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Yoo C, Bhattacharya S, See XY, Cunningham DW, Acosta-Calle S, Perri ST, West NM, Mason DC, Meade CD, Osborne CW, Turner PW, Kilgore RW, King J, Cowden JH, Grajeda JM, Miller AJM. Nickel-catalyzed ester carbonylation promoted by imidazole-derived carbenes and salts. Science 2023; 382:815-820. [PMID: 37972168 DOI: 10.1126/science.ade3179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Millions of tons of acetyl derivatives such as acetic acid and acetic anhydride are produced each year. These building blocks of chemical industry are elaborated into esters, amides, and eventually polymer materials, pharmaceuticals, and other consumer products. Most acetyls are produced industrially using homogeneous precious metal catalysts, principally rhodium and iridium complexes. We report here that abundant nickel can be paired with imidazole-derived carbenes or the corresponding salts to catalyze methyl ester carbonylation with turnover frequency (TOF) exceeding 150 hour-1 and turnover number (TON) exceeding 1600, benchmarks that invite comparisons to state-of-the-art rhodium-based systems and considerably surpass known triphenylphosphine-based nickel catalysts, which operate with TOF ~7 hour-1 and TON ~100 under the same conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changho Yoo
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Shrabanti Bhattacharya
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Xin Yi See
- Eastman Chemical Company, Kingsport, TN, USA
| | - Drew W Cunningham
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Sebastian Acosta-Calle
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jeff King
- Eastman Chemical Company, Kingsport, TN, USA
| | | | | | - Alexander J M Miller
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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Abstract
[Pt(depe)2](PF6)2 electrocatalyzes the reversible conversion between CO2 and HCO2- with high selectivity and low overpotential but low rates. A comprehensive kinetic analysis indicates the rate determining step for CO2 reduction is the reactivity of a Pt hydride intermediate to produce HCO2-. To accelerate catalysis, the use of cationic and hydrogen-bond donor additives are explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Drew W Cunningham
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, 92617, USA.
| | - Jenny Y Yang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, 92617, USA.
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3
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Cunningham DW, Yang JY. Selective Electrocatalytic Reduction of CO2 to HCO2−. Trends in Chemistry 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trechm.2020.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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4
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Cunningham DW, Barlow JM, Velazquez RS, Yang JY. Reversible and Selective CO
2
to HCO
2
−
Electrocatalysis near the Thermodynamic Potential. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201913198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Drew W. Cunningham
- Department of Chemistry University of California, Irvine Natural Sciences II Irvine CA 92697 USA
| | - Jeffrey M. Barlow
- Department of Chemistry University of California, Irvine Natural Sciences II Irvine CA 92697 USA
| | - Reyna S. Velazquez
- Department of Chemistry University of California, Irvine Natural Sciences II Irvine CA 92697 USA
| | - Jenny Y. Yang
- Department of Chemistry University of California, Irvine Natural Sciences II Irvine CA 92697 USA
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5
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Cunningham DW, Barlow JM, Velazquez RS, Yang JY. Reversible and Selective CO 2 to HCO 2 - Electrocatalysis near the Thermodynamic Potential. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:4443-4447. [PMID: 31846551 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201913198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Reversible catalysis is a hallmark of energy-efficient chemical transformations, but can only be achieved if the changes in free energy of intermediate steps are minimized and the catalytic cycle is devoid of high transition-state barriers. Using these criteria, we demonstrate reversible CO2 /HCO2 - conversion catalyzed by [Pt(depe)2 ]2+ (depe=1,2-bis(diethylphosphino)ethane). Direct measurement of the free energies associated with each catalytic step correctly predicts a slight bias towards CO2 reduction. We demonstrate how the experimentally measured free energy of each step directly contributes to the <50 mV overpotential. We also find that for CO2 reduction, H2 evolution is negligible and the Faradaic efficiency for HCO2 - production is nearly quantitative. A free-energy analysis reveals H2 evolution is endergonic, providing a thermodynamic basis for highly selective CO2 reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Drew W Cunningham
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Natural Sciences II, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Jeffrey M Barlow
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Natural Sciences II, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Reyna S Velazquez
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Natural Sciences II, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Jenny Y Yang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Natural Sciences II, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
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Thammavongsy Z, Cunningham DW, Sutthirat N, Eisenhart RJ, Ziller JW, Yang JY. Adaptable ligand donor strength: tracking transannular bond interactions in tris(2-pyridylmethyl)-azaphosphatrane (TPAP). Dalton Trans 2018; 47:14101-14110. [PMID: 30252015 DOI: 10.1039/c8dt03180k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Flexible ligands that can adapt their donor strength have enabled unique reactivity in a wide range of inorganic complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Jenny Y. Yang
- Department of Chemistry
- University of California
- Irvine
- USA
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7
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Feng
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Drew W. Cunningham
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Quinn T. Easter
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Suzanne A. Blum
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
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Webster AJ, Mueller CM, Foegen NP, Sit PHL, Speetzen ED, Cunningham DW, D’Acchioli JS. Oxidation states “naturally”: A Natural Bond Orbital method for determining transition metal oxidation states. Polyhedron 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2015.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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9
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Cunningham DW, Chatziastros A, von der Heyde M, Bülthoff HH. Driving in the future: temporal visuomotor adaptation and generalization. J Vis 2003; 1:88-98. [PMID: 12678604 DOI: 10.1167/1.2.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2001] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Rapid and accurate visuomotor coordination requires tight spatial and temporal sensorimotor synchronization. The introduction of a sensorimotor or intersensory misalignment (either spatial or temporal) impairs performance on most tasks. For more than a century, it has been known that a few minutes of exposure to a spatial misalignment can induce a recalibration of sensorimotor spatial relationships, a phenomenon that may be referred to as spatial visuomotor adaptation. Here, we use a high-fidelity driving simulator to demonstrate that the sensorimotor system can adapt to temporal misalignments on very complex tasks, a phenomenon that we refer to as temporal visuomotor adaptation. We demonstrate that adapting on a single street produces an adaptive state that generalizes to other streets. This shows that temporal visuomotor adaptation is not specific to a single visuomotor transformation, but generalizes across a class of transformations. Temporal visuomotor adaptation is strikingly parallel to spatial visuomotor adaptation, and has strong implications for the understanding of visuomotor coordination and intersensory integration.
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Affiliation(s)
- D W Cunningham
- Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
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Abstract
Most events are processed by a number of neural pathways. These pathways often differ considerably in processing speed. Thus, coherent perception requires some form of synchronization mechanism. Moreover, this mechanism must be flexible, because neural processing speed changes over the life of an organism. Here we provide behavioral evidence that humans can adapt to a new intersensory temporal relationship (which was artificially produced by delaying visual feedback). The conflict between these results and previous work that failed to find such improvements can be explained by considering the present results as a form of sensorimotor adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- D W Cunningham
- Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, Tübingen, Germany.
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Billock VA, Cunningham DW, Havig PR, Tsou BH. Perception of spatiotemporal random fractals: an extension of colorimetric methods to the study of dynamic texture. J Opt Soc Am A Opt Image Sci Vis 2001; 18:2404-2413. [PMID: 11583257 DOI: 10.1364/josaa.18.002404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Recent work establishes that static and dynamic natural images have fractal-like l/falpha spatiotemporal spectra. Artifical textures, with randomized phase spectra, and 1/falpha amplitude spectra are also used in studies of texture and noise perception. Influenced by colorimetric principles and motivated by the ubiquity of 1/falpha spatial and temporal image spectra, we treat the spatial and temporal frequency exponents as the dimensions characterizing a dynamic texture space, and we characterize two key attributes of this space, the spatiotemporal appearance map and the spatiotemporal discrimination function (a map of MacAdam-like just-noticeable-difference contours).
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Affiliation(s)
- V A Billock
- Logicon, Inc, US Air Force Research Laboratory, Dayton, Ohio 45437-7558, USA
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12
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Abstract
In the present study, we explored adaptation to prism-displaced dynamic and static events under conditions of minimal information. Many of our interactions with the world are dynamic and involve reaching for or intercepting moving objects. The consequences (or feedback) of those interactions entail the presence or absence of physical contact with the moving objects. In this study, humans learned, with only heptic feedback, to intercept optically displaced falling balls. To eliminate visual feedback, the falling balls disappeared behind an occluder (which systematically varied in size across groups) prior to either striking or missing a subject's hand. As occluder size decreased, adaptation increased. With minimum occluder sizes, the greatest adaptation occurred around the training position, and adaptation decreased as distance between training and testing positions increased. The results can best be described in terms of a generalization gradient centered around the training position. This generalization gradient was not present when subjects were trained with ecologically similar static arrays. Implications for models of adaptation are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- D P Field
- University of North Texas, Denton, USA
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13
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Abstract
Sequential changes in small separated texture elements can produce perception of a moving form with continuous boundaries. This process of spatiotemporal boundary formation may exist to provide a robust means of detecting moving objects that occlude more distant textured surfaces. Whereas most research on spatiotemporal boundary formation has been focused on boundary and shape perception, two experiments are reported here on the perception of surface qualities in spatiotemporal boundary formation. In experiment 1 a free-report procedure was used to investigate whether surface perception can be determined by dynamic information alone, apart from static spatial differences. Results showed that dynamic information was sufficient to determine the appearance of a surface. This dynamic information may play an important role in other aspects of perception. In experiment 2, it was shown that dynamically specifying an extended, opaque surface facilitated edge perception. Implications for the relation of boundary and surface perception and for theories of perceptual transparency are discussed.
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Cunningham DW, Shipley TF, Kellman PJ. Interactions between spatial and spatiotemporal information in spatiotemporal boundary formation. Percept Psychophys 1998; 60:839-51. [PMID: 9682608 DOI: 10.3758/bf03206067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The surface and boundaries of an object generally move in unison, so the motion of a surface could provide information about the motion of its boundaries. Here we report the results of three experiments on spatiotemporal boundary formation that indicate that information about the motion of a surface does influence the formation of its boundaries. In Experiment 1, shape identification at low texture densities was poorer for moving forms in which stationary texture was visible inside than for forms in which the stationary texture was visible only outside. In Experiment 2, the disruption found in Experiment 1 was removed by adding a second external boundary. We hypothesized that the disruption was caused by boundary assignment that perceptually grouped the moving boundary with the static texture. Experiment 3 revealed that accurate information about the motion of the surface facilitated boundary formation only when the motion was seen as coming from the surface of the moving form. Potential mechanisms for surface motion effects in dynamic boundary formation are discussed.
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