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Lu DF, Liu YF, Tong XM, Zhang H, Shi S, Zhang YH. [Reference ranges for M-mode echocardiographic measurements within seven days after birth in preterm infants]. Zhonghua Er Ke Za Zhi 2020; 58:989-994. [PMID: 33256321 DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn112140-20200629-00672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Objective: To establish reference ranges for M-mode echocardiography in preterm infants within 7 days after birth based on different gestational age (GA) and birth weight. Methods: This retrospective study analyzed M-mode echocardiographic values of 489 premature infants, who were admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit of Department of Pediatrics, Peking University Third Hospital from March 2017 to February 2020. These infants were divided into four groups according to GA:<28 weeks, 28-31+6weeks, 32-33+6weeks and 34-36+6weeks; and five groups according to birth weight:<1 000 g, 1 000-1 499 g, 1 500-1 999 g, 2 000-2 499 g and ≥2 500 g. The M-mode values among groups were compared by independent sample K-W test, and based on which, the 95% confidence interval (CI) and the Z-value reference ranges were established. Results: The gestational age of these infants was 32.0 (24.0-36.7) weeks, and the birth weight was 1 700 (650-3 180) g. The interventricular septum end-diastolic thickness (IVSd), left ventricular posterior wall end-diastolic thickness (LVPWd), left atrial diameter (LAD), left ventricular end-diastolic diameter (LVED), left ventricular end-systolic diameter (LVES), right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT) and the right ventricular end-diastolic diameter (RVED), were all correlated with GA and birth weight (r = 0.209, 0.216, 0.430, 0.608, 0.495, 0.464, 0.447; r = 0.275, 0.288, 0.445, 0.609, 0.496, 0.499, 0.464;all P<0.01). While the left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) and left ventricular fractional shortening (LVFS) had no correlation with GA or birth weight (all P<0.05). Within the first 7 days after birth, the greater the GA and birth weight, the greater the inner diameters of the heart chambers, and the thicker the ventricular wall. The LVEF and LVFS maintained a high and stable level within the first week of life (95%CI: 67%-69%, 34%-36%). Conclusions: According to different GA and birth weight, the reference ranges for chamber diameters, interventricular septal thickness and left ventricular wall thickness within 7 days were established. The 95% CI and Z score ranges for M-mode echocardiographic measurements established based on gestational age and birth weight can provide a reliable reference for preterm infants aged 0-7 days.
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Affiliation(s)
- D F Lu
- Department of Pediatrics, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Y F Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
| | - X M Tong
- Department of Pediatrics, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
| | - H Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology Center, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
| | - S Shi
- Department of Pediatrics, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Y H Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
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Abstract
We herein report an iron-catalyzed direct diazidation method via activation of bench-stable peroxyesters promoted by nitrogen-based ligands. This method is effective for a broad range of olefins and N-heterocycles, including those that are difficult substrates for the existing olefin diamination and diazidation methods. Notably, nearly a stoichiometric amount of oxidant and TMSN3 are sufficient for high-yielding diazidation for most substrates. Preliminary mechanistic studies elucidated the similarities and differences between this method and the benziodoxole-based olefin diazidation method previously developed by us. This method effectively addresses the limitations of the existing olefin diazidation methods. Most notably, previously problematic nonproductive oxidant decomposition can be minimized. Furthermore, X-ray crystallographic studies suggest that an iron-azide-ligand complex can be generated in situ from an iron acetate precatalyst and that it may facilitate peroxyester activation and the rate-determining C-N3 bond formation during diazidation of unstrained olefins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shou-Jie Shen
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, 100 Piedmont Avenue Southeast, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
| | - Cheng-Liang Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, 100 Piedmont Avenue Southeast, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
| | - Deng-Fu Lu
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, 100 Piedmont Avenue Southeast, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
| | - Hao Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, 100 Piedmont Avenue Southeast, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
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Zhu CL, Lu DF, Sears JD, Jia ZX, Xu H. Practical Synthetic Procedures for the Iron-Catalyzed Intermolecular Olefin Aminohydroxylation Using Functionalized Hydroxylamines. SYNTHESIS-STUTTGART 2017; 48:3031-3041. [PMID: 28090124 DOI: 10.1055/s-0035-1562515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
A set of practical synthetic procedures for the iron-catalyzed intermolecular olefin aminohydroxylation reactions in gram scale is reported. In these transformations, a bench-stable functionalized hydroxylamine is applied as the amination reagent. This method is compatible with a broad range of synthetically valuable olefins including those that are incompatible with the existing aminohydroxylation methods. It also provides valuable amino alcohol building blocks with regio- and stereo-chemical arrays that are complementary to known methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Liang Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, 100 Piedmont Avenue SE, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Deng-Fu Lu
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, 100 Piedmont Avenue SE, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Sears
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, 100 Piedmont Avenue SE, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Zhen-Xin Jia
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, 100 Piedmont Avenue SE, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Hao Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, 100 Piedmont Avenue SE, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
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Abstract
We herein report a new catalytic method for intermolecular olefin aminofluorination using earth-abundant iron catalysts and nucleophilic fluoride ion. This method tolerates a broad range of unfunctionalized olefins, especially nonstyrenyl olefins that are incompatible with existing olefin aminofluorination methods. This new iron-catalyzed process directly converts readily available olefins to internal vicinal fluoro carbamates with high regioselectivity (N vs F), many of which are difficult to prepare using known methods. Preliminary mechanistic studies demonstrate that it is possible to exert asymmetric induction using chiral iron catalysts and that both an iron-nitrenoid and carbocation species may be reactive intermediates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deng-Fu Lu
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University , 100 Piedmont Avenue SE, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
| | - Cheng-Liang Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University , 100 Piedmont Avenue SE, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
| | - Jeffrey D Sears
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University , 100 Piedmont Avenue SE, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
| | - Hao Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University , 100 Piedmont Avenue SE, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
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Abstract
Reported herein is a new iron-catalyzed diastereoselective olefin diazidation reaction which occurs at room temperature (1-5 mol% of catalysts and d.r. values of up to >20:1). This method tolerates a broad range of both unfunctionalized and highly functionalized olefins, including those that are incompatible with existing methods. It also provides a convenient approach to vicinal primary diamines as well as other synthetically valuable nitrogen-containing building blocks which are difficult to obtain with alternative methods. Preliminary mechanistic studies suggest that the reaction may proceed through a new mechanistic pathway in which both Lewis acid activation and iron-enabled redox-catalysis are crucial for selective azido-group transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-An Yuan
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, 100 Piedmont Avenue SE, Atlanta, GA 30303 (USA)
| | - Deng-Fu Lu
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, 100 Piedmont Avenue SE, Atlanta, GA 30303 (USA)
| | - Yun-Rong Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, 100 Piedmont Avenue SE, Atlanta, GA 30303 (USA)
| | - Hao Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, 100 Piedmont Avenue SE, Atlanta, GA 30303 (USA).
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Lu DF, Zhu CL, Jia ZX, Xu H. Iron(II)-catalyzed intermolecular amino-oxygenation of olefins through the N-O bond cleavage of functionalized hydroxylamines. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:13186-9. [PMID: 25166591 PMCID: PMC4183608 DOI: 10.1021/ja508057u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
An iron-catalyzed diastereoselective intermolecular olefin amino-oxygenation reaction is reported, which proceeds via an iron-nitrenoid generated by the N-O bond cleavage of a functionalized hydroxylamine. In this reaction, a bench-stable hydroxylamine derivative is used as the amination reagent and oxidant. This method tolerates a range of synthetically valuable substrates that have been all incompatible with existing amino-oxygenation methods. It can also provide amino alcohol derivatives with regio- and stereochemical arrays complementary to known amino-oxygenation methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deng-Fu Lu
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, 100 Piedmont Avenue SE, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
| | - Cheng-Liang Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, 100 Piedmont Avenue SE, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
| | - Zhen-Xin Jia
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, 100 Piedmont Avenue SE, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
| | - Hao Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, 100 Piedmont Avenue SE, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
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Affiliation(s)
- Deng-Fu Lu
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, 100 Piedmont Avenue SE, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
| | - Guan-Sai Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, 100 Piedmont Avenue SE, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
| | - Cheng-Liang Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, 100 Piedmont Avenue SE, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
| | - Bo Yuan
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, 100 Piedmont Avenue SE, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
| | - Hao Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, 100 Piedmont Avenue SE, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
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Lu DF, Zhu CL, Xu H. Copper(i)-catalyzed diastereoselective hydroxytrifluoromethylation of dienes accelerated by phosphine ligands. Chem Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3sc50582k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Lu DF, Wong KW, Yeung HY, Fung PC. Mass-anisotropy and oxygen-deficiency effects on the Tc of the YBa2Cu3O7- delta system using the excitonic-enhancement model. Phys Rev B Condens Matter 1992; 46:3550-3561. [PMID: 10004073 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.46.3550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Abstract
A technique was developed to change the resonant frequency of a rotating field birdcage coil from 19F resonance (76.14 MHz) to 1H resonance (80.92 MHz). This was done by inserting an additional shield with a smaller radius on the coil which resonates at 19F. It was shown that the inhomogeneity introduced by reducing the shield radius is not significant. A working coil built with this technique produced both 19F and 1H images satisfactorily.
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Affiliation(s)
- D F Lu
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 19104
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Abstract
Small interalveolar holes within the lung are called pores of Kohn. Some researchers have correlated enlarged pore size with diseases, e.g. emphysema, that are characterized by tissue destruction. Mathematical models of the pressures generated in closed, fluid-filled and open, fluid-lined pores demonstrate that pressures capable of rupturing lung tissue can be developed in a pore due to the surface tension and shape of the air-liquid interface. Pore enlargement accompanied by tissue destruction is presented as a possible mechanism for the disease process observed during aging and the development of emphysema in the lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- D F Lu
- Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department, West Virginia University, Morgantown 26506
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Abstract
The development of an image processing system for quantitative autoradiography (QAR) is described, with emphasis on the evaluation of image digitization systems independent of hardware or software design. Each step of converting the autoradiographic image to a functional image of a physiological variable such as local cerebral blood flow (LCBF) or local cerebral glucose utilization rate (LCGU) is evaluated. The autoradiograms are digitized, aligned, transformed to a tissue tracer concentrations image based on the gray value (GV) of calibrated 14C standards, subtracted from each other as required in double tracer QAR, and converted to an LCBF or LCGU image using the proper tracer kinetic model. Geometric size, mean and standard deviation of the LCBF, LCGU, and tracer concentration can be measured in regions of interest. These steps are evaluated separately for their contribution to the accuracy and precision of the final, functional image. The qualities important in the final image are spatial resolution, intensity linearity, and intensity sensitivity, as well as the noise level. Techniques for evaluating the LCBF image include: (1) optimization of the input linearity and dynamic range of the video camera to maximize relative intensity sensitivity of the final functional image; (2) visual inspection of the curves used to fit various functions that are important in the conversion of the GV image to an image of physiological interest; (3) consideration of the noise introduced by the input devices and during the image conversion; and (4) above all, the integration of the various parts of the system to produce an accurate image useful in cerebrovascular research.
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Affiliation(s)
- S C Jones
- Department of Brain and Vascular Research, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, OH 44106
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