emission factors in Copenhagen, London and Stockholm. Environ Pollut 2021; 290:118105. [PMID: 34523530 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Road transport is the main anthropogenic source of NOx in Europe, affecting human health and ecosystems. Thus, mitigation policies have been implemented to reduce on-road vehicle emissions, particularly through the Euro standard limits. To evaluate the effectiveness of these policies, we calculated NO2 and NOx concentration trends using air quality and meteorological measurements conducted in three European cities over 26 years. These data were also employed to estimate the trends in NOx emission factors (EFNOx, based on inverse dispersion modeling) and NO2:NOx emission ratios for the vehicle fleets under real-world driving conditions. In the period 1998-2017, Copenhagen and Stockholm showed large reductions in both the urban background NOx concentrations (-2.1 and -2.6% yr-1, respectively) and EFNOx at curbside sites (68 and 43%, respectively), proving the success of the Euro standards in diminishing NOx emissions. London presented a modest decrease in urban background NOx concentrations (-1.3% yr-1), while EFNOx remained rather constant at the curbside site (Marylebone Road) due to the increase in public bus traffic. NO2 primary emissions -that are not regulated- increased until 2008-2010, which also reflected in the ambient concentrations. This increase was associated with a strong dieselization process and the introduction of new after-treatment technologies that targeted the emission reduction of other species (e.g., greenhouse gases or particulate matter). Thus, while regulations on ambient concentrations of specific species have positive effects on human health, the overall outcomes should be considered before widely adopting them. Emission inventories for the on-road transportation sector should include EFNOx derived from real-world measurements, particularly in urban settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Krecl
- Graduate Program in Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Technology, Av. Pioneiros 3131, 86036-370, Londrina, PR, Brazil.
| | - Roy M Harrison
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom; Department of Environmental Sciences, Center of Excellence in Environmental Studies, King Abdulaziz University, PO Box 80203, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Christer Johansson
- Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius väg 8, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Admir Créso Targino
- Graduate Program in Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Technology, Av. Pioneiros 3131, 86036-370, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - David C Beddows
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas Ellermann
- Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, DK-4000, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Camila Lara
- Graduate Program in Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Technology, Av. Pioneiros 3131, 86036-370, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Matthias Ketzel
- Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, DK-4000, Roskilde, Denmark; Global Centre for Clean Air Research (GCARE), University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH, United Kingdom
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Crilley LR, Lucarelli F, Bloss WJ, Harrison RM, Beddows DC, Calzolai G, Nava S, Valli G, Bernardoni V, Vecchi R. Source apportionment of fine and coarse particles at a roadside and urban background site in London during the 2012 summer ClearfLo campaign. Environ Pollut 2017; 220:766-778. [PMID: 27866854 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Revised: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
London, like many major cities, has a noted air pollution problem, and a better understanding of the sources of airborne particles in the different size fractions will facilitate the implementation and effectiveness of control strategies to reduce air pollution. Thus, the trace elemental composition of the fine and coarse fraction were analysed at hourly time resolution at urban background (North Kensington, NK) and roadside (Marylebone Road, MR) sites within central London. Unlike previous work, the current study focuses on measurements during the summer providing a snapshot of contributing sources, utilising the high time resolution to improve source identification. Roadside enrichment was observed for a large number of elements associated with traffic emissions (Al, S, Ca, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Rb and Zr), while those elements that are typically from more regional sources (e.g. Na, Cl, S and K) were not found to have an appreciable increment. Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) was applied for the source apportionment of the particle mass at both sites with similar sources being identified, including sea salt, airborne soil, traffic emissions, secondary inorganic aerosols and a Zn-Pb source. In the fine fraction, traffic emissions was the largest contributing source at MR (31.9%), whereas it was incorporated within an "urban background" source at NK, which had contributions from wood smoke, vehicle emissions and secondary particles. Regional sources were the major contributors to the coarse fraction at both sites. Secondary inorganic aerosols (which contained influences from shipping emissions and coal combustion) source factors accounted for around 33% of the PM10 at NK and were found to have the highest contributions from regional sources, including from the European mainland. Exhaust and non-exhaust sources both contribute appreciably to PM10 levels at the MR site, highlighting the continuing importance of vehicle-related air pollutants at roadside.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leigh R Crilley
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Franco Lucarelli
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università di Firenze, Via Sansone 1, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy; INFN, Sezione di Firenze, Via Bruno Rossi 1, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
| | - William J Bloss
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Roy M Harrison
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom.
| | - David C Beddows
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Giulia Calzolai
- INFN, Sezione di Firenze, Via Bruno Rossi 1, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
| | - Silvia Nava
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università di Firenze, Via Sansone 1, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
| | - Gianluigi Valli
- Department of Physics, Università degli Studi di Milano & INFN-Milan, Via Giovanni Celoria 16, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Vera Bernardoni
- Department of Physics, Università degli Studi di Milano & INFN-Milan, Via Giovanni Celoria 16, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Roberta Vecchi
- Department of Physics, Università degli Studi di Milano & INFN-Milan, Via Giovanni Celoria 16, 20133, Milan, Italy
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Godri KJ, Green DC, Fuller GW, Dall'Osto M, Beddows DC, Kelly FJ, Harrison RM, Mudway IS. Particulate oxidative burden associated with firework activity. Environ Sci Technol 2010; 44:8295-301. [PMID: 20886897 DOI: 10.1021/es1016284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Firework events are capable of inducing particulate matter (PM) episodes that lead to exceedances of regulatory limit values. As short-term peaks in ambient PM concentration have been associated with negative impacts on respiratory and cardiovascular health, we performed a detailed study of the consequences of firework events in London on ambient air quality and PM composition. These changes were further related to the oxidative activity of daily PM samples by assessing their capacity to drive the oxidation of physiologically important lung antioxidants including ascorbate, glutathione and urate (oxidative potential, OP). Twenty-four hour ambient PM samples were collected at the Marylebone Road sampling site in Central London over a three week period, including two major festivals celebrated with pyrotechnic events: Guy Fawkes Night and Diwali. Pyrotechnic combustion events were characterized by increased gas phase pollutants levels (NO(x) and SO(2)), elevated PM mass concentrations, and trace metal concentrations (specifically Sr, Mg, K, Ba, and Pb). Relationships between NO(x), benzene, and PM(10) were used to apportion firework and traffic source fractions. A positive significant relationship was found between PM oxidative burden and individual trace metals associated with each of these apportioned source fractions. The level of exposure to each source fraction was significantly associated with the total OP. The firework contribution to PM total OP, on a unit mass basis, was greater than that associated with traffic sources: a 1 μg elevation in firework and traffic PM fraction concentration was associated with a 6.5 ± 1.5 OP(T) μg(-1) and 5.2 ± 1.4 OP(T) μg(-1) increase, respectively. In the case of glutathione depletion, firework particulate OP (3.5 ± 0.8 OP(GSH) μg(-1)) considerably exceeded that due to traffic particles (2.2 ± 0.8 OP(GSH) μg(-1)). Therefore, in light of the elevated PM concentrations caused by firework activity and the increased oxidative activity of this PM source, there is value in examining if firework derived PM is related to acute respiratory outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krystal J Godri
- MRC-HPA Centre for Environment and Health, School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, UK
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Liska M, Kaiser J, Beddows DC, Telle HH, Kukhlevsky SV. Clinical application of laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy to the analysis of teeth and dental materials. J Clin Laser Med Surg 2000; 18:281-9. [PMID: 11572221 DOI: 10.1089/clm.2000.18.281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The luminous plasma generated during laser ablation of dental tissue and dental materials has been analyzed to determine qualitative and quantitative elemental composition. BACKGROUND DATA The use of pulsed lasers for controlled material ablation now is frequently suggested as an alternative to mechanical drilling for the removal of caries and in tooth modification. Spectral analysis of the ablated plasma can be exploited to monitor precisely the laser drilling process in vivo and in real time. METHODS Teeth samples and dental materials were ablated using pulses from a Nd:YAG laser. The line positions and intensities in the spectra, recorded in real time, were used to identify elements and to determine their relative concentrations. RESULTS From the spectra of horizontally and vertically cut tooth slices, profiles of elemental distribution were determined; these were used in a range of monitoring applications. We showed that the transition from caries to healthy tooth material could be identified through the decrease in calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P) concentrations, whereas nonmineralizing elements and organic materials increased in concentration. We also could relate the spatial distribution of elements to their migration or accumulation over time, for example, the migration of aluminium (Al) from dental restorative materials to the tooth matrix. CONCLUSIONS The plasma existing during laser ablation (in vitro/in vivo) can be analyzed spectrally in real time. From the spectra, one can pinpoint high/low levels of element concentrations within the tooth matrix. Thus, this analysis could be used to monitor the ablation of material during laser dental treatment.
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