1
|
Greiner EC, Zimmerman DM, Delaski KM, Dronen NO, Hammond EE, Stacy B, Grillo J, MacLean R, Maurer J, Okimoto B, Douglass M, Yu J, Reavill DR. AIR SAC TREMATODES (CYCLOCOELIDAE STOSSICH, 1902) INFECTING BIRDS IN ZOOLOGICAL INSTITUTIONS IN THE UNITED STATES. J Zoo Wildl Med 2023; 54:379-386. [PMID: 37428703 DOI: 10.1638/2021-0159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Air sac trematodes (Digenea: Cyclocoelidae) were detected in 23 avian species from eight aviaries in the United States. Most of the infected host species were passeriform birds, but a few species in other orders also were infected. Four species of adult flukes were encountered: Circumvitellatrema momota, Morishitium sp., Psophiatrema greineri, and Szidatitrema yamagutii. Findings from retrospective review of medical records, necropsy records, and author observations are presented. Potential terrestrial snail intermediate hosts were collected from three indoor aviaries. A high prevalence (47%) of larval trematode infections was demonstrated in one species of nonnative snail (Prosopeas achatinacea); one larva was isolated and matched to the adult species (C. momota) from birds using PCR. Problems with introducing potentially infected wild-caught birds into aviaries, and exchanging captive individuals between aviaries where they potentially may carry infections, are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ellis C Greiner
- Department of Comparative, Diagnostic, and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA,
| | - Dawn M Zimmerman
- Veterinary Initiative for Endangered Wildlife, Bozeman, MT 59715, USA, Department of Entomology, Smithsonian Institution National Museum of Natural History, Washington, DC 20560, USA, and Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Disease, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Kristina M Delaski
- Department of Conservation Medicine, Smithsonian's National Zoo and Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, Front Royal, VA 22630, USA
| | - Norman O Dronen
- The Schubot Center for Avian Health, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, and the Biodiversity, Research & Teaching Collection; Department of Ecology & Conservation Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | | | - Brian Stacy
- National Marine Fisheries Service, Gainesville, FL 32641, USA
| | - Jim Grillo
- Audubon Nature Institute, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA
| | | | - Joan Maurer
- Milwaukee County Zoo, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | | | | | - Jennifer Yu
- Lindsay Wildlife Experience, Walnut Creek, CA 94597, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Richard JN, Graham JE, Center SA, Garner MM, Reavill DR. Hepatic copper accumulates in ferrets with and without hepatobiliary disease. Am J Vet Res 2022; 83:371-380. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.21.08.0131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
OBJECTIVE
To determine hepatic copper concentrations and zonal distribution in ferrets with and without hepatobiliary disease, validate rhodanine-based qualitative copper scoring and digital copper quantification in ferret hepatic samples, and ascertain whether clinical features predicted copper accumulation.
ANIMALS
34 ferrets, including 7 with necroinflammatory disease, 5 with hepatocellular carcinoma, 13 with non-necroinflammatory disease, and 9 with no hepatobiliary disease.
PROCEDURES
Rhodanine-based digital copper quantification was validated by use of liver dually measured by atomic absorption spectroscopy and digital scanning (R2 = 0.98). Clinical features and hepatic copper scores and concentrations (dry weight liver) were compared between groups. Zonal copper distribution was determined.
RESULTS
Hepatic copper concentration was strongly correlated with copper scores (ρ = 0.88). Ferrets with hepatobiliary disease were significantly older and had significantly higher serum alkaline phosphatase and γ-glutamyltransferase activities and creatinine concentrations. Centrilobular copper accumulated in 23 of 34 (64%) ferrets with (n = 15) and without (8) hepatobiliary disease. Median copper concentrations were not significantly different between ferrets with and without hepatobiliary disease but were significantly higher within neoplastic hepatic tissue in ferrets with hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatic copper concentrations exceeded feline (> 180 µg/g) and canine (> 400 µg/g) reference limits in 19 and 9 ferrets, respectively. Hepatic copper > 1,000 µg/g occurred in 5 ferrets with and 2 without hepatobiliary disease. Clinical features did not predict copper accumulation.
CLINICAL RELEVANCE
Rhodanine-based digital copper quantification and qualitative copper scoring discerned liver copper accumulation in ferrets. Ferrets with and without hepatobiliary disease displayed a propensity for centrilobular hepatic copper accumulation of uncertain clinical importance. Clinical and clinicopathologic features could not exclusively implicate pathologic copper accumulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julianne N. Richard
- 1Department of Clinical Sciences, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, North Grafton, MA
| | - Jennifer E. Graham
- 1Department of Clinical Sciences, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, North Grafton, MA
| | - Sharon A. Center
- 2Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Di Girolamo N, Petrini D, Szabo Z, Volait-Rosset L, Oglesbee BL, Nardini G, Possenti M, Gerosa S, Rota S, Huynh M, Vitolo D, Devescovi E, Nicoletti A, Selleri P, Guillier D, Reese D, Nicolier A, Reyes-Gomez E, Matteucci G, Reavill DR, Binanti D. Clinical, surgical, and pathological findings in client-owned rabbits with histologically confirmed appendicitis: 19 cases (2015-2019). J Am Vet Med Assoc 2022; 260:82-93. [PMID: 34843442 DOI: 10.2460/javma.20.08.0446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To report clinical, surgical, and pathological findings in client-owned rabbits with histologically confirmed appendicitis. ANIMALS 19 rabbits. PROCEDURES Medical records for client-owned rabbits that had a histologic diagnosis of appendicitis were reviewed. RESULTS Median age of the rabbits at presentation was 24.0 months (range, 4 to 84 months). Seventeen cases occurred during the summer and fall seasons. Decreased appetite (17/19 rabbits), abnormal rectal temperature (hyperthermia, 9/16 rabbits; hypothermia, 4/16 rabbits), hypocalcemia (8/11 rabbits), and hypoglycemia (7/15 rabbits) were common signs. Abdominal ultrasonography and CT findings were suggestive of appendicitis in 6 of 8 rabbits and in 1 of 2 rabbits, respectively. Of the 6 rabbits that received medical treatment, 3 died at 48 hours, 1 died at 24 hours after hospitalization, and 1 died at 10 days after presentation; 1 rabbit was alive at 1,030 days after presentation. Of the 8 rabbits that underwent appendectomy, 3 died before discharge from the hospital and 1 died 113 days after surgery; 4 rabbits were alive at 315, 334, 1,433, and 1,473 days after presentation. The remaining 5 rabbits either died or were euthanized before treatment could be instituted. In each of the 19 rabbits, the appendix had evidence of severe inflammation with mucosal ulceration, heterophilic inflammation, and necrotic debris. CLINICAL RELEVANCE For rabbits with decreased appetite and an apparently painful abdomen, hyperthermia, hypocalcemia, or hypoglycemia, appendicitis should be considered as a differential diagnosis. Further comparisons of medical and surgical treatments are required to establish treatment recommendations for rabbits with appendicitis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Di Girolamo
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK
| | | | - Zoltan Szabo
- Tai Wai Small Animal & Exotic Hospital, Tai Wai, Shatin, Sha Tin, Hong Kong
| | - Laetitia Volait-Rosset
- Exotic Animal Medicine and Surgery Unit, Alfort National Veterinary School, University of East Paris, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | | | | | - Marzia Possenti
- L'Arca Ambulatorio Veterinario Associato, Cassano d'Adda, Italy
| | | | | | - Minh Huynh
- Exotic Department, Centre Hospitalier Vétérinaire Frégis, Arcueil, France
| | | | | | | | | | - David Guillier
- Exotic Animal Medicine and Surgery Unit, Alfort National Veterinary School, University of East Paris, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - David Reese
- VetCT Consultants in Telemedicine, Fremantle, WA, Australia
| | | | - Edouard Reyes-Gomez
- Unité d'Histologie et d'Anatomie Pathologique, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | | | | | - Diana Binanti
- AbLab Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Sarzana, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Abstract
The review covers select disease conditions most frequently described in aging rodents (rats, mice, hamsters, guinea pigs), rabbits, and ferrets. The conditions are categorized by general organ systems, infectious diseases, and neoplasms. Two data systems, the Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital and Comparative Pathology Laboratory at the University of California, Davis and Zoo/Exotic Pathology Service, Citrus Heights, California were used in the determining disease conditions to describe.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Drury R Reavill
- ZNLabs Veterinary Diagnostics, 7647 Wachtel Way, Citrus Heights, CA 95610, USA.
| | - Denise M Imai
- Comparative Pathology Laboratory, University of California, 1000 Old Davis Road, Building R1, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Beichner TL, Speer B, Carpenter JW, Reavill DR. Surgical Management of an Intrathoracic Branchial Cyst in a Yellow-crested Cockatoo ( Cacatua sulphurea). J Avian Med Surg 2020; 33:289-295. [PMID: 31893625 DOI: 10.1647/2018-368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A 40-year-old, female lesser crested cockatoo (Cacatua sulphurea) was presented with a complaint of hyporexia and sudden onset of sneezing and wheezing. Physical examination revealed mild stertorous inhalation, and the apex of the heart was palpable caudoventral to the distal tip of the sternum. Projection radiographic images showed a soft tissue mass displacing the heart and the thoracic portion of the trachea. A subsequent computed tomography series revealed a single, large, and predominantly encapsulated soft-tissue mass. The mass was contained within the cranial thoracic region and occupied most of the anatomic location of the thoracic portion of the clavicular air sac, extending around a portion of the trachea. A surgical exploratory procedure was performed, with a thoracic inlet thoracotomy, and the mass was found to be cystic and deeply attached to surrounding tissues at its caudal-most aspect. Complete excision was not possible, and the mass was drained and an incomplete resection was accomplished with approximately one-half of the cystic structure removed and submitted for histopathology. The mass was found to be benign, epithelial-lined, dense, fibrous connective tissue that would be consistent with a branchial cyst.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy L Beichner
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66505, USA
| | - Brian Speer
- The Medical Center for Birds, Oakley, CA 94561, USA
| | - James W Carpenter
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66505, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Flanders AJ, Speer B, Reavill DR, Roberts JF, Childress AL, Atlas A, Wellehan JFX. Development and validation of 2 probe-hybridization quantitative PCR assays for rapid detection of a pathogenic Coxiella species in captive psittacines. J Vet Diagn Invest 2020; 32:423-428. [PMID: 32188352 DOI: 10.1177/1040638720912221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Avian coxiellosis is an emerging cause of morbidity and mortality among captive psittacines, and the utility of a rapid detection test using easily obtained samples is paramount in a clinical setting. New sequences were obtained from 3 genes: groEL, dnaK, and rpoB. We developed probe-hybridization quantitative PCR (qPCR) assays using groEL and dnaK genes. Samples, including splenic aspirates, liver aspirates, whole blood, and choanal, conjunctival, and cloacal swabs, were collected from 4 psittacine species including 3 blue-and-gold macaws (Ara ararauna), 2 scarlet-chested parrots (Neophema splendida), 1 Timneh African grey parrot (Psittacus timneh), and 1 yellow-naped Amazon parrot (Amazona auropalliata). Retrospective review of postmortem findings from 3 of these psittacines included splenomegaly, hepatitis, and/or transmission electron microscopy confirmation consistent with previous reports of avian coxiellosis. There was 100% agreement between these assays and consensus PCR with sequencing. A Wilcoxon rank-sum test found a strong correlation between groEL and dnaK cycle threshold values (p < 0.001), validating these assays for detection of this avian Coxiella sp.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alison J Flanders
- University of Florida College of Veterinary Medicine, Gainesville, FL (Flanders, Roberts, Childress, Wellehan).,The Medical Center for Birds, Oakley, CA (Speer).,Zoo/Exotic Pathology Service, Carmichael, CA (Reavill).,College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL (Roberts).,Riverview Animal Clinic, Birmingham, AL (Atlas)
| | - Brian Speer
- University of Florida College of Veterinary Medicine, Gainesville, FL (Flanders, Roberts, Childress, Wellehan).,The Medical Center for Birds, Oakley, CA (Speer).,Zoo/Exotic Pathology Service, Carmichael, CA (Reavill).,College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL (Roberts).,Riverview Animal Clinic, Birmingham, AL (Atlas)
| | - Drury R Reavill
- University of Florida College of Veterinary Medicine, Gainesville, FL (Flanders, Roberts, Childress, Wellehan).,The Medical Center for Birds, Oakley, CA (Speer).,Zoo/Exotic Pathology Service, Carmichael, CA (Reavill).,College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL (Roberts).,Riverview Animal Clinic, Birmingham, AL (Atlas)
| | - John F Roberts
- University of Florida College of Veterinary Medicine, Gainesville, FL (Flanders, Roberts, Childress, Wellehan).,The Medical Center for Birds, Oakley, CA (Speer).,Zoo/Exotic Pathology Service, Carmichael, CA (Reavill).,College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL (Roberts).,Riverview Animal Clinic, Birmingham, AL (Atlas)
| | - April L Childress
- University of Florida College of Veterinary Medicine, Gainesville, FL (Flanders, Roberts, Childress, Wellehan).,The Medical Center for Birds, Oakley, CA (Speer).,Zoo/Exotic Pathology Service, Carmichael, CA (Reavill).,College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL (Roberts).,Riverview Animal Clinic, Birmingham, AL (Atlas)
| | - Alvin Atlas
- University of Florida College of Veterinary Medicine, Gainesville, FL (Flanders, Roberts, Childress, Wellehan).,The Medical Center for Birds, Oakley, CA (Speer).,Zoo/Exotic Pathology Service, Carmichael, CA (Reavill).,College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL (Roberts).,Riverview Animal Clinic, Birmingham, AL (Atlas)
| | - James F X Wellehan
- University of Florida College of Veterinary Medicine, Gainesville, FL (Flanders, Roberts, Childress, Wellehan).,The Medical Center for Birds, Oakley, CA (Speer).,Zoo/Exotic Pathology Service, Carmichael, CA (Reavill).,College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL (Roberts).,Riverview Animal Clinic, Birmingham, AL (Atlas)
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Halley MA, Stilwell JM, Comolli JR, Wilkinson SL, Reavill DR, Divers S, Mayer J, Rissi DR. Mandibular squamous cell carcinoma in 2 psittacines. J Vet Diagn Invest 2020; 32:344-347. [PMID: 32081087 DOI: 10.1177/1040638720906451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A unilateral, malformed gnathotheca in a green-winged macaw (Ara chloropterus) was managed for 16 mo with periodic beak trims. Biopsy of the affected beak did not identify an underlying cause; however, at postmortem examination, a densely cellular neoplasm invaded the mandible from the beak, dissecting and effacing the cortex and trabecular bone and inciting periosteal proliferation. There was no evidence of metastasis. Neoplastic cells were strongly immunopositive for cytokeratin AE1/AE3, consistent with squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). A black-headed caique (Pionites melanocephalus) was presented with a similar clinical history, timeline, and gross appearance. Biopsy of the mandibular portion of the lesion resulted in a diagnosis of SCC. Medical management with toceranib at a palliative dose resulted in adverse side effects and was discontinued. Early diagnosis of mandibular SCC may allow for early intervention and development of treatment modalities. Our 2 cases suggest that the mandibular bone, not the beak, may be a preferred biopsy site in the diagnosis of mandibular SCC in psittacines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Morgan A Halley
- Food Safety and Inspection Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Augusta, GA (Halley).,Departments of Pathology (Stilwell, Rissi), University of Georgia, College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, GA.,Small Animal Medicine and Surgery (Comolli, Divers, Mayer), University of Georgia, College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, GA.,Avian and Exotic Animal Hospital of Georgia, Pooler, GA (Wilkinson).,Zoo/Exotic Pathology Service, Carmichael, CA (Reavill)
| | - Justin M Stilwell
- Food Safety and Inspection Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Augusta, GA (Halley).,Departments of Pathology (Stilwell, Rissi), University of Georgia, College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, GA.,Small Animal Medicine and Surgery (Comolli, Divers, Mayer), University of Georgia, College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, GA.,Avian and Exotic Animal Hospital of Georgia, Pooler, GA (Wilkinson).,Zoo/Exotic Pathology Service, Carmichael, CA (Reavill)
| | - Jessica R Comolli
- Food Safety and Inspection Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Augusta, GA (Halley).,Departments of Pathology (Stilwell, Rissi), University of Georgia, College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, GA.,Small Animal Medicine and Surgery (Comolli, Divers, Mayer), University of Georgia, College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, GA.,Avian and Exotic Animal Hospital of Georgia, Pooler, GA (Wilkinson).,Zoo/Exotic Pathology Service, Carmichael, CA (Reavill)
| | - Stacey L Wilkinson
- Food Safety and Inspection Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Augusta, GA (Halley).,Departments of Pathology (Stilwell, Rissi), University of Georgia, College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, GA.,Small Animal Medicine and Surgery (Comolli, Divers, Mayer), University of Georgia, College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, GA.,Avian and Exotic Animal Hospital of Georgia, Pooler, GA (Wilkinson).,Zoo/Exotic Pathology Service, Carmichael, CA (Reavill)
| | - Drury R Reavill
- Food Safety and Inspection Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Augusta, GA (Halley).,Departments of Pathology (Stilwell, Rissi), University of Georgia, College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, GA.,Small Animal Medicine and Surgery (Comolli, Divers, Mayer), University of Georgia, College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, GA.,Avian and Exotic Animal Hospital of Georgia, Pooler, GA (Wilkinson).,Zoo/Exotic Pathology Service, Carmichael, CA (Reavill)
| | - Stephen Divers
- Food Safety and Inspection Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Augusta, GA (Halley).,Departments of Pathology (Stilwell, Rissi), University of Georgia, College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, GA.,Small Animal Medicine and Surgery (Comolli, Divers, Mayer), University of Georgia, College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, GA.,Avian and Exotic Animal Hospital of Georgia, Pooler, GA (Wilkinson).,Zoo/Exotic Pathology Service, Carmichael, CA (Reavill)
| | - Joerg Mayer
- Food Safety and Inspection Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Augusta, GA (Halley).,Departments of Pathology (Stilwell, Rissi), University of Georgia, College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, GA.,Small Animal Medicine and Surgery (Comolli, Divers, Mayer), University of Georgia, College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, GA.,Avian and Exotic Animal Hospital of Georgia, Pooler, GA (Wilkinson).,Zoo/Exotic Pathology Service, Carmichael, CA (Reavill)
| | - Daniel R Rissi
- Food Safety and Inspection Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Augusta, GA (Halley).,Departments of Pathology (Stilwell, Rissi), University of Georgia, College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, GA.,Small Animal Medicine and Surgery (Comolli, Divers, Mayer), University of Georgia, College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, GA.,Avian and Exotic Animal Hospital of Georgia, Pooler, GA (Wilkinson).,Zoo/Exotic Pathology Service, Carmichael, CA (Reavill)
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Abstract
Diseases of the urinary tract are reviewed, covering infectious (bacterial, viral, parasitic), degenerative, congenital, metabolic, nutritional, neoplastic, obstructive, and toxic causes. Some clinical presentations and diagnostic procedures are described for ferrets, rabbits, guinea pigs, hamsters, mice, rats, chinchillas, hedgehogs, and sugar gliders, as well as therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Drury R Reavill
- Zoo/Exotic Pathology Service, 6020 Rutland Drive #14, Carmichael, CA 95608-0515, USA.
| | - Angela M Lennox
- Avian and Exotic Animal Clinic of Indianapolis, 9330 Waldemar Road, Indianapolis, IN 46268, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Bean AD, Fisher PG, Reavill DR, Kiupel M. Hypercalcemia Associated with Lymphomas in the Ferret (Mustela Putorius Furo): Four Cases. J Exot Pet Med 2019. [DOI: 10.1053/j.jepm.2018.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
|
10
|
Webb JK, Reavill DR, Garner MM, Kiupel M, Graham JE. Characterization of Testicular Granular Cell Tumors in Domestic Rabbits (Oryctolagus Cuniculus). J Exot Pet Med 2019. [DOI: 10.1053/j.jepm.2018.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
11
|
|
12
|
Swisher SD, Klein H, Lennox AM, Reavill DR, Teixeira LBC, Shaw GC. Four cases of iridociliary tumors in domestic rabbits (Oryctolagus Cuniculus
). Vet Ophthalmol 2018; 21:646-651. [DOI: 10.1111/vop.12550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Heidi Klein
- IndyVet Emergency and Specialty Hospital; Indianapolis IN USA
| | - Angela M. Lennox
- Avian and Exotic Animal Clinic of Indianapolis; Indianapolis IN USA
| | | | | | - Gillian C. Shaw
- Comparative Ocular Pathology Laboratory of Wisconsin; Madison WI USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Harr KE, Deak K, Murawski SA, Reavill DR, Takeshita RA. Generation of red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus) hematology Reference Intervals with a focus on identified outliers. Vet Clin Pathol 2018; 47:22-28. [PMID: 29341194 DOI: 10.1111/vcp.12569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Deepwater Horizon (DWH) oil spill in 2010 released millions of barrels of crude oil into the northern Gulf of Mexico, exposing numerous species of animals to the toxic components of oil. A comprehensive assessment of morbidity and mortality caused by DWH oil exposure was undertaken by the DWH Natural Resource Damage Trustees to characterize ecosystem damages. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to characterize normal hematologic RIs in red drum fish with blood cell descriptions, and to demonstrate the importance of identifying and removing outliers when generating RI. METHODS Two years after the oil spill, 57 adult, red drum fish of mixed sexes were caught along the eastern Louisiana coastline. Eight different sites were chosen to catch the fish; 6 sites were contaminated with oil, and 2 sites were not contaminated at the time of the oil spill. Hematologic RIs were generated from heparinized whole blood samples of healthy red drum as determined by gross examination and histopathologic examination. Two methods were used to detect hematologic effects likely caused by oil contamination. RESULTS Red drum PCVs (RI 42-62%) were higher than previously reported in cold water and bottom-dwelling fish species, while absolute WBC counts (RI 2.9-8.7 × 109 /L) were comparable to WBC counts previously reported in other fish species with heterophil and lymphocyte absolute concentrations frequently being equivalent. Anemic animals (PCV<42%) were only identified in oil-contaminated sites. CONCLUSION RIs in many wild fish species are lacking, and therefore, this study provides valuable baseline data on healthy red drum fish. The outliers assessed using ASVCP RI guidelines can provide valuable clinical information regarding individuals in population health assessments, which may be more sensitive for the detection of abnormalities than for population statistics comparing the mean. The importance of removing outliers and rerunning RI statistics is highlighted by this field example.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Kristina Deak
- College of Marine Science, University of South Florida, St. Petersburg, FL, USA
| | - Steven A Murawski
- College of Marine Science, University of South Florida, St. Petersburg, FL, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Harr KE, Reavill DR, Bursian SJ, Cacela D, Cunningham FL, Dean KM, Dorr BS, Hanson-Dorr KC, Healy K, Horak K, Link JE, Shriner S, Schmidt RE. Organ weights and histopathology of double-crested cormorants (Phalacrocorax auritus) dosed orally or dermally with artificially weathered Mississippi Canyon 252 crude oil. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2017; 146:52-61. [PMID: 28734790 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Revised: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A series of toxicity tests were conducted to assess the effects of low to moderate exposure to artificially weathered Deepwater Horizon Mississippi Canyon 252 crude oil on representative avian species as part of the Natural Resource Damage Assessment. The present report summarizes effects of oral exposure (n=26) of double-crested cormorants (DCCO; Phalacrocorax auritus) to 5 or 10ml oil kg-1 day-1 for up to 21 days or dermal application (n=25) of 13ml oil to breast and back feathers every three days totaling 6 applications in 21 days on organ weights and histopathology. Absolute and relative kidney and liver weights were increased in birds exposed to oil. Additionally, gross and/or histopathologic lesions occurred in the kidney, heart, pancreas and thyroid. Clinically significant renal lesions in the orally dosed birds included squamous metaplasia and increased epithelial hypertrophy of the collecting ducts and renal tubules and mineralization in comparison to controls. Gross cardiac lesions including thin walls and flaccid musculature were documented in both orally and dermally dosed birds and myocardial fibrosis was found in low numbers of dermally dosed birds only. Cytoplasmic vacuolation of the exocrine pancreas was noted in orally dosed birds only. Thyroid follicular hyperplasia was increased in dermally dosed birds only possibly due to increased metabolism required to compensate damaged feather integrity and thermoregulate. Gastrointestinal ulceration was found in orally dosed birds only. There were no significant hepatic histopathologic lesions induced by either exposure route. Therefore, hepatic histopathology is likely not a good representation of oil-induced damage. Taken together, the results suggest that oral or dermal exposure of DCCOs to artificially weathered MC252 crude oil induced organ damage that could potentially affect survivability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Drury R Reavill
- Zoo/Exotic Pathology Service, 6020 Rutland Drive #14, Carmichael, CA 95608, USA.
| | - Steven J Bursian
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, 474 South Shaw Lane, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
| | - Dave Cacela
- Abt Associates, 1881 Ninth St., Ste 201, Boulder, CO 80302-5148, USA.
| | - Fred L Cunningham
- USDA WS National Wildlife Research Center, P.O. Box 6099, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS 39762, USA.
| | - Karen M Dean
- Abt Associates, 1881 Ninth St., Ste 201, Boulder, CO 80302-5148, USA.
| | - Brian S Dorr
- USDA WS National Wildlife Research Center, P.O. Box 6099, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS 39762, USA.
| | - Katie C Hanson-Dorr
- USDA WS National Wildlife Research Center, P.O. Box 6099, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS 39762, USA.
| | - Kate Healy
- DWH NRDAR Field Office, USFWS, 341 Greeno Road North, Suite A, Fairhope, AL 36532, USA.
| | - Katherine Horak
- USDA WS National Wildlife Research Center, Fort Collins, CO 80521 USA.
| | - Jane E Link
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, 474 South Shaw Lane, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
| | - Susan Shriner
- USDA WS National Wildlife Research Center, Fort Collins, CO 80521 USA.
| | - Robert E Schmidt
- Zoo/Exotic Pathology Service, 6020 Rutland Drive #14, Carmichael, CA 95608, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Yonkers SB, Schneider R, Reavill DR, Archer LL, Childress AL, Wellehan JFX. Coinfection with a novel fibropapilloma-associated herpesvirus and a novel Spirorchis sp. in an eastern box turtle (Terrapene carolina) in Florida. J Vet Diagn Invest 2015; 27:408-13. [PMID: 26077547 DOI: 10.1177/1040638715589612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpesviruses are important pathogens of chelonians, and include Chelonid herpesvirus 5, which is associated with fibropapillomatosis in sea turtles. Spirorchid trematodes are blood flukes that reside within the cardiovascular system of marine turtles and may be associated with severe disease. An eastern box turtle (Terrapene carolina) at the South Florida Wildlife Care Center (Fort Lauderdale, Florida) was presented to the facility with papillomatous growths behind both rear legs. Surgical removal resulted in remission for 8 months; however, lesions recurred, prompting a second surgery and acyclovir therapy. Surgical biopsies revealed subacute superficial inflammation associated with the supporting stroma of the cutaneous papillomas and granulomas within the superficial dermis containing fragmented and collapsed brown trematode eggs surrounded by multinucleated giant cells and epithelioid macrophages. Pan-herpesviral and pan-trematode consensus polymerase chain reaction and sequencing were run on tissue samples. Comparative sequence analysis revealed a novel alphaherpesvirus and a novel trematode in the genus Spirorchis. The animal became anorexic and was euthanized due to poor quality of life. While we do not yet have a complete understanding of the effects of herpesvirus and trematode infections in eastern box turtles, the findings thus presented provide initial insights into the disease relationships among these chelonians.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara B Yonkers
- Zoological Medicine Service, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL (Yonkers, Archer, Childress, Wellehan)South Florida Wildlife Center, Fort Lauderdale, FL (Schneider)Zoo/Exotic Pathology Service, West Sacramento, CA (Reavill)
| | - Renata Schneider
- Zoological Medicine Service, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL (Yonkers, Archer, Childress, Wellehan)South Florida Wildlife Center, Fort Lauderdale, FL (Schneider)Zoo/Exotic Pathology Service, West Sacramento, CA (Reavill)
| | - Drury R Reavill
- Zoological Medicine Service, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL (Yonkers, Archer, Childress, Wellehan)South Florida Wildlife Center, Fort Lauderdale, FL (Schneider)Zoo/Exotic Pathology Service, West Sacramento, CA (Reavill)
| | - Linda L Archer
- Zoological Medicine Service, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL (Yonkers, Archer, Childress, Wellehan)South Florida Wildlife Center, Fort Lauderdale, FL (Schneider)Zoo/Exotic Pathology Service, West Sacramento, CA (Reavill)
| | - April L Childress
- Zoological Medicine Service, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL (Yonkers, Archer, Childress, Wellehan)South Florida Wildlife Center, Fort Lauderdale, FL (Schneider)Zoo/Exotic Pathology Service, West Sacramento, CA (Reavill)
| | - James F X Wellehan
- Zoological Medicine Service, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL (Yonkers, Archer, Childress, Wellehan)South Florida Wildlife Center, Fort Lauderdale, FL (Schneider)Zoo/Exotic Pathology Service, West Sacramento, CA (Reavill)
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Hausmann JC, Mans C, Dreyfus J, Reavill DR, Lucio-Forster A, Bowman DD. Subspectacular nematodiasis caused by a novel Serpentirhabdias species in ball pythons (Python regius). J Comp Pathol 2015; 152:260-4. [PMID: 25670672 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2014.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2014] [Revised: 10/12/2014] [Accepted: 12/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Subspectacular nematodiasis was diagnosed in three captive-bred juvenile ball pythons (Python regius) from two unrelated facilities within a 6-month period. The snakes were presented with similar lesions, including swelling of facial, periocular and oral tissues. Bilaterally, the subspectacular spaces were distended and filled with an opaque fluid, which contained nematodes and eggs. Histopathology showed nematodes throughout the periocular tissue, subspectacular space and subcutaneous tissue of the head. The nematodes from both facilities were morphologically indistinguishable and most closely resembled Serpentirhabdias species. Morphological characterization and genetic sequencing indicate this is a previously undescribed rhabdiasid nematode.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J C Hausmann
- Department of Surgical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, 2015 Linden Drive, Madison, WI, USA
| | - C Mans
- Department of Surgical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, 2015 Linden Drive, Madison, WI, USA.
| | - J Dreyfus
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, 2015 Linden Drive, Madison, WI, USA
| | - D R Reavill
- Zoo and Exotic Pathology Service, 2825 KOVR Drive, West Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - A Lucio-Forster
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Tower Road, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - D D Bowman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Tower Road, Ithaca, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Ravich ML, Reavill DR, Hess L, Childress AL, Wellehan JFX. Gastrointestinal Cryptosporidiosis in Captive Psittacine Birds in the United States: A Case Review. J Avian Med Surg 2014; 28:297-303. [DOI: 10.1647/1082-6742-28.4.297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
18
|
Cheng K, Jones MEB, Jancovich JK, Burchell J, Schrenzel MD, Reavill DR, Imai DM, Urban A, Kirkendall M, Woods LW, Chinchar VG, Pessier AP. Isolation of a Bohle-like iridovirus from boreal toads housed within a cosmopolitan aquarium collection. Dis Aquat Organ 2014; 111:139-152. [PMID: 25266901 DOI: 10.3354/dao02770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A captive 'survival assurance' population of 56 endangered boreal toads Anaxyrus boreas boreas, housed within a cosmopolitan collection of amphibians originating from Southeast Asia and other locations, experienced high mortality (91%) in April to July 2010. Histological examination demonstrated lesions consistent with ranaviral disease, including multicentric necrosis of skin, kidney, liver, spleen, and hematopoietic tissue, vasculitis, and myriad basophilic intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies. Initial confirmation of ranavirus infection was made by Taqman real-time PCR analysis of a portion of the major capsid protein (MCP) gene and detection of iridovirus-like particles by transmission electron microscopy. Preliminary DNA sequence analysis of the MCP, DNA polymerase, and neurofilament protein (NFP) genes demonstrated highest identity with Bohle iridovirus (BIV). A virus, tentatively designated zoo ranavirus (ZRV), was subsequently isolated, and viral protein profiles, restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis, and next generation DNA sequencing were performed. Comparison of a concatenated set of 4 ZRV genes, for which BIV sequence data are available, with sequence data from representative ranaviruses confirmed that ZRV was most similar to BIV. This is the first report of a BIV-like agent outside of Australia. However, it is not clear whether ZRV is a novel North American variant of BIV or whether it was acquired by exposure to amphibians co-inhabiting the same facility and originating from different geographic locations. Lastly, several surviving toads remained PCR-positive 10 wk after the conclusion of the outbreak. This finding has implications for the management of amphibians destined for use in reintroduction programs, as their release may inadvertently lead to viral dissemination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kwang Cheng
- Department of Microbiology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Abstract
Although not well described, occasional reports of avian exocrine and endocrine pancreatic disease are available. This article describes the lesions associated with common diseases of the avian pancreas reported in the literature and/or seen by the authors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert E Schmidt
- Zoo/Exotic Pathology Service, 7647 Wachtel Way, Citrus Heights, CA 95610, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
|
21
|
|
22
|
Abstract
The frequency of common cutaneous tumors in ferrets, rabbits, and guinea pigs is summarized, with descriptions of their appearance and behavior, prognosis, and treatment options. This information assists clinicians when talking to clients, and helps owners make an informed decision whether or not to pursue aggressive treatment or to palliate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sari Kanfer
- Exotic Animal Care Center, 2121 East Foothill Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91107, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Beaufrère H, Ammersbach M, Reavill DR, Garner MM, Heatley JJ, Wakamatsu N, Nevarez JG, Tully TN. Prevalence of and risk factors associated with atherosclerosis in psittacine birds. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2013; 242:1696-704. [DOI: 10.2460/javma.242.12.1696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
24
|
Abstract
CASE DESCRIPTION A 5-year-old male guinea pig (Cavia porcellus) was examined because of lethargy, weight loss, and episodic neurologic signs, including paddling in lateral recumbency, head tilt, and circling. Prior to initial examination, the animal was treated with corn syrup whenever it appeared lethargic, plus an unknown dosage of sulfadimethoxazole. CLINICAL FINDINGS The animal was thin, with abdominal distention and subtle torticollis. Chemistry panel results documented hypoglycemia (45 mg/dL). Corn syrup was discontinued in favor of a high-fiber formula fed via a syringe. Measurement of blood insulin concentration demonstrated hyperinsulinemia (> 1,440 pmol/L [> 201 μU/L]), with concurrent hypoglycemia (0.6 mmol/L [11 mg/dL]). TREATMENT AND OUTCOME Diazoxide treatment for presumptive insulinoma was started at a dosage of 5 mg/kg (2.3 mg/lb), p.o., every 12 hours. A blood glucose curve demonstrated persistent hypoglycemia, and the diazoxide dosage was gradually increased to 25 mg/kg (11.4 mg/lb), p.o., every 12 hours. A second glucose curve measurement 12 days later confirmed adequate euglycemic control. Three weeks after the initial diazoxide dosage increase, the animal was reexamined for constipation and abdominal distension and died the following day. Histologic analysis confirmed a pancreatic beta-cell tumor (insulinoma). CLINICAL RELEVANCE To the authors' knowledge, this is the first report of premortem diagnosis and treatment of an insulinoma in a guinea pig. This case demonstrates that diazoxide treatment can help achieve euglycemia in hypoglycemic guinea pigs and is a potential treatment option for guinea pigs with insulinoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laurie R Hess
- Veterinary Center for Birds and Exotics, 709 Bedford Rd, Bedford Hills, NY 10507, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Affiliation(s)
| | - Drury R. Reavill
- Zoo/Exotic Pathology Service, PO Box 267, Greenview, CA 96037, USA
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
McFadden MS, Bennett RA, Reavill DR, Ragetly GR, Clark-Price SC. Clinical and histologic effects of intracardiac administration of propofol for induction of anesthesia in ball pythons (Python regius). J Am Vet Med Assoc 2012; 239:803-7. [PMID: 21916763 DOI: 10.2460/javma.239.6.803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the clinical differences between induction of anesthesia in ball pythons with intracardiac administration of propofol and induction with isoflurane in oxygen and to assess the histologic findings over time in hearts following intracardiac administration of propofol. DESIGN Prospective randomized study. ANIMALS 30 hatchling ball pythons (Python regius). PROCEDURES Anesthesia was induced with intracardiac administration of propofol (10 mg/kg [4.5 mg/lb]) in 18 ball pythons and with 5% isoflurane in oxygen in 12 ball pythons. Induction time, time of anesthesia, and recovery time were recorded. Hearts from snakes receiving intracardiac administration of propofol were evaluated histologically 3, 7, 14, 30, and 60 days following propofol administration. RESULTS Induction time with intracardiac administration of propofol was significantly shorter than induction time with 5% isoflurane in oxygen. No significant differences were found in total anesthesia time. Recovery following intracardiac administration of propofol was significantly longer than recovery following induction of anesthesia with isoflurane in oxygen. Heart tissue evaluated histologically at 3, 7, and 14 days following intracardiac administration of propofol had mild inflammatory changes, and no histopathologic lesions were seen 30 and 60 days following propofol administration. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Intracardiac injection of propofol in snakes is safe and provides a rapid induction of anesthesia but leads to prolonged recovery, compared with that following induction with isoflurane. Histopathologic lesions in heart tissues following intracardiac injection of propofol were mild and resolved after 14 days.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael S McFadden
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61802, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Reavill DR, Schmidt RE. Mycobacterial lesions in fish, amphibians, reptiles, rodents, lagomorphs, and ferrets with reference to animal models. Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract 2012; 15:25-v. [PMID: 22244111 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvex.2011.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Mycobacteriosis is a serious disease across many animal species. Approximately more than 120 species are currently recognized in the genus Mycobacterium. This article describes the zoonotic potential of mycobacteria and mycobacteriosis in fish, amphibians, rodents, rabbits, and ferrets. It considers clinical signs; histology; molecular methods of identification, such as polymerase chain reaction and DNA sequencing; routes of infection; and disease progression. Studying the disease in animals may aid in understanding the pathogenesis of mycobacterial infections in humans and identify better therapy and preventative options such as vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Drury R Reavill
- Zoo/Exotic Pathology Service, West Sacramento, CA 95605, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Affiliation(s)
- David E. Hannon
- 1. Memphis Veterinary Specialists, 555 Trinity Creek Cove, Cordova, TN 38018, USA
| | | | - Drury R. Reavill
- 3. Zoo/Exotic Pathology Service, 2825 KOVR Drive, West Sacramento, CA 95605, USA
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Keck
- Memphis Zoo, 2000 Prentiss Place, Memphis, TN 38112, USA
| | | | - Edward C. Ramsay
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, C247 Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Tennessee, College of Veterinary Medicine, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | | | - Drury R. Reavill
- Zoo/Exotic Pathology Service, 7647 Wachtel Way, Citrus Heights, CA 95610, USA
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
|
31
|
Makino I, Abe N, Reavill DR. Cryptosporidium Avian Genotype III as a Possible Causative Agent of Chronic Vomiting in Peach-Faced Lovebirds (Agapornis roseicollis). Avian Dis 2010; 54:1102-7. [DOI: 10.1637/9227-123009-case.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
|
32
|
Griffin C, Reavill DR, Stacy BA, Childress AL, Wellehan JF. Cryptosporidiosis caused by two distinct species in Russian tortoises and a pancake tortoise. Vet Parasitol 2010; 170:14-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2010.01.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2009] [Revised: 01/21/2010] [Accepted: 01/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
33
|
Rivera S, McClearen JR, Reavill DR. Treatment of nonepitheliotropic cutaneous B-cell lymphoma in an umbrella cockatoo (Cacatua alba). J Avian Med Surg 2010; 23:294-302. [PMID: 20235461 DOI: 10.1647/2008-032r.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A 3.5-year-old umbrella cockatoo (Cacatua alba) was presented because of the development of widely disseminated subcutaneous nodules. The diagnostic work-up included a complete blood count, plasma biochemical analysis, and whole body radiographs. Biopsy samples of the skin lesions were submitted for histopathologic evaluation, bacterial culture and sensitivity testing, immunohistochemistry staining, and acid-fast staining. The diagnosis was nonepitheliotropic cutaneous B-cell lymphoma with a leukemic blood picture. The bird was treated with a chemotherapeutic regimen consisting of vincristine and chlorambucil for 17 weeks. During treatment, the complete blood count was monitored every 1-3 weeks, and the plasma biochemical analysis was monitored every 3-4 weeks. The bird was in partial remission on week 9. On week 17, the bird became acutely ill and was fluffed, depressed, anorectic, and anemic. The chemotherapeutic regimen was discontinued. At this time, the bird had a consistent lymphocytosis but no neoplastic lymphocytes were seen in the general circulation. At week 29 the bird was in complete remission and remains in complete remission 8 years after chemotherapy was discontinued.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Rivera
- Department of Animal Health, Zoo Atlanta, 800 Cherokee Avenue SE, Atlanta, GA 30315-1440, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Abstract
There has been a considerable amount of research regarding the function of the avian thyroid gland, particularly in chickens. There is also more information on diseases of the avian thyroid gland, although it is usually in the form of case reports. This article covers a limited amount of material on the structure and function of the avian thyroid gland and its diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert E Schmidt
- Zoo/Exotic Pathology Service, PO Box 267, Greenview, CA 96037, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
|
36
|
Abstract
Fish medicine has common diagnostic and clinical procedures that are essential for disease diagnosis and patient management. With a few modifications for handling of the fish patient, these resemble procedures performed in most veterinary hospitals and clinics in our other companion species. The predictive value of these diagnostic methods is improving with the ever-increasing number of publications in fish medicine. Training in aquatic clinical procedures is offered at most large continuing education conferences and as specialty courses. These basic procedures are the important first steps toward improving the health of our aquatic companion animals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Drury R Reavill
- Zoo/Exotic Pathology Service, 2825 KOVR Drive, West Sacramento, CA 95605, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Abstract
Neoplastic diseases are becoming more than a postmortem diagnosis due to the increasing knowledge base and improving quality of avian medicine. The expectation for better health care demands a diagnosis, prognosis, and therapy options. However, the published information regarding prognosis and therapy of specific neoplasms remains limited in avian medicine. With each case report or study that provides this information, there is an improvement in the level of care we can offer our companion avian species. This review will cover some basic information about specific tumor types and will reference the more recent reports in the avian literature. It is not intended to be all encompassing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Drury R Reavill
- Zoo/Exotic Pathology Service 2825 KOVR Drive West Sacramento, CA 95605, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Mikaelian I, Reavill DR, Practice A. Spontaneous proliferative lesions and tumors of the uterus of captive African hedgehogs (Atelerix albiventris). J Zoo Wildl Med 2004; 35:216-20. [PMID: 15305518 DOI: 10.1638/01-077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Fifteen captive female African hedgehogs (Atelerix albiventris), 3- to 5-yr-old, were diagnosed with proliferative uterine lesions (n = 28). Lesions were associated with vaginal bleeding in all cases, hematuria in 11 of 13 cases, and weight loss in 7 of 12 cases. Lesions were multiple in eight cases and single in seven cases. The lesions identified were 13 adenosarcomas, 7 endometrial stromal sarcomas, 6 endometrial polyps, 1 adenoleiomyosarcoma, and 1 adenoleiomyoma. In one animal with adenosarcoma, peritoneal seeding was detected at the time of hysterectomy. Mean survival time was 303 days (n = 10). Ovariohysterectomy allows prolonged survival of hedgehogs with uterine tumors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Igor Mikaelian
- IDEXX Veterinary Services, West Sacramento, California 95605, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
|
40
|
Abstract
Skin diseases in amphibian species seem to carry an additional degree of seriousness compared with those of other vertebrates. Because of the skin's importance in respiration and ion transport, breaching of the integument of these animals can result in fatal septicemias or metabolic disturbances. The timely diagnosis and treatment of these skin lesions is important. A review of the diseases affecting amphibian skin is provided. This article also describes the clinical signs, appropriate diagnostic steps, and treatment and control of amphibian skin diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D R Reavill
- Zoo/Exotic Pathology Service, Citrus Heights, California, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Abstract
Routine serum protein electrophoresis is recognized as the most reliable assessment of avian protein profiles in health and disease and has replaced biochemical determination of albumin and A:G ratio in the ability to predict abnormalities of clinical significance. The importance of considerable species differences to the overall interpretation of avian electrophoresis is well established and constitutes a continued challenge to the avian specialist and to the providing laboratories to continue the pursuit of species-specific, even age- and gender-specific, reference ranges. Patterns for various diseases continue to emerge as more scrutiny is applied to the use of this tool in avian diagnostics for overall health assessment as an adjunct to specific disease diagnosis and for both prognostic and therapeutic monitoring.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L L Werner
- IDEXX Veterinary Services, Inc., West Sacramento, California, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Ife RJ, Brown TH, Keeling DJ, Leach CA, Meeson ML, Parsons ME, Reavill DR, Theobald CJ, Wiggall KJ. Reversible inhibitors of the gastric (H+/K+)-ATPase. 3. 3-substituted-4-(phenylamino)quinolines. J Med Chem 1992; 35:3413-22. [PMID: 1326634 DOI: 10.1021/jm00096a018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Previously, gastric (H+/K+)-ATPase inhibitors such as 2 have been prepared as analogues of 1a on the presumption that the 3-carbethoxy substituent plays a key role in establishing the orientation of the 4-arylamino group. In this paper we explore further the contribution made to activity by the quinoline 3-substituent. We show that, for compounds bearing such a substituent, only a particular combination of properties provides high activity, both in vitro and as inhibitors of gastric acid secretion in vivo. The ability of the substituent to affect activity by restricting rotation about the Cquin-N bond through a combination of both a pi-electron withdrawal and hydrogen bonding is supported by the current study. However, high activity is only achieved if the effect of this group on the quinoline pK(a) is kept to a minimum. 3-Acyl substituents provide an optimum combination of electronic properties. From this series, compound 17c (SK&F 96067) was shown to be a potent inhibitor of histamine-stimulated gastric acid secretion after oral dosing in the Heidenhain pouch dog and was selected for further development and evaluation in man.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R J Ife
- SmithKline Beecham Pharmaceuticals R&D, Welwyn, Herts, England
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Brown TH, Ife RJ, Keeling DJ, Laing SM, Leach CA, Parsons ME, Price CA, Reavill DR, Wiggall KJ. Reversible inhibitors of the gastric (H+/K+)-ATPase. 1. 1-Aryl-4-methylpyrrolo[3,2-c]quinolines as conformationally restrained analogues of 4-(arylamino)quinolines. J Med Chem 1990; 33:527-33. [PMID: 2153816 DOI: 10.1021/jm00164a010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The 4-(arylamino)quinoline 4, previously described as an antiulcer compound, is shown to be an inhibitor of the gastric (H+/K+)-ATPase. It is postulated that 1-arylpyrrolo[3,2-c]quinolines 6 act as conformationally restrained analogues of 4. A series of derivatives of 6 has been prepared and shown to be potent inhibitors of the target enzyme in vitro. Substitution in the ortho position of the aryl ring is important for activity. Unsaturation in the 5-membered ring makes little difference, but introduction of heteroatoms into the same ring markedly reduces activity. In more detailed kinetic experiments, 15c and 4 both show reversible, K(+)-competitive binding to the enzyme, with submicromolar Ki values. The compounds appear to act at the lumenal face of the enzyme and to require protonation for activity. Several compounds in the series are shown to be potent inhibitors of pentagastrin-stimulated acid secretion in the rat.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T H Brown
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Smith Kline & French Research Ltd., Welwyn, Herts, England
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Slater RA, Howson W, Swayne GT, Taylor EM, Reavill DR. Design and synthesis of a series of combined vasodilator/beta-adrenoceptor antagonists based on 6-arylpyridazinones. J Med Chem 1988; 31:345-51. [PMID: 2892934 DOI: 10.1021/jm00397a013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
A series of new 6-[4-[[(aryloxy)acyl]amino]phenyl]-4,5-dihydropyridazinones have been synthesized and evaluated as combined vasodilator/beta-adrenoceptor antagonists and potential antihypertensive agents. Many of the early compounds displayed an unacceptably high level of intrinsic sympathomimetic activity (ISA) and a relatively short duration of action. Disubstitution in the 2,3-positions or in the 4-position of the aryloxy ring gave compounds with low ISA levels and, in some instances, improved duration of action. All of the compounds were vasodilators, but the 5-methylpyridazinone derivatives showed consistently greater antihypertensive activity than their 5-H lower homologues. Further detailed pharmacological investigations led to the selection of 6-[4-[3-[[2-hydroxy-3-[4-[2- (cyclopropylmethoxy)ethyl]phenoxy]propyl]amino]propionamido] phenyl]- 5-methyl-4,5-dihydro-3(2H)-pyridazinone (4t) (SK&F 95018) as a development candidate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R A Slater
- Smith Kline & French Research Ltd., Welwyn, Hertfordshire, U.K
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|