1
|
Bergström A, Frantz L, Schmidt R, Ersmark E, Lebrasseur O, Girdland-Flink L, Lin AT, Storå J, Sjögren KG, Anthony D, Antipina E, Amiri S, Bar-Oz G, Bazaliiskii VI, Bulatović J, Brown D, Carmagnini A, Davy T, Fedorov S, Fiore I, Fulton D, Germonpré M, Haile J, Irving-Pease EK, Jamieson A, Janssens L, Kirillova I, Horwitz LK, Kuzmanovic-Cvetković J, Kuzmin Y, Losey RJ, Dizdar DL, Mashkour M, Novak M, Onar V, Orton D, Pasarić M, Radivojević M, Rajković D, Roberts B, Ryan H, Sablin M, Shidlovskiy F, Stojanović I, Tagliacozzo A, Trantalidou K, Ullén I, Villaluenga A, Wapnish P, Dobney K, Götherström A, Linderholm A, Dalén L, Pinhasi R, Larson G, Skoglund P. Origins and genetic legacy of prehistoric dogs. Science 2020; 370:557-564. [PMID: 33122379 PMCID: PMC7116352 DOI: 10.1126/science.aba9572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Dogs were the first domestic animal, but little is known about their population history and to what extent it was linked to humans. We sequenced 27 ancient dog genomes and found that all dogs share a common ancestry distinct from present-day wolves, with limited gene flow from wolves since domestication but substantial dog-to-wolf gene flow. By 11,000 years ago, at least five major ancestry lineages had diversified, demonstrating a deep genetic history of dogs during the Paleolithic. Coanalysis with human genomes reveals aspects of dog population history that mirror humans, including Levant-related ancestry in Africa and early agricultural Europe. Other aspects differ, including the impacts of steppe pastoralist expansions in West and East Eurasia and a near-complete turnover of Neolithic European dog ancestry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anders Bergström
- Ancient Genomics Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK.
| | - Laurent Frantz
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.
- Palaeogenomics Group, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Germany
| | - Ryan Schmidt
- School of Archaeology and Earth Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- CIBIO-InBIO, University of Porto, Campus de Vairão, Portugal
| | - Erik Ersmark
- Department of Bioinformatics and Genetics, Swedish Museum of Natural History, Stockholm, Sweden
- Centre for Palaeogenetics, Svante Arrhenius väg 18C, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ophelie Lebrasseur
- The Palaeogenomics and Bio-Archaeology Research Network, Research Laboratory for Archaeology and History of Art, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Archaeology, Classics and Egyptology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Linus Girdland-Flink
- Department of Archaeology, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
- Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Audrey T Lin
- The Palaeogenomics and Bio-Archaeology Research Network, Research Laboratory for Archaeology and History of Art, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Anthropology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Jan Storå
- Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - David Anthony
- Hartwick College, Oneonta, NY, USA
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Ekaterina Antipina
- Institute of Archaeology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Sarieh Amiri
- Bioarchaeology Laboratory, Central Laboratory, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | | | | | | | | | - Alberto Carmagnini
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Tom Davy
- Ancient Genomics Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Sergey Fedorov
- North-Eastern Federal University, Yakutsk, Russian Federation
| | - Ivana Fiore
- Bioarchaeology Service, Museo delle Civiltà, Rome, Italy
- Environmental and Evolutionary Biology Doctoral Program, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - James Haile
- University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Evan K Irving-Pease
- The Palaeogenomics and Bio-Archaeology Research Network, Research Laboratory for Archaeology and History of Art, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Lundbeck GeoGenetics Centre, The Globe Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Alexandra Jamieson
- The Palaeogenomics and Bio-Archaeology Research Network, Research Laboratory for Archaeology and History of Art, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | | | | | | | - Yaroslav Kuzmin
- Sobolev Institute of Geology and Mineralogy of the Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
- Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russian Federation
| | | | | | - Marjan Mashkour
- Bioarchaeology Laboratory, Central Laboratory, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
- Archéozoologie, Archéobotanique, Sociétés, Pratiques et Environnements, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
| | - Mario Novak
- Centre for Applied Bioanthropology, Institute for Anthropological Research, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Vedat Onar
- Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | - Maja Pasarić
- Institute of Ethnology and Folklore Research, Zagreb, Croatia
| | | | | | | | - Hannah Ryan
- The Palaeogenomics and Bio-Archaeology Research Network, Research Laboratory for Archaeology and History of Art, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Mikhail Sablin
- Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | | | | | | | - Katerina Trantalidou
- Hellenic Ministry of Culture & Sports, Athens, Greece
- University of Thessaly, Argonauton & Philellinon, Volos, Greece
| | - Inga Ullén
- National Historical Museums, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Aritza Villaluenga
- Consolidated Research Group on Prehistory (IT-1223-19), University of the Basque Country (UPV-EHU), Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Paula Wapnish
- Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Keith Dobney
- Department of Archaeology, Classics and Egyptology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
- Department of Archaeology, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
- Department of Archaeology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
- School of Philosophical and Historical Inquiry, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Anders Götherström
- Centre for Palaeogenetics, Svante Arrhenius väg 18C, Stockholm, Sweden
- Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Love Dalén
- Department of Bioinformatics and Genetics, Swedish Museum of Natural History, Stockholm, Sweden
- Centre for Palaeogenetics, Svante Arrhenius väg 18C, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ron Pinhasi
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Greger Larson
- The Palaeogenomics and Bio-Archaeology Research Network, Research Laboratory for Archaeology and History of Art, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Pontus Skoglund
- Ancient Genomics Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Verdugo MP, Mullin VE, Scheu A, Mattiangeli V, Daly KG, Maisano Delser P, Hare AJ, Burger J, Collins MJ, Kehati R, Hesse P, Fulton D, Sauer EW, Mohaseb FA, Davoudi H, Khazaeli R, Lhuillier J, Rapin C, Ebrahimi S, Khasanov M, Vahidi SMF, MacHugh DE, Ertuğrul O, Koukouli-Chrysanthaki C, Sampson A, Kazantzis G, Kontopoulos I, Bulatovic J, Stojanović I, Mikdad A, Benecke N, Linstädter J, Sablin M, Bendrey R, Gourichon L, Arbuckle BS, Mashkour M, Orton D, Horwitz LK, Teasdale MD, Bradley DG. Ancient cattle genomics, origins, and rapid turnover in the Fertile Crescent. Science 2020; 365:173-176. [PMID: 31296769 DOI: 10.1126/science.aav1002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Genome-wide analysis of 67 ancient Near Eastern cattle, Bos taurus, remains reveals regional variation that has since been obscured by admixture in modern populations. Comparisons of genomes of early domestic cattle to their aurochs progenitors identify diverse origins with separate introgressions of wild stock. A later region-wide Bronze Age shift indicates rapid and widespread introgression of zebu, Bos indicus, from the Indus Valley. This process was likely stimulated at the onset of the current geological age, ~4.2 thousand years ago, by a widespread multicentury drought. In contrast to genome-wide admixture, mitochondrial DNA stasis supports that this introgression was male-driven, suggesting that selection of arid-adapted zebu bulls enhanced herd survival. This human-mediated migration of zebu-derived genetics has continued through millennia, altering tropical herding on each continent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Victoria E Mullin
- Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin D02 PN40, Ireland.,Department of Earth Sciences, Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, UK
| | - Amelie Scheu
- Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin D02 PN40, Ireland.,Palaeogenetics Group, Institute of Organismic and Molecular Evolution (iOME), Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, 55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - Valeria Mattiangeli
- Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin D02 PN40, Ireland
| | - Kevin G Daly
- Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin D02 PN40, Ireland
| | - Pierpaolo Maisano Delser
- Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin D02 PN40, Ireland.,Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
| | - Andrew J Hare
- Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin D02 PN40, Ireland
| | - Joachim Burger
- Palaeogenetics Group, Institute of Organismic and Molecular Evolution (iOME), Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, 55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - Matthew J Collins
- BioArCh, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK.,Museum of Natural History, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ron Kehati
- 448 Shvil Hachalav Street, Nir Banim 7952500, Israel
| | - Paula Hesse
- Jewish Studies Program, Department of Classics and Ancient Mediterranean Studies, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Deirdre Fulton
- Department of Religion, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798, USA
| | - Eberhard W Sauer
- School of History, Classics and Archaeology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9AG, UK
| | - Fatemeh A Mohaseb
- Archéozoologie et Archéobotanique (UMR 7209), CNRS, MNHN, UPMC, Sorbonne Universités, Paris, France.,Bioarchaeology Laboratory, Central Laboratory, University of Tehran, 1417634934 Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Davoudi
- Bioarchaeology Laboratory, Central Laboratory, University of Tehran, 1417634934 Tehran, Iran.,Osteology Department, National Museum of Iran, 1136918111 Tehran, Iran.,Department of Archaeology, Faculty of Humanities, Tarbiat Modares University, 111-14115 Tehran, Iran
| | - Roya Khazaeli
- Bioarchaeology Laboratory, Central Laboratory, University of Tehran, 1417634934 Tehran, Iran
| | - Johanna Lhuillier
- Archéorient Université Lyon 2, CNRS UMR 5133, Maison de l'Orient et de la Méditerranée, 69365 Lyon, France
| | - Claude Rapin
- Archéologie d'Orient et d'Occident (AOROC, UMR 8546, CNRS ENS), Centre d'archéologie, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Saeed Ebrahimi
- Faculty of Literature and Humanities, Islamic Azad University, 1711734353 Tehran, Iran
| | - Mutalib Khasanov
- Uzbekistan Institute of Archaeology of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan, 703051 Samarkand, Uzbekistan
| | - S M Farhad Vahidi
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute of Iran-North branch (ABRII), Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization, 4188958883 Rasht, Iran
| | - David E MacHugh
- Animal Genomics Laboratory, UCD School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Dublin D04 V1W8, Ireland.,UCD Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Dublin D04 V1W8, Ireland
| | - Okan Ertuğrul
- Veterinary Faculty, Ankara University, 06110 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Chaido Koukouli-Chrysanthaki
- Hellenic Ministry of Culture and Sports, Department of Prehistoric and Classical Antiquities, and Museums, Serres 62 122, Greece
| | - Adamantios Sampson
- Department of Mediterranean Studies, University of the Aegean, 85132 Rhodes, Greece
| | - George Kazantzis
- Archaeological Museum of Aeani, 500 04, Kozani, Western Macedonia, Greece
| | | | - Jelena Bulatovic
- Laboratory for Bioarchaeology, Department of Archaeology, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | | | - Abdesalam Mikdad
- Institut National des Sciences de l'Archéologie et du Patrimoine de Maroc (INSAP) Hay Riad, Madinat al Ifrane, Rabat Instituts, 10000 Rabat, Morocco
| | - Norbert Benecke
- Department of Natural Sciences, German Archaeological Institute, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jörg Linstädter
- Deutsches Archäologisches Institut, Kommission für Archäologie Außereuropäischer Kulturen (KAAK), 53173 Bonn, Germany
| | - Mikhail Sablin
- Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 199034 St Petersburg, Russia
| | - Robin Bendrey
- School of History, Classics and Archaeology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9AG, UK.,Department of Archaeology, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6AB, UK
| | - Lionel Gourichon
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, CEPAM (UMR 7264), 06357 Nice, France
| | - Benjamin S Arbuckle
- Department of Anthropology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Marjan Mashkour
- Archéozoologie et Archéobotanique (UMR 7209), CNRS, MNHN, UPMC, Sorbonne Universités, Paris, France.,Bioarchaeology Laboratory, Central Laboratory, University of Tehran, 1417634934 Tehran, Iran.,Osteology Department, National Museum of Iran, 1136918111 Tehran, Iran
| | - David Orton
- BioArCh, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Liora Kolska Horwitz
- National Natural History Collections, Faculty of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University, 9190401 Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Matthew D Teasdale
- Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin D02 PN40, Ireland.,BioArCh, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Daniel G Bradley
- Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin D02 PN40, Ireland.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Lowdon JW, Alkirkit SMO, Mewis RE, Fulton D, Banks CE, Sutcliffe OB, Peeters M. Engineering molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) for the selective extraction and quantification of the novel psychoactive substance (NPS) methoxphenidine and its regioisomers. Analyst 2018; 143:2002-2007. [PMID: 29671423 DOI: 10.1039/c8an00131f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In this communication, we present the first developed Molecularly Imprinted Polymers (MIPs) for the specific detection of a New Psychoactive Substance (NPS); namely, methoxphenidine (MXP) and its regioisomers. Selectivity of the MIP towards MXP is studied by analysing mixtures and an acquired street sample with High Performance Liquid Chromatography coupled to UV detection. The study demonstrates that the engineered polymers selectively extract MXP from heterogeneous samples, which makes for a very powerful diagnostic tool that can detect traces of MXP in complicated NPS samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J W Lowdon
- Manchester Metropolitan University, Faculty of Science and Engineering, School of Science and the Environment, Division of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Chester Street, Manchester M1 5GD, UK.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Coleman D, Fulton D, Heidenreich O. Synthetic diblock copolymer micelles as vectors for siRNA delivery to knockdown RUNX1/ETO in acute myeloid leukaemia cells. Klin Padiatr 2015. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0035-1550253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
5
|
Coleman D, Omedes-Pujol M, Allen C, Heidenreich O, Fulton D. Synthetic diblock copolymer micelles as vectors for siRNA delivery to knockdown RUNX1/ETO in acute myeloid leukaemia cells. Klin Padiatr 2014. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0034-1374854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
6
|
Easaw JC, Mason WP, Perry J, Laperrière N, Eisenstat DD, Del Maestro R, Bélanger K, Fulton D, Macdonald D. Canadian recommendations for the treatment of recurrent or progressive glioblastoma multiforme. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 18:e126-36. [PMID: 21655151 DOI: 10.3747/co.v18i3.755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Recommendation 1: Multidisciplinary ApproachTo optimize treatment outcomes, the management of patients with recurrent glioblastoma should be individualized and should involve a multidisciplinary team approach, including neurosurgery, neuropathology, radiation oncology, neuro-oncology, and allied health professions.Recommendation 2: ImagingThe standard imaging modality for assessment of recurrent glioblastoma is Gd-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (mri). Tumour recurrence should be assessed according to the criteria set out by the Response Assessment in Neuro-Oncology Working Group. The optimal timing and frequency of mri after chemoradiation and adjunctive therapy have not been established.Recommendation 3: Pseudo-progressionProgression observed by mri after chemoradiation can be pseudo-progression. Accordingly, treated patients should not be classified as having progressive disease by Gd-enhancing mri within the first 12 weeks after the end of radiotherapy unless new enhancement is observed outside the radiotherapy field or viable tumour is confirmed by pathology at the time of a required re-operation. Adjuvant temozolomide should be continued and follow-up imaging obtained.Recommendation 4: Repeat SurgerySurgery can play a role in providing symptom relief and confirming tumour recurrence, pseudo-progression, or radiation necrosis. However, before surgical intervention, it is essential to clearly define treatment goals and the expected impact on prognosis and the patient's quality of life. In the absence of level 1 evidence, the decision to re-operate should be made according to individual circumstances, in consultation with the multidisciplinary team and the patient.Recommendation 5: Re-irradiationRe-irradiation is seldom recommended, but can be considered in carefully selected cases of recurrent glioblastoma.Recommendation 6: Systemic TherapyClinical trials, when available, should be offered to all eligible patients. In the absence of a trial, systemic therapy, including temozolomide rechallenge or anti-angiogenic therapy, may be considered. Combination therapy is still experimental; optimal drug combinations and sequencing have not been established.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J C Easaw
- Department of Oncology, Tom Baker Cancer Centre and the University of Calgary, Calgary, AB.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Jastaniyah N, Le D, Pervez N, Roa W, Murtha A, Patel S, Mackenzie M, Fulton D, Field C, Fallone G. Phase I Study of Hypofractionated Intensity Modulated Radiation Therapy with Concurrent and Adjuvant Temozolomide in Patients with Glioblastoma Multiforme. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2010.07.413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
8
|
Michelakis ED, Sutendra G, Dromparis P, Webster L, Haromy A, Niven E, Maguire C, Gammer TL, Mackey JR, Fulton D, Abdulkarim B, McMurtry MS, Petruk KC. Metabolic Modulation of Glioblastoma with Dichloroacetate. Sci Transl Med 2010; 2:31ra34. [DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3000677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 531] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
9
|
Mason W, Maestro RD, Eisenstat D, Forsyth P, Fulton D, Laperrière N, Macdonald D, Perry J, Thiessen B. Canadian recommendations for the treatment of glioblastoma multiforme. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 14:110-7. [PMID: 17593983 PMCID: PMC1899357 DOI: 10.3747/co.2007.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Recommendation 1 Management of patients with glioblastoma multiforme (gbm) should be highly individualized and should take a multidisciplinary approach involving neuro-oncology, neurosurgery, radiation oncology, and pathology, to optimize treatment outcomes. Patients and caregivers should be kept informed of the progress of treatment at every stage. Recommendation 2 Sufficient tissue should be obtained during surgery for cytogenetic analysis and, whenever feasible, for tumour banking. Recommendation 3 Surgery is an integral part of the treatment plan, to establish a histopathologic diagnosis and to achieve safe, maximal, and feasible tumour resection, which may improve clinical signs and symptoms. Recommendation 4 The preoperative imaging modality of choice is magnetic resonance imaging (mri) with gadolinium as the contrast agent. Other imaging modalities, such as positron emission tomography with [18F]-fluoro-deoxy-d-glucose, may also be considered in selected cases. Postoperative imaging (mri or computed tomography) is recommended within 72 hours of surgery to evaluate the extent of resection. Recommendation 5 Postoperative external-beam radiotherapy is recommended as standard therapy for patients with gbm. The recommended dose is 60 Gy in 2-Gy fractions. The recommended clinical target volume should be identified with gadolinium-enhanced T1-weighted mri, with a margin in the order of 2–3 cm. Target volumes should be determined based on a postsurgical planning mri. A shorter course of radiation may be considered for older patients with poor performance status. Recommendation 6 During rt, temozolomide 75 mg/m2 should be administered concurrently for the full duration of radio-therapy, typically 42 days. Temozolomide should be given approximately 1 hour before radiation therapy, and at the same time on the days that no radiotherapy is scheduled. Recommendation 7 Adjuvant temozolomide 150 mg/m2, in a 5/28-day schedule, is recommended for cycle 1, followed by 5 cycles if well tolerated. Additional cycles may be considered in partial responders. The dose should be increased to 200 mg/m2 at cycle 2 if well tolerated. Weekly monitoring of blood count is advised during chemoradiation therapy in patients with a low white blood cell count. Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia has been reported, and prophylaxis should be considered. Recommendation 8 For patients with stable clinical symptoms during combined radiotherapy and temozolomide, completion of 3 cycles of adjuvant therapy is generally advised before a decision is made about whether to continue treatment, because pseudo-progression is a common phenomenon during this time. The recommended duration of therapy is 6 months. A longer duration may be considered in patients who show continuous improvement on therapy. Recommendation 9 Selected patients with recurrent gbm may be candidates for repeat resection when the situation appears favourable based on an assessment of individual patient factors such as medical history, functional status, and location of the tumour. Entry into a clinical trial is recommended for patients with recurrent disease. Recommendation 10 The optimal chemotherapeutic strategy for patients who progress following concurrent chemoradiation has not been determined. Therapeutic and clinical–molecular studies with quality of life outcomes are needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W.P. Mason
- Correspondence to: Warren P. Mason, Princess Margaret Hospital, 610 University Avenue, Suite 18-717, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2M9 Canada. E-mail:
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Paez P, Fulton D, Colwell C, Campagnoni A. Voltage-operated Ca2+and Na+channels in the oligodendrocyte lineage. J Neurosci Res 2009; 87:3259-66. [DOI: 10.1002/jnr.21938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
11
|
Le D, Pervez N, Liu D, Roa W, Murtha A, Fulton D, MacKenzie M, Wachowicz K, Yahya A, Field C, Fallone G, Abdulkarim B. 22 HYPOFRACTIONATED DYNAMIC INTENSITY MODULATED RADIOTHERAPY WITH CONCURRENT AND ADJUVANT TEMOZOLOMIDE FOR PATIENTS WITH GLIOBLASTOMA UTILIZING MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPIC IMAGING TO PREDICT TREATMENT RESPONSE. Radiother Oncol 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-8140(12)72409-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
12
|
Perry JR, Mason WP, Belanger K, Kavan P, Fulton D, Easaw J, Kirby S, Macdonald D, Shields C, Pouliot J. The temozolomide RESCUE study: A phase II trial of continuous (28/28) dose-intense temozolomide (TMZ) after progression on conventional 5/28 day TMZ in patients with recurrent malignant glioma. J Clin Oncol 2008. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2008.26.15_suppl.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
|
13
|
Alexander A, Murtha A, Abdulkarim B, Mehta V, Wheatley M, Murray B, Riauka T, Hanson J, Fulton D, McEwan A, Roa W. Prognostic significance of serial magnetic resonance spectroscopies over the course of radiation therapy for patients with malignant glioma. CLIN INVEST MED 2006; 29:301-11. [PMID: 17144440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The standard treatment of high grade gliomas (HGG) involves maximal neuro-surgical debulking, followed by post-operative radiotherapy, with or without concurrent chemotherapy, depending on histologic grade. Despite this aggressive strategy, there are few long-term survivors. Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) is a non-invasive imaging method that can monitor metabolic changes in brain tumours. To date there is little data concerning the prognostic significance of the evolving spectral alterations during a course of radiotherapy. MATERIALS We report herein a prospective study of patients with HGGs undergoing post-operative radiotherapy. Fourteen consecutively eligible patients with a confirmed histologic diagnosis of malignant glioma and completion of all required MRS imaging were included in this study. All patients had MRS imaging prior to radiotherapy, at week 4 of radiotherapy, and 2 months post-treatment. T1 and T2 weighted images as well as post-gadolinium multi-voxel proton MRS images were obtained. Normalized (tumour metabolite/normal brain metabolite) levels of choline, NAA, creatine, lipid and lactate were calculated. Kaplan-Meier (KM) curves of progression-free and overall survival were constructed based on the evolving patterns of metabolite changes over the course of the images. RESULTS The mean tumour choline/NAA ratio decreased over the course of therapy, with a reduction observed between the baseline and post-radiotherapy studies (1.91 vs. 1.29, P=0.049). A similar decrease was identified with the mean normalized choline ratio, with a highly significant difference observed between the baseline and post-radiation images (1.61 vs. 0.96, P=0.001). Patients who exhibited more than 40% decrease in normalized choline between the week 4 and post-radiotherapy studies were associated with unfavourable survival (logrank test, P=0.003) and disease progression (logrank test, P=0.012). The Lactate/NAA ratio at the 4th week of radiotherapy and the change in normalized choline/creatine between baseline and week 4 of radiotherapy were also predictive of outcome suggesting the possibility of adaptive, response-based radiation treatment. Patients with two or more poor prognostic MRS indices had a significantly shorter progression-free survival compared with those with zero or one poor indices, with 15% and 68% at 1 year, respectively (logrank test, P=0.045). CONCLUSION The evolving pattern of spectral changes over the course of radiotherapy, in particular those associated with choline-containing compounds, appears to be prognostic of tumour response and outcome. Based on our data, a decision point may exist in the mid course of radical radiotherapy, at which time consideration of the choline levels could indicate the extent of radiotherapeutic response, thus allowing for individualized treatment modification.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Alexander
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Cross Cancer Institute, Edmonton, AB
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Tang P, Roldan G, Brasher PMA, Fulton D, Roa W, Murtha A, Cairncross JG, Forsyth PA. A phase II study of carboplatin and chronic high-dose tamoxifen in patients with recurrent malignant glioma. J Neurooncol 2006; 78:311-6. [PMID: 16710748 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-005-9104-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2005] [Accepted: 12/07/2005] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the response rate, time to disease progression, survival, and toxicity of intravenous carboplatin and chronic oral high-dose tamoxifen in patients with recurrent malignant gliomas. PATIENTS AND METHODS Patients with histological confirmation of recurrent malignant gliomas were eligible for this multicenter phase II trial. Treatment consisted of 400 mg/m2 carboplatin intravenously every 4 weeks and oral high dose chronic tamoxifen (80 mg bid in women and 100 mg bid in men). RESULTS Twenty seven patients met the eligibility criteria and were evaluable for response. The histological subtypes were: 16 (59%) glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), malignant astrocytoma (5 patients), malignant mixed glioma (5 patients), and glioblastoma/gliosarcoma (1 patient). Twenty-two patients (82%) had an ECOG performance status of 0 or 1. No complete responses were observed, 4 patients (15%) achieved a partial response, and 14 patients (52%) had stable disease. Median time to progression was 3.65 months (95%CI 2.56, 4.83). Median overall survival was 14.09 months (95%CI 7.06, 19.91). One patient with a recurrent GBM had a sustained partial response and is progression free 81 months since starting treatment. Another patient with mixed malignant oligoastrocytoma also had a prolonged partial response (lasting 63 months) and is alive 84 months after treatment for recurrence. The most frequently reported grade 3 or 4 toxicities were fatigue (19%), nausea (11%) and anorexia (11%). CONCLUSIONS Carboplatin and high dose tamoxifen has similar response rates to other regimens for recurrent malignant gliomas and are probably equivalent to those found using tamoxifen as monotherapy. Long-lasting periods of disease free survival in some patients (particularly those with malignant mixed oligo astrocytomas) were found.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Tang
- Department of Oncology, Tom Baker Cancer Centre, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Alexander A, Bistritz A, Halls S, Mehta V, Murray B, Roa W, Riauka T, Urtasun R, Abdulkarim B, Fulton D. 211 Prognostic significance of serial magnetic resonance spectroscopy imaging in patients with malignant glioma undergoing radiotherapy. Radiother Oncol 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-8140(05)80372-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
16
|
Roa W, Brasher PMA, Bauman G, Anthes M, Bruera E, Chan A, Fisher B, Fulton D, Gulavita S, Hao C, Husain S, Murtha A, Petruk K, Stewart D, Tai P, Urtasun R, Cairncross JG, Forsyth P. Abbreviated Course of Radiation Therapy in Older Patients With Glioblastoma Multiforme: A Prospective Randomized Clinical Trial. J Clin Oncol 2004; 22:1583-8. [PMID: 15051755 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2004.06.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 560] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To prospectively compare standard radiation therapy (RT) with an abbreviated course of RT in older patients with glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). Patients and Methods One hundred patients with GBM, age 60 years or older, were randomly assigned after surgery to receive either standard RT (60 Gy in 30 fractions over 6 weeks) or a shorter course of RT (40 Gy in 15 fractions over 3 weeks). The primary end point was overall survival. The secondary end points were proportionate survival at 6 months, health-related quality of life (HRQoL), and corticosteroid requirement. HRQoL was assessed using the Karnofsky performance status (KPS) and Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Brain (FACT-Br). Results All patients had died at the time of analysis. Overall survival times measured from randomization were similar at 5.1 months for standard RT versus 5.6 months for the shorter course (log-rank test, P = .57). The survival probabilities at 6 months were also similar at 44.7% for standard RT versus 41.7% for the shorter course (lower-bound 95% CI, −13.7). KPS scores varied markedly but were not significantly different between the two groups (Wilcoxon test, P = .63). Low completion rates of the FACT-Br (45%) precluded meaningful comparisons between the two groups. Of patients completing RT as planned, 49% of patients (standard RT) versus 23% required an increase in posttreatment corticosteroid dosage (χ2 test, P = .02). Conclusion There is no difference in survival between patients receiving standard RT or short-course RT. In view of the similar KPS scores, decreased increment in corticosteroid requirement, and reduced treatment time, the abbreviated course of RT seems to be a reasonable treatment option for older patients with GBM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W Roa
- Cross Cancer Institute, 11560 University Ave, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 1Z2.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Jiang X, Zhong WM, Farkas T, Huang PW, Wilton N, Barrett E, Fulton D, Morrow R, Matson DO. Baculovirus expression and antigenic characterization of the capsid proteins of three Norwalk-like viruses. Arch Virol 2002; 147:119-30. [PMID: 11855626 DOI: 10.1007/s705-002-8306-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Human caliciviruses (HuCVs) are antigenically diverse. The antigenic relationships among different HuCVs have been difficult to study because HuCVs cannot be passaged in the laboratory. In this study, we describe cloning, sequencing and expression of the viral capsid proteins of three HuCVs that were identified in outbreaks of acute gastroenteritis in Virginia in 1997-1998. Yields of the capsid proteins similar to previously expressed recombinant Norwalk virus were obtained using the baculovirus expression system. Recombinant VA97207 capsid protein (rVA97207) and rVA98387, but not rVA98115, formed virus-like particles (VLPs). All three recombinant capsid antigens detected seroresponses in patients involved in outbreaks of acute gastroenteritis associated with genetically homologous or related HuCVs. The antigenic relationships of the three strains were further characterized using hyperimmune antisera against the three capsid antigens as well as four previously characterized recombinant capsid antigens of Norwalk (rNV), Mexico (rMxV), Hawaii (rHV), and Grimsby viruses (rGrV). VA98387 shared 98% aa identity with GrV; rVA98387 was detected by antisera to GrV. VA98115 shared 87% aa identity with Desert Storm virus and 65% aa identity with prototype Norwalk virus (NV); rVA98115 reacted weakly with NV antisera. VA97207 shared 80% aa identity with Amsterdam and 75% aa identity with Leeds strains and rVA97207 was not detected by any of the heterologous antibodies. In conclusion, VA97207 and VA98115 may belong to CV antigenic types not previously expressed, while VA98387 is a GrV-like virus. Low levels of cross-reactive antibodies were detected between types. Further studies to characterize these antigens and to develop enzyme immune assays (EIAs) for these strains are in progress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- X Jiang
- Center for Pediatric Research, Children's Hospital of The King's Daughters, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Fulton D, Gratton JP, Sessa WC. Post-translational control of endothelial nitric oxide synthase: why isn't calcium/calmodulin enough? J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2001; 299:818-24. [PMID: 11714864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) is important for cardiovascular homeostasis, vessel remodeling, and angiogenesis. Given the impact of endothelium- derived nitric oxide (NO) in vascular biology, much work in the past several years has focused on the control of NO synthesis by regulatory proteins that influence its function. Indeed calcium-activated calmodulin is important for regulation of NOS activity. Herein we discuss why other proteins, in addition to calmodulin, are necessary for eNOS regulation and summarize the biology of negative and positive regulators of eNOS function in vitro, in cells, and in blood vessels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Fulton
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Cardiobiology Program, Boyer Center for Molecular Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06536, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Gratton JP, Morales-Ruiz M, Kureishi Y, Fulton D, Walsh K, Sessa WC. Akt down-regulation of p38 signaling provides a novel mechanism of vascular endothelial growth factor-mediated cytoprotection in endothelial cells. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:30359-65. [PMID: 11387313 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m009698200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 234] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) utilizes a phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI 3-kinase)/Akt signaling pathway to protect endothelial cells from apoptotic death. Here we show that PI 3-kinase/Akt signaling promotes endothelial cell survival by inhibiting p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)-dependent apoptosis. Blockade of the PI 3-kinase or Akt pathways in conjunction with serum withdrawal stimulates p38-dependent apoptosis. Blockade of PI 3-kinase/Akt also led to enhanced VEGF activation of p38 and apoptosis. In this context, the pro-apoptotic effect of VEGF is attenuated by the p38 MAPK inhibitor SB203580. VEGF stimulation of endothelial cells or infection with an adenovirus expressing constitutively active Akt causes MEKK3 phosphorylation, which is associated with decreased MEKK3 kinase activity and down-regulation of MKK3/6 and p38 MAPK activation. Conversely, activation-deficient Akt decreases VEGF-stimulated MEKK3 phosphorylation and increases MKK/p38 activation. Activation of MKK3/6 is not dependent on Rac activation since dominant negative Rac does not decrease p38 activation triggered by inhibition of PI 3-kinase. Thus, cross-talk between the Akt and p38 MAPK pathways may regulate the level of cytoprotection versus apoptosis and is a new mechanism to explain the cytoprotective actions of Akt.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J P Gratton
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Cardiobiology Program, Boyer Center for Molecular Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06536, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Fairchild TA, Fulton D, Fontana JT, Gratton JP, McCabe TJ, Sessa WC. Acidic hydrolysis as a mechanism for the cleavage of the Glu(298)-->Asp variant of human endothelial nitric-oxide synthase. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:26674-9. [PMID: 11331296 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m103647200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The 894G-->T polymorphism within exon 7 of the human endothelial nitric-oxide synthase (eNOS) gene codes for glutamate or aspartate, respectively, at residue 298 and has been associated with several diseases of cardiovascular origin. A recent report indicates that Asp(298)-eNOS (E298D) is cleaved intracellularly to 100- and 35-kDa fragments, suggesting a mechanism for reduced endothelial function. Here we have documented the precise cleavage site of the E298D variant as a unique aspartyl-prolyl (Asp(298)--Pro(299)) bond not seen in wild-type eNOS (Glu(298)). We show that E298D-eNOS, as isolated from cells and in vitro, is susceptible to acidic hydrolysis, and the 100-kDa fragment can be generated ex vivo by increasing temperature at low pH. Importantly, cleavage of E298D was eliminated using a sample buffer system designed to limit acidic hydrolysis of Asp--Pro bonds. These results argue against intracellular processing of E298D-eNOS and suggest that previously described fragmentation of E298D could be a product of sample preparation. We also found that eNOS turnover, NO production, and the susceptibility to cellular stress were not different in cells expressing WT versus E298D-eNOS. Finally, enzyme activities were identical for the respective recombinant enzymes. Thus, intracellular cleavage mechanisms are unlikely to account for associations between the exon 7 polymorphism and cardiovascular diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T A Fairchild
- Department of Pharmacology, Boyer Center for Molecular Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06536, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Yee D, Hao C, Cheung HC, Chen HT, Dabbagh L, Hanson J, Coupland R, Petruk KC, Fulton D, Roa WH. Effect of radiation on cytokine and cytokine receptor messenger-RNA profiles in p53 wild and mutated human glioblastoma cell lines. CLIN INVEST MED 2001; 24:76-82. [PMID: 11368149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Glioblastoma cells produce cytokines with proinflammatory or immunosuppressive properties, or both, which, in addition to altered p53 gene expression, have been shown to be associated with glioblastoma resistance to radiotherapy. The reported data concerning cytokines have been isolated and sometimes discordant, and a comprehensive profile analysis of cytokines and their corresponding receptors in irradiated glioblastomas has received limited attention. The object of this study was to test the hypothesis that radiation alone in clinically relevant doses would not significantly alter expression of endogenous cytokines and their receptors in human glioblastoma celll ines with wild-type and mutant p53. DESIGN AND METHOD Culture specimens of 4 glioblastoma cell lines of different p53 gene expression (U87, U118, U251, U373) were irradiated with cobalt 60 at a dose of 10 Gy. After 48 hours, radiosensitivity was defined through a colony formation assay, cell cycle distribution was analyzed by flow cytometry, and cytokine and cytokine receptor messenger-RNA (mRNA) profiles were defined with an RNase protection assay. Different single doses of radiation at varying time intervals after culture were applied also to wild-type p53 cell lines. RESULTS All cell lines were relatively radioresistant at lower doses of 1 and 2 Gy. Immunosuppressive cytokine and cytokine receptor mRNA of the Th2 (IL-13Ralpha, IL-4) and Th3 family (TGF-beta1, 2 and 3, TGF-betaRI and RII) were expressed. In contrast, only 2 proinflammatory Th1 cytokine receptor genes (IFN-gammaRa and IFN-gammaRbeta), but no significant Th1 cytokine gene expression, were detected. Even though the population examined included a large fraction of reproductively dead cells, cytokine and cytokine receptor mRNA profiles were not altered significantly by irradiation in all cell lines, regardless of the p53 status. CONCLUSION These results suggest that cobalt irradiation alone at clinically relevant doses does not significantly alter the cytokine and cytokine receptor profiles in human glioblastoma cell lines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Yee
- Department of Oncology, Cross Cancer Institute/University of Alberta, Edmonton
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Scott JN, Rewcastle NB, Brasher PMA, Fulton D, MacKinnon JA, Hamilton M, Cairncross JG, Forsyth P. Which glioblastoma multiforme patient will become a long-term survivor? A population-based study. Ann Neurol 2001. [DOI: 10.1002/1531-8249(199908)46:2<183::aid-ana7>3.0.co;2-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
23
|
Jaeckle KA, Phuphanich S, Bent MJ, Aiken R, Batchelor T, Campbell T, Fulton D, Gilbert M, Heros D, Rogers L, O'Day SJ, Akerley W, Allen J, Baidas S, Gertler SZ, Greenberg HS, LaFollette S, Lesser G, Mason W, Recht L, Wong E, Chamberlain MC, Cohn A, Glantz MJ, Gutheil JC, Maria B, Moots P, New P, Russell C, Shapiro W, Swinnen L, Howell SB. Intrathecal treatment of neoplastic meningitis due to breast cancer with a slow-release formulation of cytarabine. Br J Cancer 2001; 84:157-63. [PMID: 11161370 PMCID: PMC2363714 DOI: 10.1054/bjoc.2000.1574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
DepoCyte is a slow-release formulation of cytarabine designed for intrathecal administration. The goal of this multi-centre cohort study was to determine the safety and efficacy of DepoCyte for the intrathecal treatment of neoplastic meningitis due to breast cancer. DepoCyte 50 mg was injected once every 2 weeks for one month of induction therapy; responding patients were treated with an additional 3 months of consolidation therapy. All patients had metastatic breast cancer and a positive CSF cytology or neurologic findings characteristic of neoplastic meningitis. The median number of DepoCyte doses was 3, and 85% of patients completed the planned 1 month induction. Median follow up is currently 19 months. The primary endpoint was response, defined as conversion of the CSF cytology from positive to negative at all sites known to be positive, and the absence of neurologic progression at the time the cytologic conversion was documented. The response rate among the 43 evaluable patients was 28% (CI 95%: 14-41%); the intent-to-treat response rate was 21% (CI 95%: 12-34%). Median time to neurologic progression was 49 days (range 1-515(+)); median survival was 88 days (range 1-515(+)), and 1 year survival is projected to be 19%. The major adverse events were headache and arachnoiditis. When drug-related, these were largely of low grade, transient and reversible. Headache occurred on 11% of cycles; 90% were grade 1 or 2. Arachnoiditis occurred on 19% of cycles; 88% were grade 1 or 2. DepoCyte demonstrated activity in neoplastic meningitis due to breast cancer that is comparable to results reported with conventional intrathecal agents. However, this activity was achieved with one fourth as many intrathecal injections as typically required in conventional therapy. The every 2 week dose schedule is a major advantage for both patients and physicians.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K A Jaeckle
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Haynes MP, Sinha D, Russell KS, Collinge M, Fulton D, Morales-Ruiz M, Sessa WC, Bender JR. Membrane estrogen receptor engagement activates endothelial nitric oxide synthase via the PI3-kinase-Akt pathway in human endothelial cells. Circ Res 2000; 87:677-82. [PMID: 11029403 DOI: 10.1161/01.res.87.8.677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 399] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
17beta-Estradiol (E(2)) is a rapid activator of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS). The product of this activation event, NO, is a fundamental determinant of cardiovascular homeostasis. We previously demonstrated that E(2)-stimulated endothelial NO release can occur without an increase in cytosolic Ca(2+). Here we demonstrate for the first time, to our knowledge, that E(2) rapidly induces phosphorylation and activation of eNOS through the phosphatidylinositol 3 (PI3)-kinase-Akt pathway. E(2) treatment (10 ng/mL) of the human endothelial cell line, EA.hy926, resulted in increased NO production, which was abrogated by the PI3-kinase inhibitor, LY294002, and the estrogen receptor antagonist ICI 182, 780. E(2) stimulated rapid Akt phosphorylation on serine 473. As has been shown for vascular endothelial growth factor, eNOS is an E(2)-activated Akt substrate, demonstrated by rapid eNOS phosphorylation on serine 1177, a critical residue for eNOS activation and enhanced sensitivity to resting cellular Ca(2+) levels. Adenoviral-mediated EA.hy926 transduction confirmed functional involvement of Akt, because a kinase-deficient, dominant-negative Akt abolished E(2)-stimulated NO release. The membrane-impermeant E(2)BSA conjugate, shown to bind endothelial cell membrane sites, also induced rapid Akt and consequent eNOS phosphorylation. Thus, engagement of membrane estrogen receptors results in rapid endothelial NO release through a PI3-kinase-Akt-dependent pathway. This explains, in part, the reduced requirement for cytosolic Ca(2+) fluxes and describes an important pathway relevant to cardiovascular pathophysiology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M P Haynes
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine and Molecular Cardiobiology, Boyer Center for Molecular Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06536-0812, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Kureishi Y, Luo Z, Shiojima I, Bialik A, Fulton D, Lefer DJ, Sessa WC, Walsh K. The HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor simvastatin activates the protein kinase Akt and promotes angiogenesis in normocholesterolemic animals. Nat Med 2000; 6:1004-10. [PMID: 10973320 PMCID: PMC2828689 DOI: 10.1038/79510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1090] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies suggest that statins can function to protect the vasculature in a manner that is independent of their lipid-lowering activity. We show here that statins rapidly activate the protein kinase Akt/PKB in endothelial cells. Accordingly, simvastatin enhanced phosphorylation of the endogenous Akt substrate endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), inhibited apoptosis and accelerated vascular structure formation in vitro in an Akt-dependent manner. Similar to vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) treatment, both simvastatin administration and enhanced Akt signaling in the endothelium promoted angiogenesis in ischemic limbs of normocholesterolemic rabbits. Therefore, activation of Akt represents a mechanism that can account for some of the beneficial side effects of statins, including the promotion of new blood vessel growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y Kureishi
- Division of Cardiovascular Research, St. Elizabeth's Medical Center of Boston, Massachusetts 02135, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Luo Z, Fujio Y, Kureishi Y, Rudic RD, Daumerie G, Fulton D, Sessa WC, Walsh K. Acute modulation of endothelial Akt/PKB activity alters nitric oxide-dependent vasomotor activity in vivo. J Clin Invest 2000; 106:493-9. [PMID: 10953024 PMCID: PMC380252 DOI: 10.1172/jci9419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The serine/threonine protein kinase Akt (protein kinase B) phosphorylates endothelial cell nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) and enhances its ability to generate nitric oxide (NO). Because NO is an important regulator of vasomotor tone, we investigated whether Akt can regulate endothelium-dependent vasomotion in vivo using a rabbit femoral artery model of gene transfer. The endothelium of isolated femoral arteries was infected with replication-defective adenoviral constructs expressing beta-galactosidase, constitutively-active Akt (myr-Akt), or dominant-negative Akt (dn-Akt). Femoral arteries transduced with myr-Akt showed a significant increase in resting diameter and blood flow, as assessed by angiography and Doppler flow measurements, respectively. L-NAME, an eNOS inhibitor, blocked myr-Akt-mediated vasodilatation. In contrast, endothelium-dependent vasodilatation in response to acetylcholine was attenuated in vessels transduced with dn-Akt, although these vessels showed normal responses to nitroglycerin, an endothelium-independent vasodilator. Similarly, relaxation of murine aorta ex vivo in response to acetylcholine, but not nitroglycerin, was inhibited by transduction of dn-Akt to the endothelium. These data provide evidence that Akt functions as key regulator of vasomotor tone in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Z Luo
- Division of Cardiovascular Research, St. Elizabeth's Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02135, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Mohamed IG, Roa W, Fulton D, Halls S, Jha N, Kherani A, Johnson R. Optic nerve sheath fenestration for a reversible optic neuropathy in radiation oncology. Am J Clin Oncol 2000; 23:401-5. [PMID: 10955872 DOI: 10.1097/00000421-200008000-00018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
To the authors' knowledge, there is a paucity of published accounts of management of radiation-induced optic neuropathy (RION) by optic nerve sheath fenestration (ONSF) in the conventional medical literature. With higher doses of radiation being given by using conformal techniques, more radiation-induced optic neuritis and neuropathy will be identified. We report here the successful use of ONSF to restore vision to three consecutive patients with pending anterior RION, and the importance of early identification and intervention in these potentially reversible cases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- I G Mohamed
- Department of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Rudic RD, Bucci M, Fulton D, Segal SS, Sessa WC. Temporal events underlying arterial remodeling after chronic flow reduction in mice: correlation of structural changes with a deficit in basal nitric oxide synthesis. Circ Res 2000; 86:1160-6. [PMID: 10850968 DOI: 10.1161/01.res.86.11.1160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
To define the cellular events of vascular remodeling in mice, we measured blood flow and analyzed the morphology of remodeled vessels at defined points after a flow-reducing remodeling stimulus for 3, 7, 14, and 35 days. Acute ligation of the left external carotid artery reduced blood flow in the left common carotid artery (LC) compared with sham and contralateral right common carotid arteries (RCs). In morphometric analyses, the decrease in diameter in LCs was reversible by vasodilator perfusion 3 days after ligation, whereas ligation for 7 days or greater resulted in a permanent diameter reduction. Coincident with structural remodeling at day 7 was an increase in cell death in remodeled LCs. Functionally, rings from remodeled LCs contracted to prostaglandin F(2alpha) and relaxed to acetylcholine in a manner identical to that of control arteries. However, remodeled LCs were hypersensitive to the nitrovasodilator sodium nitroprusside (at day 7) and exhibited a marked reduction in basal NO synthesis at 7 and 14 days after ligation. The impairment of endothelial NO synthase function was likely due to post-translational mechanisms, given that endothelial NO synthase mRNA and protein levels did not change in remodeled LCs. These data define the ontogeny of flow-triggered luminal remodeling in adult mice and suggest that endothelial dysfunction occurs during reorganization of the vessel wall.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R D Rudic
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine and Boyer Center for Molecular Medicine, New Haven, CT 06536, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Morales-Ruiz M, Fulton D, Sowa G, Languino LR, Fujio Y, Walsh K, Sessa WC. Vascular endothelial growth factor-stimulated actin reorganization and migration of endothelial cells is regulated via the serine/threonine kinase Akt. Circ Res 2000; 86:892-6. [PMID: 10785512 DOI: 10.1161/01.res.86.8.892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 307] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) induces endothelial cell proliferation, migration, and actin reorganization, all necessary components of an angiogenic response. However, the distinct signal transduction mechanisms leading to each angiogenic phenotype are not known. In this study, we examined the ability of VEGF to stimulate cell migration and actin rearrangement in microvascular endothelial cells infected with adenoviruses encoding beta-galactosidase (beta-gal), activation-deficient Akt (AA-Akt), or constitutively active Akt (myr-Akt). VEGF increased cell migration in cells transduced with beta-gal, whereas AA-Akt blocked VEGF-induced cell locomotion. Interestingly, myr-Akt transduction of bovine lung microvascular endothelial cells stimulated cytokinesis in the absence of VEGF, suggesting that constitutively active Akt, per se, can initiate the process of cell migration. Treatment of beta-gal-infected endothelial cells with an inhibitor of NO synthesis blocked VEGF-induced migration but did not influence migration initiated by myr-Akt. In addition, VEGF stimulated remodeling of the actin cytoskeleton into stress fibers, a response abrogated by infection with dominant-negative Akt, whereas transduction with myr-Akt alone caused profound reorganization of F-actin. Collectively, these data demonstrate that Akt is critically involved in endothelial cell signal transduction mechanisms leading to migration and that the Akt/endothelial NO synthase pathway is necessary for VEGF-stimulated cell migration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Morales-Ruiz
- Departments of Pharmacology, Boyer Center for Molecular Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06536-0812, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Papapetropoulos A, Fulton D, Mahboubi K, Kalb RG, O'Connor DS, Li F, Altieri DC, Sessa WC. Angiopoietin-1 inhibits endothelial cell apoptosis via the Akt/survivin pathway. J Biol Chem 2000; 275:9102-5. [PMID: 10734041 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.275.13.9102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 475] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A productive angiogenic response must couple to the survival machinery of endothelial cells to preserve the integrity of newly formed vessels. Angiopoietin-1 (Ang-1) is an endothelium-specific ligand essential for embryonic vascular stabilization, branching morphogenesis, and post-natal angiogenesis, but its contribution to endothelial cell survival has not been completely elucidated. Here we show that Ang-1 acting via the Tie 2 receptor induces phosphorylation of the survival serine-threonine kinase, Akt (or protein kinase B). This is associated with up-regulation of the apoptosis inhibitor, survivin, in endothelial cells and protection of endothelium from death-inducing stimuli. Moreover, dominant negative survivin negates the ability of Ang-1 to protect cells from undergoing apoptosis. The activation of anti-apoptotic pathways mediated by Akt and survivin in endothelial cells may contribute to Ang-1 stabilization of vascular structures during angiogenesis, in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Papapetropoulos
- Department of Pharmacology, Boyer Center for Molecular Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06536, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
McCabe TJ, Fulton D, Roman LJ, Sessa WC. Enhanced electron flux and reduced calmodulin dissociation may explain "calcium-independent" eNOS activation by phosphorylation. J Biol Chem 2000; 275:6123-8. [PMID: 10692402 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.275.9.6123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 304] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) is phosphorylated directly by the protein kinase Akt at serine 1179. Mutation of this residue to the negatively charged aspartate (S1179D eNOS) increases nitric oxide (NO) production constitutively, in the absence of agonist challenge. Here, we examine the potential mechanism of how aspartate at 1179 increases eNOS activity using purified proteins. Examination of NO production and cytochrome c reduction resulted in no substantial changes in the K(m)/EC(50) for L-arginine, calmodulin, and calcium, whereas there was a 2-fold increase in the rate of NO production for S1179D and a 2-4-fold increase in reductase activity (based on cytochrome c reduction). The observed increase in activity for both assays of NOS function indicates that a faster rate of electron flux through the reductase domain is likely the rate-limiting step in NO formation from eNOS. In addition, S1179D eNOS did show an increased resistance to inactivation by EGTA compared with wild type eNOS. These results suggest that a negative charge imposed at serine 1179, either by phosphorylation or by replacement with aspartate, increases eNOS catalytic activity by increasing electron flux at the reductase domain and by reducing calmodulin dissociation from activated eNOS when calcium levels are low.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T J McCabe
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Cardiobiology Program, Boyer Center for Molecular Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06536, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Gertler SZ, MacDonald D, Goodyear M, Forsyth P, Stewart DJ, Belanger K, Perry J, Fulton D, Steward W, Wainman N, Seymour L. NCIC-CTG phase II study of gemcitabine in patients with malignant glioma (IND.94). Ann Oncol 2000; 11:315-8. [PMID: 10811498 DOI: 10.1023/a:1008336607135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE We conducted a phase II multicentre study of gemcitabine in patients with anaplastic astrocytoma and glioblastoma multiforme at first relapse. PATIENTS AND METHODS Patients with anaplastic astrocytoma or glioblastoma multiforme receiving a stable dose of steroids and ECOG performance status < or = 3 were eligible for this study at the time of first relapse. One adjuvant chemotherapy regimen was permissible. Patients received gemcitabine 1000 mg/m2 i.v. weekly x 3, repeated on a four-weekly cycle. RESULTS Of 20 patients enrolled, 15 were evaluable for response, 19 for non-hematological toxicity and 18 for hematological toxicity. Seven patients had anaplastic astrocytoma (AA) and twelve glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). Age ranged from 28-71 years (median 50). Fifteen patients discontinued therapy due to disease progression. The median number of cycles administered was 1 (range 1-11); only two patients received more than three cycles. Hematologic toxicity was acceptable and no grade 4 toxicity was seen. One patient developed Pneumocystis pneumonia and eventual pulmonary embolism; one died of gastric hemorrhage related to steroid therapy. No objective responses were seen. Nine patients had stable disease (median duration 2.7 months, range 0.9-11.2). CONCLUSIONS Gemcitabine given in this dose and schedule seems well tolerated but is not active in patients with recurrent high-grade gliomas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Z Gertler
- Ottawa Regional Cancer Centre, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Abstract
The goal of the present study was to develop a competitive PCR assay to measure changes in the expression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) mRNA levels throughout the canine vascular tree. A partial sequence of canine eNOS cDNA (1.86 kb), inducible NOS (1.95 kb), and neuronal NOS (1.16 kb) was cultured from canine aortic endothelial cells, LPS-treated canine splenic vein endothelial cells, and from canine left ventricle, respectively. Competitor eNOS cDNA (eNOS-C) was constructed via recombinant PCR. Thus, with the use of a standard curve competitive PCR with eNOS-C, the amount of eNOS mRNA in 500 ng of total RNA was greatest in the circumflex > right coronary artery > left anterior descending coronary artery > aorta. The isolation of coronary microvessels from the left ventricle was associated with an enrichment of endothelial cell markers such as eNOS, von Willebrand factor, and caveolin-1, an observation supported by the detection of up to 15-fold higher levels of eNOS mRNA in coronary microvessels relative to the larger arteries. The ability to quantify changes in eNOS mRNA levels throughout the canine vasculature should provide greater insight into the molecular mechanisms of how this gene is regulated in physiological and pathophysiological states.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Fulton
- Department of Pharmacology, Boyer Center for Molecular Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06536-0812, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Schold SC, Kuhn JG, Chang SM, Bosik ME, Robins HI, Mehta MP, Spence AM, Fulton D, Fink KL, Prados MD. A phase I trial of 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea plus temozolomide: a North American Brain Tumor Consortium study. Neuro Oncol 2000; 2:34-9. [PMID: 11302252 PMCID: PMC1920698 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/2.1.34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The North American Brain Tumor Consortium conducted a phase I trial of the combination 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea (BCNU) and temozolomide. Eligibility included a patient with a cancer type that was considered refractory to standard therapy. Prior nitrosourea treatments were not permitted. There were parallel dose escalations in two treatment schedules. Forty-five patients were enrolled during an 18-month period. The maximum tolerated doses (MTDs) when temozolomide followed BCNU (Arm A) were temozolomide at 550 mg/m2/p.o. and BCNU at 150 mg/m2/i.v.), whereas the MTD when temozolomide preceded BCNU (Arm B) was temozolomide at 400 mg/m2/p.o. and BCNU at 100 mg/m2/i.v. Toxicity was predominantly hematologic, although there were three instances of pulmonary toxicity, which in one case could have represented potentiation of nitrosourea-induced pulmonary fibrosis. The half-life of temozolomide was 1.86 (+/-0.31) h. There was a moderate relationship between dose and peak concentration and a strong relationship between dose and plasma concentration time curve. Pharmacokinetic parameters of temozolomide were unaffected by the treatment schedule, so the difference in MTD between the schedules is likely due to a biologic rather than a pharmacokinetic sequence interaction. There were 9 partial responses among 43 patients evaluable for response, including 5 of 25 with a histologic diagnosis of glioblastoma. The recommended dose and schedule for phase II trials of this regimen are BCNU 150 mg/m2/i.v. followed in 2 h by temozolomide 550 mg/m2/p.o. repeated every 6 weeks. We are also recommending screening and periodic pulmonary function testing during treatment to assess the possible potentiation of nitrosourea-induced pulmonary fibrosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S C Schold
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas 75214, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Yee D, Cheung H, Chen H, Dabbagh R, Coupland R, Petruk K, Fulton D, Hao C, Roa W. Radiation-induced cell cycle arrest, apoptosis and cytokine/cytoking receptor gene expression in p53 wild and mutated human malignant glioma cells lines. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0360-3016(00)80362-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
36
|
Edwards A, Borthakur A, Bornemann S, Venail J, Denyer K, Waite D, Fulton D, Smith A, Martin C. Specificity of starch synthase isoforms from potato. Eur J Biochem 1999; 266:724-36. [PMID: 10583366 DOI: 10.1046/j.1432-1327.1999.00861.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In higher plants several isoforms of starch synthase contribute to the extension of glucan chains in the synthesis of starch. Different isoforms are responsible for the synthesis of essentially linear amylose chains and branched, amylopectin chains. The activity of granule-bound starch synthase I from potato has been compared with that of starch synthase II from potato following expression of both isoforms in Escherichia coli. Significant differences in their activities are apparent which may be important in determining their specificities in vivo. These differences include affinities for ADPglucose and glucan substrates, activation by amylopectin, response to citrate, thermosensitivity and the processivity of glucan chain extension. To define regions of the isoforms determining these characteristic traits, chimeric proteins have been produced by expression in E. coli. These experiments reveal that the C-terminal region of granule-bound starch synthase I confers most of the specific properties of this isoform, except its processive elongation of glucan chains. This region of granule-bound starch synthase I is distinct from the C-terminal region of other starch synthases. The specific properties it confers may be important in defining the specificity of granule-bound starch synthase I in producing amylose in vivo.
Collapse
|
37
|
Oyekan AO, Youseff T, Fulton D, Quilley J, McGiff JC. Renal cytochrome P450 omega-hydroxylase and epoxygenase activity are differentially modified by nitric oxide and sodium chloride. J Clin Invest 1999; 104:1131-7. [PMID: 10525052 PMCID: PMC408575 DOI: 10.1172/jci6786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Renal function is perturbed by inhibition of nitric oxide synthase (NOS). To probe the basis of this effect, we characterized the effects of nitric oxide (NO), a known suppressor of cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes, on metabolism of arachidonic acid (AA), the expression of omega-hydroxylase, and the efflux of 20-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (20-HETE) from the isolated kidney. The capacity to convert [(14)C]AA to HETEs and epoxides (EETs) was greater in cortical microsomes than in medullary microsomes. Sodium nitroprusside (10-100 microM), an NO donor, inhibited renal microsomal conversion of [(14)C]AA to HETEs and EETs in a dose-dependent manner. 8-bromo cGMP (100 microM), the cell-permeable analogue of cGMP, did not affect conversion of [(14)C]AA. Inhibition of NOS with N(omega)-nitro-L-arginine-methyl ester (L-NAME) significantly increased conversion of [(14)C]AA to HETE and greatly increased the expression of omega-hydroxylase protein, but this treatment had only a modest effect on epoxygenase activity. L-NAME induced a 4-fold increase in renal efflux of 20-HETE, as did L-nitroarginine. Oral treatment with 2% sodium chloride (NaCl) for 7 days increased renal epoxygenase activity, both in the cortex and the medulla. In contrast, cortical omega-hydroxylase activity was reduced by treatment with 2% NaCl. Coadministration of L-NAME and 2% NaCl decreased conversion of [(14)C]AA to HETEs without affecting epoxygenase activity. Thus, inhibition of NOS increased omega-hydroxylase activity, CYP4A expression, and renal efflux of 20-HETE, whereas 2% NaCl stimulated epoxygenase activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A O Oyekan
- Department of Pharmacology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York 10595, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Scott JN, Rewcastle NB, Brasher PM, Fulton D, MacKinnon JA, Hamilton M, Cairncross JG, Forsyth P. Which glioblastoma multiforme patient will become a long-term survivor? A population-based study. Ann Neurol 1999; 46:183-8. [PMID: 10443883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
In this clinical and histopathological study, the frequency of long-term glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) survivors (LTGBMSs) was determined in a population-based study. The Alberta Cancer Registry was used to identify all patients diagnosed with GBM in Alberta between January 1, 1975, and December 31, 1991. Patient charts were reviewed and histology reexamined. LTGBMSs were defined as GBM patients surviving 3 years after diagnosis. Each LTGBMS was compared with 3 age-, sex-, and year of diagnosis-matched controls, and patient/treatment or tumor characteristics that predicted long-term survival were determined. There were 689 GBMs diagnosed in the study period; 15 (2.2%) of these patients survived 3 years. LTGBMSs (average age, 43.5 +/- 3.3 years) were significantly younger when compared with all GBM patients (average age, 53.0 +/- 0.56 years). LTGBMSs had a higher Karnofsky Performance Status score at diagnosis compared with controls. LTGBMSs were much more likely to have had a gross total resection and adjuvant chemotherapy than control GBM patients. Tumors from LTGBMSs tended to have fewer mitoses and a significantly lower Ki-67 cellular proliferation index compared with controls. Radiation-induced dementia was common and disabling in LTG-BMSs. In conclusion, conventionally treated GBM patients in an unselected population have a very small chance of long-term survival. The use of aggressive surgical resection and adjuvant chemotherapy may make long-term survival more likely in GBM patients if their performance status is high at diagnosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J N Scott
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Fulton D, Gratton JP, McCabe TJ, Fontana J, Fujio Y, Walsh K, Franke TF, Papapetropoulos A, Sessa WC. Regulation of endothelium-derived nitric oxide production by the protein kinase Akt. Nature 1999; 399:597-601. [PMID: 10376602 PMCID: PMC3637917 DOI: 10.1038/21218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2023] [Impact Index Per Article: 80.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) is the nitric oxide synthase isoform responsible for maintaining systemic blood pressure, vascular remodelling and angiogenesis. eNOS is phosphorylated in response to various forms of cellular stimulation, but the role of phosphorylation in the regulation of nitric oxide (NO) production and the kinase(s) responsible are not known. Here we show that the serine/threonine protein kinase Akt (protein kinase B) can directly phosphorylate eNOS on serine 1179 and activate the enzyme, leading to NO production, whereas mutant eNOS (S1179A) is resistant to phosphorylation and activation by Akt. Moreover, using adenovirus-mediated gene transfer, activated Akt increases basal NO release from endothelial cells, and activation-deficient Akt attenuates NO production stimulated by vascular endothelial growth factor. Thus, eNOS is a newly described Akt substrate linking signal transduction by Akt to the release of the gaseous second messenger NO.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Fulton
- Department of Pharmacology, Boyer Center for Molecular Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06536, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Fulton D, Mcgiff JC, Quilley J. Pharmacological evaluation of an epoxide as the putative hyperpolarizing factor mediating the nitric oxide-independent vasodilator effect of bradykinin in the rat heart. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1998; 287:497-503. [PMID: 9808672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
A cytochrome P450-derived metabolite of arachidonic acid, namely an epoxyeicosatrienoic acid (EET), has many of the properties of a hyperpolarizing factor that mediates endothelium-dependent, nitric oxide-independent vasodilation. As there are four EET regioisomers, we used pharmacological criteria, based on previous observations with bradykinin (BK), to evaluate which, if any, of the EETs could be considered a potential mediator of vasodilator responses to BK in the rat isolated heart treated with indomethacin and nitroarginine to eliminate prostaglandin and nitric oxide components of the response. Nifedipine, used as a probe for dilator mechanisms dependent on closure of voltage-dependent Ca++ channels, almost abolished the vasodilator effect of cromakalim and attenuated those of BK and 5,6 EET. The vasodilator effects of the other EETs were not reduced and were excluded from consideration as mediators of BK-induced vasodilation. The vasodilator effect of 5,6 EET, as with that of BK, was markedly reduced by charybdotoxin but not iberiotoxin, suggesting the contribution of a similar type K+ channel to the vascular response to both agents. As expected for a putative endothelium- and cytochrome P450-derived mediator, the coronary vasodilator effect of 5,6 EET was not affected by either removal of the endothelium or inhibition of cytochrome P450 with clotrimazole, interventions that virtually abolished the vasodilator activity of BK. Thus, of the four EET regioisomers, 5,6 EET is the most likely mediator of the vasodilator effect of BK in the isolated heart under these experimental conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Fulton
- Department of Pharmacology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Fulton D, Quilley J. Evidence against anandamide as the hyperpolarizing factor mediating the nitric oxide-independent coronary vasodilator effect of bradykinin in the rat. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1998; 286:1146-51. [PMID: 9732371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The mediator of nitric oxide-(NO) independent vasodilation attributed to endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor remains unidentified although there is evidence for a cytochrome P450-derived eicosanoid. Anandamide, the ethanolamide of arachidonic acid and an endogenous ligand for cannabinoid receptors, was proposed as an endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor-mediating mesenteric vasodilation to acetylcholine and the hypotensive effect of bradykinin. Using pharmacological interventions that attenuate responses to bradykinin, we examined the possibility of anandamide as a mediator of the NO-independent vasodilator effect of bradykinin in the rat perfused heart by determining responses to anandamide and arachidonic acid. Hearts were treated with indomethacin to exclude prostaglandins and nitroarginine to inhibit NO synthesis and elevate perfusion pressure. The cannabinoid receptor antagonist, SR 141716A (2 microM), reduced dose-dependent vasodilator responses to anandamide (1-10 microgram) but was without effect on responses to AA (1-10 microgram), bradykinin (10-1000 ng) or cromakalim (1-10 microgram). Inhibition of voltage-dependent Ca++ channels with nifedipine (5 nM) attenuated vasodilation to anandamide and arachidonic acid whereas inhibition of Ca++-activated K+ channels with charybdotoxin (10 nM) reduced responses to arachidonic acid but had no effect on vasodilation induced by anandamide. Inhibition of cytochrome P450 with clotrimazole (1 microM) greatly reduced vasodilator responses to bradykinin with less effect on those to anandamide. Finally, the time course of the coronary vasodilator responses to anandamide and bradykinin were dissimilar. These results argue against a role of anandamide in the vasodilator effect of bradykinin in the rat heart.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Fulton
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Cardiobiology Division, Boyer Center for Molecular Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Fulton D, Falck J, McGiff J, Carroll M, Quilley J. A method for the determination of 5,6-EET using the lactone as an intermediate in the formation of the diol. J Lipid Res 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2275(20)32202-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
|
43
|
Fulton D, Falck JR, McGiff JC, Carroll MA, Quilley J. A method for the determination of 5,6-EET using the lactone as an intermediate in the formation of the diol. J Lipid Res 1998; 39:1713-21. [PMID: 9717733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The 5,6 epoxyeicosatrienoic acid (5,6-EET) exhibits a range of biological activities but the functional significance of this labile eicosanoid is unknown due, in part, to difficulties of quantitation in biological samples. We have developed a sensitive and specific method to measure 5,6-EET utilizing its selective capacity to form a lactone. The initial conversion of 5,6-EET and 5,6-dihydroxyeicosatrienoic acid (5,6-DHT) to 5,6-delta-lactone is followed by selective purification using reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), reconversion to 5,6-DHT and quantitation by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GCMS). In oxygenated Krebs' buffer, 5,6-EET degrades to 5,6-delta-lactone and 5,6-DHT with a t1/2 approximately 8 min. In the presence of camphorsulfonic acid, 5,6-EET and 5,6-DHT convert to a single HPLC peak (lambda = 205) comigrating with 5,6-delta-lactone. Incubation of 5,6-delta-lactone with triethylamine resulted in a single HPLC peak with the retention time of 5,6-DHT. In the perfusate from the isolated kidney, release of 5,6-EET (20 +/- 5 pg/ml), measured indirectly via conversion to 5,6-DHT, was approx. 6-fold less than that reported for prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and 20-HETE. The coronary perfusate concentration of 5,6 EET was 9 +/- 2 pg/ml. 5,6-EET recovered from renal and coronary perfusates was increased 2-fold to 45.5 +/- 5.5 pg/ml and 21.6 +/- 6.3 pg/ml, respectively, by arachidonic acid.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- 8,11,14-Eicosatrienoic Acid/analogs & derivatives
- 8,11,14-Eicosatrienoic Acid/analysis
- 8,11,14-Eicosatrienoic Acid/chemistry
- 8,11,14-Eicosatrienoic Acid/metabolism
- Animals
- Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid/methods
- Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid/standards
- Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid/statistics & numerical data
- Dinoprostone/metabolism
- Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry/methods
- Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry/standards
- Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry/statistics & numerical data
- Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic Acids/metabolism
- In Vitro Techniques
- Kidney/metabolism
- Male
- Myocardium/metabolism
- Perfusion
- Rats
- Rats, Wistar
- Reference Standards
- Sensitivity and Specificity
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Fulton
- Department of Pharmacology, New York Medical College, Valhalla 10595, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Scott JN, Rewcastle NB, Brasher PM, Fulton D, Hagen NA, MacKinnon JA, Sutherland G, Cairncross JG, Forsyth P. Long-term glioblastoma multiforme survivors: a population-based study. Can J Neurol Sci 1998; 25:197-201. [PMID: 9706720 DOI: 10.1017/s0317167100034016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Long-term glioblastoma multiforme survivors (LTGBMS) are uncommon. The frequency which these occur in an unselected population and factors which produce these unusually long survivors are unknown. OBJECTIVES To determine in a population-based study 1) the frequency of LTGBMS in a population and 2) identify which patient, treatment or tumor characteristics would predict which glioblastoma (GBM) patient would become a LTGBMS. METHODS The Alberta Cancer Registry was used to identify all patients diagnosed with GBM in southern Alberta between 1/1/75-12/31/91. Patient charts were reviewed and histology re-examined by a blinded neuropathologist. LTGBMS were defined as GBM patients surviving > or = 3 years after diagnosis. Each LTGBMS was compared to three age-, gender-, and year of diagnosis-matched controls to compare patient, treatment, and tumor factors to GBM patients without long-term survival. RESULTS There were 279 GBMs diagnosed in the study period. Five (1.8%) survived > or = three years (range, 3.2-15.8 years). Seven additional long-term survivors, who carried a diagnosis of GBM, were excluded after neuropathologic review; the most common revised diagnosis was malignant oligodendroglioma. LTGBMS (avg. age = 45 years) were significantly younger when compared to all GBM patients (avg. age = 59 years, p = 0.0001) diagnosed in the study period. LTGBMS had a higher KPS at diagnosis (p = 0.001) compared to controls. Tumors from LTGBMS tended to have fewer mitoses and a lower Ki-67 cellular proliferative index compared to controls. Radiation-induced dementia was common and disabling in LTGBMS. CONCLUSIONS These data highlight the dismal prognosis for GBM patients who have both a short median survival and very small chance (1.8%) of long-term survival. The LTGBMS were younger, had a higher performance status, and their tumors tended to proliferate less rapidly than control GBM patients. When long-term survival does occur it is often accompanied by severe treatment-induced dementia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J N Scott
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Chang SM, Kuhn JG, Rizzo J, Robins HI, Schold SC, Spence AM, Berger MS, Mehta MP, Bozik ME, Pollack I, Gilbert M, Fulton D, Rankin C, Malec M, Prados MD. Phase I study of paclitaxel in patients with recurrent malignant glioma: a North American Brain Tumor Consortium report. J Clin Oncol 1998; 16:2188-94. [PMID: 9626220 DOI: 10.1200/jco.1998.16.6.2188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the maximum-tolerated dose (MTD) of paclitaxel administered as a 3-hour infusion in patients with recurrent malignant glioma. PATIENTS AND METHODS Patients were stratified by starting dose of paclitaxel and concurrent anticonvulsant (AC) use and were treated in cohorts of three patients. The starting dose was 240 mg/m2 administered intravenously with escalations of 30 mg/m2 until the MTD was established. Pharmacokinetic data were obtained for each patient for the first infusion. Tumor response was assessed at 6-week intervals and treatment was continued until documented tumor progression, unacceptable toxicity, or a total of 12 paclitaxel infusions. RESULTS From April 1995 to December 1996, 34 patients were treated; 27 patients in the AC group and seven patients in the non-AC group. The MTD for patients who received ACs was established at 360 mg/m2 and the dose-limiting toxicity (DLT) was central neurotoxicity, characterized as transient encephalopathy and seizures. In contrast, the MTD for patients who did not receive ACs was 240 mg/m2, and myelosuppression, gastrointestinal toxicity, and fatigue were the DLTs. Pharmacokinetic data confirmed that the plasma drug levels and clearance rates were similar for patients in both groups at the respective dose levels that produced DLTs. CONCLUSION The pharmacokinetics of paclitaxel are altered by ACs, and significantly larger doses of the drug can be administered to patients with brain tumors on AC therapy. The toxicity profile is different for patients on AC therapy treated at these higher doses. A phase II study has been initiated that uses a dose of 330 mg/m2 for patients on AC therapy and 210 mg/m2 for patients not on AC therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S M Chang
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of California, San Francisco, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Mieyal P, Fulton D, McGiff JC, Quilley J. NO-independent vasodilation to acetylcholine in the rat isolated kidney utilizes a charybdotoxin-sensitive, intermediate-conductance Ca(++)-activated K+ channel. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1998; 285:659-64. [PMID: 9580610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of K+ channels in the nitric oxide-independent renal vasodilator effect of acetylcholine (Ach) was examined to address the hypothesis that the mechanism underlying this response was different from that of bradykinin, because an earlier study indicated the possibility of different mediators. We used the rat isolated, perfused kidney that was constricted with phenylephrine and treated with nitroarginine and indomethacin to inhibit nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase, respectively. The nonspecific K+ channel inhibitors, procaine and tetraethylammonium (TEA), reduced vasodilator responses to Ach and cromakalim, but not those to nitroprusside. Glibenclamide, an inhibitor of ATP-sensitive K+ channels, reduced vasodilator responses to cromakalim but did not affect those to Ach or nitroprusside. Charybdotoxin, an inhibitor of Ca(++)-activated K+ channels, reduced vasodilator responses to Ach without affecting those to cromakalim or nitroprusside. Iberiotoxin and apamin, inhibitors of large- and small-conductance Ca(++)-activated K+ channels, respectively, did not reduce vasodilation induced by Ach, cromakalim or nitroprusside. The inhibitor of cytochrome P450, clotrimazole, reduced the renal vasodilator effects of Ach and bradykinin but not those of nitroprusside or SCA 40, an agonist for Ca(++)-activated K+ channels. These results suggest that in the rat kidney, Ach, like bradykinin, utilizes a charybdotoxin-sensitive Ca(++)-activated K+ channel of intermediate conductance to elicit vasodilation and that this effect may be dependent on cytochrome P450 activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Mieyal
- Department of Pharmacology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Abstract
There is now overwhelming evidence for factors, other than nitric oxide (NO), that mediate endothelium-dependent vasodilation by hyperpolarizing the underlying smooth muscle via activation of Ca2+-activated K+ channels. Although the identity of endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor (EDHF) remains to be established, cytochrome P450 (CYP)-dependent metabolites of arachidonic acid (AA), namely, the epoxides, fulfill several of the criteria required for consideration as putative mediators of endothelium-dependent hyperpolarization. They are produced by the endothelium, released in response to vasoactive hormones, and elicit vasorelaxation via stimulation of Ca2+-activated K+ channels. Our studies in the rat indicate that, of the epoxides, 5,6-epoxyeicosatrienoic acid (5,6-EET) is the most likely mediator of NO-independent, but CYP-dependent coronary vasodilation in response to bradykinin. Studies in the rat kidney, however, support the existence of additional EDHFs as acetylcholine also exhibits NO-independent vasodilation that is unaffected by CYP inhibitors in concentrations that attenuate responses to bradykinin. In some blood vessels, NO may tonically suppress the expression of CYP-dependent EDHF. In the event of impaired NO synthesis, therefore, a CYP-dependent vasodilator mechanism may serve as a backup to a primary NO-dependent mechanism, although they may act in concert. In other vessels, particularly microvessels, an EDHF may constitute the major vasodilator mechanism for hormones and other physiological stimuli. EDHFs appear to be important regulators of vascular tone; alterations in this system can be demonstrated in hypertension and diabetes, conditions associated with altered endothelium-dependent vasodilator responsiveness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Quilley
- Department of Pharmacology, New York Medical College, Valhalla 10595, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Askari B, Bell-Quilley CP, Fulton D, Quilley J, McGiff JC. Analysis of eicosanoid mediation of the renal functional effects of hyperchloremia. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1997; 282:101-7. [PMID: 9223545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Depression of GFR and antinatriuresis in response to high chloride has been linked to a cyclooxygenase (COX)-dependent mechanism involving thromboxane A2 (TxA2) and prostaglandin endoperoxide (PGH2), because inhibition of COX prevented the fall in GFR and antinatriuresis produced by hyperchloremia. However, hyperchloremia did not increase, but unexpectedly decreased, renal prostaglandin and TxA2 efflux (Yin et al., 1995). To resolve questions regarding the role of eicosanoids in mediating the renal functional effects of high chloride (117 mM), by stimulating either TxA2 synthesis or TxA2/PGH2 receptors, we compared the ability of indomethacin to block high-chloride effects in the rat isolated kidney with that of BMS 180291 and SQ 29548, antagonists of the TxA2/PGH2 receptor. These antagonists differ in terms of their selectivity and their capacity to inhibit isoforms of the TxA2/PGH2 receptor. Indomethacin and SQ 29548 had identical actions, preventing the decrease of GFR and antinatriuresis evoked by hyperchloremia, e.g., sodium excretion rate in the SQ 29548 and indomethacin groups increased to 7.2 +/- 1.3 and 7.1 +/- 1.2 microEq/min, respectively, compared with 2.6 +/- 0.7 microEq/min in the control group. In contrast, neither BMS 180291 nor the TxA2 synthase inhibitors, OKY 046 and CGS 13080, modified the negative effects of high chloride on GFR or sodium excretion. These results argue against either TxA2 or PGH2 acting as mediator of the effects of high chloride on renal function and suggest a product of COX activity such as a 20-HETE analog of prostaglandin endoperoxide. Evidence to support this proposal was obtained: 1) Hyperchloremia increased 20-HETE release from the rat kidney by 2-fold when compared with low-chloride conditions of renal perfusion. 2) The renal vasoconstrictor action of 20-HETE was shown to be dependent on COX activity and to be antagonized by blockade of the TxA2/PGH2 receptor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B Askari
- Department of Pharmacology, New York Medical College, Valhalla 10595, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Fulton D, McGiff JC, Wolin MS, Kaminski P, Quilley J. Evidence against a cytochrome P450-derived reactive oxygen species as the mediator of the nitric oxide-independent vasodilator effect of bradykinin in the perfused heart of the rat. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1997; 280:702-9. [PMID: 9023282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The coronary vasodilator effect of bradykinin (BK) in the rat is independent of NO but dependent on activation of phospholipases with involvement of cytochrome P450 mono-oxygenase (P450) and stimulation of Ca++-activated K+ channels, implicating an unidentified hyperpolarizing factor generated via P450 metabolism of arachidonic acid (AA). Because P450 activity also generates free radicals, such as superoxide, which can lead to the formation of hydrogen peroxide and hydroxyl radicals, which are vasoactive, we addressed the contribution of superoxide to the vasodilator effect of BK in the rat heart. Using rat renal microsomes as a source of P450, we verified that P450-dependent metabolism of AA generated superoxide, as detected by chemiluminescence with lucigenin. The signal was almost abolished by inhibition of P450 with clotrimazole and the superoxide scavenger 4,5-dihydroxy-1,3-benzene sulfonic acid. However, base-line superoxide formation, detected by chemiluminescence, in cardiac slices and perfused hearts was unchanged in response to BK or AA. Furthermore, in perfused hearts treated with nitroarginine and indomethacin to eliminate NO and prostaglandins and elevate perfusion pressure, dose-dependent vasodilator responses to BK were unaffected by superoxide dismutase plus catalase, a combination that abolished dilator responses to hydrogen peroxide. Similarly, the superoxide scavengers 4,5-dihydroxy-1,3-benzene sulfonic acid and 4-hydroxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-noxyl were without effect on vasodilator responses to BK. Thus, the coronary vasodilator action of BK is independent of superoxide or its derivatives, which can be excluded as hyperpolarizing factors mediating NO-independent vasodilation in the rat.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Fulton
- Department of Pharmacology, New York Medical College, Valhalla 10595, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Fulton D, McGiff JC, Quilley J. Role of phospholipase C and phospholipase A2 in the nitric oxide-independent vasodilator effect of bradykinin in the rat perfused heart. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1996; 278:518-26. [PMID: 8768699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The cytochrome P450-dependent component of the coronary vasodilator action of bradykinin which requires activation of K+ channels was examined in terms of the contribution of phospholipases in the rat Langendorff heart preparation. This component was isolated by inhibition of nitric oxide synthase with nitroarginine and cyclooxygenase with indomethacin, neither of which affects the coronary vasodilator action of bradykinin. However, nitroarginine elevated coronary perfusion pressure from approximately 40 to 130 mm Hg. The phospholipase C inhibitor, U73122 {1-(6-((17 beta-3-methoxyestra-1,3,5(10)-trien-17-yl) amino)hexyl)-1H-pyrrole-2,5-dione}, reduced coronary vasodilator responses to bradykinin by greater than 80%. U73122 also diminished the coronary vasodilator action of cromakalim which activates ATP-sensitive K+ channels. The maleimide moiety of U73122 that has the capacity to affect K+ channels inhibited cromakalim-induced coronary vasodilation, but did not affect that to bradykinin. Inhibition of diacylglycerol lipase with RHC 80267 {1,6-bis-(cyclohexyloximinocarbonylamino)-hexane} was without an overall effect on coronary vasodilator responses to bradykinin. The cytosolic phospholipase A2 inhibitor, AACOCF3 {arachidonyl trifluoromethyl ketone¿} decreased responses to bradykinin by up to 90% whereas inhibitors of the secretory form of phospholipase A2 oleyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine and ONO-RS-082 {2-(p-amylcinnamoyl)amino-4-chlorobenzoic acid} were less effective than either AACOCF3 or U73122. The phospholipase inhibitors demonstrated selectivity as they did not affect the coronary vasodilator responses to nitroprusside. We obtained additional evidence for the antiphospholipase activity of the inhibitors by demonstrating their capacity to suppress bradykinin-stimulated increases in the release of prostacyclin, measured as 6-keto prostaglandin F1 alpha. The phospholipase inhibitors did not affect cyclooxygenase activity as the ability of arachidonic acid to stimulate prostaglandin formation was unimpaired. These results indicate that the coronary vasodilator action of bradykinin is linked to the activities of both phospholipase C and A2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Fulton
- Department of Pharmacology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|