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Wang Z, Burigotto M, Ghetti S, Vaillant F, Tan T, Capaldo BD, Palmieri M, Hirokawa Y, Tai L, Simpson DS, Chang C, Huang AS, Lieschke E, Diepstraten ST, Kaloni D, Riffkin C, Huang DC, Li Wai Suen CS, Garnham AL, Gibbs P, Visvader JE, Sieber OM, Herold MJ, Fava LL, Kelly GL, Strasser A. Loss-of-Function but Not Gain-of-Function Properties of Mutant TP53 Are Critical for the Proliferation, Survival, and Metastasis of a Broad Range of Cancer Cells. Cancer Discov 2024; 14:362-379. [PMID: 37877779 PMCID: PMC10850947 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-23-0402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
Mutations in the tumor suppressor TP53 cause cancer and impart poor chemotherapeutic responses, reportedly through loss-of-function, dominant-negative effects and gain-of-function (GOF) activities. The relative contributions of these attributes is unknown. We found that removal of 12 different TP53 mutants with reported GOFs by CRISPR/Cas9 did not impact proliferation and response to chemotherapeutics of 15 human cancer cell lines and colon cancer-derived organoids in culture. Moreover, removal of mutant TP53/TRP53 did not impair growth or metastasis of human cancers in immune-deficient mice or growth of murine cancers in immune-competent mice. DepMap mining revealed that removal of 158 different TP53 mutants had no impact on the growth of 391 human cancer cell lines. In contrast, CRISPR-mediated restoration of wild-type TP53 extinguished the growth of human cancer cells in vitro. These findings demonstrate that LOF but not GOF effects of mutant TP53/TRP53 are critical to sustain expansion of many tumor types. SIGNIFICANCE This study provides evidence that removal of mutant TP53, thereby deleting its reported GOF activities, does not impact the survival, proliferation, metastasis, or chemotherapy responses of cancer cells. Thus, approaches that abrogate expression of mutant TP53 or target its reported GOF activities are unlikely to exert therapeutic impact in cancer. See related commentary by Lane, p. 211 . This article is featured in Selected Articles from This Issue, p. 201.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zilu Wang
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute (WEHI), Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Matteo Burigotto
- Armenise-Harvard Laboratory of Cell Division, Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology – CIBIO, University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - Sabrina Ghetti
- Armenise-Harvard Laboratory of Cell Division, Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology – CIBIO, University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - François Vaillant
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute (WEHI), Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Tao Tan
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute (WEHI), Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Bianca D. Capaldo
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute (WEHI), Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Michelle Palmieri
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute (WEHI), Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Yumiko Hirokawa
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute (WEHI), Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Lin Tai
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute (WEHI), Melbourne, Australia
| | - Daniel S. Simpson
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute (WEHI), Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Catherine Chang
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute (WEHI), Melbourne, Australia
| | - Allan Shuai Huang
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute (WEHI), Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Elizabeth Lieschke
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute (WEHI), Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Sarah T. Diepstraten
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute (WEHI), Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Deeksha Kaloni
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute (WEHI), Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Chris Riffkin
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute (WEHI), Melbourne, Australia
| | - David C.S. Huang
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute (WEHI), Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Connie S.N. Li Wai Suen
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute (WEHI), Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Alexandra L. Garnham
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute (WEHI), Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Peter Gibbs
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute (WEHI), Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jane E. Visvader
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute (WEHI), Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Oliver M. Sieber
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute (WEHI), Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Marco J. Herold
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute (WEHI), Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Luca L. Fava
- Armenise-Harvard Laboratory of Cell Division, Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology – CIBIO, University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - Gemma L. Kelly
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute (WEHI), Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Andreas Strasser
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute (WEHI), Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
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2
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Thijssen R, Tian L, Anderson MA, Flensburg C, Jarratt A, Garnham AL, Jabbari JS, Peng H, Lew TE, Teh CE, Gouil Q, Georgiou A, Tan T, Djajawi TM, Tam CS, Seymour JF, Blombery P, Gray DH, Majewski IJ, Ritchie ME, Roberts AW, Huang DC. Single-cell multiomics reveal the scale of multilayered adaptations enabling CLL relapse during venetoclax therapy. Blood 2022; 140:2127-2141. [PMID: 35709339 PMCID: PMC10653037 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2022016040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Venetoclax (VEN) inhibits the prosurvival protein BCL2 to induce apoptosis and is a standard therapy for chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), delivering high complete remission rates and prolonged progression-free survival in relapsed CLL but with eventual loss of efficacy. A spectrum of subclonal genetic changes associated with VEN resistance has now been described. To fully understand clinical resistance to VEN, we combined single-cell short- and long-read RNA-sequencing to reveal the previously unappreciated scale of genetic and epigenetic changes underpinning acquired VEN resistance. These appear to be multilayered. One layer comprises changes in the BCL2 family of apoptosis regulators, especially the prosurvival family members. This includes previously described mutations in BCL2 and amplification of the MCL1 gene but is heterogeneous across and within individual patient leukemias. Changes in the proapoptotic genes are notably uncommon, except for single cases with subclonal losses of BAX or NOXA. Much more prominent was universal MCL1 gene upregulation. This was driven by an overlying layer of emergent NF-κB (nuclear factor kappa B) activation, which persisted in circulating cells during VEN therapy. We discovered that MCL1 could be a direct transcriptional target of NF-κB. Both the switch to alternative prosurvival factors and NF-κB activation largely dissipate following VEN discontinuation. Our studies reveal the extent of plasticity of CLL cells in their ability to evade VEN-induced apoptosis. Importantly, these findings pinpoint new approaches to circumvent VEN resistance and provide a specific biological justification for the strategy of VEN discontinuation once a maximal response is achieved rather than maintaining long-term selective pressure with the drug.
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MESH Headings
- Humans
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/genetics
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/metabolism
- Myeloid Cell Leukemia Sequence 1 Protein/metabolism
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2/metabolism
- NF-kappa B
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm/genetics
- Bridged Bicyclo Compounds, Heterocyclic/pharmacology
- Bridged Bicyclo Compounds, Heterocyclic/therapeutic use
- Recurrence
- Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Thijssen
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Luyi Tian
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Mary Ann Anderson
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Clinical Haematology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre and Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Christoffer Flensburg
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Andrew Jarratt
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Alexandra L. Garnham
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jafar S. Jabbari
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Hongke Peng
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Thomas E. Lew
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Clinical Haematology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre and Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Charis E. Teh
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Quentin Gouil
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Angela Georgiou
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Tania Tan
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Tirta M. Djajawi
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Constantine S. Tam
- Department of Clinical Haematology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre and Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - John F. Seymour
- Department of Clinical Haematology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre and Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Piers Blombery
- Department of Clinical Haematology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre and Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Pathology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Daniel H.D. Gray
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Ian J. Majewski
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Matthew E. Ritchie
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Andrew W. Roberts
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Clinical Haematology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre and Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry, and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - David C.S. Huang
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
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3
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Garciaz S, Guirguis AA, Müller S, Brown FC, Chan YC, Motazedian A, Rowe CL, Kuzich JA, Chan KL, Tran K, Smith L, MacPherson L, Liddicoat B, Lam EY, Cañeque T, Burr ML, Litalien V, Pomilio G, Poplineau M, Duprez E, Dawson SJ, Ramm G, Cox AG, Brown KK, Huang DC, Wei AH, McArthur K, Rodriguez R, Dawson MA. Pharmacologic Reduction of Mitochondrial Iron Triggers a Noncanonical BAX/BAK-Dependent Cell Death. Cancer Discov 2022; 12:774-791. [PMID: 34862195 PMCID: PMC9390741 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-21-0522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Cancer cell metabolism is increasingly recognized as providing an exciting therapeutic opportunity. However, a drug that directly couples targeting of a metabolic dependency with the induction of cell death in cancer cells has largely remained elusive. Here we report that the drug-like small-molecule ironomycin reduces the mitochondrial iron load, resulting in the potent disruption of mitochondrial metabolism. Ironomycin promotes the recruitment and activation of BAX/BAK, but the resulting mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization (MOMP) does not lead to potent activation of the apoptotic caspases, nor is the ensuing cell death prevented by inhibiting the previously established pathways of programmed cell death. Consistent with the fact that ironomycin and BH3 mimetics induce MOMP through independent nonredundant pathways, we find that ironomycin exhibits marked in vitro and in vivo synergy with venetoclax and overcomes venetoclax resistance in primary patient samples. SIGNIFICANCE Ironomycin couples targeting of cellular metabolism with cell death by reducing mitochondrial iron, resulting in the alteration of mitochondrial metabolism and the activation of BAX/BAK. Ironomycin induces MOMP through a different mechanism to BH3 mimetics, and consequently combination therapy has marked synergy in cancers such as acute myeloid leukemia. This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 587.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Garciaz
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre and Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- Aix-Marseille University, INSERM U1068, CNRS, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Marseille, France
| | - Andrew A. Guirguis
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre and Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Sebastian Müller
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR3666, INSERM U1143, Chemical Biology of Cancer, Paris, France
| | - Fiona C. Brown
- Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Yih-Chih Chan
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre and Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Ali Motazedian
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre and Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Caitlin L. Rowe
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - James A. Kuzich
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre and Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Kah Lok Chan
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre and Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Kevin Tran
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre and Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Lorey Smith
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre and Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Laura MacPherson
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre and Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Brian Liddicoat
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre and Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Enid Y.N. Lam
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre and Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Tatiana Cañeque
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR3666, INSERM U1143, Chemical Biology of Cancer, Paris, France
| | - Marian L. Burr
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre and Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Véronique Litalien
- Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Giovanna Pomilio
- Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mathilde Poplineau
- Aix-Marseille University, INSERM U1068, CNRS, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Marseille, France
| | - Estelle Duprez
- Aix-Marseille University, INSERM U1068, CNRS, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Marseille, France
| | - Sarah-Jane Dawson
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre and Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- Centre for Cancer Research, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Georg Ramm
- Monash Ramaciotti Centre for Cryo Electron Microscopy, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Andrew G. Cox
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre and Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kristin K. Brown
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre and Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - David C.S. Huang
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Andrew H. Wei
- Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kate McArthur
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Raphaël Rodriguez
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR3666, INSERM U1143, Chemical Biology of Cancer, Paris, France
| | - Mark A. Dawson
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre and Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- Centre for Cancer Research, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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4
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Blombery P, Lew TE, Dengler MA, Thompson ER, Lin VS, Chen X, Nguyen T, Panigrahi A, Handunnetti SM, Carney DA, Westerman DA, Tam CS, Adams JM, Wei AH, Huang DC, Seymour JF, Roberts AW, Anderson MA. Clonal hematopoiesis, myeloid disorders and BAX-mutated myelopoiesis in patients receiving venetoclax for CLL. Blood 2022; 139:1198-1207. [PMID: 34469514 PMCID: PMC11017791 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2021012775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The BCL2 inhibitor venetoclax has established therapeutic roles in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and acute myeloid leukemia (AML). As BCL2 is an important determinant of survival of both myeloid progenitor and B cells, we investigated whether clinical and molecular abnormalities arise in the myeloid compartment during long-term continuous venetoclax treatment of CLL in 89 patients (87 with relapsed/refractory CLL). Over a median follow-up of 75 (range 21-98) months, persistent cytopenias (≥1 of neutropenia, thrombocytopenia, anemia) lasting ≥4 months and unrelated to CLL occurred in 25 patients (28%). Of these patients, 20 (80%) displayed clonal hematopoiesis, including 10 with therapy-related myeloid neoplasms (t-MNs). t-MNs occurred exclusively in patients previously exposed to fludarabine-alkylator combination therapy with a cumulative 5-year incidence of 10.4% after venetoclax initiation, consistent with rates reported for patients exposed to fludarabine-alkylator combination therapy without venetoclax. To determine whether the altered myelopoiesis reflected the acquisition of mutations, we analyzed samples from patients with no or minimal bone marrow CLL burden (n = 41). Mutations in the apoptosis effector BAX were identified in 32% (13/41). In cellular assays, C-terminal BAX mutants abrogated outer mitochondrial membrane localization of BAX and engendered resistance to venetoclax killing. BAX-mutated clonal hematopoiesis occurred independently of prior fludarabine-alkylator combination therapy exposure and was not associated with t-MNs. Single-cell sequencing revealed clonal co-occurrence of mutations in BAX with DNMT3A or ASXL1. We also observed simultaneous BCL2 mutations within CLL cells and BAX mutations in the myeloid compartment of the same patients, indicating lineage-specific adaptation to venetoclax therapy.
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MESH Headings
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/administration & dosage
- Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/adverse effects
- Bridged Bicyclo Compounds, Heterocyclic/administration & dosage
- Bridged Bicyclo Compounds, Heterocyclic/adverse effects
- Female
- Hematologic Neoplasms/genetics
- Hematologic Neoplasms/metabolism
- Humans
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/genetics
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/metabolism
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Mutation
- Myelopoiesis/drug effects
- Myeloproliferative Disorders/genetics
- Myeloproliferative Disorders/metabolism
- Neoplasms, Second Primary/genetics
- Neoplasms, Second Primary/metabolism
- Sulfonamides/administration & dosage
- Sulfonamides/adverse effects
- Vidarabine/administration & dosage
- Vidarabine/adverse effects
- Vidarabine/analogs & derivatives
- bcl-2-Associated X Protein/antagonists & inhibitors
- bcl-2-Associated X Protein/genetics
- bcl-2-Associated X Protein/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Piers Blombery
- Department of Clinical Haematology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre and Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Pathology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Thomas E. Lew
- Department of Clinical Haematology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre and Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Michael A. Dengler
- University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Division on Oncology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Ella R. Thompson
- University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Pathology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Victor S. Lin
- Department of Clinical Haematology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre and Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Xiangting Chen
- Department of Pathology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Tamia Nguyen
- Department of Pathology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Ashish Panigrahi
- Department of Clinical Haematology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre and Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Sasanka M. Handunnetti
- Department of Clinical Haematology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre and Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Dennis A. Carney
- Department of Clinical Haematology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre and Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - David A. Westerman
- Department of Clinical Haematology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre and Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Pathology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Constantine S. Tam
- Department of Clinical Haematology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre and Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Jerry M. Adams
- University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Andrew H. Wei
- The Alfred Hospital and Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - David C.S. Huang
- University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - John F. Seymour
- Department of Clinical Haematology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre and Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Andrew W. Roberts
- Department of Clinical Haematology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre and Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Mary Ann Anderson
- Department of Clinical Haematology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre and Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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5
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Blombery P, Birkinshaw RW, Nguyen T, Gong J, Thompson ER, Xu Z, Westerman DA, Czabotar PE, Dickinson M, Huang DC, Seymour JF, Roberts AW. Characterization of a novel venetoclax resistance mutation (BCL2 Phe104Ile) observed in follicular lymphoma. Br J Haematol 2019; 186:e188-e191. [DOI: 10.1111/bjh.16069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Piers Blombery
- Department of Pathology Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre Melbourne Australia
- Clinical Haematology Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre and Royal Melbourne Hospital Melbourne Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology University of Melbourne Melbourne Australia
| | - Richard W. Birkinshaw
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research Melbourne Australia
- Department of Medical Biology University of Melbourne Melbourne Australia
| | - Tamia Nguyen
- Department of Pathology Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre Melbourne Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology University of Melbourne Melbourne Australia
| | - Jia‐nan Gong
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research Melbourne Australia
- Department of Medical Biology University of Melbourne Melbourne Australia
| | - Ella R. Thompson
- Department of Pathology Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre Melbourne Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology University of Melbourne Melbourne Australia
| | - Zhen Xu
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research Melbourne Australia
- Department of Medical Biology University of Melbourne Melbourne Australia
| | - David A. Westerman
- Department of Pathology Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre Melbourne Australia
- Clinical Haematology Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre and Royal Melbourne Hospital Melbourne Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology University of Melbourne Melbourne Australia
| | - Peter E. Czabotar
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research Melbourne Australia
- Department of Medical Biology University of Melbourne Melbourne Australia
| | - Michael Dickinson
- Clinical Haematology Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre and Royal Melbourne Hospital Melbourne Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology University of Melbourne Melbourne Australia
| | - David C.S. Huang
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research Melbourne Australia
- Department of Medical Biology University of Melbourne Melbourne Australia
| | - John F. Seymour
- Clinical Haematology Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre and Royal Melbourne Hospital Melbourne Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology University of Melbourne Melbourne Australia
| | - Andrew W. Roberts
- Clinical Haematology Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre and Royal Melbourne Hospital Melbourne Australia
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research Melbourne Australia
- Department of Medical Biology University of Melbourne Melbourne Australia
- Centre for Cancer Research University of Melbourne Melbourne Australia
- Victorian Comprehensive Cancer Centre Melbourne Australia
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6
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Caenepeel S, Brown SP, Belmontes B, Moody G, Keegan KS, Chui D, Whittington DA, Huang X, Poppe L, Cheng AC, Cardozo M, Houze J, Li Y, Lucas B, Paras NA, Wang X, Taygerly JP, Vimolratana M, Zancanella M, Zhu L, Cajulis E, Osgood T, Sun J, Damon L, Egan RK, Greninger P, McClanaghan JD, Gong J, Moujalled D, Pomilio G, Beltran P, Benes CH, Roberts AW, Huang DC, Wei A, Canon J, Coxon A, Hughes PE. AMG 176, a Selective MCL1 Inhibitor, is Effective in Hematological Cancer Models Alone and in Combination with Established Therapies. Cancer Discov 2018; 8:1582-1597. [DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-18-0387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Revised: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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7
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Ko TK, Chin HS, Chuah CT, Huang JW, Ng KP, Khaw SL, Huang DC, Ong ST. The BIM deletion polymorphism: A paradigm of a permissive interaction between germline and acquired TKI resistance factors in chronic myeloid leukemia. Oncotarget 2016; 7:2721-33. [PMID: 26517680 PMCID: PMC4823067 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.5436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Both germline polymorphisms and tumor-specific genetic alterations can determine the response of a cancer to a given therapy. We previously reported a germline deletion polymorphism in the BIM gene that was sufficient to mediate intrinsic resistance to tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) in chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), as well as other cancers [1]. The deletion polymorphism favored the generation of BIM splice forms lacking the pro-apoptotic BH3 domain, conferring a relative resistance to the TKI imatinib (IM). However, CML patients with the BIM deletion polymorphism developed both partial and complete IM resistance. To understand the mechanisms underlying the latter, we grew CML cells either with or without the BIM deletion polymorphism in increasing IM concentrations. Under these conditions, the BIM deletion polymorphism enhanced the emergence of populations with complete IM resistance, mimicking the situation in patients. Importantly, the combined use of TKIs with the BH3 mimetic ABT-737 overcame the BCR-ABL1-dependent and -independent resistance mechanisms found in these cells. Our results illustrate the interplay between germline and acquired genetic factors in confering TKI resistance, and suggest a therapeutic strategy for patients with complete TKI resistance associated with the BIM deletion polymorphism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tun Kiat Ko
- Cancer and Stem Cell Biology Program, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore
| | - Hui San Chin
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Charles T.H. Chuah
- Cancer and Stem Cell Biology Program, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore
- Department of Haematology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore
| | - John W.J. Huang
- Cancer and Stem Cell Biology Program, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore
- Present address: Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences (SICS), Brenner Centre for Molecular Medicine, Singapore
| | - King-Pan Ng
- Cancer and Stem Cell Biology Program, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore
- Present address: Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Seong Lin Khaw
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - David C.S. Huang
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - S. Tiong Ong
- Cancer and Stem Cell Biology Program, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore
- Department of Haematology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Centre, Singapore
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
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8
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White MJ, McArthur K, Metcalf D, Cambier J, Bedoui S, Ritchie M, Huang DC, Kile B. 197. Cytokine 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2014.07.204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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9
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Seymour JF, Davids MS, Pagel JM, Kahl BS, Wierda WG, Puvvada S, Gerecitano JF, Kipps TJ, Anderson MA, Huang DC, Rudersdorf N, Gressick LA, Montalvo NP, Yang J, Zhu M, Dunbar M, Cerri E, Enschede SH, Humerickhouse R, Roberts AW. ABT-199 (GDC-0199) in relapsed/refractory (R/R) chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and small lymphocytic lymphoma (SLL): High complete- response rate and durable disease control. J Clin Oncol 2014. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2014.32.15_suppl.7015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Brad S. Kahl
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, Madison, WI
| | | | | | | | - Thomas J. Kipps
- University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, San Diego, CA
| | - Mary Ann Anderson
- Royal Melbourne Hospital; Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Australia
| | - David C.S. Huang
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Australia
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10
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Kelly GL, Grabow S, Glaser SP, Fitzsimmons L, Aubrey BJ, Okamoto T, Valente LJ, Robati M, Tai L, Fairlie WD, Lee EF, Lindstrom MS, Wiman KG, Huang DC, Bouillet P, Rowe M, Rickinson AB, Herold MJ, Strasser A. Targeting of MCL-1 kills MYC-driven mouse and human lymphomas even when they bear mutations in p53. Genes Dev 2014; 28:58-70. [PMID: 24395247 PMCID: PMC3894413 DOI: 10.1101/gad.232009.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Accepted: 11/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The transcriptional regulator c-MYC is abnormally overexpressed in many human cancers. Evasion from apoptosis is critical for cancer development, particularly c-MYC-driven cancers. We explored which anti-apoptotic BCL-2 family member (expressed under endogenous regulation) is essential to sustain c-MYC-driven lymphoma growth to reveal which should be targeted for cancer therapy. Remarkably, inducible Cre-mediated deletion of even a single Mcl-1 allele substantially impaired the growth of c-MYC-driven mouse lymphomas. Mutations in p53 could diminish but not obviate the dependency of c-MYC-driven mouse lymphomas on MCL-1. Importantly, targeting of MCL-1 killed c-MYC-driven human Burkitt lymphoma cells, even those bearing mutations in p53. Given that loss of one allele of Mcl-1 is well tolerated in healthy tissues, our results suggest that therapeutic targeting of MCL-1 would be an attractive therapeutic strategy for MYC-driven cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gemma L. Kelly
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
- School of Cancer Sciences, University of Birmingham College of Medical and Dental Sciences, The University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3050 Australia
| | - Stephanie Grabow
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3050 Australia
| | - Stefan P. Glaser
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3050 Australia
| | - Leah Fitzsimmons
- School of Cancer Sciences, University of Birmingham College of Medical and Dental Sciences, The University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Brandon J. Aubrey
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3050 Australia
| | - Toru Okamoto
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3050 Australia
| | - Liz J. Valente
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3050 Australia
| | - Mikara Robati
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Lin Tai
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - W. Douglas Fairlie
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3050 Australia
| | - Erinna F. Lee
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3050 Australia
| | - Mikael S. Lindstrom
- Department of Oncology–Pathology, Karolinska Institute, Cancer Center Karolinska (CCK), SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Klas G. Wiman
- Department of Oncology–Pathology, Karolinska Institute, Cancer Center Karolinska (CCK), SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - David C.S. Huang
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3050 Australia
| | - Philippe Bouillet
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3050 Australia
| | - Martin Rowe
- School of Cancer Sciences, University of Birmingham College of Medical and Dental Sciences, The University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Alan B. Rickinson
- School of Cancer Sciences, University of Birmingham College of Medical and Dental Sciences, The University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Marco J. Herold
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3050 Australia
| | - Andreas Strasser
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3050 Australia
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11
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Sleebs BE, Kersten WJA, Kulasegaram S, Nikolakopoulos G, Hatzis E, Moss RM, Parisot JP, Yang H, Czabotar PE, Fairlie WD, Lee EF, Adams JM, Chen L, van Delft MF, Lowes KN, Wei A, Huang DC, Colman PM, Street IP, Baell JB, Watson K, Lessene G. Discovery of Potent and Selective Benzothiazole Hydrazone Inhibitors of Bcl-XL. J Med Chem 2013; 56:5514-40. [DOI: 10.1021/jm400556w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Brad E. Sleebs
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade,
Parkville VIC-3052, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville VIC-3010, Australia
| | - Wilhemus J. A. Kersten
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade,
Parkville VIC-3052, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville VIC-3010, Australia
| | - Sanji Kulasegaram
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade,
Parkville VIC-3052, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville VIC-3010, Australia
| | - George Nikolakopoulos
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade,
Parkville VIC-3052, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville VIC-3010, Australia
| | - Effie Hatzis
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade,
Parkville VIC-3052, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville VIC-3010, Australia
| | - Rebecca M. Moss
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade,
Parkville VIC-3052, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville VIC-3010, Australia
| | - John P. Parisot
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade,
Parkville VIC-3052, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville VIC-3010, Australia
| | - Hong Yang
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade,
Parkville VIC-3052, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville VIC-3010, Australia
| | - Peter E. Czabotar
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade,
Parkville VIC-3052, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville VIC-3010, Australia
| | - W. Douglas Fairlie
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade,
Parkville VIC-3052, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville VIC-3010, Australia
| | - Erinna F. Lee
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade,
Parkville VIC-3052, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville VIC-3010, Australia
| | - Jerry M. Adams
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade,
Parkville VIC-3052, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville VIC-3010, Australia
| | - Lin Chen
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade,
Parkville VIC-3052, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville VIC-3010, Australia
| | - Mark F. van Delft
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade,
Parkville VIC-3052, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville VIC-3010, Australia
| | - Kym N. Lowes
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade,
Parkville VIC-3052, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville VIC-3010, Australia
| | - Andrew Wei
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade,
Parkville VIC-3052, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville VIC-3010, Australia
| | - David C.S. Huang
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade,
Parkville VIC-3052, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville VIC-3010, Australia
| | - Peter M. Colman
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade,
Parkville VIC-3052, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville VIC-3010, Australia
| | - Ian P. Street
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade,
Parkville VIC-3052, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville VIC-3010, Australia
| | - Jonathan B. Baell
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade,
Parkville VIC-3052, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville VIC-3010, Australia
| | - Keith Watson
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade,
Parkville VIC-3052, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville VIC-3010, Australia
| | - Guillaume Lessene
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade,
Parkville VIC-3052, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville VIC-3010, Australia
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12
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Seymour JF, Davids MS, Pagel JM, Kahl BS, Wierda WG, Miller TP, Gerecitano JF, Kipps TJ, Anderson MA, Huang DC, Darden DE, Gressick LA, Nolan CE, Yang J, Busman TA, Graham AM, Cerri E, Enschede SH, Humerickhouse RA, Roberts AW. Updated results of a phase I first-in-human study of the BCL-2 inhibitor ABT-199 (GDC-0199) in patients with relapsed/refractory (R/R) chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). J Clin Oncol 2013. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2013.31.15_suppl.7018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
7018 Background: Targeting BCL-2 is a promising strategy for treating CLL, including disease refractory to fludarabine (F), or with (del(17p). ABT-199 is a selective BCL-2 inhibitor with >500-fold higher affinity for BCL-2 (Ki<0.10 nM) than for BCL-XL (Ki=48 nM). Methods: Objectives of this Ph I dose-escalation study include evaluations of safety, pharmacokinetics and preliminary efficacy of ABT-199 in patients (pts) with R/R CLL. A single oral dose was given followed by 6 days off drug, before continuous once daily dosing. After cohort 1, the initial dose was reduced and daily dosing modified to include a 2 or 3 step dose-escalation to the target dose for each cohort. Results: As of January 11, 2013, 56 pts have been enrolled; median age 67 y (range 36-86); 41 males; median 3.5 prior therapies (range 1-10). 16 (29%) had del(17p) and 18 (32%) F-refractory CLL. Median follow up is 6.3 months (range 0.03-16.5); 7 pts have been on study for more than 1 yr. 13 pts discontinued; 7 due to PD, 6 for other reasons: tumor lysis syndrome (TLS; 2), other illness (2), thromboembolic event (1), consent withdrawal (1). The most common non-hematological AEs (>15% pts) were nausea (36%), diarrhea (30%), fatigue (25%), upper respiratory tract infection (23%), and cough (16%). Grade 3/4 AEs occurring in > 5 pts were neutropenia 21(38%), thrombocytopenia 6 (11%) and TLS 5 (9%). TLS occurred in 3/3 pts in cohort 1 and 2/53 pts with the modified stepped dosing schedule (DLTs). Additionally, 1 fatal AE occurred within 48 hrs of dose-escalation to 1200 mg in a pt with laboratory evidence of TLS (DLT). 46 of 54 pts (85%) evaluable for efficacy achieved a response to ABT-199; 7 (13%) a CR or CR with incomplete count recovery and 39 (72%) a PR (30 confirmed by consecutive scans). 14/16 (88%) and 12/16 (75%) of pts with del(17p) and F-refractory CLL, respectively, achieved at least a PR. Conclusions: ABT-199 is highly active achieving a 85% overall response rate in R/R CLL, independent of high risk markers such as del(17p) and F-refractory disease. Additional dosing and scheduling modifications are currently being explored to minimize the risk of TLS. Clinical trial information: NCT01328626.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Brad S. Kahl
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, Madison, WI
| | | | | | | | | | - Mary Ann Anderson
- Royal Melbourne Hospital; Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Australia
| | - David C.S. Huang
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Australia
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13
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Josefsson EC, James C, Henley KJ, Debrincat MA, Rogers KL, Dowling MR, White MJ, Kruse EA, Lane RM, Ellis S, Nurden P, Mason KD, O'Reilly LA, Roberts AW, Metcalf D, Huang DC, Kile BT. Megakaryocytes possess a functional intrinsic apoptosis pathway that must be restrained to survive and produce platelets. J Biophys Biochem Cytol 2011. [DOI: 10.1083/jcb1946oia12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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14
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McKenzie MD, Jamieson E, Jansen ES, Scott CL, Huang DC, Bouillet P, Allison J, Kay TW, Strasser A, Thomas HE. Glucose induces pancreatic islet cell apoptosis that requires the BH3-only proteins Bim and Puma and multi-BH domain protein Bax. Diabetes 2010; 59:644-52. [PMID: 19959756 PMCID: PMC2828664 DOI: 10.2337/db09-1151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE High concentrations of circulating glucose are believed to contribute to defective insulin secretion and beta-cell function in diabetes and at least some of this effect appears to be caused by glucose-induced beta-cell apoptosis. In mammalian cells, apoptotic cell death is controlled by the interplay of proapoptotic and antiapoptotic members of the Bcl-2 family. We investigated the apoptotic pathway induced in mouse pancreatic islet cells after exposure to high concentrations of the reducing sugars ribose and glucose as a model of beta-cell death due to long-term metabolic stress. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Islets isolated from mice lacking molecules implicated in cell death pathways were exposed to high concentrations of glucose or ribose. Apoptosis was measured by analysis of DNA fragmentation and release of mitochondrial cytochrome c. RESULTS Deficiency of interleukin-1 receptors or Fas did not diminish apoptosis, making involvement of inflammatory cytokine receptor or death receptor signaling in glucose-induced apoptosis unlikely. In contrast, overexpression of the prosurvival protein Bcl-2 or deficiency of the apoptosis initiating BH3-only proteins Bim or Puma, or the downstream apoptosis effector Bax, markedly reduced glucose- or ribose-induced killing of islets. Loss of other BH3-only proteins Bid or Noxa, or the Bax-related effector Bak, had no impact on glucose-induced apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS These results implicate the Bcl-2 regulated apoptotic pathway in glucose-induced islet cell killing and indicate points in the pathway at which interventional strategies can be designed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark D. McKenzie
- St. Vincent's Institute, Melbourne, Australia
- The University of Melbourne Department of Medicine, St. Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Elisa S. Jansen
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Clare L. Scott
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - David C.S. Huang
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Philippe Bouillet
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Thomas W.H. Kay
- St. Vincent's Institute, Melbourne, Australia
- The University of Melbourne Department of Medicine, St. Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Andreas Strasser
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Helen E. Thomas
- St. Vincent's Institute, Melbourne, Australia
- The University of Melbourne Department of Medicine, St. Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Corresponding author: Helen E. Thomas,
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15
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Kaufmann T, Tai L, Ekert PG, Huang DC, Norris F, Lindemann RK, Johnstone RW, Dixit VM, Arnoult D, Strasser A. Response: Does Bid Play a Role in the DNA Damage Response? Cell 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2007.06.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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16
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van Delft MF, Wei AH, Mason KD, Vandenberg CJ, Chen L, Czabotar PE, Willis SN, Scott CL, Day CL, Cory S, Adams JM, Roberts AW, Huang DC. The BH3 mimetic ABT-737 targets selective Bcl-2 proteins and efficiently induces apoptosis via Bak/Bax if Mcl-1 is neutralized. Cancer Cell 2006; 10:389-99. [PMID: 17097561 PMCID: PMC2953559 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2006.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 908] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2006] [Revised: 06/28/2006] [Accepted: 08/24/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Since apoptosis is impaired in malignant cells overexpressing prosurvival Bcl-2 proteins, drugs mimicking their natural antagonists, BH3-only proteins, might overcome chemoresistance. Of seven putative BH3 mimetics tested, only ABT-737 triggered Bax/Bak-mediated apoptosis. Despite its high affinity for Bcl-2, Bcl-x(L), and Bcl-w, many cell types proved refractory to ABT-737. We show that this resistance reflects ABT-737's inability to target another prosurvival relative, Mcl-1. Downregulation of Mcl-1 by several strategies conferred sensitivity to ABT-737. Furthermore, enforced Mcl-1 expression in a mouse lymphoma model conferred resistance. In contrast, cells overexpressing Bcl-2 remained highly sensitive to ABT-737. Hence, ABT-737 should prove efficacious in tumors with low Mcl-1 levels, or when combined with agents that inactivate Mcl-1, even to treat those tumors that overexpress Bcl-2.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Apoptosis
- Biphenyl Compounds/metabolism
- Biphenyl Compounds/pharmacology
- Biphenyl Compounds/therapeutic use
- Cells, Cultured
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Disease Models, Animal
- Fibroblasts/cytology
- Fibroblasts/metabolism
- Humans
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/metabolism
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/pathology
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Transgenic
- Myeloid Cell Leukemia Sequence 1 Protein
- Neoplasm Proteins/metabolism
- Nitrophenols/metabolism
- Nitrophenols/pharmacology
- Nitrophenols/therapeutic use
- Piperazines/metabolism
- Piperazines/pharmacology
- Piperazines/therapeutic use
- Protein Structure, Tertiary
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2/antagonists & inhibitors
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2/chemistry
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2/metabolism
- RNA Interference
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/genetics
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism
- Sulfonamides/metabolism
- Sulfonamides/pharmacology
- Sulfonamides/therapeutic use
- bcl-2 Homologous Antagonist-Killer Protein/genetics
- bcl-2 Homologous Antagonist-Killer Protein/metabolism
- bcl-2-Associated X Protein/chemistry
- bcl-2-Associated X Protein/genetics
- bcl-2-Associated X Protein/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark F. van Delft
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3050, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Andrew H. Wei
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3050, Australia
| | - Kylie D. Mason
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3050, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Cassandra J. Vandenberg
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3050, Australia
| | - Lin Chen
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3050, Australia
| | - Peter E. Czabotar
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3050, Australia
| | - Simon N. Willis
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3050, Australia
| | - Clare L. Scott
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3050, Australia
| | - Catherine L. Day
- Biochemistry Department, University of Otago, Dunedin 9001, New Zealand
| | - Suzanne Cory
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3050, Australia
| | - Jerry M. Adams
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3050, Australia
| | - Andrew W. Roberts
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3050, Australia
| | - David C.S. Huang
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3050, Australia
- Correspondence: David Huang, Ph - +61 3 9345 2555, Fax: +61 3 9347 0852, E-mail:
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17
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Puthalakath H, Villunger A, O'Reilly LA, Beaumont JG, Coultas L, Cheney RE, Huang DC, Strasser A. Bmf: a proapoptotic BH3-only protein regulated by interaction with the myosin V actin motor complex, activated by anoikis. Science 2001; 293:1829-32. [PMID: 11546872 DOI: 10.1126/science.1062257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 451] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Bcl-2 family members bearing only the BH3 domain are essential inducers of apoptosis. We identified a BH3-only protein, Bmf, and show that its BH3 domain is required both for binding to prosurvival Bcl-2 proteins and for triggering apoptosis. In healthy cells, Bmf is sequestered to myosin V motors by association with dynein light chain 2. Certain damage signals, such as loss of cell attachment (anoikis), unleash Bmf, allowing it to translocate and bind prosurvival Bcl-2 proteins. Thus, at least two mammalian BH3-only proteins, Bmf and Bim, function to sense intracellular damage by their localization to distinct cytoskeletal structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Puthalakath
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, P.O. Royal Melbourne Hospital, 3050 VIC, Australia
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18
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O'Reilly LA, Print C, Hausmann G, Moriishi K, Cory S, Huang DC, Strasser A. Tissue expression and subcellular localization of the pro-survival molecule Bcl-w. Cell Death Differ 2001; 8:486-94. [PMID: 11423909 DOI: 10.1038/sj.cdd.4400835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2000] [Revised: 12/21/2000] [Accepted: 12/21/2000] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Anti-apoptotic members of the Bcl-2 family, such as Bcl-w, maintain cell viability by preventing the activation of the cell death effectors, the caspases. Gene targeting experiments in mice have demonstrated that Bcl-w is required for spermatogenesis and for survival of damaged epithelial cells in the gut. Bcl-w is, however, dispensable for physiological cell death in other tissues. Here we report on the analysis of Bcl-w protein expression using a panel of novel monoclonal antibodies. Bcl-w is found in a diverse range of tissues including colon, brain and testes. A survey of transformed cell lines and purified hematopoietic cells demonstrated that Bcl-w is expressed in cells of myeloid, lymphoid and epithelial origin. Subcellular fractionation and confocal laser scanning microscopy demonstrated that Bcl-w protein is associated with intracellular membranes. The implications of these results are discussed in the context of the phenotype of Bcl-w-null mice and recent data that suggest that Bcl-w may play a role in colon carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A O'Reilly
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Melbourne, Australia
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19
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Abstract
The yeast reverse two-hybrid system is a powerful technique for isolating mutations in a protein that abolish its interaction with a known partner. Selection is based on abrogation of growth suppression imposed when wild-type interactions confer 5-fluoroorotic acid (5-FOA) sensitivity to yeast cells. A laborious component of this system is to eliminate those mutations that cause protein truncation. By fusing the green fluorescent protein (GFP) to the C-terminus of a protein of interest, dynein light chain (LC8), we were able to rapidly isolate mutations that did not result in protein truncation.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Puthalakath
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Melbourne, Australia
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20
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Strasser A, Puthalakath H, Bouillet P, Huang DC, O'Connor L, O'Reilly LA, Cullen L, Cory S, Adams JM. The role of bim, a proapoptotic BH3-only member of the Bcl-2 family in cell-death control. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2001; 917:541-8. [PMID: 11268382 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2000.tb05419.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Apoptosis is an evolutionarily conserved process for killing unwanted cells. Genetic and biochemical experiments have indicated that three groups of proteins are necessary for activation of the cell-death effector machinery: cysteine proteases, their adaptors, and proapoptotic Bcl-2 family members. Antiapoptotic Bcl-2 family members are needed for cell survival. We have cloned Bim, a proapoptotic Bcl-2 family member that shares with the family only a 9-16 aa region of homology [Bcl-3 homology region(BH3)], but is otherwise unique. Bim requires its BH3 region for binding to Bcl-2 and activation of apoptosis. Analysis of Bim-deficient mice has shown that Bim is essential for the execution of some but not all apoptotic stimuli that can be antagonized by Bcl-2. Bim-deficient mice have increased numbers of lymphocytes, plasma cells, and myeloid cells, and most develop fatal autoimmune glomerulonephritis. In healthy cells, Bim is bound to the microtubule-associated dynein motor complex, and is thereby sequestered from Bcl-2. Certain apoptotic signals unleash Bim and allow it to translocate to intracellular membranes, where it interacts with Bcl-2 or its homologues. These results indicate that BH3-only proteins are essential inducers of apoptosis that can be unleashed by certain death signals. Unleashed BH3-only proteins neutralize the prosurvival function of Bcl-2-like molecules, and this is thought to liberate Apaf-l-like adapters to activate caspase zymogens, which then initiate cell degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Strasser
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Post Office Royal Melbourne Hospital, 3050 Vic., Melbourne, Australia.
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21
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Adams JM, Huang DC, Puthalakath H, Bouillet P, Vairo G, Moriishi K, Hausmann G, O'Reilly L, Newton K, Ogilvy S, Bath ML, Print CG, Harris AW, Strasser A, Cory S. Control of apoptosis in hematopoietic cells by the Bcl-2 family of proteins. Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol 2001; 64:351-8. [PMID: 11232307 DOI: 10.1101/sqb.1999.64.351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J M Adams
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Victoria 3050, Australia
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22
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Bouillet P, Huang DC, O'Reilly LA, Puthalakath H, O'Connor L, Cory S, Adams JM, Strasser A. The role of the pro-apoptotic Bcl-2 family member bim in physiological cell death. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2001; 926:83-9. [PMID: 11193044 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2000.tb05601.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Apoptosis, an evolutionarily conserved process for killing unwanted cells in multicellular organisms, is essential for normal development, tissue homeostasis and as a defense against pathogens. The control of apoptosis is of considerable importance for clinical medicine, as its deregulation can lead to cancer, autoimmunity or degenerative diseases. We have disrupted the Bim gene in the mouse and demonstrated that it plays a major and non-redundant role in embryogenesis, in the control of hematopoietic cell death, and as a barrier against autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Bouillet
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Melbourne, Australia
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23
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Bouillet P, Zhang LC, Huang DC, Webb GC, Bottema CD, Shore P, Eyre HJ, Sutherland GR, Adams JM. Gene structure alternative splicing, and chromosomal localization of pro-apoptotic Bcl-2 relative Bim. Mamm Genome 2001; 12:163-8. [PMID: 11210187 DOI: 10.1007/s003350010242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Bim is a proapoptotic protein of the Bcl-2 family that shares only the short BH3 domain with other members. It has three isoforms, apparently produced by alternative splicing. The demonstration that Bim is essential for certain apoptotic responses and to prevent overproduction of hematopoietic cells suggests that it may be a tumor suppressor. We have, therefore, investigated the organization of the mouse Bim gene, delineating its promoter and splicing, and positioned the gene on both mouse and human chromosomes. Bim has six exons, but the third is a facultative intron that is spliced out in the mRNAs for the smaller isoforms (BimL and BimS), but not that encoding the largest isoform (BimEL). The 0.8-kb region 5' to exon 1, which contains a TATA-less promoter and binding sites for several transcription factors, can drive expression of a reporter gene. Mouse Bim localizes to the distal third of Chromosome (Chr) 2, near the F-G boundary, and its human counterpart to Chr 2q12 or q13. Deletions of these bands have been reported in ten tumors (eight hematopoietic), reinforcing the possibility that Bim is a tumor suppressor. These findings should help to clarify the regulation of Bim expression and to assess whether mutations involving Bim contribute to neoplastic and other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Bouillet
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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24
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Affiliation(s)
- D C Huang
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Melbourne, Australia.
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25
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Denker SP, Huang DC, Orlowski J, Furthmayr H, Barber DL. Direct binding of the Na--H exchanger NHE1 to ERM proteins regulates the cortical cytoskeleton and cell shape independently of H(+) translocation. Mol Cell 2000; 6:1425-36. [PMID: 11163215 DOI: 10.1016/s1097-2765(00)00139-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 333] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The association of actin filaments with the plasma membrane maintains cell shape and adhesion. Here, we show that the plasma membrane ion exchanger NHE1 acts as an anchor for actin filaments to control the integrity of the cortical cytoskeleton. This occurs through a previously unrecognized structural link between NHE1 and the actin binding proteins ezrin, radixin, and moesin (ERM). NHE1 and ERM proteins associate directly and colocalize in lamellipodia. Fibroblasts expressing NHE1 with mutations that disrupt ERM binding, but not ion translocation, have impaired organization of focal adhesions and actin stress fibers, and an irregular cell shape. We propose a structural role for NHE1 in regulating the cortical cytoskeleton that is independent of its function as an ion exchanger.
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Affiliation(s)
- S P Denker
- Department of Stomatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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26
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Hung JC, Mahoney DW, Huang DC, Wang A. The relationship between elution time and eluate volume using the Ultra-TechneKow DTE technetium-99m generator. J Nucl Med Technol 2000; 28:178-81. [PMID: 11001502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The new Ultra-TechneKow Dry Ship Top Elute 99mTc generator (UTK-DTE generator; Mallinckrodt Medical, Inc., St. Louis, MO) was devised to facilitate fractionated elution with an ergonomically designed elution shield. Fractionation is accomplished traditionally by visually observing the eluted volume through 2 layers of leaded glass windows located in a lighted elution shield and generator auxiliary shield. The goal of our study was to use elution time to determine the endpoint for obtaining the required volume of 99mTc-eluate from a UTK-DTE generator. METHODS After triplicate elution at several predetermined elution times, the initial weight of the evacuated collecting vial was subtracted from the total weight after elution to determine the elution volume. RESULTS A quadratic relationship was established between the eluate volume (v, mL) and elution time (t, s) (v = 0.3594 + 0.1889 t - 0.0009 t2). This equation is suitable for use with the 10-mL elution vial. This formula may not be accurate for the first elution since the UTK-DTE generator is a dry-column generator when shipped. The following elution times were calculated for some commonly eluted volumes: 2 mL (9 s), 4 mL (22 s), 5 mL (28 s), 7 mL (45 s), and 10 mL (88 s). CONCLUSION Our calculated elution time method can be used to predict the eluate volume from a UTK-DTE generator.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Hung
- Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiology and Section of Biostatistics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA.
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27
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Villunger A, Huang DC, Holler N, Tschopp J, Strasser A. Fas ligand-induced c-Jun kinase activation in lymphoid cells requires extensive receptor aggregation but is independent of DAXX, and Fas-mediated cell death does not involve DAXX, RIP, or RAIDD. J Immunol 2000; 165:1337-43. [PMID: 10903735 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.165.3.1337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Jun kinase signaling can be elicited by death receptor activation, but the mechanism and significance of this event are still unclear. It has been reported that cross-linking Abs to Fas trigger c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling via caspase-mediated activation of MEKK1 (JNK kinase kinase), elevation of ceramide levels or by recruitment of death domain associated protein (DAXX) to Fas. The effect of physiological ligand for Fas on JNK signaling was never investigated, although evidence is accumulating that Fas ligand is able to induce cellular responses distinct from those evoked by Ab-mediated cross-linking of Fas. Therefore, we investigated the effect of Fas ligand on JNK signaling. Like its ability to induce cell death, Fas ligand reliably activated JNK only upon extensive aggregation of the receptor. Although this was partially dependent on caspase activation, DAXX was not required. DAXX and other death receptor-associated proteins, which have been reported to bind directly or indirectly to Fas, such as receptor interacting protein (RIP) and RIP-associated ICH-1/CED-3-homologous protein with a death domain (RAIDD), were shown to be dispensable for Fas ligand-induced apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Villunger
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Melbourne, Australia; and Institute of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
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28
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Huang DC, Tschopp J, Strasser A. Bcl-2 does not inhibit cell death induced by the physiological Fas ligand: implications for the existence of type I and type II cells. Cell Death Differ 2000; 7:754-5. [PMID: 11202986 DOI: 10.1038/sj.cdd.4400683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
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29
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O'Reilly LA, Cullen L, Visvader J, Lindeman GJ, Print C, Bath ML, Huang DC, Strasser A. The proapoptotic BH3-only protein bim is expressed in hematopoietic, epithelial, neuronal, and germ cells. Am J Pathol 2000; 157:449-61. [PMID: 10934149 PMCID: PMC1850143 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)64557-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Proapoptotic Bcl-2 family members activate cell death by neutralizing their anti-apoptotic relatives, which in turn maintain cell viability by regulating the activation of the cell death effectors, the caspases. Bim belongs to a distinct subgroup of proapoptotic proteins that only resemble other Bcl-2 family members within the short BH3 domain. Gene targeting experiments in mice have shown that Bim is essential for the execution of some but not all apoptotic stimuli, for hematopoietic cell homeostasis, and as a barrier against autoimmunity. There are three Bim isoforms, Bim(S), Bim(L), and Bim(EL), which have different proapoptotic potencies due at least in part to differences in interaction with the dynein motor complex. The expression pattern of Bim was investigated by immunohistochemical staining, immunoprecipitation followed by Western blotting, and in situ hybridization. Bim was found in hematopoietic, epithelial, neuronal, and germ cells. Bim(L) and Bim(EL) were coexpressed at similar levels in many cell types, but Bim(S) was not detected. Microscopic examination revealed a punctate pattern of Bim(L) and Bim(EL) immunostaining, indicating association with cytoplasmic structures. These results are discussed in the context of the phenotype of Bim-deficient mice and the post-translational regulation of Bim's pro-apoptotic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A O'Reilly
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute and the Rotary Bone Marrow Research Laboratories, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
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30
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Tseng SH, Chen SM, Lin SM, Huang DC. Increased immunoreactive labeling of the spinal N-methyl-D-aspartate R1 receptors after dorsal root ganglionectomy in the rats. Neurosci Lett 2000; 286:41-4. [PMID: 10822148 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3940(00)01091-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor plays an important role in the development of the autotomy after dorsal root ganglionectomy (DRGn). In this study, we further investigated the expression of the NMDAR1 in the spinal cord of the rats after right DRGn by immunohistochemical analyses. Computerized densitometric analysis of the NMDAR1 immunoreactivity was done and the integrated optical density (IOD) of the superficial laminae of the dorsal horn of the spinal cord was measured. The immunoreactive labeling of the NMDAR1 was increased in the cervical spinal cord ipsilateral to the DRGn from day 5 to 14 after DRGn. The ratio of the right/left IOD of the rats receiving DRGn was significantly higher than the rats in the sham-operated group and the control group (P<0.05). The expression of the NMDAR1 increased gradually to reach the peak at day 7 after DRGn (mean right/left IOD ratio=1.52), then decreased thereafter. The increased expression of the NMDAR1 at day 7 was suppressed by MK-801 (NMDA receptor antagonist) administered immediately after DRGn, but not by normal saline or 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-6-nitro-2, 3-dioxo-benzo[f] quinoxaline-7-sulfonamide (NBQX, non-NMDA receptor antagonist). The results indicated that the expression of the NMDAR1 in the superficial laminae of the dorsal horn of the spinal cord was increased after DRGn and the time course was compatible with the onset and development of the autotomy induced by DRGn.
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Affiliation(s)
- S H Tseng
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, 7 Chung-Shan S. Rd., 100, Taipei, Taiwan
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31
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Hausmann G, O'Reilly LA, van Driel R, Beaumont JG, Strasser A, Adams JM, Huang DC. Pro-apoptotic apoptosis protease-activating factor 1 (Apaf-1) has a cytoplasmic localization distinct from Bcl-2 or Bcl-x(L). J Cell Biol 2000; 149:623-34. [PMID: 10791976 PMCID: PMC2174854 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.149.3.623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/1999] [Accepted: 03/23/2000] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
How Bcl-2 and its pro-survival relatives prevent activation of the caspases that mediate apoptosis is unknown, but they appear to act through the caspase activator apoptosis protease-activating factor 1 (Apaf-1). According to the apoptosome model, the Bcl-2-like proteins preclude Apaf-1 activity by sequestering the protein. To explore Apaf-1 function and to test this model, we generated monoclonal antibodies to Apaf-1 and used them to determine its localization within diverse cells by subcellular fractionation and confocal laser scanning microscopy. Whereas Bcl-2 and Bcl-x(L) were prominent on organelle membranes, endogenous Apaf-1 was cytosolic and did not colocalize with them, even when these pro-survival proteins were overexpressed or after apoptosis was induced. Immunogold electron microscopy confirmed that Apaf-1 was dispersed in the cytoplasm and not on mitochondria or other organelles. After the death stimuli, Bcl-2 and Bcl-x(L) precluded the release of the Apaf-1 cofactor cytochrome c from mitochondria and the formation of larger Apaf-1 complexes, which are steps that presage apoptosis. However, neither Bcl-2 nor Bcl-x(L) could prevent the in vitro activation of Apaf-1 induced by the addition of exogenous cytochrome c. Hence, rather than sequestering Apaf-1 as proposed by the apoptosome model, Bcl-2-like proteins probably regulate Apaf-1 indirectly by controlling upstream events critical for its activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Hausmann
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Post Office Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria 3050, Australia
| | - Lorraine A. O'Reilly
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Post Office Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria 3050, Australia
| | - Rosemary van Driel
- The Baker Medical Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria 8008, Australia
| | - Jennifer G. Beaumont
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Post Office Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria 3050, Australia
| | - Andreas Strasser
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Post Office Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria 3050, Australia
| | - Jerry M. Adams
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Post Office Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria 3050, Australia
| | - David C.S. Huang
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Post Office Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria 3050, Australia
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32
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Affiliation(s)
- L O'Connor
- Molecular Genetics of Cancer Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Victoria, Australia.
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33
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Colussi PA, Quinn LM, Huang DC, Coombe M, Read SH, Richardson H, Kumar S. Debcl, a proapoptotic Bcl-2 homologue, is a component of the Drosophila melanogaster cell death machinery. J Cell Biol 2000; 148:703-14. [PMID: 10684252 PMCID: PMC2169366 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.148.4.703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Bcl-2 family of proteins are key regulators of apoptosis. Both proapoptotic and antiapoptotic members of this family are found in mammalian cells, but no such proteins have been described in insects. Here, we report the identification and characterization of Debcl, the first Bcl-2 homologue in Drosophila melanogaster. Structurally, Debcl is similar to Bax-like proapoptotic Bcl-2 family members. Ectopic expression of Debcl in cultured cells and in transgenic flies causes apoptosis, which is inhibited by coexpression of the baculovirus caspase inhibitor P35, indicating that Debcl is a proapoptotic protein that functions in a caspase-dependent manner. debcl expression correlates with developmental cell death in specific Drosophila tissues. We also show that debcl genetically interacts with diap1 and dark, and that debcl-mediated apoptosis is not affected by gene dosage of rpr, hid, and grim. Biochemically, Debcl can interact with several mammalian and viral prosurvival Bcl-2 family members, but not with the proapoptotic members, suggesting that it may regulate apoptosis by antagonizing prosurvival Bcl-2 proteins. RNA interference studies indicate that Debcl is required for developmental apoptosis in Drosophila embryos. These results suggest that the main components of the mammalian apoptosis machinery are conserved in insects.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Animals, Genetically Modified
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Apoptosis/genetics
- Apoptosis/physiology
- Caspase Inhibitors
- Caspases/metabolism
- Cell Survival/drug effects
- Cells, Cultured
- Cloning, Molecular
- Drosophila Proteins
- Drosophila melanogaster/cytology
- Drosophila melanogaster/embryology
- Drosophila melanogaster/genetics
- Drosophila melanogaster/metabolism
- Epistasis, Genetic
- Gene Expression
- Genes, Insect/genetics
- Inhibitor of Apoptosis Proteins
- Insect Proteins/genetics
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Mutation/genetics
- Protein Binding
- Protein Structure, Tertiary
- Proteins/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2/chemistry
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2/metabolism
- RNA, Double-Stranded/administration & dosage
- RNA, Double-Stranded/pharmacology
- RNA, Messenger/analysis
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
- Viral Proteins/genetics
- Viral Proteins/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A. Colussi
- The Hanson Centre for Cancer Research, Institute of Medical and Veterinary Science, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Leonie M. Quinn
- Department of Genetics, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia
| | - David C.S. Huang
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Vic 3050, Australia
| | - Michelle Coombe
- Department of Genetics, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia
| | - Stuart H. Read
- The Hanson Centre for Cancer Research, Institute of Medical and Veterinary Science, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Helena Richardson
- Department of Genetics, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia
| | - Sharad Kumar
- The Hanson Centre for Cancer Research, Institute of Medical and Veterinary Science, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
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34
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Allison J, Thomas H, Beck D, Brady JL, Lew AM, Elefanty A, Kosaka H, Kay TW, Huang DC, Strasser A. Transgenic overexpression of human Bcl-2 in islet beta cells inhibits apoptosis but does not prevent autoimmune destruction. Int Immunol 2000; 12:9-17. [PMID: 10607745 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/12.1.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus results when > 90% of the insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreatic islets are killed as a result of autoimmune attack by T cells. During the progression to diabetes, islet beta cells die as a result of different insults from the immune system. Agents such as perforin and granzymes, CD95 ligand and tumor necrosis factor-alpha, or cytokines and free-radicals have all been shown to cause beta cell apoptosis. The anti-apoptotic protein, Bcl-2, might protect against some of these stimuli. We have therefore generated transgenic mice expressing human Bcl-2 in their islet beta cells. Although Bcl-2 was able to prevent apoptosis induced by cytotoxic agents against beta cells in vitro, Bcl-2 alone could not prevent or ameliorate cytotoxic or autoimmune beta cell damage in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Allison
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute for Medical Research, Post Office, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Victoria 3050, Australia
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35
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Huang DC, Hahne M, Schroeter M, Frei K, Fontana A, Villunger A, Newton K, Tschopp J, Strasser A. Activation of Fas by FasL induces apoptosis by a mechanism that cannot be blocked by Bcl-2 or Bcl-x(L). Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1999; 96:14871-6. [PMID: 10611305 PMCID: PMC24740 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.96.26.14871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 257] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Fas activation triggers apoptosis in many cell types. Studies with anti-Fas antibodies have produced conflicting results on Fas signaling, particularly the role of the Bcl-2 family in this process. Comparison between physiological ligand and anti-Fas antibodies revealed that only extensive Fas aggregation, by membrane bound FasL or aggregated soluble FasL consistently triggered apoptosis, whereas antibodies could act as death agonists or antagonists. Studies on Fas signaling in cell lines and primary cells from transgenic mice revealed that FADD/MORT1 and caspase-8 were required for apoptosis. In contrast, Bcl-2 or Bcl-x(L) did not block FasL-induced apoptosis in lymphocytes or hepatocytes, demonstrating that signaling for cell death induced by Fas and the pathways to apoptosis regulated by the Bcl-2 family are distinct.
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Affiliation(s)
- D C Huang
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Post Office Royal Melbourne Hospital, Vic 3050, Melbourne, Australia
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36
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Bouillet P, Metcalf D, Huang DC, Tarlinton DM, Kay TW, Köntgen F, Adams JM, Strasser A. Proapoptotic Bcl-2 relative Bim required for certain apoptotic responses, leukocyte homeostasis, and to preclude autoimmunity. Science 1999; 286:1735-8. [PMID: 10576740 DOI: 10.1126/science.286.5445.1735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1180] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Apoptosis can be triggered by members of the Bcl-2 protein family, such as Bim, that share only the BH3 domain with this family. Gene targeting in mice revealed important physiological roles for Bim. Lymphoid and myeloid cells accumulated, T cell development was perturbed, and most older mice accumulated plasma cells and succumbed to autoimmune kidney disease. Lymphocytes were refractory to apoptotic stimuli such as cytokine deprivation, calcium ion flux, and microtubule perturbation but not to others. Thus, Bim is required for hematopoietic homeostasis and as a barrier to autoimmunity. Moreover, particular death stimuli appear to activate apoptosis through distinct BH3-only proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Bouillet
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Victoria 3050, Australia
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37
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McGough CG, Huang DC, Hung JC. Comparison of four 1-mL syringes for administering first-pass radionuclide angiography doses. J Nucl Med Technol 1999; 27:227-9. [PMID: 10512480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/14/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE For optimal imaging in first-pass radionuclide angiography (FPRNA) studies, 1.11 GBq (30 mCi) 99mTc-sestamibi doses are drawn up in volumes of 0.1-0.3 mL. A single bolus injection of this small volume is important to obtain accurate time-activity curves. Because of the small volume and concentrated radioactivity, it is undesirable for study effectiveness and image quality to have a significant amount of residual activity remaining in the syringe after injection. The purpose of this study was to compare the amount of residual activity in 4 different 1-mL syringes. METHODS Each test syringe (n = 20) was filled with a volume (0.2 mL) of approximately 1.11 GBq (approximately 30 mCi) 99mTc-sestamibi. Initial activity was measured, and the dose was injected back into a vial only once, simulating bolus injection into a patient. The remaining activity was measured, followed by the calculation of percent residual activity. RESULTS The two 25-G x 5/8-in. permanent needles had a low percent of residual activity, as well as a much sturdier needle for injection. However, one of these syringes is more expensive. CONCLUSION The results of our comparison studies showed that the syringe with a 25-G x 5/8-in. permanent needle is ideal for FPRNA doses because of its sturdiness, low residual activity, and the quality of the bolus and resulting images.
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Affiliation(s)
- C G McGough
- Nuclear Medicine, Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
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38
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Abstract
The Bcl-2 family of proteins regulates apoptosis, the cell death program triggered by activation of certain proteases (caspases). An attractive model for how Bcl-2 and its closest relatives prevent caspase activation is that they bind to and inactivate an adaptor protein required for procaspase processing. That model has been supported by reports that mammalian prosurvival Bcl-2 relatives bind the adaptor Apaf-1, which activates procaspase-9. However, the in vivo association studies reported here with both overexpressed and endogenous Apaf-1 challenge this notion. Apaf-1 could be immunoprecipitated together with procaspase-9, and the Apaf-1 caspase-recruitment domain was necessary and sufficient for their interaction. Apaf-1 did not bind, however, to any of the six known mammalian prosurvival family members (Bcl-2, Bcl-x(L), Bcl-w, A1, Mcl-1, or Boo), or their viral homologs adenovirus E1B 19K and Epstein-Barr virus BHRF-1. Endogenous Apaf-1 also failed to coimmunoprecipitate with endogenous Bcl-2 or Bcl-x(L), or with two proapoptotic relatives (Bax and Bim). Moreover, apoptotic stimuli did not induce Apaf-1 to bind to these family members. Thus, the prosurvival Bcl-2 homologs do not appear to act by sequestering Apaf-1 and probably instead constrain its activity indirectly.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Moriishi
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Post Office, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Victoria 3050, Australia
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39
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Holmgreen SP, Huang DC, Adams JM, Cory S. Survival activity of Bcl-2 homologs Bcl-w and A1 only partially correlates with their ability to bind pro-apoptotic family members. Cell Death Differ 1999; 6:525-32. [PMID: 10381646 DOI: 10.1038/sj.cdd.4400519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Certain Bcl-2 family members promote cell survival, whereas others promote apoptosis. To explore further how heterodimerization of opposing members affects survival activity, we have compared the abilities of the anti-apoptotic Bcl-w and A1 to bind to the pro-apoptotic Bax, Bak, Bad and Bik and to protect cells from their cytotoxic action. Bcl-w co-immunoprecipitated from cell lysates with Bax, Bak, Bad and Bik, but A1 bound only Bak and Bik. Mutation of A1 at a highly conserved glycine within the BH1 domain prevented binding, but the comparable Bcl-w mutant still bound Bak, Bad and Bik, indicating that the glycine is not essential for all heterodimerization. Bcl-w and A1 protected against apoptosis induced by over-expression of Bax or Bad but not that induced by Bak or Bik. With several gene pairs, binding and protection were discordant. The results may reflect critical threshold affinities but also suggest that certain pro-apoptotic proteins may also contribute to apoptosis by a mechanism independent of binding pro-survival proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- S P Holmgreen
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, PO Royal Melbourne Hospital Victoria 3050, Australia
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40
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Grell M, Zimmermann G, Gottfried E, Chen CM, Grünwald U, Huang DC, Wu Lee YH, Dürkop H, Engelmann H, Scheurich P, Wajant H, Strasser A. Induction of cell death by tumour necrosis factor (TNF) receptor 2, CD40 and CD30: a role for TNF-R1 activation by endogenous membrane-anchored TNF. EMBO J 1999; 18:3034-43. [PMID: 10357816 PMCID: PMC1171385 DOI: 10.1093/emboj/18.11.3034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 225] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Several members of the tumour necrosis factor receptor (TNF-R) superfamily can induce cell death. For TNF-R1, Fas/APO-1, DR3, DR6, TRAIL-R1 and TRAIL-R2, a conserved 'death domain' in the intracellular region couples these receptors to activation of caspases. However, it is not yet known how TNF receptor family members lacking a death domain, such as TNF-R2, CD40, LT-betaR, CD27 or CD30, execute their death-inducing capability. Here we demonstrate in different cellular systems that cytotoxic effects induced by TNF-R2, CD40 and CD30 are mediated by endogenous production of TNF and autotropic or paratropic activation of TNF-R1. In addition, stimulation of TNF-R2 and CD40 synergistically enhances TNF-R1-induced cytotoxicity. These findings describe a novel pro-apoptotic mechanism induced by some members of the TNF-R family.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies/pharmacology
- Antigens, CD/chemistry
- Antigens, CD/genetics
- Antigens, CD/physiology
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- CD40 Antigens/genetics
- CD40 Antigens/physiology
- Caspase Inhibitors
- Caspases/metabolism
- Fas Ligand Protein
- Humans
- Interferon-gamma/antagonists & inhibitors
- Interferon-gamma/pharmacology
- Ki-1 Antigen/physiology
- Membrane Glycoproteins/physiology
- Membrane Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Membrane Proteins/genetics
- Membrane Proteins/metabolism
- Mice
- Mutation
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2/physiology
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptors, Interferon/genetics
- Receptors, Interferon/physiology
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/chemistry
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/genetics
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/physiology
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type I
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type II
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/genetics
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/physiology
- Signal Transduction
- Transfection
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/antagonists & inhibitors
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/genetics
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/metabolism
- Up-Regulation
- bcl-X Protein
- Interferon gamma Receptor
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Affiliation(s)
- M Grell
- Institute of Cell Biology and Immunology, University of Stuttgart, Allmandring 31, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
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41
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Puthalakath H, Huang DC, O'Reilly LA, King SM, Strasser A. The proapoptotic activity of the Bcl-2 family member Bim is regulated by interaction with the dynein motor complex. Mol Cell 1999; 3:287-96. [PMID: 10198631 DOI: 10.1016/s1097-2765(00)80456-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 806] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Bcl-2 family members that have only a single Bcl-2 homology domain, BH3, are potent inducers of apoptosis, and some appear to play a critical role in developmentally programmed cell death. We examined the regulation of the proapoptotic activity of the BH3-only protein Bim. In healthy cells, most Bim molecules were bound to LC8 cytoplasmic dynein light chain and thereby sequestered to the microtubule-associated dynein motor complex. Certain apoptotic stimuli disrupted the interaction between LC8 and the dynein motor complex. This freed Bim to translocate together with LC8 to Bcl-2 and to neutralize its antiapoptotic activity. This process did not require caspase activity and therefore constitutes an initiating event in apoptosis signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Puthalakath
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Victoria, Australia
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42
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O'Reilly LA, Cullen L, Moriishi K, O'Connor L, Huang DC, Strasser A. Rapid hybridoma screening method for the identification of monoclonal antibodies to low-abundance cytoplasmic proteins. Biotechniques 1998; 25:824-30. [PMID: 9821584 DOI: 10.2144/98255st03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Screening assays are the most time-consuming and labor-intensive part of generating monoclonal antibodies (MAbs). Antibodies identified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) screening often are not suitable for their intended application such as immunofluorescence staining. We describe here a rapid and efficient flow cytometric screening procedure for the identification of MAbs directed against low-abundance cytoplasmic proteins, in our case, the pro-apoptotic molecule Bim. Cells from an equal mixture of a parental cell line and a subline expressing Bim were fixed, permeabilized and incubated with hybridoma supernatants. The supernatants were derived from a fusion of Sp2/0 plasmacytoma cells and spleen cells from a rat immunized with recombinant glutathione-S-transferase (GST)-BimL fusion protein. Secondary staining with fluorochrome-labeled anti-rat Ig antibodies allowed detection of clones expressing Bim-specific antibodies. The screening procedure was rapid and efficient, and most monoclonal antibodies identified were proven to be useful for immunofluorescence staining and other applications.
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43
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Huang DC, Adams JM, Cory S. The conserved N-terminal BH4 domain of Bcl-2 homologues is essential for inhibition of apoptosis and interaction with CED-4. EMBO J 1998; 17:1029-39. [PMID: 9463381 PMCID: PMC1170452 DOI: 10.1093/emboj/17.4.1029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Bcl-2 and close homologues such as Bcl-xL promote cell survival, while other relatives such as Bax antagonize this function. Since only the pro-survival family members possess a conserved N-terminal region denoted BH4, we have explored the role of this amphipathic helix for their survival function and for interactions with several agonists of apoptosis, including Bax and CED-4, an essential regulator in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. BH4 of Bcl-2 could be replaced by that of Bcl-x without perturbing function but not by a somewhat similar region near the N-terminus of Bax. Bcl-2 cell survival activity was reduced by substitutions in two of ten conserved BH4 residues. Deletion of BH4 rendered Bcl-2 (and Bcl-xL) inactive but did not impair either Bcl-2 homodimerization or ability to bind to Bax or five other pro-apoptotic relatives (Bak, Bad, Bik, Bid or Bim). Hence, association with these death agonists is not sufficient to promote cell survival. Significantly, however, Bcl-xL lacking BH4 lost the ability both to bind CED-4 and antagonize its pro-apoptotic activity. These results favour the hypothesis that the BH4 domain of pro-survival Bcl-2 family members allows them to sequester CED-4 relatives and thereby prevent apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- D C Huang
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Post Office Royal Melbourne Hospital, Victoria, Australia
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44
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Abstract
Certain members of the Bcl-2 family inhibit apoptosis while others facilitate this physiological process of cell death. An expression screen for proteins that bind to Bcl-2 yielded a small novel protein, denoted Bim, whose only similarity to any known protein is the short (nine amino acid) BH3 motif shared by most Bcl-2 homologues. Bim provokes apoptosis, and the BH3 region is required for Bcl-2 binding and for most of its cytotoxicity. Like Bcl-2, Bim possesses a hydrophobic C-terminus and localizes to intracytoplasmic membranes. Three Bim isoforms, probably generated by alternative splicing, all induce apoptosis, the shortest being the most potent. Wild-type Bcl-2 associates with Bim in vivo and modulates its death function, whereas Bcl-2 mutants that lack survival function do neither. Significantly, Bcl-xL and Bcl-w, the two closest homologues of Bcl-2, also bind to Bim and inhibit its activity, but more distant viral homologues, adenovirus E1B19K and Epstein-Barr virus BHRF-1, can do neither. Hence, Bim appears to act as a 'death ligand' which can only neutralize certain members of the pro-survival Bcl-2 sub-family.
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Affiliation(s)
- L O'Connor
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, PO Royal Melbourne Hospital, Victoria, Australia
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45
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Weng KP, Hsieh KS, Huang SH, Lin CC, Huang DC. Serum HDL level at acute stage of Kawasaki disease. Zhonghua Min Guo Xiao Er Ke Yi Xue Hui Za Zhi 1998; 39:28-32. [PMID: 9553289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Kawasaki disease is a disease of acute vascular inflammation of unknown etiology and HDL is a known risk factor of vascular damage. So far, there is no specific serum marker for KD. The previous study has shown a remarkable change of serum HDL in the patients with KD. To find whether changes in serum HDL level is a specific serum marker for early diagnosis of KD, we measured the concentration of HDL, LDL, TC, TG and CRP immediately after admission and one week later in three groups of patients (56 patients with KD, 38 patients with clinical viral infection, and 42 patients with bacterial infection). There was a significant decrease of HDL and increase of TG immediately after admission in three groups of patients. HDL and TG did not return to normal one week later. HDL level is more adversely affected in severe diseases than in mild diseases. Our results indicated that low HDL level is noted in various acute infection and is not a specific serum marker in the early stage of Kawasaki disease. It is interesting that low HDL is a universal phenomenon in this series. Further research is needed to explain the mechanism of lipid alterations and its consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- K P Weng
- Department of Pediatrics, Veterans General Hospital, Koahsiung, Tajwan, R.O.C
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46
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Strasser A, Huang DC, Vaux DL. The role of the bcl-2/ced-9 gene family in cancer and general implications of defects in cell death control for tumourigenesis and resistance to chemotherapy. Biochim Biophys Acta 1997; 1333:F151-78. [PMID: 9395285 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-419x(97)00019-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Cell production within an organ is determined by the rate of immigration, proliferation, differentiation, emigration and death of cells. Abnormalities in any one of these processes will disturb normal control of cell production, thereby eliciting hyperplasia can be an early event in neoplasia. Cell death, apoptosis, is a physiological process responsible for removing unwanted cells. It is used in multi-cellular organisms for tissue remodelling during embryogenesis, regulation of cell turnover and as a defence strategy against invading pathogens. In this review article we describe the role of the bcl-2/ced-9 gene family in cancer and discuss the general implications of defects in the apoptosis program for tumourigenesis and resistance of cancer cells to chemotherapy in light of current knowledge of the molecular mechanisms of cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Strasser
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, PO Royal Melbourne Hospital, Victoria, Australia.
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47
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Huang DC, O'Reilly LA, Strasser A, Cory S. The anti-apoptosis function of Bcl-2 can be genetically separated from its inhibitory effect on cell cycle entry. EMBO J 1997; 16:4628-38. [PMID: 9303307 PMCID: PMC1170089 DOI: 10.1093/emboj/16.15.4628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 261] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The Bcl-2 family of proteins regulate apoptosis, some antagonizing cell death and others facilitating it. It has recently been demonstrated that Bcl-2 not only inhibits apoptosis but also restrains cell cycle entry. We show here that these two functions can be genetically dissociated. Mutation of a tyrosine residue within the conserved N-terminal BH4 region had no effect on the ability of Bcl-2 or its closest homologs to enhance cell survival and did not prevent heterodimerization with death-enhancing family members Bax, Bak, Bad and Bik. Neither did this mutation override the growth-inhibitory effect of p53. However, on stimulation with cytokine or serum, starved quiescent cells expressing the mutant proteins re-entered the cell cycle much faster than those expressing comparable levels of wild-type proteins. When wild-type and Y28 mutant Bcl-2 were co-expressed, the mutant was dominant. Although R-Ras p23 has been reported to bind to Bcl-2, no interaction was detectable in transfected cells and R-Ras p23 did not interfere with the ability of Bcl-2 to inhibit apoptosis or cell cycle entry. These observations provide evidence that the anti-apoptotic function of Bcl-2 is mechanistically distinct from its inhibitory influence on cell cycle entry.
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Affiliation(s)
- D C Huang
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Post Office Royal Melbourne Hospital, Victoria, Australia
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48
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Abstract
Apoptosis is the physiological process by which unwanted cells in an organism are killed. Bcl-2, a membrane-bound cytoplasmic protein, is an effective inhibitor of apoptotic cell death induced by many cytotoxic agents. Survival-promoting homologues of Bcl-2 include its close relative, Bcl-xL and the 19 kD protein encoded by the E1B gene of adenoviruses. Whether these proteins are functionally equivalent and whether they can antagonise all or only some pathways to apoptosis is unresolved. We have carried out a systematic comparison of Bcl-2, Bcl-xL and adenovirus E1B19kD activity, using several cell lines and a range of cytotoxic conditions. High levels of expression of each of these proteins inhibited apoptosis induced by growth factor deprivation or treatment with gamma-radiation, glucocorticoid and various cytotoxic drugs. In contrast, none of them could effectively counter apoptosis induced via the TNF receptor or Fas/APO-1 (CD95). Biochemical analysis revealed that all three proteins can associate with Bax and Bak, members of the Bcl-2 protein subfamily that can facilitate apoptosis. The results provide evidence that Bcl-2, Bcl-xL and adenovirus protein E1B19kD are indistinguishable in their ability to regulate the cell death effector machinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- D C Huang
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Victoria, Australia
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49
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O'Reilly LA, Huang DC, Strasser A. The cell death inhibitor Bcl-2 and its homologues influence control of cell cycle entry. EMBO J 1996; 15:6979-90. [PMID: 9003774 PMCID: PMC452524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The effect of the cell death inhibitor Bcl-2 and its homologues on cell cycle regulation was explored in lymphocytes and cell lines. Expression of a bcl-2 transgene reduced proliferation of thymocytes and delayed cell cycle entry of mitogen-stimulated B and T lymphocytes. Overexpression of Bcl-2, Bcl-xL or adenovirus E1B19kD substantially delayed serum stimulation-induced S phase entry of quiescent NIH 3T3 fibroblasts. Bcl-2-mediated cell survival and growth inhibition are both antagonized by Bax. Bcl-2, Bcl-xL and E1B19kD, but not Bcl-2 mutants that are defective in blocking apoptosis, suppress growth of colon carcinoma cells. This evidence that regulation of cell survival is coupled to control of cell growth has implications for normal cell turnover and tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A O'Reilly
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, PO Royal Melbourne Hospital, Victoria, Australia
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50
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Strasser A, O'Connor L, Huang DC, O'Reilly LA, Stanley ML, Bath ML, Adams JM, Cory S, Harris AW. Lessons from bcl-2 transgenic mice for immunology, cancer biology and cell death research. Behring Inst Mitt 1996:101-17. [PMID: 8950469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The protein product of the proto-oncogene bcl-2, originally discovered by virtue of its chromosomal translocation in human follicular centre B cell lymphoma, is a physiological inhibitor of programmed cell death, apoptosis. Initial studies in transgenic mice overexpressing Bcl-2 in B or T lymphocytes demonstrated that Bcl-2 can potently antagonise cell death induced by multiple independent signal transduction routes and can contribute to oncogenesis, particularly in combination with other oncogenes, like c-myc, that promote cell proliferation. Further investigations using crosses between bcl-2 transgenic mice and T cell receptor or immunoglobulin transgenic mice or mutant mice deficient in proper antigen receptor gene rearrangement demonstrated that Bcl-2 can only block death of cells that failed to receive a positive stimulus, "death by neglect', but not activation induced apoptosis. Collectively, these results provide evidence that distinct signalling pathways for apoptosis converge upon a common effector machinery where Bcl-2 acts as an antagonist, but that there also exists a mechanism that can either bypass the Bcl-2 checkpoint or override its protective function. These experimental data are reviewed here and discussed in context of current knowledge of lymphocyte differentiation, tumorigenesis and cell death regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Strasser
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, PO Royal Melbourne Hospital, Victoria, Australia
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