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Sawatzky P, Lefebvre B, Diggle M, Hoang L, Wong J, Patel S, Van Caessele P, Minion J, Garceau R, Jeffrey S, Haldane D, Lourenco L, Gravel G, Mulvey M, Martin I. Antimicrobial susceptibilities of Neisseria gonorrhoeae in Canada, 2021. Can Commun Dis Rep 2023; 49:388-397. [PMID: 38463902 PMCID: PMC10919915 DOI: 10.14745/ccdr.v49i09a05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
Background In Canada, gonorrhea is the second most prevalent bacterial sexually transmitted infection. The Gonococcal Antimicrobial Surveillance Programme (GASP - Canada), a passive surveillance system monitoring antimicrobial resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae in Canada since 1985, is the source for this summary of demographics, antimicrobial resistance and N. gonorrhoeae multi-antigen sequence typing (NG-MAST) of gonococcal isolates collected in Canada in 2021. Methods Provincial and territorial public health laboratories submitted N. gonorrhoeae cultures and data to the National Microbiology Laboratory in Winnipeg as part of the surveillance system. The antimicrobial resistance and molecular type of each isolate received were determined. Results In total, 3,439 N. gonorrhoeae cultures were received from laboratories across Canada in 2021, a 9.9% increase since 2020 (n=3,130). Decreased susceptibility to cefixime increased significantly (p<0.001) in 2021 (1.5%) compared to 2017 (0.6%). No significant change in decreased susceptibility to ceftriaxone was detected between 2017 and 2021 (0.6%) (p>0.001); however, one ceftriaxone-resistant isolate was identified. Azithromycin resistance decreased significantly (p<0.001) in 2021 (7.6%) compared to 2017 (11.7%); however, there was a significant increase (p<0.001) in the proportion of cultures with an azithromycin minimum inhibitory concentration of at least 1 mg/L (2017=22.2% to 2021=28.1%). In 2021, NG-MAST-19875 (15.3%) was the most prevalent sequence type in Canada; 20.3% of isolates with this sequence type were resistant to azithromycin. Conclusion The spread of antimicrobial-resistant gonorrhea is a significant public health concern. The continued regional and national surveillance of antimicrobial resistance in N. gonorrhoeae is essential in ensuring effective treatment therapies are recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Sawatzky
- National Microbiology Laboratory Branch, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB
| | | | - Mathew Diggle
- Provincial Laboratory for Public Health, Edmonton, AB
| | - Linda Hoang
- BC Centre for Disease Control Public Health Laboratory, Vancouver, BC
| | - Jason Wong
- BC Centre for Disease Control Public Health Laboratory, Vancouver, BC
| | - Samir Patel
- Public Health Ontario Laboratory, Toronto, ON
| | | | | | - Richard Garceau
- Dr. Georges-L.-Dumont University Hospital Centre, Moncton, NB
| | - Sarah Jeffrey
- Government of Northwest Territories, Yellowknife, NT
| | - David Haldane
- Queen Elizabeth II Health Sciences Centre, Halifax, NS
| | - Lillian Lourenco
- Centre for Communicable Diseases and Infection Control Branch, Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, ON
| | - Genevieve Gravel
- Centre for Communicable Diseases and Infection Control Branch, Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, ON
| | - Michael Mulvey
- National Microbiology Laboratory Branch, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB
| | - Irene Martin
- National Microbiology Laboratory Branch, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB
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Golden AR, Adam HJ, Karlowsky JA, Baxter M, Schellenberg J, Martin I, Demczuk W, Minion J, Van Caeseele P, Kus JV, McGeer A, Lefebvre B, Smadi H, Haldane D, Yu Y, Mead K, Mulvey MR, Zhanel GG. Genomic investigation of the most common Streptococcus pneumoniae serotypes causing invasive infections in Canada: the SAVE study, 2011-2020. J Antimicrob Chemother 2023; 78:i26-i36. [PMID: 37130587 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkad067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the lineages and genomic antimicrobial resistance (AMR) determinants of the 10 most common pneumococcal serotypes identified in Canada during the five most recent years of the SAVE study, in the context of the 10-year post-PCV13 period in Canada. METHODS The 10 most common invasive Streptococcus pneumoniae serotypes collected by the SAVE study from 2016 to 2020 were 3, 22F, 9N, 8, 4, 12F, 19A, 33F, 23A and 15A. A random sample comprising ∼5% of each of these serotypes collected during each year of the full SAVE study (2011-2020) were selected for whole-genome sequencing (WGS) using the Illumina NextSeq platform. Phylogenomic analysis was performed using the SNVPhyl pipeline. WGS data were used to identify virulence genes of interest, sequence types, global pneumococcal sequence clusters (GPSC) and AMR determinants. RESULTS Of the 10 serotypes analysed in this study, six increased significantly in prevalence from 2011 to 2020: 3, 4, 8, 9N, 23A and 33F (P ≤ 0.0201). Serotypes 12F and 15A remained stable in prevalence over time, while serotype 19A decreased in prevalence (P < 0.0001). The investigated serotypes represented four of the most prevalent international lineages causing non-vaccine serotype pneumococcal disease in the PCV13 era: GPSC3 (serotypes 8/33F), GPSC19 (22F), GPSC5 (23A) and GPSC26 (12F). Of these lineages, GPSC5 isolates were found to consistently possess the most AMR determinants. Commonly collected vaccine serotypes 3 and 4 were associated with GPSC12 and GPSC27, respectively. However, a more recently collected lineage of serotype 4 (GPSC192) was highly clonal and possessed AMR determinants. CONCLUSIONS Continued genomic surveillance of S. pneumoniae in Canada is essential to monitor for the appearance of new and evolving lineages, including antimicrobial-resistant GPSC5 and GPSC162.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa R Golden
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, 1015 Arlington Street, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3E 3R2, Canada
| | - Heather J Adam
- Clinical Microbiology, Shared Health, MS673-820 Sherbrook Street, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3A 1R9, Canada
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Room 543-745 Bannatyne Avenue, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3E 0J9, Canada
| | - James A Karlowsky
- Clinical Microbiology, Shared Health, MS673-820 Sherbrook Street, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3A 1R9, Canada
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Room 543-745 Bannatyne Avenue, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3E 0J9, Canada
| | - Melanie Baxter
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Room 543-745 Bannatyne Avenue, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3E 0J9, Canada
| | - John Schellenberg
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Room 543-745 Bannatyne Avenue, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3E 0J9, Canada
| | - Irene Martin
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, 1015 Arlington Street, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3E 3R2, Canada
| | - Walter Demczuk
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, 1015 Arlington Street, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3E 3R2, Canada
| | - Jessica Minion
- Roy Romanow Provincial Laboratory, Saskatchewan Health Authority, 5 Research Drive, Regina, Saskatchewan, S4S 0A4, Canada
| | - Paul Van Caeseele
- Cadham Provincial Laboratory, Shared Health, 750 William Avenue, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3E 3J7, Canada
| | - Julianne V Kus
- Public Health Ontario Laboratory, 661 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1M1, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle-6th Floor, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Allison McGeer
- Toronto Invasive Bacterial Diseases Network (TIBDN), Department of Microbiology, Mount Sinai Hospital. 600 University Avenue-Suite 171, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1X5, Canada
| | - Brigitte Lefebvre
- Laboratoire de santé publique du Québec, Institut national de santé publique du Québec, 20045 Ch Ste-Marie, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, Québec, H9X 3R5, Canada
| | - Hanan Smadi
- Epidemiology and Surveillance Branch, New Brunswick Department of Health, 520 King Street, Fredericton, New Brunswick, E3B 5G8, Canada
| | - David Haldane
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Queen Elizabeth II Health Science Centre, 1276 South Park Street, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 2Y9, Canada
| | - Yang Yu
- Newfoundland and Labrador Public Health Laboratory, Dr. Leonard A. Miller Centre-Suite 1, 100 Forest Road, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, A1A 1E3, Canada
| | - Kristen Mead
- Provincial Laboratory Services, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, 60 Riverside Drive, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, C1A 8T5, Canada
| | - Michael R Mulvey
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, 1015 Arlington Street, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3E 3R2, Canada
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Room 543-745 Bannatyne Avenue, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3E 0J9, Canada
| | - George G Zhanel
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Room 543-745 Bannatyne Avenue, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3E 0J9, Canada
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Haldane D. The Healthy Business Bridge – How employee health creates business wealth. Occup Med (Lond) 2022. [DOI: 10.1093/occmed/kqac095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
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Tsang RSW, Law DKS, Zhou J, Haldane D, Garceau R, Zahariadis G, Mead K, Alexander D. Characterization of invasive meningococcal disease case isolates in Atlantic Canada, 2014 to 2020: spatial-temporal variations of clones and predicted meningococcal B vaccine coverage. J Med Microbiol 2022; 71. [PMID: 36748536 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.001615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction. Invasive meningococcal disease (IMD) caused by Neisseria meningitidis may show temporal and geographical changes in both the epidemiology and the characteristics of the strains involved.Gap statement. A study that examined invasive N. meningitidis causing IMD in Atlantic Canada from 2009 to 2013 was published in 2014. Data from subsequent years have not been described.Aim. This study examined the molecular epidemiology of IMD in four Atlantic Provinces of Canada as well as potential serogroup B (MenB) vaccine coverage.Methods. Individual IMD case isolates recovered from 2014 to 2020 were analysed for serotype and serosubtype antigens as well as by whole-genome sequencing (WGS) for prediction of potential MenB vaccine coverage.Results. Of the 56 IMD isolates, 42, 8, 5 and 1 were MenB, serogroup Y, serogroup W (MenW) and serogroup C, respectively. Geographical differences in the distribution of MenB clones revealed concentration of sequence type (ST)-269 clonal complex (cc) and ST-60 cc in Newfoundland and Labrador, while ST-41/44 cc (particularly ST-154) was predominantly found in New Brunswick and Nova Scotia. Core genome multi-locus sequence typing (cgMLST) also separated the New Brunswick and Nova Scotia ST-154 isolates into two clusters, with differences in their nhba and penA alleles. Furthermore, cgMLST also separated the ST-269 cc isolates in Atlantic Canada into the ST-1611 and the ST-269/ST-8924 clusters, with the latter showing high similarity to the ST-269 that first emerged in the Province of Quebec. Genetic Meningococcal Antigen Typing System showed that 54.8 % of MenB were predicted to be covered by the MenB vaccine Bexsero, with a further 38.1 % potentially covered by virtue of the presence of genes that encoded factor H-binding protein variant 1 proteins. Meningococcal deduced vaccine antigen reactivity predicted from WGS data showed that 95.3 % of MenB were covered by Trumenba. Four cases of IMD due to MenW ST-11 cc were also identified, with the first case found in 2018.Conclusions. This study provided evidence concerning the dynamics of N. meningitidis strains causing IMD in Atlantic Canada, with both geographical and temporal differences found. MenB vaccine appeared to provide good coverage of MenB IMD, especially towards the predominant strain of ST-154.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond S W Tsang
- Vaccine Preventable Bacterial Diseases, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Dennis K S Law
- Vaccine Preventable Bacterial Diseases, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Jianwei Zhou
- Vaccine Preventable Bacterial Diseases, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - David Haldane
- Nova Scotia Health Authority, Government of Nova Scotia, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.,Department of Pathology, Dalhouse University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Richard Garceau
- Communicable Disease Control Unit, Department of Health, Government of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada
| | - George Zahariadis
- Provincial Public Health Laboratory, Eastern Health Microbiology Services, Government of Newfoundland and Labrador, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
| | - Kristen Mead
- Department of Health, Government of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada
| | - David Alexander
- Cadham Provincial Labortory, Government of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.,Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
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Thorington R, Sawatzky P, Lefebvre B, Diggle M, Hoang L, Patel S, Van Caessele P, Minion J, Garceau R, Matheson M, Haldane D, Gravel G, Mulvey MR, Martin I. Antimicrobial susceptibilities of Neisseria gonorrhoeae in Canada, 2020. Can Commun Dis Rep 2022; 48:571-579. [PMID: 38298531 PMCID: PMC10829890 DOI: 10.14745/ccdr.v48i1112a10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Background The Gonococcal Antimicrobial Surveillance Programme is a passive surveillance system that has monitored antimicrobial resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae in Canada since the 1980s. This article summarizes the demographics, antimicrobial resistances and NG-MAST (N. gonorrhoeae multiantigen sequence typing) for cultures collected in 2020. Methods The National Microbiology Laboratory (NML) in Winnipeg received resistant N. gonorrhoeae cultures from provincial and territorial public health laboratories. Agar dilution was used to determine the minimum inhibitory concentrations to ten antimicrobials for all cultures received at NML, according to Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines. The NG-MAST typing was also determined for each culture. Results A total of 3,130 N. gonorrhoeae cases were cultured across Canada in 2020; a 36% decrease from 2019 (n=4,859). The level of decreased susceptibility to cefixime increased significantly between 2016 and 2020 to 2.8% (p=0.0054). Decreased susceptibility to ceftriaxone declined significantly between 2016 (1.8%) and 2020 to 0.9% (p=0.001), and there was no significant change with azithromycin between 2016 (7.2%) and 2020 (6.1%). The proportion of cultures with an azithromycin minimum inhibitory concentrations of ≥1 mg/L increased significantly from 11.6% in 2016 to 15.3% in 2020 (p=0.0017). The most common NG-MAST type in Canada for 2020 was sequence type (ST)-11461, while ST-12302 was most commonly associated with azithromycin resistance and ST-16639 with cephalosporin decreased susceptibility. Conclusion Antimicrobial resistance in N. gonorrhoeae remains an important public health concern and continued surveillance is imperative to monitor trends to ensure the recommended therapies will be the most effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robyn Thorington
- National Microbiology Laboratory Branch, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB
| | - Pamela Sawatzky
- National Microbiology Laboratory Branch, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB
| | | | - Mathew Diggle
- Provincial Laboratory of Public Health Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Linda Hoang
- British Columbia Centres for Disease Control Public Health Microbiology & Reference Laboratory, Vancouver, BC
| | - Samir Patel
- Public Health Ontario Laboratory, Toronto, ON
| | | | | | - Richard Garceau
- Dr. Georges L. Dumont University Hospital Centre, Moncton, NB
| | - Myrna Matheson
- Government of the Northwest Territories, Yellowknife, NT
| | - David Haldane
- Queen Elizabeth II Health Science Centre, Halifax, NS
| | - Genevieve Gravel
- Surveillance and Epidemiology Division, Centre for Communicable Diseases and Infection Control Branch, Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, ON
| | - Michael R Mulvey
- National Microbiology Laboratory Branch, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB
| | - Irene Martin
- National Microbiology Laboratory Branch, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB
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Golden A, Griffith A, Demczuk W, Lefebvre B, McGeer A, Tyrrell G, Zhanel G, Kus J, Hoang L, Minion J, Van Caeseele P, Smadi H, Haldane D, Zahariadis G, Mead K, Steven L, Strudwick L, Li A, Mulvey M, Martin I. Invasive pneumococcal disease surveillance in Canada, 2020. Can Commun Dis Rep 2022; 48:396-406. [PMID: 38124782 PMCID: PMC10732480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Background Invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD), which is caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae, has been a nationally notifiable disease in Canada since 2000. The use of conjugate vaccines has markedly decreased the incidence of IPD in Canada; however, the distribution of serotypes has shifted in favour of non-vaccine types. This report summarizes the demographics, serotypes and antimicrobial resistance of IPD infections in Canada in 2020. Methods The Public Health Agency of Canada's National Microbiology Laboratory (Winnipeg, Manitoba) collaborates with provincial and territorial public health laboratories to conduct national surveillance of IPD. A total of 2,108 IPD isolates were reported in 2020. Serotyping was performed by Quellung reaction and antimicrobial susceptibilities were determined in collaboration with the University of Manitoba/Canadian Antimicrobial Resistance Alliance. Population-based IPD incidence rates were obtained through the Canadian Notifiable Disease Surveillance System. Results Overall incidence of IPD in Canada decreased significantly from 11.5 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 10.1-13.1) to 6.0 (95% CI: 5.0-7.2), and from 10.0 (95% CI: 9.7-10.3) to 5.9 (95% CI: 5.7-6.2) cases per 100,000 from 2019 to 2020; in those younger than five years and those five years and older, respectively. The most common serotypes overall were 4 (11.2%, n=237), 3 (10.9%, n=229) and 8 (7.2%, n=151). From 2016 to 2020, serotypes with increasing trends (p<0.05) included 4 (6.4%-11.2%), 3 (9.5%-10.9%), 8 (5.2%-7.2%) and 12F (3.6%-5.7%). The overall prevalence of PCV13 serotypes increased over the same period (30.3%-34.9%, p<0.05). Antimicrobial resistance rates in 2020 included 23.0% clarithromycin and 9.9% penicillin (IV meningitis breakpoints). Multidrug-resistant IPD has significantly increased since 2016 (4.2%-9.5%, p<0.05). Conclusion Though the incidence of IPD decreased in 2020 in comparison to previous years across all age groups, disease due to PCV13 serotypes 3 and 4, as well as non-PCV13 serotypes such as 8 and 12F, increased in prevalence. Continued surveillance of IPD is imperative to monitor shifts in serotype distribution and antimicrobial resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa Golden
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB
| | - Averil Griffith
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB
| | - Walter Demczuk
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB
| | - Brigitte Lefebvre
- Laboratoire de santé publique du Québec, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC
| | - Allison McGeer
- Toronto Invasive Bacterial Diseases Network (TIBDN), Department of Microbiology, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON
| | - Gregory Tyrrell
- Provincial Laboratory for Public Health (Microbiology), Edmonton, AB
| | - George Zhanel
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB
| | - Julianne Kus
- Public Health Ontario, Toronto, ON
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON
| | - Linda Hoang
- British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, BC
| | | | | | - Hanan Smadi
- New Brunswick Department of Health, Fredericton, NB
| | - David Haldane
- Queen Elizabeth II Health Science Centre, Halifax, NS
| | | | | | - Laura Steven
- Stanton Territorial Hospital Laboratory, Yellowknife, NT
| | | | - Anita Li
- Centre for Immunization & Respiratory Infectious Diseases, Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, ON
| | - Michael Mulvey
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB
| | - Irene Martin
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB
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7
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Golden A, Griffith A, Demczuk W, Tyrrell G, Kus J, McGeer A, Domingo MC, Hoang L, Minion J, Van Caeseele P, Smadi H, Haldane D, Zahariadis G, Mead K, Steven L, Strudwick L, Li A, Mulvey M, Martin I. Invasive group A streptococcal disease surveillance in Canada, 2020. Can Commun Dis Rep 2022; 48:407-414. [PMID: 38106647 PMCID: PMC10723789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Background Invasive group A streptococcal (iGAS) disease (caused by Streptococcus pyogenes) has been a nationally notifiable disease in Canada since 2000. This report summarizes the demographics, emm types and antimicrobial resistance of iGAS infections in Canada in 2020. Methods The Public Health Agency of Canada's National Microbiology Laboratory (Winnipeg, Manitoba) collaborates with provincial and territorial public health laboratories to conduct national surveillance of invasive S. pyogenes. Emm typing was performed on all isolates using the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention emm sequencing protocol. Antimicrobial susceptibilities were determined using Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion according to Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines. Population-based iGAS disease incidence rates up to 2019 were obtained through the Canadian Notifiable Disease Surveillance System. Results Overall, the incidence of iGAS disease in Canada has increased from 4.0 to 8.1 cases per 100,000 population from 2009 to 2019. The 2019 incidence represents a slight decrease from the 2018 rate of 8.6 cases per 100,000 population. A total of 2,867 invasive S. pyogenes isolates that were collected during 2020 are included in this report, representing a decrease from 2019 (n=3,194). The most common emm types in 2020 were emm49 (16.8%, n=483) and emm76 (15.0%, n=429), both increasing significantly in prevalence since 2016 (p<0.001). The former most prevalent type, emm1, decreased to 7.6% (n=217) in 2020 from 15.4% (n=325) in 2016. Antimicrobial resistance rates in 2020 included 11.5% resistance to erythromycin, 3.2% resistance to clindamycin and 1.6% nonsusceptibility to chloramphenicol. Conclusion Though the number of collected invasive S. pyogenes isolates decreased slightly in 2020 in comparison to previous years, iGAS disease remains an important public health concern. The emm distribution in Canada has been subtly shifting over the past five years, away from common and well-known emm1 and towards emm49 and emm76. It is important to continue surveillance of S. pyogenes in Canada to monitor expanding replacement emm types, as well as outbreak clones and antimicrobial resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa Golden
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB
| | - Averil Griffith
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB
| | - Walter Demczuk
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB
| | - Gregory Tyrrell
- Provincial Laboratory for Public Health (Microbiology), Edmonton, AB
| | - Julianne Kus
- Public Health Ontario, Toronto, ON
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON
| | - Allison McGeer
- Toronto Invasive Bacterial Diseases Network (TIBDN), Department of Microbiology, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON
| | - Marc-Christian Domingo
- Laboratoire de santé publique du Québec, Institut national de santé publique du Québec, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC
| | - Linda Hoang
- British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, BC
| | | | | | - Hanan Smadi
- New Brunswick Department of Health, Fredericton, NB
| | - David Haldane
- Queen Elizabeth II Health Science Centre, Halifax, NS
| | | | | | - Laura Steven
- Stanton Territorial Hospital Laboratory, Yellowknife, NT
| | | | - Anita Li
- Centre for Immunization & Respiratory Infectious Diseases, Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, ON
| | - Michael Mulvey
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB
| | - Irene Martin
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB
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Bharat A, Mataseje L, Parmley EJ, Avery BP, Cox G, Carson CA, Irwin RJ, Deckert AE, Daignault D, Alexander DC, Allen V, El Bailey S, Bekal S, German GJ, Haldane D, Hoang L, Chui L, Minion J, Zahariadis G, Reid-Smith RJ, Mulvey MR. One Health Genomic Analysis of Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase‒Producing Salmonella enterica, Canada, 2012‒2016. Emerg Infect Dis 2022; 28:1410-1420. [PMID: 35731173 PMCID: PMC9239887 DOI: 10.3201/eid2807.211528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) confer resistance to extended-spectrum cephalosporins, a major class of clinical antimicrobial drugs. We used genomic analysis to investigate whether domestic food animals, retail meat, and pets were reservoirs of ESBL-producing Salmonella for human infection in Canada. Of 30,303 Salmonella isolates tested during 2012–2016, we detected 95 ESBL producers. ESBL serotypes and alleles were mostly different between humans (n = 54) and animals/meat (n = 41). Two exceptions were blaSHV-2 and blaCTX-M-1 IncI1 plasmids, which were found in both sources. A subclade of S. enterica serovar Heidelberg isolates carrying the same IncI1-blaSHV-2 plasmid differed by only 1–7 single nucleotide variants. The most common ESBL producer in humans was Salmonella Infantis carrying blaCTX-M-65, which has since emerged in poultry in other countries. There were few instances of similar isolates and plasmids, suggesting that domestic animals and retail meat might have been minor reservoirs of ESBL-producing Salmonella for human infection.
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Shabi Y, Haldane D, Bonnar P. Mycobacterium fortuitum pacemaker infection: A case report. J Assoc Med Microbiol Infect Dis Can 2022; 7:81-83. [PMID: 36340848 PMCID: PMC9603015 DOI: 10.3138/jammi-2021-0003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mycobacterium fortuitum is a rapidly growing mycobacterium, ubiquitous in soil and water, but it is an uncommon cause of infections in immunocompetent hosts. Cardiac device infections and bloodstream infections due to non-tuberculous mycobacteria are rare. CASE PRESENTATION We present the case of an 85-year-old patient with infective endocarditis and pacemaker lead infection secondary to M. fortuitum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yahya Shabi
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Dalhousie University Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - David Haldane
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Dalhousie University Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Paul Bonnar
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
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Shabi Y, Russell-Tattrie A, Bharat A, Haldane D, Patriquin G. A pseudo-outbreak of echinocandin-resistant Candida glabrata: The unreliability of caspofungin testing in predicting echinocandin susceptibility. J Assoc Med Microbiol Infect Dis Can 2021; 6:1-2. [PMID: 36340217 PMCID: PMC9612429 DOI: 10.3138/jammi-2020-0023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yahya Shabi
- Dalhousie University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Audra Russell-Tattrie
- Queen Elizabeth II Health Sciences Centre, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Amrita Bharat
- National Microbiology Laboratory Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- University of Manitoba, Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - David Haldane
- Queen Elizabeth II Health Sciences Centre, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Glenn Patriquin
- Queen Elizabeth II Health Sciences Centre, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
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11
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Haldane D. Alcan, occupational medicine and golf. Occup Med (Lond) 2020. [DOI: 10.1093/occmed/kqaa173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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12
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Haldane D. Frontiers in Occupational Health and Safety Changes in the World of Work and Impacts on Occupational Health and Safety. Occup Med (Lond) 2020. [DOI: 10.1093/occmed/kqz114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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13
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Haldane D. Physical and Biological Hazards of the Workplace. Occup Med (Lond) 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/occmed/kqz049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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14
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Tsang RSW, Shuel M, Ahmad T, Hayden K, Knox N, Van Domselaar G, Hoang L, Tyrrell GJ, Minion J, Van Caeseele P, Kus JV, Ulanova M, Lefebvre B, Haldane D, Garceau R, German G, Zahariadis G, Hanley B, Kandola K, Patterson M. Whole genome sequencing to study the phylogenetic structure of serotype a Haemophilus influenzae recovered from patients in Canada. Can J Microbiol 2019; 66:99-110. [PMID: 31661630 DOI: 10.1139/cjm-2019-0406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the phylogenetic structure of serotype a Haemophilus influenzae (Hia) isolates recovered from patients in Canada. Hia isolates from 490 separate patients and an American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) strain were analyzed by multilocus sequence typing (MLST), with 18 different sequence types (STs) identified. Most (85.7%) Hia patient isolates were typed as ST-23 and another 12.7% belonged to 14 different STs with 6, 5, or 4 MLST gene loci related to ST-23 (ST-23 complex). Core genome single-nucleotide variation phylogeny (SNVPhyl) on whole genome sequence (WGS) data of 121 Hia patient isolates representing all identified STs and the ATCC strain revealed 2 phylogenetic populations, with all the ST-23 complex isolates within 1 population. The other phylogenetic population contained only the ATCC strain and 3 patient isolates. Concatenated hitABC sequences retrieved from WGS data and analyzed by MEGA (Molecular Evolutionary Genetic Analysis) alignment confirmed the phylogeny obtained by SNVPhyl. The sodC gene was found only in isolates in the minor phylogenetic population. The 2 phylogenetic populations of the Canadian Hia isolates are similar to the 2 clonal divisions described for serotype b H. influenzae. Combining MLST, core SNVPhyl, and hitABC gene sequence alignment showed that most (99.4%) Canadian Hia patient isolates belonged to 1 major phylogenetic population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond S W Tsang
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Michelle Shuel
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Tauqeer Ahmad
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Kristy Hayden
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Natalie Knox
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.,Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Gary Van Domselaar
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.,Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Linda Hoang
- BC Public Health Microbiology and Reference Laboratory, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | - Jessica Minion
- Roy Romanow Provincial Laboratory, Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | | | - Julianne V Kus
- Public Health Ontario, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Marina Ulanova
- Northern Ontario School of Medicine, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada
| | - Brigitte Lefebvre
- Laboratoire de santé publique du Québec, Institut national de santé publique du Québec, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec, Canada
| | - David Haldane
- Nova Scotia Health Authority, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.,Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Richard Garceau
- Communicable Disease Control Unit, Department of Health, Government of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada
| | - Greg German
- Department of Health, Government of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada
| | - George Zahariadis
- Provincial Public Health Laboratory, Eastern Health Microbiology Services, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
| | - Brendan Hanley
- Department of Health and Social Services, Government of Yukon, Whitehorse, Yukon, Canada
| | - Kami Kandola
- Department of Health and Social Services, Government of Northwest Territories, Yellowknife, Northwest Territories, Canada
| | - Michael Patterson
- Department of Health, Government of Nunavut, Iqaluit, Nunavut, Canada
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15
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Golden AR, Adam HJ, Karlowsky JA, Baxter M, Nichol KA, Martin I, Demczuk W, Van Caeseele P, Gubbay JB, Lefebvre B, Levett PN, Zahariadis G, Haldane D, Gad R, German G, Gilmour MW, Mulvey MR, Hoban DJ, Zhanel GG. Molecular characterization of predominant Streptococcus pneumoniae serotypes causing invasive infections in Canada: the SAVE study, 2011-15. J Antimicrob Chemother 2019; 73:vii20-vii31. [PMID: 29982573 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dky157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives This study characterized the 11 most predominant serotypes of invasive Streptococcus pneumoniae infections collected by the annual SAVE study in Canada, between 2011 and 2015. Methods A subset of the 11 most predominant serotypes (7F, 19A, 22F, 3, 12F, 11A, 9N, 8, 33F, 15A and 6C) collected by the SAVE study was analysed using PFGE and MLST, as well as PCR to identify pilus-encoding genes. WGS analyses were performed on a subset of the above isolates plus a random selection of background strains. Results Of the predominant serotypes analysed, 7F, 33F and 19A were obtained more commonly from children <6 years of age, whereas 15A, 6C, 22F and 11A were more common in adults >65 years of age. Pneumococcal pilus PI-1 was identified in antimicrobial-susceptible serotype 15A (61/212) and <10% of 6C isolates (16/188). PI-2 was found in serotype 7F (683/701) and two-thirds of 11A isolates (162/241). Only serotype 19A-ST320 possessed both pili. Molecular and phylogenetic analyses identified serotypes 19A, 15A, 6C, 9N and 33F as highly diverse, whereas 7F, 22F and 11A demonstrated clonality. Antimicrobial resistance determinants were common within diverse serotypes, and usually similar within a clonal complex. Conclusions Despite successful use of conjugate vaccines, S. pneumoniae remains a highly diverse organism in Canada. Several predominant serotypes, both antimicrobial susceptible and MDR, have demonstrated rapid clonal expansion or an increase in diversity. As S. pneumoniae continues to evolve in Canada, WGS will be a necessary component in the ongoing surveillance of antimicrobial-resistant and expanding clones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa R Golden
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, 727 McDermot Avenue, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 3P5, Canada
| | - Heather J Adam
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, 727 McDermot Avenue, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 3P5, Canada.,Clinical Microbiology - Health Sciences Centre, Diagnostic Services Manitoba, MS673-820 Sherbrook Street, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3A 1R9, Canada
| | - James A Karlowsky
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, 727 McDermot Avenue, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 3P5, Canada.,Clinical Microbiology - Health Sciences Centre, Diagnostic Services Manitoba, MS673-820 Sherbrook Street, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3A 1R9, Canada
| | - Melanie Baxter
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, 727 McDermot Avenue, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 3P5, Canada
| | - Kimberly A Nichol
- Clinical Microbiology - Health Sciences Centre, Diagnostic Services Manitoba, MS673-820 Sherbrook Street, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3A 1R9, Canada
| | - Irene Martin
- National Microbiology Laboratory - Public Health Agency of Canada, 1015 Arlington Street, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 3R2, Canada
| | - Walter Demczuk
- National Microbiology Laboratory - Public Health Agency of Canada, 1015 Arlington Street, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 3R2, Canada
| | - Paul Van Caeseele
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, 727 McDermot Avenue, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 3P5, Canada.,Cadham Provincial Laboratory, 750 William Avenue, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 3J7, Canada
| | - Jonathan B Gubbay
- Public Health Ontario, 661 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1M1, Canada
| | - Brigitte Lefebvre
- Laboratoire de santé publique du Québec, 20045 Ch Ste-Marie, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, Québec H9X 3R5, Canada
| | - Paul N Levett
- Saskatchewan Disease Control Laboratory, 5 Research Drive, Regina, Saskatchewan S4S 0A4, Canada
| | - George Zahariadis
- Newfoundland and Labrador Public Health Laboratory, Dr. Leonard A. Miller Centre - Suite 1, 100 Forest Road, St John's, Newfoundland and Labrador A1A 1E3, Canada
| | - David Haldane
- Queen Elizabeth II Health Science Centre, 5805 South Street, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 1V8, Canada
| | - Rita Gad
- New Brunswick Department of Health, 520 King Street, Fredericton, New Brunswick E3B 5G8, Canada
| | - Gregory German
- Health PEI, 16 Garfield Street, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island C1A 7N8, Canada
| | - Matthew W Gilmour
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, 727 McDermot Avenue, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 3P5, Canada.,National Microbiology Laboratory - Public Health Agency of Canada, 1015 Arlington Street, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 3R2, Canada
| | - Michael R Mulvey
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, 727 McDermot Avenue, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 3P5, Canada.,National Microbiology Laboratory - Public Health Agency of Canada, 1015 Arlington Street, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 3R2, Canada
| | - Daryl J Hoban
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, 727 McDermot Avenue, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 3P5, Canada.,Clinical Microbiology - Health Sciences Centre, Diagnostic Services Manitoba, MS673-820 Sherbrook Street, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3A 1R9, Canada
| | - George G Zhanel
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, 727 McDermot Avenue, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 3P5, Canada
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16
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Tsang RS, Hoang L, Tyrrell GJ, Minion J, Van Caeseele P, Kus JV, Lefebvre B, Haldane D, Garceau R, German G, Zahariadis G, Hanley B. Increase in ST-11 serogroup W Neisseria meningitidis invasive meningococcal disease in Canada, 2016-2018. Can Commun Dis Rep 2019; 45:164-169. [PMID: 31285709 PMCID: PMC6587698 DOI: 10.14745/ccdr.v45i06a04] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many countries have experienced increases in invasive meningococcal disease (IMD) due to a serogroup W Neisseria meningitidis (MenW) strain of the multilocus sequence type (ST)-11 clonal complex (CC). MenW ST-11 was first reported in Ontario, Canada, in 2014. By 2016, this strain caused IMD in five provinces and was responsible for 18.8% of the IMD cases in Canada. OBJECTIVE To provide an update on invasive MenW disease in Canada including the strain characteristics, specimen source of isolates, age, sex and geographic distribution of cases. METHODS N. meningitidis from culture-positive IMD cases are routinely submitted to the National Microbiology Laboratory (NML) for serogroup, serotype, serosubtype and sequence type analysis. The data from January 1, 2016 to December 31, 2018 were analyzed by calculating the proportion of IMD cases caused by MenW compared with other serogroups. In addition, trends based on age, sex and geographic distribution of cases and specimen source of isolates were analyzed based on information on specimen requisition forms. RESULTS Over the 3-year period, 292 individual IMD case isolates were analyzed. The percentage of IMD case isolates typed as MenW more than doubled from 19% (n=15) to 44% (n=51) in 2018 when MenW became the most common serogroup, exceeded the number of MenB, MenC or MenY. In total, 93 MenW case isolates were identified, 91% (n=85) belonged to the ST-11 CC. The increase in MenW affected all age groups (but was most common in those older than 60) and both sexes, and occurred across the country but most prevalent in western Canada. The most common specimen source was blood. CONCLUSION In 2018, MenW was the most common serogroup for isolates received by the NML from culture-positive IMD cases in Canada. Over 90% of the MenW serogroup isolates belonged to the ST-11 CC. The quadrivalent ACWY meningococcal conjugate vaccine protects against IMD caused by strains in the A, C, W or Y serogroups and therefore may protect against IMD caused by the new MenW ST-11 strain; however, more research is needed. The emergence of variant strains highlight the importance of strain characterization in IMD surveillance and research.
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Affiliation(s)
- RS Tsang
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB
| | - L Hoang
- BC Public Health Microbiology and Reference Laboratory, Vancouver, BC
| | - GJ Tyrrell
- Provincial Laboratory for Public Health, Edmonton, AB
| | - J Minion
- Saskatchewan Disease Control Laboratory, Regina, SK
| | | | - JV Kus
- Public Health Ontario, Toronto, ON
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON
| | - B Lefebvre
- Laboratoire de santé publique du Québec, Institut national de santé publique du Québec, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC
| | - D Haldane
- Nova Scotia Health Authority, Halifax, NS
- Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS
| | - R Garceau
- Communicable Disease Control Unit, Department of Health, Government of New Brunswick, Fredericton, NB
| | - G German
- Department of Health, Government of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE
| | - G Zahariadis
- Provincial Public Health Laboratory, Eastern Health Microbiology Services, St. John’s, NL
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL
| | - B Hanley
- Yukon Communicable Disease Control, Yukon Health and Social Services, Whitehorse, YT
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Hodges LM, Carrillo CD, Upham JP, Borza A, Eisebraun M, Kenwell R, Mutschall SK, Haldane D, Schleihauf E, Taboada EN. A strain comparison of Campylobacter isolated from retail poultry and human clinical cases in Atlantic Canada. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0215928. [PMID: 31067242 PMCID: PMC6505856 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0215928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter is the leading cause of food-borne bacterial disease in Canada and many developed countries. One of the most common sources of human campylobacteriosis is considered to be the consumption or handling of raw or undercooked poultry. To date, few Canadian studies have investigated both the prevalence of Campylobacter on retail poultry and its potential impact on human clinical cases. The objective of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of Campylobacter spp. at the retail level and the correlation between subtypes recovered from chicken and those recovered from human clinical cases within the province of Nova Scotia, Canada. From this study 354 human clinical isolates were obtained from provincial hospital laboratories and a total of 480 packages of raw poultry cuts were sampled from retail outlets, yielding 312 isolates (65%), of all which were subtyped using comparative genomic fingerprinting (CGF). Of the 312 chicken isolates, the majority of isolates were C. jejuni (91.7%), followed by C. coli (7.7%) and C. lari (0.6%). Using CGF to subtype C. jejuni and C. coli isolates, 99 and 152 subtypes were recovered from chicken and clinical cases, respectively. The most prevalent human and chicken subtypes found in NS are similar to those observed nationally; indicating that the Campylobacter from this study appear to reflect of the profile of Campylobacter subtypes circulating nationally. Of the subtypes observed, only 36 subtypes were common between the two groups, however, these subtypes represented 48.3% of the clinical isolates collected. The findings from this study provides evidence that in Nova Scotia, retail poultry can act as a reservoir for Campylobacter subtypes that have been implicated in human illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M. Hodges
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Dartmouth, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Catherine D. Carrillo
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Ottawa Laboratory (Carling), Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Antonela Borza
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Dartmouth, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | | | - Robyn Kenwell
- Bureau of Microbial Hazards, Food Directorate, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Steven K. Mutschall
- National Microbiology Laboratory at Lethbridge, Public Health Agency of Canada, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada
| | - David Haldane
- Queen Elizabeth II Health Sciences Centre, Mackenzie Building, Halifax, Nova Scotia
| | | | - Eduardo N. Taboada
- National Microbiology Laboratory at Lethbridge, Public Health Agency of Canada, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada
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18
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Mataseje LF, Boyd DA, Fuller J, Haldane D, Hoang L, Lefebvre B, Melano RG, Poutanen S, Van Caeseele P, Mulvey MR. Characterization of OXA-48-like carbapenemase producers in Canada, 2011-14. J Antimicrob Chemother 2019; 73:626-633. [PMID: 29272439 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkx462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives Since the first identification of the OXA-48 carbapenemase in 2001, Enterobacteriaceae harbouring OXA-48-like enzymes have been reported globally. Here, we applied WGS to characterize the molecular epidemiology of these bacterial isolates. Methods Enterobacteriaceae non-susceptible to carbapenems isolated from patients between 2011 and 2014 were voluntarily submitted to the Canadian National Microbiology Laboratory where they were screened for carbapenemase genes. WGS was conducted on OXA-48-like producers using the Illumina MiSeq platform. WGS data were used for single nucleotide variant (SNV) analysis, MLST analysis, detection of resistance genes and partial plasmid characterization. Susceptibilities were determined using Vitek2 and Etest. Patient data provided from sites were reviewed. Results Sixty-seven non-duplicated cases were identified among Escherichia coli (n = 21) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (n = 46). Recent international travel was observed in 40.4% of cases. OXA-181 (52.2%) and OXA-48 (31.3%) were the most common variants, one E. coli OXA-48 producer was found to harbour the acquired colistin resistance gene mcr-1. The dominant STs were ST38 and ST410 in E. coli and ST14 in K. pneumoniae. Three common plasmid types were observed among isolates: IncL/M associated with OXA-48 producers, and ColKP3 and IncX3 associated with OXA-181/232 producers. Conclusions Enterobacteriaceae with OXA-48-like carbapenemases are emerging in Canada. This study highlights the complexity of OXA-48-types identified in Canada owing to travel and the successful clones and plasmids harbouring the OXA-48-like enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura F Mataseje
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - David A Boyd
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Jeffrey Fuller
- Provincial Laboratory of Alberta, Alberta Health Services, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - David Haldane
- Nova Scotia Health Authority, Pathology and Microbiology, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Linda Hoang
- British Columbia Public Health Microbiology and Reference Laboratory, Provincial Health Services Authority Laboratories, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Brigitte Lefebvre
- Laboratoire de santé publique du Québec, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec, Canada
| | - Roberto G Melano
- Public Health Ontario Laboratories, Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Susan Poutanen
- Mount Sinai Hospital, Department of Microbiology, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Michael R Mulvey
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
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19
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Elliott E, Haldane D, Quinn TJ. Pitfalls of neurocognitive testing in an occupational medical setting. Occup Med (Lond) 2019; 69:83-85. [DOI: 10.1093/occmed/kqy127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Emma Elliott
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - David Haldane
- NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde, West Glasgow ACH, Glasgow, UK
| | - Terence J Quinn
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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20
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Martin I, Sawatzky P, Allen V, Lefebvre B, Hoang LMN, Naidu P, Minion J, Van Caeseele P, Haldane D, Gad RR, Zahariadis G, Corriveau A, German G, Tomas K, Mulvey MR. Multidrug-resistant and extensively drug-resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae in Canada, 2012-2016. Can Commun Dis Rep 2019; 45:45-53. [PMID: 31015818 PMCID: PMC6461123 DOI: 10.14745/ccdr.v45i23a01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neisseria gonorrhoeae have acquired resistance to many antimicrobials, including third generation cephalosporins and azithromycin, which are the current gonococcal combination therapy recommended by the Canadian Guidelines on Sexually Transmitted Infections. OBJECTIVE To describe antimicrobial susceptibilities for N. gonorrhoeae circulating in Canada between 2012 and 2016. METHODS Antimicrobial resistance profiles were determined using agar dilution of N. gonorrhoeae isolated in Canada 2012-2016 (n=10,167) following Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines. Data were analyzed by applying multidrug-resistant gonococci (MDR-GC) and extensively drug-resistant gonococci (XDR-GC) definitions. RESULTS Between 2012 and 2016, the proportion of MDR-GC increased from 6.2% to 8.9% and a total of 19 cases of XDR-GC were identified in Canada (0.1%, 19/18,768). The proportion of isolates with decreased susceptibility to cephalosporins declined between 2012 and 2016 from 5.9% to 2.0% while azithromycin resistance increased from 0.8% to 7.2% in the same period. CONCLUSION While XDR-GC are currently rare in Canada, MDR-GC have increased over the last five years. Azithromycin resistance in N. gonorrhoeae is established and spreading in Canada, exceeding the 5% level at which the World Health Organization states an antimicrobial should be reviewed as an appropriate treatment. Continued surveillance of antimicrobial susceptibilities of N. gonorrhoeae is necessary to inform treatment guidelines and mitigate the impact of resistant gonorrhea.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Martin
- Bacterial Pathogens Division, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB
| | - P Sawatzky
- Bacterial Pathogens Division, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB
| | - V Allen
- Public Health Ontario Laboratories, Toronto, ON
| | - B Lefebvre
- Laboratoire de santé publique du Québec, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC
| | - LMN Hoang
- British Columbia Centre for Disease Control Public Health Laboratory, Vancouver, BC
| | - P Naidu
- Provincial Laboratory for Public Health, Edmonton, AB
| | - J Minion
- Roy Romanow Provincial Laboratory, Regina, SK
| | | | - D Haldane
- Queen Elizabeth II Health Sciences Centre, Halifax, NS
| | - RR Gad
- New Brunswick Department of Health, Fredericton, NB
| | - G Zahariadis
- Newfoundland and Labrador Public Health Laboratory, St. John’s, NL
| | - A Corriveau
- Department of Health and Social Services, Government of the Northwest Territories, Yellowknife, NT
| | | | - K Tomas
- Centre for Communicable Diseases and Infection Control, Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, ON
| | - MR Mulvey
- Bacterial Pathogens Division, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB
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22
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Patriquin G, Drebot M, Cole T, Lindsay R, Schleihauf E, Johnston BL, Dimitrova K, Traykova-Andonova M, Mask A, Haldane D, Hatchette TF. High Seroprevalence of Jamestown Canyon Virus among Deer and Humans, Nova Scotia, Canada. Emerg Infect Dis 2018; 24:118-121. [PMID: 29260667 PMCID: PMC5749476 DOI: 10.3201/eid2401.170484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Using residual serum samples from Nova Scotia, Canada, we found that 87.8% of tested deer and an estimated 20.6% of the human population were infected with Jamestown Canyon virus. Human seropositivity reached 48.2% in 1 region. This virus may be an underrecognized cause of disease in Nova Scotia.
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Demczuk WHB, Martin I, Desai S, Griffith A, Caron-Poulin L, Lefebvre B, McGeer A, Tyrrell GJ, Zhanel GG, Gubbay J, Hoang L, Levett PN, Van Caeseele P, Raafat Gad R, Haldane D, Zahariadis G, German G, Daley Bernier J, Strudwick L, Mulvey MR. Serotype distribution of invasive Streptococcus pneumoniae in adults 65 years of age and over after the introduction of childhood 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccination programs in Canada, 2010-2016. Vaccine 2018; 36:4701-4707. [PMID: 29937245 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Revised: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The 13-valent conjugate vaccine (PCV13) was recommended for childhood immunization programs in 2010 in Canada and has decreased the incidence of invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) in children and changed the epidemiology of IPD in adults. This study investigated the epidemiology of IPD in adults 65 years of age and older in Canada. A total of 7282 invasive S. pneumoniae isolated from adults ≥65 years old were serotyped from 2010 to 2016 and antimicrobial susceptibility was performed on 2527 isolates. Serotyping was performed by Quellung reaction using commercial antisera and antimicrobial susceptibilities were determined by broth microdilution. PCV7 serotypes decreased non-significantly from 2010 to 2016 from 9.1% (n = 96) to 6.7% (n = 72) while the additional six PCV13 serotypes declined significantly from 39.5% (n = 418) to 18.6% (n = 201) (p < 0.05). The 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPV23) and non-vaccine (NVT) serotypes increased from 26.3% (n = 278) to 36.2% (n = 393) (p < 0.05), and from 25.1% (n = 266) to 38.4% (n = 416) (p < 0.05), respectively. There were no significant changes in antimicrobial resistance rates from 2011 to 2016: 24.1% of the IPD from adults ≥65 years were resistant to clarithromycin (n = 609), 10.0% to doxycycline (n = 254), 11.8% to penicillin (n = 299), 5.2% to cefuroxime (n = 131), 6.6% to clindamycin (n = 168), 6.0% to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (n = 152), and 0.5% (n = 12) to ceftriaxone. Although overall incidence of IPD in adults ≥65 years has remained relatively constant from 2010 to 2016, childhood PCV13 vaccination programs have been successful in indirectly reducing IPD caused by PCV13 serotypes in adults through herd immunity effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter H B Demczuk
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Irene Martin
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Shalini Desai
- Vaccine Preventable Diseases Section, Surveillance and Epidemiology Division, Centre for Immunization and Respiratory Infectious Diseases, Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Averil Griffith
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Laurence Caron-Poulin
- Vaccine Preventable Diseases Section, Surveillance and Epidemiology Division, Centre for Immunization and Respiratory Infectious Diseases, Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Brigitte Lefebvre
- Laboratoire de santé publique du Québec, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, Québec, Canada
| | - Allison McGeer
- Toronto Invasive Bacterial Diseases Network (TIBDN), Department of Microbiology, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gregory J Tyrrell
- The Provincial Laboratory for Public Health (Microbiology), Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - George G Zhanel
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | | | - Linda Hoang
- British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Paul N Levett
- Saskatchewan Disease Control Laboratory, Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | | | - Rita Raafat Gad
- New Brunswick, Office of the Chief Medical Officer of Health, New Brunswick Department of Health, Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada
| | - David Haldane
- Queen Elizabeth II Health Science Centre, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - George Zahariadis
- Newfoundland Public Health Laboratory, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
| | - Gregory German
- Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada
| | | | - Lori Strudwick
- Yukon Communicable Disease Control, Government of Yukon, Whitehorse, Yukon, Canada
| | - Michael R Mulvey
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
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Tsang RSW, Shuel M, Whyte K, Hoang L, Tyrrell G, Horsman G, Wylie J, Jamieson F, Lefebvre B, Haldane D, Gad RR, German GJ, Needle R. Antibiotic susceptibility and molecular analysis of invasive Haemophilus influenzae in Canada, 2007 to 2014. J Antimicrob Chemother 2018; 72:1314-1319. [PMID: 28137937 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkw565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Previously we studied the antibiotic susceptibility of invasive Haemophilus influenzae collected in Canada from 1990 to 2006 and characterized isolates by serotype, MLST and ftsI gene sequencing for significant PBP3 mutations. Objectives To provide an update based on isolates collected from 2007 to 2014. Methods A total of 882 case isolates were characterized by serotype using slide agglutination and PCR. MLST was carried out to determine ST. Isolates were tested for β-lactamase production, presence of significant PBP3 mutations and antibiotic susceptibility by disc diffusion against 14 antibiotics. MIC values of three antibiotics were determined for 316 isolates using microbroth dilution. Results Non-typeable H. influenzae accounted for 54.6% of the isolates and 45.4% were serotypeable, predominantly type a (23.1%), type b (8.3%) and type f (10.8%). The overall rate of ampicillin resistance due to β-lactamase production was 16.4% and increased from 13.5% in 2007-10 to 19% in 2011-14. Significant PBP3 mutations were identified in 129 isolates (14.6%) with 23 (2.6%) also producing β-lactamase. MLST identified related STs (ST-136, ST-14 and ST-367) associated exclusively with genetically β-lactamase-negative, ampicillin-resistant isolates and confirmed previously reported associations between significant PBP3 mutations and ST. Conclusions A significant increase in β-lactamase-producing isolates was observed from 2007 to 2014; the rate of significant PBP3 mutations has increased since previously reported and 52.5% of non-typeable H. influenzae now show resistance markers. Resistance to trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole was common and no resistance to fluoroquinolones or third-generation cephalosporins was found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond S W Tsang
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Michelle Shuel
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Kathleen Whyte
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Linda Hoang
- BC Public Health Microbiology and Reference Laboratory, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Gregory Tyrrell
- Provincial Laboratory for Public Health, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Greg Horsman
- Saskatchewan Disease Control Laboratory, Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - John Wylie
- Cadham Provincial Laboratory, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Frances Jamieson
- Public Health Ontario, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Brigitte Lefebvre
- Laboratoire de santé publique du Québec, Institut National de santé publique du Québec, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, Québec, Canada
| | - David Haldane
- Nova Scotia Health Authority, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.,Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Rita R Gad
- Communicable Disease Control Unit, Department of Health, Government of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada
| | - Gregory J German
- Department of Health, Government of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada
| | - Robert Needle
- Public Health Laboratory and Microbiology, Eastern Health, St John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
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Fontenot KR, Edwards JV, Haldane D, Pircher N, Liebner F, Condon BD, Qureshi H, Yager D. Designing cellulosic and nanocellulosic sensors for interface with a protease sequestrant wound-dressing prototype: Implications of material selection for dressing and protease sensor design. J Biomater Appl 2017; 32:622-637. [DOI: 10.1177/0885328217735049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Interfacing nanocellulosic-based biosensors with chronic wound dressings for protease point of care diagnostics combines functional material properties of high specific surface area, appropriate surface charge, and hydrophilicity with biocompatibility to the wound environment. Combining a protease sensor with a dressing is consistent with the concept of an intelligent dressing, which has been a goal of wound-dressing design for more than a quarter century. We present here biosensors with a nanocellulosic transducer surface (nanocrystals, nanocellulose composites, and nanocellulosic aerogels) immobilized with a fluorescent elastase tripeptide or tetrapeptide biomolecule, which has selectivity and affinity for human neutrophil elastase present in chronic wound fluid. The specific surface area of the materials correlates with a greater loading of the elastase peptide substrate. Nitrogen adsorption and mercury intrusion studies revealed gas permeable systems with different porosities (28–98%) and pore sizes (2–50 nm, 210 µm) respectively, which influence water vapor transmission rates. A correlation between zeta potential values and the degree of protease sequestration imply that the greater the negative surface charge of the nanomaterials, the greater the sequestration of positively charged neutrophil proteases. The biosensors gave detection sensitivities of 0.015–0.13 units/ml, which are at detectable human neutrophil elastase levels present in chronic wound fluid. Thus, the physical and interactive biochemical properties of the nano-based biosensors are suitable for interfacing with protease sequestrant prototype wound dressings. A discussion of the relevance of protease sensors and cellulose nanomaterials to current chronic wound dressing design and technology is included.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Nicole Pircher
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Falk Liebner
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Brian D Condon
- Southern Regional Research Center, USDA, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Huzaifah Qureshi
- Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Dorne Yager
- Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
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26
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Haldane D. Health and Safety in a Changing World. Occup Med (Lond) 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/occmed/kqx096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Tsang RSW, Hoang L, Tyrrell GJ, Horsman G, Van Caeseele P, Jamieson F, Lefebvre B, Haldane D, Gad RR, German GJ, Zahariadis G. Increase in Neisseria meningitidis serogroup W invasive disease in Canada: 2009-2016. Can Commun Dis Rep 2017; 43:144-149. [PMID: 29770081 PMCID: PMC5764745 DOI: 10.14745/ccdr.v43i78a01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- RSW Tsang
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB
| | - L Hoang
- BC Public Health Microbiology and Reference Laboratory, Vancouver, BC
| | - GJ Tyrrell
- Provincial Laboratory for Public Health, Edmonton, AB
| | - G Horsman
- Saskatchewan Disease Control Laboratory, Regina, SK
| | | | - F Jamieson
- Public Health Ontario, Toronto, ON
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON
| | - B Lefebvre
- Laboratoire de santé publique du Québec, Institut national de santé publique du Québec, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC
| | - D Haldane
- Nova Scotia Health Authority, Halifax, NS
- Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS
| | - RR Gad
- Communicable Disease Control Unit, Department of Health, Government of New Brunswick, Fredericton, NB
| | - GJ German
- Department of Health, Government of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE
| | - G Zahariadis
- Provincial Public Health Laboratory, Eastern Health Microbiology Services, St. John’s, NL
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL
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Demczuk WHB, Martin I, Hoang L, Van Caeseele P, Lefebvre B, Horsman G, Haldane D, Gubbay J, Ratnam S, German G, Daley Bernier J, Strudwick L, McGeer A, Zhanel GG, Van Domselaar G, Graham M, Mulvey MR. Phylogenetic analysis of emergent Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 22F causing invasive pneumococcal disease using whole genome sequencing. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0178040. [PMID: 28531208 PMCID: PMC5439729 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0178040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Since implementation of the 13-valent polyvalent conjugate vaccine (PCV13) in Canada during 2010, the proportion of PCV13 serotypes causing invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) has declined from 55% (n = 1492) in 2010 to 31% (n = 764) in 2014. A concurrent increase of non-PCV13 serotypes has occurred and 22F has become the most prevalent serotype in Canada increasing from 7% (n = 183) to 11% (n = 283). Core single nucleotide variant phylogenetic analysis was performed on 137 Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 22F isolates collected across Canada from 2005-2015. Six phylogenetic lineages (n = 117) were identified among a serotype 22F/ST433 clonal complex (CC), including a recently expanding erythromycin-resistant clone. Erythromycin-resistance was observed in 25 isolates possessing ermB, mef or a 23S rRNA A2061G point mutation; 2 penicillin-resistant isolates had recombinant pbp1a, pbp2a and/or pbp2x; 3 tetracycline-resistant isolates contained tetM; and 1 isolate was multidrug-resistant. Virulence factor analysis indicated a high level of homogeneity among the 22F/ST433 clonal complex strains. A group of 6 phylogenetic outlier strains had differing MLST, antimicrobial resistance and molecular profiles suggestive of capsule switching events. While capsule switch events among S. pneumoniae serotype 22F has been observed, increasing prevalence of S. pneumoniae serotype 22F can be attributed to an evolving homogenous clone expanding nationally through local transmission events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter H. B. Demczuk
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Irene Martin
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Linda Hoang
- British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, British, Canada
| | | | - Brigitte Lefebvre
- Laboratoire de santé publique du Québec, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, Québec, Canada
| | - Greg Horsman
- Saskatchewan Disease Control Laboratory, Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - David Haldane
- Queen Elizabeth II Health Science Centre, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | | | - Sam Ratnam
- Newfoundland Public Health Laboratory, St. John’s, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
| | - Gregory German
- Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada
| | | | | | - Allison McGeer
- Toronto Invasive Bacterial Diseases Network, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - George G. Zhanel
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Gary Van Domselaar
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Science Technology Cores and Services Division, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Morag Graham
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Science Technology Cores and Services Division, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Michael R. Mulvey
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Martin I, Sawatzky P, Liu G, Allen V, Lefebvre B, Hoang L, Drews S, Horsman G, Wylie J, Haldane D, Garceau R, Ratnam S, Wong T, Archibald C, Mulvey MR. Decline in Decreased Cephalosporin Susceptibility and Increase in Azithromycin Resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Canada. Emerg Infect Dis 2016; 22:65-7. [PMID: 26689114 PMCID: PMC4696705 DOI: 10.3201/eid2201.151247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance profiles were determined for Neisseria gonorrhoeae strains isolated in Canada during 2010–2014. The proportion of isolates with decreased susceptibility to cephalosporins declined significantly between 2011 and 2014, whereas azithromycin resistance increased significantly during that period. Continued surveillance of antimicrobial drug susceptibilities is imperative to inform treatment guidelines.
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Hatchette TF, Johnston BL, Schleihauf E, Mask A, Haldane D, Drebot M, Baikie M, Cole TJ, Fleming S, Gould R, Lindsay R. Epidemiology of Lyme Disease, Nova Scotia, Canada, 2002-2013. Emerg Infect Dis 2016; 21:1751-8. [PMID: 26401788 PMCID: PMC4593424 DOI: 10.3201/eid2110.141640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Nova Scotia has the highest reported incidence in Canada, but risk is localized to identified disease-endemic regions. Ixodes scapularis ticks, which transmit Borreliaburgdorferi, the causative agent of Lyme disease (LD), are endemic to at least 6 regions of Nova Scotia, Canada. To assess the epidemiology and prevalence of LD in Nova Scotia, we analyzed data from 329 persons with LD reported in Nova Scotia during 2002–2013. Most patients reported symptoms of early localized infection with rash (89.7%), influenza-like illness (69.6%), or both; clinician-diagnosed erythema migrans was documented for 53.2%. In a separate serosurvey, of 1,855 serum samples screened for antibodies to B.burgdorferi, 2 were borderline positive (both with an indeterminate IgG on Western blot), resulting in an estimated seroprevalence of 0.14% (95% CI 0.02%–0.51%). Although LD incidence in Nova Scotia has risen sharply since 2002 and is the highest in Canada (16/100,000 population in 2013), the estimated number of residents with evidence of infection is low, and risk is localized to currently identified LD-endemic regions.
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Haldane D. Constructive Ergonomics. Occup Med (Lond) 2016. [DOI: 10.1093/occmed/kqw006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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33
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Haldane D. Treating Self-injury: A Practical Guide. Occup Med (Lond) 2013. [DOI: 10.1093/occmed/kqt120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Mulvey MR, Boyd DA, Finley R, Fakharuddin K, Langner S, Allen V, Ang L, Bekal S, El Bailey S, Haldane D, Hoang L, Horsman G, Louis M, Robberts L, Wylie J. Ciprofloxacin-resistant Salmonella enterica serovar Kentucky in Canada. Emerg Infect Dis 2013; 19:999-1001. [PMID: 23735312 PMCID: PMC3713822 DOI: 10.3201/eid1906.121351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We report emergence of ciprofloxacin-resistant Salmonella enterica serovar Kentucky in Canada during 2003-2009. All isolates had similar macrorestriction patterns and were multilocus sequence type ST198, which has been observed in Europe and Africa. Ciprofloxacin-resistant S. enterica serovar Kentucky represents 66% of all ciprofloxacin-resistant nontyphoidal Salmonella sp. isolates observed in Canada since 2003.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Mulvey
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
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35
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Martin I, Sawatzky P, Liu G, Allen V, Lefebvre B, Hoang L, Lovgren M, Haldane D, Caeseele PV, Horsman G, Garceau R, Ratnam S, Wong T, Gilmour M. Antimicrobial susceptibilities and distribution of sequence types of Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolates in Canada: 2010. Can J Microbiol 2013; 59:671-8. [PMID: 24102220 DOI: 10.1139/cjm-2013-0357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The monitoring of antimicrobial susceptibilities in Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolates and characterization of N. gonorrhoeae multiantigen sequence types (NG-MAST, ST) provide important surveillance data as resistance rates continue to rise. A total of 2970 N. gonorrhoeae isolates were collected by Canadian provincial public health laboratories in 2010, and 1233 were submitted to the National Microbiology Laboratory for testing. The NG-MAST and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) by agar dilution were determined for each isolate. Of the 2970 isolates, 25.1% were resistant to penicillin, 34.6% resistant to tetracycline, 31.5% resistant to erythromycin, 35.9% resistant to ciprofloxacin, and 1.2% resistant to azithromycin. Decreased susceptibility to cefixime (MIC ≥ 0.25 mg/L) and ceftriaxone (MIC ≥ 0.125 mg/L) was identified in 3.2% and 7.3% of the isolates, respectively. The most common STs found in Canada were ST1407 (13.3%), ST3150 (11.3%), and ST3158 (9.0%), with 249 different STs identified among the isolates. Within the ST1407 group, 19.5% and 43.3% isolates have decreased susceptibility to cefixime and ceftriaxone, respectively. ST1407, the most prevalent NG-MAST in Canada in 2010, has been associated with high-level ceftriaxone MICs and with cefixime treatment failure cases worldwide. Identification and monitoring of STs and corresponding antimicrobial resistance profiles may be useful in surveillance programs and be used to inform public health actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Martin
- a Bacteriology and Enteric Diseases Program, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, 1015 Arlington Street, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada
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Mulvey MR, Finley R, Allen V, Ang L, Bekal S, El Bailey S, Haldane D, Hoang L, Horsman G, Louie M, Robberts L, Wylie J, McCracken M, Langner S, Ahmed R, Tabor H, Gilmour M. Emergence of multidrug-resistant Salmonella enterica serotype 4,[5],12:i:- involving human cases in Canada: results from the Canadian Integrated Program on Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance (CIPARS), 2003-10. J Antimicrob Chemother 2013; 68:1982-6. [PMID: 23710071 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkt149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Over the last decade, a marked increase in Salmonella enterica serotype 4,[5],12:i:- with a core resistance to ampicillin, streptomycin, sulphonamides and tetracycline (ASSuT) has been observed in Europe. This study describes the emergence and characterization of isolates of multidrug-resistant Salmonella 4,[5],12:i:- in Canada. METHODS Human clinical isolates of Salmonella 4,[5],12:i:- were identified by provincial laboratories from 2003 to 2010. Serotyping and phage typing were performed by standardized methodologies. MIC values were determined using broth microdilution. PCR was used to determine the presence of resistance genes. Multilocus sequence typing was performed on a selected number of isolates. RESULTS A total of 26 251 Salmonella were submitted as part of the Canadian Integrated Program on Antibiotic Resistance Surveillance (CIPARS). Of these, Salmonella 4,[5],12:i:- accounted for a total of 766 isolates (2.9%), and the number increased significantly from 42 (1.4%) in 2003 to 164 (4.8%) in 2010. The ASSuT+ phenotype was observed in 11.9% (n = 91) of Salmonella 4,[5],12:i:- isolates and increased from two isolates in 2003 to 35 isolates in 2010. Two sequence types (STs) were observed. ST34 was mainly associated with the ASSuT isolates (n = 24; 38%), which contained blaTEM, strA-strB, tet(B) and sul2. ST19 was more likely to be associated with the ACSSuT phenotype and contained blaTEM, floR, strA-strB, sul2 and tet(A) or blaPSE-1, floR, aadA2, sul1 and tet(G). CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of Salmonella 4,[5],12:i:- has significantly increased from 2003 to 2010 and it is now the fifth most common serotype reported in Canada causing human disease. Similar antimicrobial resistance patterns, phage types and STs have been observed in Europe.
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Wang S, Haldane D, Liang R, Smithyman J, Zhang C, Wang B. Nanoscale infiltration behaviour and through-thickness permeability of carbon nanotube buckypapers. Nanotechnology 2013; 24:015704. [PMID: 23221271 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/24/1/015704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Carbon nanotube thin films or 'buckypapers' show potential for various applications including electrodes for energy devices, nanoscale filtration devices and composite materials. This paper reports on the study of through-thickness permeability of different buckypaper materials. The infiltration behaviours of different liquids into four types of buckypaper were investigated. Infiltration of the liquids into buckypaper was found to follow Darcy's law, except in the case of epoxy resin solution permeation into SWNT buckypaper. The results revealed that the permeability of SWNT buckypaper was of the order of 10(-19) m(2), which is about two orders of magnitude lower than the 10(-17) m(2) permeability for the MWNT buckypaper. The factors of wider pores, higher porosity and less surface area appear to contribute to a higher permeability, which is consistent with Darcy's law and the Kozeny-Carman model. The Kozeny constants of buckypapers correlated well with the tortuosity of their flow paths and nanoscale pore size. The polarity of working fluids did not show an impact on the permeability. Solutions with molecular size near the size of the nanopores in the buckypaper led to lower permeability due to the occurrence of pore blockage. In addition, a threshold pressure existed for liquid to infiltrate into nanoscale pores in buckypapers, which does not exist in fibre reinforcement preforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaokai Wang
- High-Performance Materials Institute (HPMI), Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32310, USA
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Haldane D. Employment Law Handbook. Occup Med (Lond) 2012. [DOI: 10.1093/occmed/kqs072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Haldane D. Introduction to Occupational Health in Public Health Practice. Occup Med (Lond) 2012. [DOI: 10.1093/occmed/kqr202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerri S Purdy
- Division of Dermatology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada
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Haldane D. Using CBT in General Practice. The 10 Minute Consultation. Occup Med (Lond) 2009. [DOI: 10.1093/occmed/kqp049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Haldane D. Psychiatry. A Very Short Introduction. Occup Med (Lond) 2008. [DOI: 10.1093/occmed/kqn105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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Haldane D. Fitness for Work. The Medical Aspects. Occup Med (Lond) 2007. [DOI: 10.1093/occmed/kqm121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Haldane D. CBT for Occupational Stress in Health Professionals. Introducing a Schema-Based Approach. Occup Med (Lond) 2007. [DOI: 10.1093/occmed/kql164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Haldane D. British Association of Dermatologists: Latex Allergy: http://www.bad.org.uk/public/leaflets/bad_patient_information_gateway_leaflets/latex/index.asp. Occup Med (Lond) 2007. [DOI: 10.1093/occmed/kql172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Haldane D. Occderm: http://www.occderm.asn.au. Occup Med (Lond) 2006. [DOI: 10.1093/occmed/kql142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Haldane D. Drugscope. Occup Med (Lond) 2006. [DOI: 10.1093/occmed/kql082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Arbique J, Forward K, Haldane D, Davidson R. Comparison of the Velogene Rapid MRSA Identification Assay, Denka MRSA-Screen Assay, and BBL Crystal MRSA ID System for rapid identification of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2001; 40:5-10. [PMID: 11448557 DOI: 10.1016/s0732-8893(01)00245-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Early detection of methicillin-resistant S.aureus (MRSA) is critical for both the management of infected patients, and the timely institution of appropriate infection control measures. Although detection of the mecA gene by PCR remains the gold standard, this technology is inaccessible for many laboratories. Therefore, we sought to evaluate several new rapid identification systems and compare them to PCR. A total of 71 methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA), 25 borderline oxacillin-resistant S. aureus (BORSA), and 213 MRSA were selected for study. S.aureus was identified using standard methods. Initial screening was performed on a Mueller-Hinton agar plate with 6 mg/L of oxacillin. MRSA strains were identified using PCR with primers specific for the mecA gene. PCR was used as the reference method. All isolates were tested using the BBL Crystal MRSA ID System (Becton Dickinson Microbiology Systems, Maryland, USA), the MRSA-Screen Assay (Denka Seiken Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan), and the Velogene Rapid MRSA Identification Assay (ID Biomedical Corp, Vancouver, BC). With minor modifications, all assays were performed according to manufacturers' instructions. Overall, the 3 commercial assays performed well. The sensitivity and specificity of the BBL, Denka, and Velogene systems were 99%/100%, 99%/100%, and 96%/100% respectively. The advantages of the phenotypic tests-BBL Crystal Kit and Denka MRSA-Screen Assay include lower cost per test, shelf-life, ease of use, and rapid turn-around times. Advantages of the Velogene Rapid MRSA include ability to perform genotypic high-volume testing without the equipment requirements and technical complexity involved with PCR. Turn-around times ranged from 15 min for the Denka MRSA-Screen Assay, 2 h for the Velogene Rapid MRSA, and 4 h for the BBL Crystal. The BBL Crystal, Denka MRSA-Screen, and Velogene Rapid MRSA identification systems are rapid, easy to perform, and provide accurate identification of MRSA. These rapid kits offer an acceptable alternative for smaller, non-reference, laboratories and reduce the dependency on PCR in larger laboratories for routine confirmation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Arbique
- Division of Microbiology, Queen Elizabeth II Health Sciences Centre, Room 309, 5788 University Ave, B3H-1V8, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
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