ZnO-CeO2 Hollow Nanospheres for Selective Determination of Dopamine and Uric Acid

ZnO-CeO2 hollow nanospheres have been successfully synthesized via the hard templating method, in which CeO2 is used as the support skeleton to avoid ZnO agglomeration. The synthesized ZnO-CeO2 hollow nanospheres possess a large electrochemically active area and high electron transfer owing to the high specific surface area and synergistic effect of ZnO and CeO2. Due to the above advantages, the resulting ZnO-CeO2 hollow spheres display high sensitivities of 1122.86 μA mM-1 cm-2 and 908.53 μA mM-1 cm-2 under a neutral environment for the selective detection of dopamine and uric acid. The constructed electrochemical sensor shows excellent selectivity, stability and recovery for the selective analysis of dopamine and uric acid in actual samples. This study provides a valuable strategy for the synthesis of ZnO-CeO2 hollow nanospheres via the hard templating method as electrocatalysts for the selective detection of dopamine and uric acid.

Treatment of Coking Wastewater Using Hydrodynamic Cavitation Coupled with Fenton Oxidation Process

Effective and economical processes for the advanced treatment of coking wastewater were urgently needed to reduce the persistent organic pollutants of external drainage. In the present work, we investigated the degradation of organic pollutants in coking wastewater through IHC/FO (imping stream hydrodynamic cavitation (IHC) coupled with the Fenton oxidation (FO) process) and IHC alone for their feasibility in the advanced treatment of coking wastewater. To select the optimum parameters, attention was paid to the effects of main operation conditions including inlet fluid pressure, medium temperature, initial pH, reaction time, and initial Fe(II) and initial H2O2 concentrations. The results showed that the effects of conditions that need energy to be maintained (such as initial pH and inlet pressure) on the organic pollutant removal efficiency through IHC/FO were less pronounced than those through IHC alone. Moreover, the application of IHC/FO could remove more organic pollutants from coking wastewater than IHC even at an energy-efficient condition. For example, the highest COD removal efficiency of 12.5% was achieved in the IHC treatment at 0.4 MPa, pH 3, and 60 min for the reaction time. In the case of IHC/FO, the maximum COD removal of 33.2% was obtained at pH 7, 0.1 MPa, 12 mmol/L H2O2, and 3 mmol/L Fe2+ after reacting for 15 min. The ultraviolet and visible spectrophotometry (UV-Vis) absorption spectra and gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis further revealed that the kinds and amounts of pollutants (especially those that had benzenes) remaining in water treated through IHC/FO were much fewer and smaller than in water treated through IHC alone. The better performances of IHC/FO than IHC alone were likely related to the more hydroxyl radicals produced through IHC/FO. Taken together, our findings indicate that IHC/FO has great application potential in the advanced treatment of coking wastewater.

A paper-based ratiometric fluorescence sensor based on carbon dots modified with Eu3+ for the selective detection of tetracycline in seafood aquaculture water

Paper-based ratiometric fluorescence sensors are normally prepared using two or more types of fluorescent materials on a paper chip for simple, low-cost and fast detection. However, the choice of multi-step and one-step modifications on the paper chip affects the analytical performance. Herein, a novel paper-based dual-emission ratiometric fluorescence sensor was designed for the selective detection of tetracycline (TC). Carbon dots (CDs) modified with Eu3+ were combined with a sealed paper-based microfluidic chip by two methods: one-step grafting of CDs-Eu3+ on paper and step-by-step grafting of CDs and Eu3+ on paper. The analytical performance was studied and optimized respectively. The red fluorescence of Eu3+ at 450 nm is enhanced and the blue fluorescence of CDs at 617 nm is quenched by energy transfer in the presence of TC. Under optimal conditions, TC is selectively determined in the linear range from 0.1 μM to 100 μM with a detection limit of 0.03 μM by the step-by-step grafting method. In addition, the sealed paper chip could effectively prevent pollution and volatilization from the reagent. This technique has been used to analyze TC in seafood aquaculture water with satisfactory results.

Propagation dynamics of self-accelerating second-order Hermite complex-variable-function Gaussian wave packets in a harmonic potential

This paper investigates the evolutionary dynamics of self-accelerating second-order Hermite complex-variable-function Gaussian (SSHCG) wave packets in a harmonic potential. The periodic variation of the wave packets is discussed via theoretical analysis and numerical simulation. The control variables method is applied to manipulate the distribution factor, cross-phase factor, potential depth, and chirp parameter, enabling the realization of unique propagation dynamics. In three-dimensional models, the SSHCG wave packets exhibit rotational states, featuring butterfly shape, three peaks shape, two polarity shape, elliptical shape, and ring-shaped double-vortex structures. Furthermore, the energy flow and the angular momentum of the wave packets are investigated. Additionally, the performance of the radiation force on a Rayleigh dielectric particle is studied. This investigation results in the emergence of distinct SSHCG wave packet propagation dynamics, and potential applications in optical communications and optical trapping are presented.

Rydberg-atom acceleration by circular Airy laser pulses

Circular Airy pulsed beams are introduced to significantly optimize the acceleration of neutral Rydberg atoms. Compared with the conventional pulsed Gaussian beams used in the previous report, the circular Airy structure abruptly self-focuses and subsequently propagates with weak diffraction, resulting in a much higher accelerating efficiency for both radial and longitudinal velocities, as well as a longer accelerating range along the propagation axis. The parameter dependencies of the beams on the acceleration are also analyzed.

The Roles and Interactions of Porphyromonas gingivalis and Fusobacterium nucleatum in Oral and Gastrointestinal Carcinogenesis: A Narrative Review

Epidemiological studies have spotlighted the intricate relationship between individual oral bacteria and tumor occurrence. Porphyromonas gingivalis and Fusobacteria nucleatum, which are known periodontal pathogens, have emerged as extensively studied participants with potential pathogenic abilities in carcinogenesis. However, the complex dynamics arising from interactions between these two pathogens were less addressed. This narrative review aims to summarize the current knowledge on the prevalence and mechanism implications of P. gingivalis and F. nucleatum in the carcinogenesis of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), colorectal cancer (CRC), and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). In particular, it explores the clinical and experimental evidence on the interplay between P. gingivalis and F. nucleatum in affecting oral and gastrointestinal carcinogenesis. P. gingivalis and F. nucleatum, which are recognized as keystone or bridging bacteria, were identified in multiple clinical studies simultaneously. The prevalence of both bacteria species correlated with cancer development progression, emphasizing the potential impact of the collaboration. Regrettably, there was insufficient experimental evidence to demonstrate the synergistic function. We further propose a hypothesis to elucidate the underlying mechanisms, offering a promising avenue for future research in this dynamic and evolving field.

Highly efficient enhancement and extension of focusing ability for ring Pearcey beam by means of dual-region parabolic trajectory offset modulation

It is a highly significant area of research to investigate how to effectively enhance the focusing ability of abruptly auto-focusing beams (AAFBs) while extending the focal length. We introduce a dual-region parabolic trajectory offset modulation to auto-focusing ring Pearcey beams (RPBs), presenting a novel, to the best of our knowlege, approach to extend the focal length while greatly enhancing their auto-focusing capabilities. Unlike directly introducing a linear chirp, which inevitably shortens the focal length to enhance the auto-focusing ability and allows only single focusing in the RPBs, our scheme can achieve a multi-focusing effect. Furthermore, we have experimentally generated such a beam, verifying our theoretical predictions. Our findings offer promising possibilities for generating optical bottles, trapping multiple particles periodically, and enhancing free-space optical communication capabilities.

Oral Bacteria: Friends and Foes?

The oral cavity is an ideal niche for microbial prosperity due to its stable temperature, suitable pH, and continuous nutrient supply [...].

Propagation dynamics of the controllable circular Airyprime beam in the Kerr medium

In this paper, we study the propagation dynamics of the circular Airyprime beam (CAPB) in the Kerr medium for the first time. We investigate the effects of the astigmatism factor, the chirp factor, and vortices on the CAPB propagating in the Kerr medium. At the same time, we are also introducing a special-shaped Airyprime beam (SAPB) during its propagation. The transmission characteristics of the CAPB and the SAPB in the Kerr medium are compared under identical conditions. Our theoretical results provide additional possibilities for CAPB modulation in the Kerr medium, thereby promising wider applicability of CAPB in various research areas.

Singular multi-wavelength and multi-waveband transparencies generated by P T-symmetric dumbbell optical waveguide networks

In this paper, we investigate the singular multi-wavelength and multi-waveband transparencies generated by P T-symmetric dumbbell optical waveguide networks composed of two materials, and obtain the number regularity for the transparency wavelengths of one-unit-cell system and the general relationships for the transmission and reflection coefficients of multi-unit-cell systems. Consequently, three types of exact transparencies produced by multi-unit-cell systems are found based on the aforementioned formulas: (i)exact multi-wavelength unidirectional or bidirectional transparency as the same as those of one-unit-cell system; (ii)exact multi-wavelength bidirectional transparency at which one-unit-cell system cannot produce exact transparency, generated by adjusting the number of unit cells; (iii)exact multi-wavelength bidirectional transparency at which one-unit-cell system produces exact transparency, also generated by adjusting the number of unit cells. It provides theoretical foundations for developing highly sensitive and multi-wavelength optical filters. On the other hand, we also discover that multi-unit-cell systems can create approximate multi-waveband bidirectional transparencies by adjusting the number of unit cells, which provides scientific support for developing high-performance optical stealth devices.

Evolution and particle trapping dynamics of circular Pearcey-Airy Gaussian vortex beams in tightly focused systems

This study investigates the propagation and evolution of self-focusing circular Pearcey-Airy Gaussian vortex beams (CPAGVB) through high numerical aperture objective lenses. CPAGVB demonstrates a unique light field distribution compared to the circular Pearcey vortex beam and circular Airy Gaussian vortex beam. By adjusting optical distribution factors, main radii, and off-axis vortex pair positions, a variety of light field structures can be generated, including asymmetric micro-optical bottles, quasi-flat-top beam micro-optical bottles, and dual optical bottles. The particle trapping performance of CPAGVB is examined, revealing a gradient force eight orders of magnitude larger than its scattering force, up to twice the peak gradient force, and 2.5 times the scattering force of CAGVB. Further analysis of lateral power flow density, spin density vector, and total angular momentum distribution at the focal plane unveils the dynamics of particle motion toward the center. The Gouy phase difference under varying main radii reveals two types of normalized spin density vectors, characterized by helical and oscillating distributions. Additionally, the study examines the two-dimensional polarization ellipse distribution at the focal plane, elucidating the formation of central polarization singularities with axial vortices and the impact of peripheral polarization rearrangement on phase singularities. This research advances the comprehension of CPAGVB's distinctive properties and potential applications in micro-optical systems and particle manipulation.

Oxygen Availability on the Application of Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy against Multi-Species Biofilms

Methylene blue (MB)- or Curcumin (Cur)-based photodynamic therapy (PDT) has been used as an adjunctive treatment for periodontitis. Its actual clinical efficacy is still in question because the lack of oxygen in a deep periodontal pocket might reduce the PDT efficacy. We aim to investigate the effect of oxygen on PDT efficacy and to examine if the addition of hydrogen peroxide (HP) could improve PDT performance anaerobically. To this end, we cultured 48 h saliva-derived multi-species biofilms and treated the biofilms with 25 µM MB or 40 µM Cur, HP (0.001%, 0.01% and 0.1%), light (L-450 nm or L-660 nm), or combinations thereof under ambient air or strictly anaerobic conditions. MB- and Cur-PDTs significantly reduced biofilm viability in air but not under anaerobic conditions. HP at 0.1% significantly enhanced the killing efficacies of both MB- and Cur-PDTs anaerobically. The killing efficacy of Cur-PDT combined with 0.1% HP was higher anaerobically than in air. However, this was not the case for MB-PDT combined with 0.1% HP. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that the biofilm killing efficacies of MB- and Cur-PDTs diminished when there was no oxygen. HP at 0.1% can enhance the efficacy of PDT performed anaerobically, but the level of enhancement is photosensitizer-dependent.

Virtual sources for structured partially coherent light fields

A virtual source (VS) is a hypothetical source instead of an actual physical entity, but provides a distinctive perspective to understand physical fields in a source-free area. In this work, we generalize the VS theory to structured partially coherent light fields (PCLFs) by establishing the partially coherent inhomogeneous Helmholtz equation, then demonstrate that PCLFs can be generated from the incoherent extended VS in imaginary space. Especially, we put forward an understanding of the Gaussian Schell-model beam, which consists of a group of partially coherent paraxial complex rays. The mutual coherence between these rays depends on the included angle between them. In previous studies, the analytical solution of the partially coherent Airy beam was obtained with difficulty by the Huygens-Fresnel integral; however, by applying the VS, we put forward, to our knowledge, an unprecedented analytical solution for a partially coherent Airy beam. We believe this example will qualify the VS as an important perspective to understand structured PCLFs.

Particle manipulation with twisted circle Pearcey vortex beams

In this Letter, we present an approach for particle manipulation utilizing twisted circle Pearcey vortex beams. These beams are modulated by a noncanonical spiral phase, which allows for flexible adjustment of rotation characteristics and spiral patterns. Consequently, particles can be rotated around the beam's axis and trapped with a protective barrier to avoid perturbation. Our proposed system can quickly de-gather and re-gather multiple particles, enabling a swift and thorough cleaning of small areas. This innovation opens up new possibilities in particle cleaning and creates a new platform for further study.

Effects of meiotic stage-specific oocyte vitrification on mouse oocyte quality and developmental competence

Introduction

Acquisition of germinal vesicle (GV) stage oocytes for fertility preservation (FP) offers several benefits over in vivo matured oocyte cryopreservation following ovarian stimulation, particularly for cancer patients necessitating immediate treatment. Two FP approaches for GV oocytes are available: vitrification before in vitro maturation (IVM) at the GV stage (GV-VI) or post-IVM at the metaphase II (MII) stage (MII-VI). The optimal method remains to be determined.

Methods

In this study, mouse oocytes were collected without hormonal stimulation and vitrified either at the GV stage or the MII stage following IVM; non-vitrified in vitro matured MII oocytes served as the control (CON). The oocyte quality and developmental competence were assessed to obtain a better method for immediate FP.

Results

No significant differences in IVM and survival rates were observed among the three groups. Nevertheless, GV-VI oocytes exhibited inferior quality, including abnormal spindle arrangement, mitochondrial dysfunction, and early apoptosis, compared to MII-VI and CON oocytes. Oocyte vitrification at the GV stage impacted maternal mRNA degradation during IVM. In addition, the GV-VI group demonstrated significantly lower embryonic developmental competence relative to the MII-VI group. RNA sequencing of 2-cell stage embryos revealed abnormal minor zygotic genome activation in the GV-VI group.

Conclusion

Vitrification at the GV stage compromised oocyte quality and reduced developmental competence. Consequently, compared to the GV stage, oocyte vitrification at the MII stage after IVM is more suitable for patients who require immediate FP.

Autofocus properties of astigmatic chirped symmetric Pearcey Gaussian vortex beams in the fractional Schrödinger equation with parabolic potential

Described by the fractional Schrödinger equation (FSE) with the parabolic potential, the periodic evolution of the astigmatic chirped symmetric Pearcey Gaussian vortex beams (SPGVBs) is exhibited numerically and some interesting behaviors are found. The beams show stable oscillation and autofocus effect periodically during the propagation for a larger Lévy index (0 < α ≤ 2). With the augment of the α, the focal intensity is enhanced and the focal length becomes shorter when 0 < α ≤ 1. However, for a larger α, the autofocusing effect gets weaker, and the focal length monotonously reduces, when 1 < α ≤ 2. Moreover, the symmetry of the intensity distribution, the shape of the light spot and the focal length of the beams can be controlled by the second-order chirped factor, the potential depth, as well as the order of the topological charge. Finally, the Poynting vector and the angular momentum of the beams prove the autofocusing and diffraction behaviors. These unique properties open more opportunities of developing applications to optical switch and optical manipulation.

Space-time wave packets with both arbitrary transverse and longitudinal accelerations

The group velocity in the free space of space-time wave packets (STWPs) and light bullets can be flexibly regulated by many advanced strategies; however, these regulations are restricted to only the longitudinal group velocity. In this work, a computational model based on catastrophe theory is proposed, to devise STWPs with both arbitrary transverse and longitudinal accelerations. In particular, we investigate the attenuation-free Pearcey-Gauss STWP, which enriches the family of non-diffracting STWPs. This work may advance the development of space-time structured light fields.

Oral host-microbe interactions investigated in 3D organotypic models

The oral cavity is inhabited by abundant microbes which continuously interact with the host and influence the host's health. Such host-microbe interactions (HMI) are dynamic and complex processes involving e.g. oral tissues, microbial communities and saliva. Due to difficulties in mimicking the in vivo complexity, it is still unclear how exactly HMI influence the transition between healthy status and disease conditions in the oral cavity. As an advanced approach, three-dimensional (3D) organotypic oral tissues (epithelium and mucosa/gingiva) are being increasingly used to study underlying mechanisms. These in vitro models were designed with different complexity depending on the research questions to be answered. In this review, we summarised the existing 3D oral HMI models, comparing designs and readouts, discussing applications as well as future perspectives.

Generation and control of the circle Olver beams: erratum

We have found an error in our work reported in [Opt. Express31(4), 6241 (2023)10.1364/OE.483433], which we correct in this erratum. The authors apologize for this error and emphasize that none of the results are affected by this error.

The Applications of Electrochemical Immunosensors in the Detection of Disease Biomarkers: A Review

Disease-related biomarkers may serve as indicators of human disease. The clinical diagnosis of diseases may largely benefit from timely and accurate detection of biomarkers, which has been the subject of extensive investigations. Due to the specificity of antibody and antigen recognition, electrochemical immunosensors can accurately detect multiple disease biomarkers, including proteins, antigens, and enzymes. This review deals with the fundamentals and types of electrochemical immunosensors. The electrochemical immunosensors are developed using three different catalysts: redox couples, typical biological enzymes, and nanomimetic enzymes. This review also focuses on the applications of those immunosensors in the detection of cancer, Alzheimer's disease, novel coronavirus pneumonia and other diseases. Finally, the future trends in electrochemical immunosensors are addressed in terms of achieving lower detection limits, improving electrode modification capabilities and developing composite functional materials.

Are the counts of Streptococcus mutans and Staphylococcus aureus changed in complete denture wearers carrying denture stomatitis? A systematic review with meta-analyses

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM

Despite the importance of Candida spp. on the etiology of denture stomatitis (DS), information on the role of the bacterial component is still scarce.

PURPOSE

The purpose of this systematic review was to evaluate whether the counts of Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus mutans were changed in complete denture wearers diagnosed with Candida-associated DS.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

The literature search was performed in 8 databases and by hand searching. The risk of bias was assessed according to the Newcastle-Ottawa qualifier. Meta-analyses were performed considering the microorganism evaluated (S. aureus or S. mutans) and the collection area (mucosa or dentures). The certainty of evidence was assessed according to the grading of recommendations assessment, development and evaluations (GRADE) criteria.

RESULTS

Participants with DS presented higher counts of S. aureus in the mucosa compared with those from the control group (OR, 3.16 [1.62, 6.15]; P<.001). No significant difference between the groups was observed for samples collected from dentures (OR, 0.73 [0.50, 1.07]; P=.110). Conversely, participants without DS presented higher counts of S. mutans both in the mucosa (OR, 0.19 [0.06, 0.63]; P=.006) and dentures (OR, 0.64 [0.41, 1.0]; P=.050).

CONCLUSIONS

Microbial counts in participants with DS changed as a function of the type of microorganism and collection site. The certainty of evidence ranged from very low to low. The findings reinforce the fact that bacteria also play a relevant role in DS and should be more extensively studied. Such information may be useful to guide further therapies to prevent or control DS.

Olver plasmon: an accelerating surface wave with various orders

In this Letter, we introduce a new, to the best of our knowledge, class of accelerating surface plasmonic wave: the Olver plasmon. Our research reveals that such a surface wave propagates along self-bending trajectories at the silver-air interface with various orders, among which Airy plasmon is regarded as the zeroth-order one. We demonstrate a plasmonic autofocusing hot-spot by the interference of Olver plasmons and the focusing properties can be controlled. Also, a scheme for the generation of this new surface plasmon is proposed with the verification of finite difference time-domain numerical simulations.

A sandwich-type electrochemical immunosensor based on spherical nucleic acids-templated Ag nanoclusters for ultrasensitive detection of tumor biomarker

The accurate determination of tumor biomarkers in blood is of vital significance in the diagnosis and therapy of tumor disease. In this research, an innovative sandwich-type electrochemical immunosensor is designed for the ultrasensitive determination of tumor biomarker AFP using spherical nucleic acids-templated silver nanoclusters (AgNCs) sensing platform. For this purpose, on one hand, DNA functionalized gold nanoparticles (AuNPs@DNA) is selected not only as the cross-linker to immobilize the primary antibody (anti-AFP antibody 1, Ab1) to obtain AuNPs@DNA-Ab1, but also as the template for synthesizing AgNCs on AuNPs to form AuNPs@DNA-AgNCs. On the other hand, p-sulfonated calix[4]arene (pSC₄) modified Au is chosen to immobilize the secondary antibody (anti-AFP antibody 2, Ab2) through host-guest recognition between Ab2 and pSC₄. When AFP is encountered, the immunoreaction signal can be significantly amplified by the electrochemical reduction of AgNCs. Under optimal circumstances, the sandwich-type electrochemical immunosensor exhibits broad limit of linearity from 0.001 to 100 ng mL^-1 (R² = 0.997) and low detection limit of 7.74 fg mL^-1 (S/N = 3). The immunosensor possesses excellent repeatability and selectivity, offering a novel method for sensitive clinical diagnosis of tumor markers in human hepatocellular carcinoma.

Molecular characterisation and expression profile of the PRLR gene during goose ovarian follicle development

1. Although PRL-PRLR signalling plays important roles in regulating avian reproduction, there is a paucity of information regarding the functional significance of PRLR in goose ovarian follicle development.2. The full-length 2,496 bp coding sequence of PRLR was obtained from Sichuan White goose (Anser cygnoides) for the first time and was seen to encode a polypeptide containing 831 amino acids. Goose PRLR shares similar sequence characteristics and conserved functional domains to other avian species and was phylogenetically clustered into the avian clade.3. The qPCR results suggested that the mRNA levels of PRLR significantly increased in primary follicles during weeks 3 to 4 of age and were higher in secondary- than in primordial follicles at week 5 post-hatching, which suggested that the PRLR-mediated signalling could be involved in regulation of early folliculogenesis.4. The PRLR mRNA was expressed at the highest levels in the prehierarchical 8-10 mm granulosa layers throughout goose ovarian follicle development, indicating a role for PRLR in the process of follicle selection.5. PRLR mRNA was differentially expressed in the three cohorts of in vitro cultured granulosa cells harvested from different sized goose ovarian follicles, which suggested that PRLR was involved in regulating granulosa cell functions depending on the stage of follicle development. These data provide novel insights into the role of PRLR during goose ovarian follicle development, although the underlying mechanisms await further investigations.

Generation and control of the circle Olver beams

The circle Olver beams (COBs) generated by modulation on the basis of a new type of Olver beam are presented numerically and experimentally. The zeroth order COB is the circle Airy beam. We demonstrate auto-focusing of the COBs with both inward and outward accelerations, where the odd order COBs display auto-defocusing while the even order COBs (ECOBs) tend to focus more abruptly. We also explore the effect of the decay factor and the scaling factor on the beams' focusing properties, such as the initial energy distribution, the focusing position, the focusing intensity and the focusing depth, by using the parity mode. In addition, we verify the self-healing property of the COBs. Finally, we set up an experimental platform to implement particle capture and manipulation with the ECOBs. Our results offer practical applications for particle manipulation, laser processing, etc.

Mn3O4/NiO Nanoparticles Decorated on Carbon Nanofibers as an Enzyme-Free Electrochemical Sensor for Glucose Detection

Transition metal oxides have garnered a lot of attention in the field of electrocatalysis along with their unique crystal structure and excellent catalytic properties. In this study, carbon nanofibers (CNFs) decorated with Mn₃O₄/NiO nanoparticles were made using electrospinning and calcination. The conductive network constructed by CNFs not only facilitates electron transport, but also provides landing sites for nanoparticles, thus reducing nanoparticle aggregation and exposing more active sites. Additionally, the synergistic interaction between Mn₃O₄ and NiO improved electrocatalytic capacity for glucose oxidation. The Mn₃O₄/NiO/CNFs modified glassy carbon electrode shows satisfactory results in terms of linear range and anti-interference capability for glucose detection, suggesting that the constructed enzyme-free sensor has a promising application in clinical diagnosis.

Current Progress of Ratiometric Fluorescence Sensors Based on Carbon Dots in Foodborne Contaminant Detection

Carbon dots (CDs) are widely used in the detection of foodborne contaminants because of their biocompatibility, photoluminescence stability, and ease of chemical modification. In order to solve the interference problem of complexity in food matrices, the development of ratiometric fluorescence sensors shows great prospects. In this review, the progress of ratiometric fluorescence sensors based on CDs in foodborne contaminant detection in recent years will be summarized, focusing on the functionalized modification of CDs, the fluorescence sensing mechanism, the types of ratiometric fluorescence sensors, and the application of portable devices. In addition, the outlook on the development of the field will be presented, with the development of smartphone applications and related software helping to better enable the on-site detection of foodborne contaminants to ensure food safety and human health.

Coaxial electrospinning synthesis of size-tunable CuO/NiO hollow heterostructured nanofibers: Towards detection of glucose level in human serum

Nanofibers (NFs) have found wide applications by virtue of their particular morphology and high specific surface area. In this study, size-tunable hollow CuO/NiO NFs were synthesized by coaxial electrospinning and subsequent calcination. The synthesized hollow CuO/NiO NFs owned large specific surface area for catalytic active sites. In addition, the formation of heterostructure interface between CuO and NiO was beneficial to improve the electrocatalytic performance. As non-enzymatic electrode material, the synthesized CuO/NiO NFs exhibited superior electrocatalytic capability for glucose oxidation. When the molar ratio of CuO to NiO is 0.4, the composite NFs achieved the optimal electrocatalytic ability for glucose oxidation, performing high sensitivity of 1324.17 μA mM^-1 cm^-2 and wide liner range from 1 to 10,000 μM. The constructed electrode has been utilized to detect glucose concentration in real serum with excellent recovery, indicating that CuO/NiO hollow heterostructured NFs are promising materials for biomedical applications.

Facile post modification synthesis of copper-doped mesoporous bioactive glass with high antibacterial performance to fight bone infection

Successful treatment of infected bone defects caused by multi-drug resistant bacteria (MDR) has become a major clinical challenge, stressing the urgent need for effective antibacterial bone graft substitutes. Mesoporous bioactive glass nanoparticles (MBGNs), a rapidly emerging class of nanoscale biomaterials, offer specific advantages for the development of biomaterials to treat bone infection due to endowed antibacterial features. Herein, we propose a facile post-modification sol-gel strategy to synthesize effective antibacterial MBGNs doped with copper ions (Cu-PMMBGNs). In this strategy, amine functional groups as chelating agents were introduced to premade mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) which further facilitate the incorporation of high content of calcium (∼17 mol%) and copper ions (∼8 mol%) without compromising nanoparticle shape, mesoporosity, and homogeneity. The resulting nanoparticles were degradable and showed rapidly induce abundant deposition of apatite crystals on their surface upon soaking in simulated body fluids (SBF) after 3 days. Cu-PMMBGNs exhibited a dose-dependent inhibitory effect on Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) bacteria, which are common pathogens causing severe bone infections. Most importantly, the nanoparticles containing 5 mol% copper ions at concentrations of 500 and 1000 μg.mL^-1 showed highly effective antibacterial performance as reflected by a 99.9 % reduction of bacterial viability. Nanoparticles at a concentration of 500 μg.mL^-1 showed no significant cytotoxicity toward preosteoblast cells (∼85-89 % cell viability) compared to the control group. In addition, the nanoscale properties of synthesized Cu-PMMBGNs (∼100 nm in size) facilitated their internalization into preosteoblast cells, which highlights their potential as intracellular carriers in combating intracellular bacteria. Therefore, these copper-doped nanoparticles hold strong promise for use as an antibacterial component in antibacterial bone substitutes such as hydrogels, nanocomposites, and coatings.

Stable reconstructed human gingiva–microbe interaction model: Differential response to commensals and pathogens

Background

To investigate human oral health and disease, models are required which represent the interactions between the oral mucosa and microbiome. Our aim was to develop an organotypic model which maintains viability of both host and microbes for an extended period of time.

Methods

Reconstructed Human Gingiva (RHG) were cultured air-lifted with or without penicillin-streptomycin (PS) and topically exposed to Streptococcus gordonii (commensal) or Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (pathogen) for 72 hours in agar. RHG histology, viability and cytokines (ELISA), and bacterial viability (colony forming units) and location (FISH) were assessed.

Results

The low concentration of topically applied agar did not influence RHG viability. Topically applied bacteria in agar remained localized and viable for 72 hours and did not spill over to infect RHG culture medium. PS in RHG culture medium killed topically applied bacteria. Co-culture with living bacteria did not influence RHG viability (Ki67 expression, MTT assay) or histology (epithelium differentiation, Keratin10 expression). RHG exposed to S. gordonii (with or without PS) did not influence low level of IL-6, IL-8, CCL2, CCL5, CCL20 or CXCL1 secretion. However, all cytokines increased (except CCL2) when RHG were co-cultured with A. actinomycetemcomitans. The effect was significantly more in the presence of living, rather than dead, A. actinomycetemcomitans. Both bacteria resulted in increased expression of RHG antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) Elafin and HBD-2, with S. gordonii exposure resulting in the most Elafin secretion.

Conclusion

This technical advance enables living human oral host–microbe interactions to be investigated during a 72-hour period and shows differences in innate immunology triggered by S. gordonii and A. actinomycetemcomitans.

Extraordinary Characteristics of One-Dimensional PT-Symmetric Ring Optical Waveguide Networks Composed of Adjustable Length Ratio Waveguides

A novel one-dimensional parity-time-symmetric periodic ring optical waveguide network (1D PTSPROWN) is constructed using magnesium fluoride (MgF₂), by adjusting the length ratio of gain and loss materials in PT-symmetric waveguide and ordinary dielectric material, and by optimizing the program to search for the extremum spontaneous PT-symmetric breaking points. The ultra-strong transmission, reflection, and photonic location are noticed in the proposed 1DPTSPROWN as compared with the other PT-symmetric optical waveguide networks. The maximum and minimum reached 10¹⁸ and 10^-15, respectively, which is more than 6 orders of magnitude greater and 3 orders of magnitude smaller than the best results reported so far. The ultra-strong transmission and reflection peaks, ultra-weak transmission, and reflection valleys generated by electromagnetic waves in this network were found to have interesting resonance and anti-resonance effects. Furthermore, frequency of periodic cycles and violet or redshift laws were discovered in the 1D PTSPROWN of fixed length ratio of gain and loss material in the PT-symmetric waveguide by adjusting the ratio of the upper and lower arm lengths of waveguides. The proposed optical waveguide network might have potential application in the design of CPA lasers, high-efficiency optical accumulators, and several other devices.

Simple Lymphangioma of the Scrotum: A Case Report

As scrotal simple lymphangioma is a rare benign proliferation of lymphatic vessels in the scrotum, a few reports were documented. A 68-year-old man gradually developed vesicles on the scrotum for ten years and easily ruptured due to friction. Physical examination showed diffuse millet-sized vesicles on the scrotum with milky white fluids and chyle-like exudates. Histopathological examination revealed proliferating and dilated lymphatic vessels with various sizes of lumens in the dermis. An immunohistochemical study showed positive staining for D2-40 and CD31. Therefore, the patient was diagnosed with scrotal lymphangioma and received carbon dioxide laser therapy. After the treatment, the vesicles markedly decreased, and no apparent exudates were observed. During one year of the follow-up, no relapse, scars, or other complications occurred.

A Novel Variant and a Missense Variant Identified in the DKC1 Gene in Three Chinese Familieswith Dyskeratosis Congenita

Purpose

Dyskeratosis congenita (DC) is an inherited telomere biology disorder characterized clinically by mucocutaneous triad of reticulate hyperpigmentation, nail changes and oral leukoplakia. Bone marrow failure, pulmonary fibrosis and malignancies are the mainly life-threatening causes. There are X-linked recessive, autosomal dominant and autosomal recessive patterns of DC. DKC1 is the most common pathogenic mutation gene responsible for X-linked DC, and it encodes a protein, dyskerin, which is a component of telomerase holoenzyme complex essential for telomere maintenance. Patients with DC have very short telomeres, but the precise pathogenic mechanism remains unclear. This study aimed to identify the causative mutations in the DKC1 gene in three Chinese families with the X-linked form of DC.

Patients and Methods

Three Chinese families with DC were included in this study. Whole exome sequencing and Sanger sequencing were performed to clarify the mutation of DKC1 gene. Measurement of relative telomere length through qPCR. Predictions of protein structure and function were performed using bioinformatics tools, including I-TASSER, Polyphen-2 and SIFT.

Results

There were four males with DC and a female carrier in three Chinese pedigrees. The novel mutation c.92A>C (p. Q31P) and the missense mutation c.1058C>T (p. A353V) in DKC1 were identified. Both mutations locally changed the structure of dyskerin. Variant Q31P and A353V were predicted to have “deleterious” and “natural” effects on the function of dyskerin, respectively.

Conclusion

The novel variant and missense variant detected in the DKC1 gene improve our understanding of DC and broaden the mutation spectrum of the DKC1 gene.

Circular Mathieu and Weber autofocusing beams

In this Letter, the new classes of non-paraxial autofocusing beams are introduced for the first time, to the best of our knowledge. We investigate both numerically and experimentally non-paraxial circular Mathieu and Weber autofocusing beams based on the solutions of the Helmholtz equation in elliptical and parabolic coordinates, respectively. The results show that such beams can significantly shorten the focus distance, and eliminate the intense oscillation effectively after the focusing point. The focal length and the peak intensity can be controlled by tunable parameters. In addition, we further experimentally realize their application of such beams in optical trapping.

Effects of sodium hexametaphosphate microparticles or nanoparticles on the growth of saliva-derived microcosm biofilms

OBJECTIVES

This study evaluated the effects of sodium hexametaphosphate microparticles (HMPmicro) or nanoparticles (HMPnano) on the growth of saliva-derived microcosm biofilms MATERIALS AND METHODS: Saliva-derived biofilms were formed on glass coverslips for 24 h. Thereafter, Streptococcus mutans (C180-2) was incorporated or not into the biofilms. From that time point onwards, solutions containing 0.2% HMPmicro or HMPnano, combined or not with 220 ppm F, were constantly present in the culture medium. In addition, 220 ppm F alone (220F) and McBain medium without any compound were also tested as positive and negative controls (CTL), respectively. After 96 h, the biofilms were plated on anaerobic blood agar or sucrose agar bacitracin for total and S. mutans CFU-counting, respectively. Biofilms' lactic acid production was analysed spectrophotometrically. Data were submitted to ANOVA or Kruskal-Wallis' tests, followed by Student-Newman-Keuls' test (p<0.05; n=12).

RESULTS

HMPmicro or HMPnano led to significantly lower lactic acid production, and significant reductions in total CFU-counting in microcosm biofilms, supplemented or not with S. mutans, in comparison to both controls, with significant differences between 220F and CTL. No significant differences were observed among the groups treated with HMPmicro or HMPnano (with or without F). The same trend was seen for S. mutans CFU-counting, in biofilms supplemented with S. mutans.

CONCLUSIONS

HMP significantly reduced total and S. mutans CFU counts, as well as lactic acid production by saliva-derived microcosm biofilms.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE

These findings in saliva-derived microcosm biofilms suggest that HMP stands as a promising alternative for the control of cariogenic biofilms.

Asymmetrical inseparable coherent structures

A novel, to the best of our knowledge, class of coherent structures of inseparability, incorporating phases asymmetrically cross-coupled by two position vectors, is introduced in theory and experiment. These phases disappear in the environment of complete coherence, but the vanishment is avoidable in the coexistent state of extreme incoherence and full coherence. The radiated beams intrinsically possess a controllable rotation but undergo an intermediate process quite different from the twisted Gaussian Schell-model beams. Analysis shows a novel association between the magnitude and the phase of the coherent structure which displays both synergy and opposition. Our work further reveals the inner mechanism of the inseparable coherent structures and extends a new horizon for the optical twist.

Tailoring Copper-Doped Bioactive Glass/Chitosan Coatings with Angiogenic and Antibacterial Properties

Implant coatings are frequently applied to modulate tissue response and delivery of drugs. Copper (Cu)-containing coatings on dental implant abutments have been proposed to improve soft tissue integration and reduce the risk for peri-implant infections. However, precise control over Cu loading and release kinetics remains a major challenge. In this study, we introduced a bottom-up coating deposition method based on nanoparticle assembly to allow for local release of Cu ions from implant surfaces. We first doped mesoporous bioactive glass (MBG) nanoparticles with various amounts of Cu. Subsequently, we suspended these Cu-doped MBG (Cu-MBG), Cu-free MBG nanoparticles, or mixtures thereof in chitosan solution and prepared a series of composite coatings on commercially pure titanium disks as model surfaces for transmucosal components of bone implants through electrophoretic deposition (EPD). By changing the Cu-MBG:MBG ratio of the composite coatings, we controlled the Cu release kinetics without changing other coating properties. Human gingival fibroblasts proliferated on the composite coatings except for coatings with the highest amount of Cu, which inhibited their proliferation. The migration rate of human umbilical vein endothelial cells cultured on the composite coatings was highest on coatings containing equal amounts of Cu-MBG and Cu-free MBG. Antibacterial tests confirmed that Cu-containing coatings reduced the growth of Porphyromonas gingivalis up to fivefold compared with uncoated implants. In conclusion, our data indicate that the EPD method is suitable to deposit nanoparticle-based coatings onto dental implants, which enhance endothelial cell migration and reduce bacterial growth.

Autofocusing self-imaging: symmetric Pearcey Talbot-like effect

The Talbot-like effect of symmetric Pearcey beams (SPBs) is presented numerically and experimentally in the free space. Owing to the Talbot-like effect, the SPBs have the property of periodic, multiple autofocusing and self-healing. Meanwhile, the focusing positions and focusing times of SPBs are controlled by the beam shift factor and the distribution factors. Furthermore, the beam shift factor can also affect the Talbot-like effect and the Talbot period. It is believed that the results can diversify the application of the Talbot effect.

Airy-Talbot plasmon: an accelerating self-imaging surface wave

In this Letter, a new class of an accelerating self-imaging surface plasmonic wave, the Airy-Talbot plasmon, is introduced for the first time, to the best of our knowledge. Our research shows that such a surface wave propagates at the interface between metal (silver) and a dielectric material (air) and causes a strong interference along curved trajectories, which generates the Talbot effect in the surface. The propagation properties have potential value in nanoscale plasmonic devices. A scheme for generating this novel plasmon theoretically is proposed, and we prove it by finite difference time-domain numerical simulations.

Generation and control of tornado waves by means of ring swallowtail vortex beams

Tornado waves (ToWs), which refer to a light that accelerates and twists over both the radial and the angular directions, have gained a great deal of interest since the concept was introduced by Brimis et al [Opt. Lett.45, 280 (2020)10.1364/OL.45.000280]. In this paper, we superimpose two pairs of ring swallowtail vortex beams (RSVBs) to generate ToWs and we call them tornado swallowtail waves (ToSWs). Each pair consists of RSVBs while carrying orbital angular momentum of opposite helicity and slightly different with the radius of the main ring of RSVBs. The waves spiral forward and reveal intensity maxima, exhibiting a tornado-like intensity profile during propagation. Meanwhile, the angular acceleration of the ToSWs is illustrated via tracing the angular position of the high-intensity main lobes. It is found that ToSWs present very high values of angular acceleration. Compared with typical tornado waves, ToSWs are more diverse and tunable, giving a new degree of freedom to tailor the propagation dynamics due to the flexibility of the swallowtail diffraction catastrophe. In addition, we confirm such waves experimentally and the results match well with the numerical ones. Also, we demonstrate the ability of optical manipulation of ToSWs for the first time in that they allow for particles not only to be trapped but also to be rotated. Finally, we analyze the poynting vectors and power exchange of ToSWs to demonstrate convincingly the physical mechanism.

Guiding the optical vortex along predesigned parabolic trajectories from circular symmetric Airy-like beams

In this paper, by phase-modulating an optical wavefront on circular symmetric Airy vortex beams, we present the circular symmetric Airy-like vortex beams propagating along predesigned parabolic trajectories. Our result shows that we can realize the propagation of an optical vortex with a closed ring lobe along an accelerating parabolic trajectory within a certain propagation distance by using this kind of phase-modulated circular symmetric Airy beam. The vortex that is superimposed on the beams is able to reproduce after being blocked. Additionally, a single twisted dark channel or multiple tornado dark channels with orbital angular momentum rotating along the predesigned parabolic trajectories can also be formed when we impose the off-axis optical vortex on this kind of beam, which has potential in applications of light capturing.

Controllable Laguerre Gaussian wave packets along predesigned trajectories

We introduce controllable Laguerre Gaussian wave packets (LGWPs) with self-accelerating and self-focusing properties along their predesigned parabolic trajectory via phase modulation. Numerically and experimentally recorded intensity patterns of controllable LGWPs with topological charges are obtained, and it is obvious that they agree well with the theoretical model. Furthermore, spatiotemporally controllable LGWPs can propagate stably along predesigned trajectories for many Rayleigh lengths. This paper not only provides a theoretical propagation model for these multi-dimensional controllable LGWPs, but also promotes further development of the basic research into self-bending and autofocusing structured light fields.

Clinical characteristics, pregnancy outcomes and ovarian function of pregnancy-associated breast cancer patients: a retrospective age-matched study

Background

Pregnancy-associated breast cancer (PABC) is a rare disease with increasing incidence. The prognosis, pregnancy outcomes and subsequent ovarian function of PABC patients are attracting attention.

Methods

Sixty-three PABC patients and 126 age-matched non-PABC patients were obtained in Tongji Hospital from January 2011 to September 2019. The clinical characteristics and ovarian function of PABC patients were compared with those of non-PABC patients. The pregnancy outcomes and neonatal outcomes of patients with breast cancer diagnosed during pregnancy (BCP) were described. Nonparametric tests, the χ2-test Kaplan–Meier, Cox regression and binomial logistic regression were used for analysis.

Results

PABC patients were diagnosed with a more advanced tumour stage (II: 47.6% vs. 45.2%, III: 33.3% vs. 19.8%, IV 3.2% vs. 0%, p = 0.003), which caused worse progression-free survival (PFS) (log-rank p = 0.0138) and breast cancer-specific survival (CSS) (log-rank p = 0.0076) than non-PABC patients. Tumour stage (III/IV vs. 0/I/II) (HR 16.017, 95% CI 5.830 ~ 44.006, p < 0.001) and endocrine therapy (HR 0.254, 95% CI 0.099 ~ 0.653, p = 0.004) were predictors of PFS. Tumour stage (III/IV vs. 0/I/II) (HR 30.875, 95% CI 7.232 ~ 131.820, p < 0.001), endocrine therapy (HR 0.200, 95% CI 0.049 ~ 0.818, p = 0.025) and targeted therapy (HR 0.143, 95% CI 0.028 ~ 0.743, p = 0.021) were predictors for breast CSS. Among the 15 BCP patients, 11 patients voluntarily continued their pregnancy, and the newborns had no obvious birth defects, either in 5 patients who received chemotherapy or in 6 patients who did not receive chemotherapy during pregnancy. Among the patients who received chemotherapy and did not receive endocrine therapy, 24 PABC patients and 48 non-PABC patients experienced chemotherapy-induced amenorrhea. There was no significant difference in resumption of menstruation between the two groups at 6 months and 12 months after the end of chemotherapy. No potential factors affecting resumption of menstruation were found.

Conclusion

Pregnancy at diagnosis or within 1 year after delivery was not a risk factor for a worse prognosis in PABC patients. Compared with non-PABC patients, patients with PABC presented more aggressive tumour characteristics, which could mostly explain the worse prognosis observed in PABC patients. Receiving the appropriate regimen of chemotherapy in the second and third trimesters did not affect the maternal outcomes or neonatal outcomes of BCP patients. The special physiological state during pregnancy and lactation did not interfere with the damage of chemotherapy to ovarian function.

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12885-022-09260-6.

Anti-Inflammatory Efficacy of Curcumin as an Adjunct to Non-Surgical Periodontal Treatment: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Objective: Curcumin has been used as an adjunct to non-surgical periodontal treatment. However, the efficacy of curcumin in the periodontal therapy remained controversial. This study aimed to evaluate the anti-inflammatory efficacy of curcumin as an adjunct to non-surgical periodontal treatment (NPT) by systematic review.

Methods: Databases including Embase, PubMed, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), and ClinicalTrials.gov were searched to identify relevant RCTs on the use of curcumin as an adjunct to NPT for the treatment of periodontal disease from inception to July 21, 2021. Two reviewers independently screened literature, extracted data and assessed the risk of bias of the included studies. Meta-analysis was then performed using Review Manager 5.3 software.

Results: A total of 18 RCTs involving 846 patients/sites were included in this meta-analysis. The results of the meta-analysis revealed that as compared to NPT alone, curcumin as an adjunct to NPT resulted in significant reduction in gingival index (GI) at the 1-week (mean differences (MD) = −0.15, 95% confidence intervals (CI) −0.26 to −0.05, p = 0.005), 2-week (MD = −0.51, 95%CI −0.74 to −0.28, p &lt; 0.0001), 3-week (MD = −0.34, 95%CI −0.66 to −0.02, p = 0.03), 4-week (MD = −0.25, 95%CI −0.48 to −0.02, p = 0.04) or 6-week (MD = −0.33, 95%CI −0.58 to −0.08, p = 0.01) follow-ups. Similar significant reductions were also observed for sulcus bleeding index (SBI) at 1, 2, 4, and 12 weeks. However, there were no statistically significant differences in reducing bleeding on probing (BOP) between curcumin as an adjunct and NPT alone at 4, 12, and 24 weeks.

Conclusion: Based on the current evidence, curcumin demonstrates anti-inflammatory efficacies in terms of reducing GI and SBI compared with NPT alone. Moreover, curcumin is a natural herbal medicine with few side effects, and it is a good candidate as an adjunct treatment for periodontal disease.

A 2-year locomotive exploration and scientific investigation of the lunar farside by the Yutu-2 rover

The lunar nearside has been investigated by many uncrewed and crewed missions, but the farside of the Moon remains poorly known. Lunar farside exploration is challenging because maneuvering rovers with efficient locomotion in harsh extraterrestrial environment is necessary to explore geological characteristics of scientific interest. Chang'E-4 mission successfully targeted the Moon's farside and deployed a teleoperated rover (Yutu-2) to explore inside the Von Kármán crater, conveying rich information regarding regolith, craters, and rocks. Here, we report mobile exploration on the lunar farside with Yutu-2 over the initial 2 years. During its journey, Yutu-2 has experienced varying degrees of mild slip and skid, indicating that the terrain is relatively flat at large scales but scattered with local gentle slopes. Cloddy soil sticking on its wheels implies a greater cohesion of the lunar soil than encountered at other lunar landing sites. Further identification results indicate that the regolith resembles dry sand and sandy loam on Earth in bearing properties, demonstrating greater bearing strength than that identified during the Apollo missions. In sharp contrast to the sparsity of rocks along the traverse route, small fresh craters with unilateral moldable ejecta are abundant, and some of them contain high-reflectance materials at the bottom, suggestive of secondary impact events. These findings hint at notable differences in the surface geology between the lunar farside and nearside. Experience gained with Yutu-2 improves the understanding of the farside of the Moon, which, in return, may lead to locomotion with improved efficiency and larger range.

Multiple and off-axis optical bottles from the chirped circular Pearcey Gaussian vortex beams

We introduce a new type of multiple and off-axis optical bottles (OBs) based on the chirped circular Pearcey Gaussian vortex beam. This kind of beam allows the generation of the OBs with a perfect bottle shape through coherent superposition. Also, we show that the number and the position of the OBs can be precisely and flexibly controlled. The experimental results agree well with our numerical simulations, and we observe stable trapping of the mesocarbon microbeads particles by the proposed bottle beam.

Controlled synthesis of Cu-Sn alloy nanosheet arrays on carbon fiber paper for self-supported nonenzymatic glucose sensing

Nanoalloy shows significant advantages and broad application prospects in chemical catalysis, due to the possessed high specific surface energy and abundant active sites can greatly promote their catalytic performance. In this work, morphology-controlled Cu-Sn alloy nanosheet arrays supported on carbon fiber paper (CP) substrate (Cu-Sn/CP) have been developed by a facile one-step electrodeposition technique at room temperature for the first time. Benefiting from the large active surface area, considerable ion transport channels and strong synergistic catalytic effect between Cu and Sn, the as-prepared Cu-Sn/CP served as a self-supported electrode for efficient nonenzymatic glucose sensing. Under optimized conditions, Cu-Sn/CP electrode offers wide linear ranges of 0.0005-2.0 mM and 2.0-10.0 mM, respectively. The detection limit is as low as 0.061 μM (S/N = 3). Cu-Sn/CP electrode also exhibited excellent selectivity and stability. Additionally, the proposed sensor is proven to be suitable for the detection of glucose in human serum samples.

Shaping autofocusing Airy beams through the modification of Fourier spectrum

A new type of Airy beam arisen from the modification of Fourier spectrum is introduced numerically and experimentally. The autofocusing Airy beam (AAB) exhibits the features of off-axis autofocusing and transverse self-accelerating, producing a needle-like focus in the longitudinal direction and a tiny focal spot at the focusing plane. Furthermore, the focusing properties such as focusing position, focal spot size, focusing intensity and depth of focus can be adjusted by modulating parameters of the AAB. Experimental demonstrations of particle trapping and manipulation with the AAB are also presented. The number of trapped particles can be controlled by changing the focal spot size at the autofocusing plane. Our results offer practical applications in particle manipulation, fluorescent imaging technology, laser spectroscopy and so on.