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Koya E. Microglia: The new player orchestrating the cocaine-induced expression of calcium-permeable AMPA receptors. Brain Behav Immun 2024; 116:22-23. [PMID: 38008387 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2023.11.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/28/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Eisuke Koya
- Sussex Neuroscience, School of Psychology, University of Sussex, Falmer BN1 9QG, United Kingdom.
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2
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Ramsey LA, Koya E, van den Oever MC. Editorial: Neuronal ensembles and memory engrams: Cellular and molecular mechanisms. Front Behav Neurosci 2023; 17:1157414. [PMID: 36926583 PMCID: PMC10011704 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2023.1157414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Leslie A Ramsey
- Behavioral Neuroscience Research Branch Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Eisuke Koya
- School of Psychology, Sussex Neuroscience, University of Sussex, Falmer, United Kingdom
| | - Michel C van den Oever
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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3
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Laque A, Wagner GE, Matzeu A, De Ness GL, Kerr TM, Carroll AM, de Guglielmo G, Nedelescu H, Buczynski MW, Gregus AM, Jhou TC, Zorrilla EP, Martin-Fardon R, Koya E, Ritter RC, Weiss F, Suto N. Linking drug and food addiction via compulsive appetite. Br J Pharmacol 2022; 179:2589-2609. [PMID: 35023154 PMCID: PMC9081129 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 10/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE "Food addiction" is the subject of intense public and research interest. However, this nosology based on neurobehavioral similarities among obese individuals and patients with eating disorders and drug addiction remains controversial. We thus sought to determine which aspects of disordered eating are causally linked to preclinical models of drug addiction. We hypothesized that extensive drug histories, known to cause addiction-like brain changes and drug motivation in rats, would also cause addiction-like food motivation. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Rats underwent extensive cocaine, alcohol, caffeine or obesogenic diet histories, and were subsequently tested for punishment-resistant food self-administration or "compulsive appetite", as a measure of addiction-like food motivation. KEY RESULTS Extensive cocaine and alcohol (but not caffeine) histories caused compulsive appetite that persisted long after the last drug exposure. Extensive obesogenic diet histories also caused compulsive appetite, although neither cocaine nor alcohol histories caused excess calorie intake and bodyweight during abstinence. Hence, compulsive appetite and obesity appear to be dissociable, with the former sharing common mechanisms with preclinical drug addiction models. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS Compulsive appetite, as seen in subsets of obese individuals and patients with binge-eating disorder and bulimia nervosa (eating disorders that do not necessarily result in obesity), appears to epitomize "food addiction". Because different drug and obesogenic diet histories caused compulsive appetite, overlapping dysregulations in the reward circuits, which control drug and food motivation independently of energy homeostasis, may offer common therapeutic targets for treating addictive behaviors across drug addiction, eating disorders and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Laque
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Grant E Wagner
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Alessandra Matzeu
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Genna L De Ness
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Tony M Kerr
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.,College of Pharmacy, University of Texas Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Ayla M Carroll
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Giordano de Guglielmo
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Hermina Nedelescu
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Matthew W Buczynski
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.,School of Neuroscience, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Ann M Gregus
- School of Neuroscience, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Thomas C Jhou
- Department of Neurosciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Eric P Zorrilla
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Remi Martin-Fardon
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Eisuke Koya
- Sussex Neuroscience, School of Psychology, University of Sussex, Falmer, UK
| | - Robert C Ritter
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Neuroscience, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Friedbert Weiss
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Nobuyoshi Suto
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
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4
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Margetts-Smith G, Macnaghten AI, Brebner LS, Ziminski JJ, Sieburg MC, Grimm JW, Crombag HS, Koya E. Acute, but not longer-term, exposure to environmental enrichment attenuates Pavlovian cue-evoked conditioned approach and Fos expression in the prefrontal cortex in mice. Eur J Neurosci 2021; 53:2580-2591. [PMID: 33565633 PMCID: PMC8085094 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 01/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to environmental enrichment can modify the impact of motivationally relevant stimuli. For instance, previous studies in rats have found that even a brief, acute (~1 day), but not chronic, exposure to environmentally enriched (EE) housing attenuates instrumental lever pressing for sucrose-associated cues in a conditioned reinforcement setup. Moreover, acute EE reduces corticoaccumbens activity, as measured by decreases in expression of the neuronal activity marker "Fos." Currently, it is not known whether acute EE also reduces sucrose seeking and corticoaccumbens activity elicited by non-contingent or "forced" exposure to sucrose cues, which more closely resembles cue exposure encountered in daily life. We therefore measured the effects of acute/intermittent (1 day or 6 day of EE prior to test day) versus chronic (EE throughout conditioning lasting until test day) EE on the ability of a Pavlovian sucrose cue to elicit sucrose seeking (conditioned approach) and Fos expression in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), and nucleus accumbens (NAc) in mice. One day, but not 6 day or chronic EE , reduced sucrose seeking and Fos in the deep layers of the dorsal mPFC. By contrast, 1 day, 6 day, and chronic EE all reduced Fos in the shallow layers of the OFC. None of the EE manipulations modulated NAc Fos expression. We reveal how EE reduces behavioral reactivity to sucrose cues by reducing activity in select prefrontal cortical brain areas. Our work further demonstrates the robustness of EE in its ability to modulate various forms of reward-seeking across species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella Margetts-Smith
- Sussex Neuroscience, School of Psychology, University of Sussex, Falmer, UK
- University of Exeter College of Medicine and Health, Hatherly Laboratories, Exeter, UK
| | | | - Leonie S. Brebner
- Sussex Neuroscience, School of Psychology, University of Sussex, Falmer, UK
- Department of Neurochemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Joseph J. Ziminski
- Sussex Neuroscience, School of Psychology, University of Sussex, Falmer, UK
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Meike C. Sieburg
- Sussex Neuroscience, School of Psychology, University of Sussex, Falmer, UK
- Department of Biomedicine/DANDRITE, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Jeffrey W. Grimm
- Department of Psychology and Program in Behavioral Neuroscience, Western Washington University, Bellingham, WA, USA
| | - Hans S. Crombag
- Sussex Neuroscience, School of Psychology, University of Sussex, Falmer, UK
| | - Eisuke Koya
- Sussex Neuroscience, School of Psychology, University of Sussex, Falmer, UK
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5
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Brebner LS, Ziminski JJ, Margetts-Smith G, Sieburg MC, Hall CN, Heintz TG, Lagnado L, Hirrlinger J, Crombag HS, Koya E. Extinction of cue-evoked food-seeking recruits a GABAergic interneuron ensemble in the dorsal medial prefrontal cortex of mice. Eur J Neurosci 2020; 52:3723-3737. [PMID: 32307758 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Animals must quickly adapt food-seeking strategies to locate nutrient sources in dynamically changing environments. Learned associations between food and environmental cues that predict its availability promote food-seeking behaviors. However, when such cues cease to predict food availability, animals undergo "extinction" learning, resulting in the inhibition of food-seeking responses. Repeatedly activated sets of neurons, or "neuronal ensembles," in the dorsal medial prefrontal cortex (dmPFC) are recruited following appetitive conditioning and undergo physiological adaptations thought to encode cue-reward associations. However, little is known about how the recruitment and intrinsic excitability of such dmPFC ensembles are modulated by extinction learning. Here, we used in vivo 2-Photon imaging in male Fos-GFP mice that express green fluorescent protein (GFP) in recently behaviorally activated neurons to determine the recruitment of activated pyramidal and GABAergic interneuron dmPFC ensembles during extinction. During extinction, we revealed a persistent activation of a subset of interneurons which emerged from a wider population of interneurons activated during the initial extinction session. This activation pattern was not observed in pyramidal cells, and extinction learning did not modulate the excitability properties of activated pyramidal cells. Moreover, extinction learning reduced the likelihood of reactivation of pyramidal cells activated during the initial extinction session. Our findings illuminate novel neuronal activation patterns in the dmPFC underlying extinction of food-seeking, and in particular, highlight an important role for interneuron ensembles in this inhibitory form of learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonie S Brebner
- Sussex Neuroscience, School of Psychology, University of Sussex, Falmer, UK
| | - Joseph J Ziminski
- Sussex Neuroscience, School of Psychology, University of Sussex, Falmer, UK
| | | | - Meike C Sieburg
- Sussex Neuroscience, School of Psychology, University of Sussex, Falmer, UK
| | - Catherine N Hall
- Sussex Neuroscience, School of Psychology, University of Sussex, Falmer, UK
| | - Tristan G Heintz
- Sussex Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, UK
| | - Leon Lagnado
- Sussex Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, UK
| | - Johannes Hirrlinger
- Carl-Ludwig-Institute for Physiology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.,Department of Neurogenetics, Max-Planck-Institute for Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Hans S Crombag
- Sussex Neuroscience, School of Psychology, University of Sussex, Falmer, UK
| | - Eisuke Koya
- Sussex Neuroscience, School of Psychology, University of Sussex, Falmer, UK
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6
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Vassilev P, Avvisati R, Koya E, Badiani A. Distinct Populations of Neurons Activated by Heroin and Cocaine in the Striatum as Assessed by catFISH. eNeuro 2020; 7:ENEURO.0394-19.2019. [PMID: 31937522 PMCID: PMC7005257 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0394-19.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 11/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the still prevailing notion of a shared substrate of action for all addictive drugs, there is evidence suggesting that opioid and psychostimulant drugs differ substantially in terms of their neurobiological and behavioral effects. These differences may reflect separate neural circuits engaged by the two drugs. Here we used the catFISH (cellular compartment analysis of temporal activity by fluorescence in situ hybridization) technique to investigate the degree of overlap between neurons engaged by heroin versus cocaine in adult male Sprague Dawley rats. The catFISH technique is a within-subject procedure that takes advantage of the different transcriptional time course of the immediate-early genes homer 1a and arc to determine to what extent two stimuli separated by an interval of 25 min engage the same neuronal population. We found that throughout the striatal complex the neuronal populations activated by noncontingent intravenous injections of cocaine (800 μg/kg) and heroin (100 and 200 μg/kg), administered at an interval of 25 min from each other, overlapped to a much lesser extent than in the case of two injections of cocaine (800 μg/kg), also 25 min apart. The greatest reduction in overlap between populations activated by cocaine and heroin was in the dorsomedial and dorsolateral striatum (∼30% and ∼22%, respectively, of the overlap observed for the sequence cocaine-cocaine). Our results point toward a significant separation between neuronal populations activated by heroin and cocaine in the striatal complex. We propose that our findings are a proof of concept that these two drugs are encoded differently in a brain area believed to be a common neurobiological substrate to drug abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Vassilev
- Sussex Addiction Research and Intervention Centre (SARIC), School of Psychology, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9RH, United Kingdom
| | - Riccardo Avvisati
- Sussex Addiction Research and Intervention Centre (SARIC), School of Psychology, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9RH, United Kingdom
| | - Eisuke Koya
- Sussex Addiction Research and Intervention Centre (SARIC), School of Psychology, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9RH, United Kingdom
| | - Aldo Badiani
- Sussex Addiction Research and Intervention Centre (SARIC), School of Psychology, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9RH, United Kingdom
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
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7
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Laque A, L De Ness G, Wagner GE, Nedelescu H, Carroll A, Watry D, M Kerr T, Koya E, Hope BT, Weiss F, Elmer GI, Suto N. Anti-relapse neurons in the infralimbic cortex of rats drive relapse-suppression by drug omission cues. Nat Commun 2019; 10:3934. [PMID: 31477694 PMCID: PMC6718661 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-11799-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug addiction is a chronic relapsing disorder of compulsive drug use. Studies of the neurobehavioral factors that promote drug relapse have yet to produce an effective treatment. Here we take a different approach and examine the factors that suppress-rather than promote-relapse. Adapting Pavlovian procedures to suppress operant drug response, we determined the anti-relapse action of environmental cues that signal drug omission (unavailability) in rats. Under laboratory conditions linked to compulsive drug use and heightened relapse risk, drug omission cues suppressed three major modes of relapse-promotion (drug-predictive cues, stress, and drug exposure) for cocaine and alcohol. This relapse-suppression is, in part, driven by omission cue-reactive neurons, which constitute small subsets of glutamatergic and GABAergic cells, in the infralimbic cortex. Future studies of such neural activity-based cellular units (neuronal ensembles/memory engram cells) for relapse-suppression can be used to identify alternate targets for addiction medicine through functional characterization of anti-relapse mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Laque
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Genna L De Ness
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Grant E Wagner
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Hermina Nedelescu
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Ayla Carroll
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Debbie Watry
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Tony M Kerr
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Eisuke Koya
- Sussex Neuroscience, School of Psychology, University of Sussex, Falmer, UK
| | - Bruce T Hope
- Behavioral Neuroscience Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, NIH/DHHS, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Friedbert Weiss
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.
| | - Greg I Elmer
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21228, USA.
| | - Nobuyoshi Suto
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.
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8
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Affiliation(s)
- Eisuke Koya
- Sussex Neuroscience, School of Psychology, University of Sussex, Falmer, BN1 9QG, UK.
| | - Yan Dong
- 0000 0004 1936 9000grid.21925.3dDepartment of Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260 USA
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9
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Suto N, Laque A, De Ness GL, Wagner GE, Watry D, Kerr T, Koya E, Mayford MR, Hope BT, Weiss F. Distinct memory engrams in the infralimbic cortex of rats control opposing environmental actions on a learned behavior. eLife 2016; 5. [PMID: 27938664 PMCID: PMC5201415 DOI: 10.7554/elife.21920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 12/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Conflicting evidence exists regarding the role of infralimbic cortex (IL) in the environmental control of appetitive behavior. Inhibition of IL, irrespective of its intrinsic neural activity, attenuates not only the ability of environmental cues predictive of reward availability to promote reward seeking, but also the ability of environmental cues predictive of reward omission to suppress this behavior. Here we report that such bidirectional behavioral modulation in rats is mediated by functionally distinct units of neurons (neural ensembles) that are concurrently localized within the same IL brain area but selectively reactive to different environmental cues. Ensemble-specific neural activity is thought to function as a memory engram representing a learned association between environment and behavior. Our findings establish the causal evidence for the concurrent existence of two distinct engrams within a single brain site, each mediating opposing environmental actions on a learned behavior. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.21920.001
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuyoshi Suto
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, United States
| | - Amanda Laque
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, United States
| | - Genna L De Ness
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, United States
| | - Grant E Wagner
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, United States
| | - Debbie Watry
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, United States
| | - Tony Kerr
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, United States
| | - Eisuke Koya
- Sussex Neuroscience, School of Psychology, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Mark R Mayford
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, United States
| | - Bruce T Hope
- Behavioral Neuroscience Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse/National Institutes of Health/Intramural Research program, Baltimore, United States
| | - Friedbert Weiss
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, United States
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10
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Abstract
Learned associations about salient experiences (e.g., drug exposure, stress) and their associated environmental stimuli are mediated by a minority of sparsely distributed, behaviorally activated neurons coined 'neuronal ensembles.' For many years, it was not known whether these neuronal ensembles played causal roles in mediating learned behaviors. However, in the last several years the 'Daun02 inactivation technique' in Fos-lacZ transgenic rats has proved very useful in establishing causal links between neuronal ensembles that express the activity-regulated protein Fos and learned behaviors. Fos-expressing neurons in these rats also express the bacterial protein β-galactosidase (β-gal) in strongly activated neurons. When the prodrug Daun02 is injected into the brains of these rats 90 min after a behavior (e.g., drug-seeking) or cue exposure, then Daun02 is converted into daunorubicin by β-gal, which selectively inactivates Fos- and β-gal-expressing neurons that were activated 90 min before the Daun02 injection. This unit presents protocols for breeding the Fos-lacZ rats and conducting appropriate Daun02 inactivation experiments. © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eisuke Koya
- School of Psychology, University of Sussex, Falmer, United Kingdom
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11
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Cruz FC, Koya E, Guez-Barber DH, Bossert JM, Lupica CR, Shaham Y, Hope BT. New technologies for examining the role of neuronal ensembles in drug addiction and fear. Nat Rev Neurosci 2013; 14:743-54. [PMID: 24088811 DOI: 10.1038/nrn3597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Correlational data suggest that learned associations are encoded within neuronal ensembles. However, it has been difficult to prove that neuronal ensembles mediate learned behaviours because traditional pharmacological and lesion methods, and even newer cell type-specific methods, affect both activated and non-activated neurons. In addition, previous studies on synaptic and molecular alterations induced by learning did not distinguish between behaviourally activated and non-activated neurons. Here, we describe three new approaches--Daun02 inactivation, FACS sorting of activated neurons and Fos-GFP transgenic rats--that have been used to selectively target and study activated neuronal ensembles in models of conditioned drug effects and relapse. We also describe two new tools--Fos-tTA transgenic mice and inactivation of CREB-overexpressing neurons--that have been used to study the role of neuronal ensembles in conditioned fear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio C Cruz
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse-National Institutes of Health, 251 Bayview Boulevard, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, USA
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12
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Koya E, Cruz FC, Ator R, Golden SA, Hoffman AF, Lupica CR, Hope BT. Silent synapses in selectively activated nucleus accumbens neurons following cocaine sensitization. Nat Neurosci 2012; 15:1556-62. [PMID: 23023294 PMCID: PMC3483356 DOI: 10.1038/nn.3232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2012] [Accepted: 09/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Cocaine-induced alterations in synaptic glutamate function in nucleus accumbens are thought to mediate drug-related behaviors such as psychomotor sensitization. However, previous studies examined global alterations in randomly selected accumbens neurons regardless of their activation state during cocaine-induced behavior. We recently found that a minority of strongly activated Fos-expressing accumbens neurons are necessary for cocaine-induced psychomotor sensitization while the majority of accumbens neurons are less directly involved. Here, we assessed synaptic alterations in these strongly activated accumbens neurons in c-fos-GFP mice that express a fusion protein of Fos and green fluorescent protein (GFP) in strongly activated neurons and compared these alterations with those in surrounding non-activated neurons. Cocaine sensitization produced higher levels of ‘silent synapses’ that contained functional NMDA receptors and non-functional AMPA receptors in only GFP-positive neurons, 6–11 days after sensitization. Thus unique synaptic alterations are induced in the most strongly activated accumbens neurons that mediate psychomotor sensitization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eisuke Koya
- Behavioral Neuroscience Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, US National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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13
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Abstract
In laboratory animals, repeated cocaine exposure produces long-lasting behavioral alterations such as psychomotor sensitization and conditioned place preference (CPP) that are thought to model various aspects of addictive behavior. A great deal of effort has gone into examining the relationship of electrophysiological, and particularly synaptic alterations, to psychomotor sensitization and CPP. Many of these studies have focused on alterations within the nucleus accumbens because it is one of the main targets of the mesolimbic dopamine system that originates with dopamine neurons in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and is critical for many cocaine-induced behaviors. Medium spiny neurons (MSNs), which are the majority of nucleus accumbens neurons, also receive significant glutamatergic inputs from the prefrontal cortex, basolateral amygdala, and hippocampus that convey information about drug-associated environmental stimuli. Thus electrophysiological and synaptic alterations within nucleus accumbens MSNs are likely to affect sensitization and CPP behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eisuke Koya
- Behavioral Neuroscience Branch, IRP/NIDA/NIH, Department of Health and Human Services, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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14
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Bossert JM, Stern AL, Theberge FRM, Cifani C, Koya E, Hope BT, Shaham Y. Ventral medial prefrontal cortex neuronal ensembles mediate context-induced relapse to heroin. Nat Neurosci 2011; 14:420-2. [PMID: 21336273 PMCID: PMC3077927 DOI: 10.1038/nn.2758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 225] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2010] [Accepted: 01/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In a rat model of context-induced relapse to heroin, we identified sparsely distributed ventral medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) neurons that were activated by the heroin-associated context. Selective pharmacogenetic inactivation of these neurons inhibited context-induced drug relapse. A small subset of ventral mPFC neurons forms neuronal ensembles that encode the learned associations between heroin reward and heroin-associated contexts; re-activation of these neuronal ensembles by drug-associated contexts during abstinence provokes drug relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M Bossert
- Behavioral Neuroscience Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, US National Institutes of Health/Department of Health and Human Services, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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15
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Marin MT, Berkow A, Golden SA, Koya E, Planeta CS, Hope BT. Context-specific modulation of cocaine-induced locomotor sensitization and ERK and CREB phosphorylation in the rat nucleus accumbens. Eur J Neurosci 2009; 30:1931-40. [PMID: 19912338 PMCID: PMC2810354 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2009.06982.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Learned associations are hypothesized to develop between drug effects and contextual stimuli during repeated drug administration to produce context-specific sensitization that is expressed only in the drug-associated environment and not in a non-drug-paired environment. The neuroadaptations that mediate such context-specific behavior are largely unknown. We investigated context-specific modulation of cAMP-response element-binding protein (CREB) phosphorylation and that of four upstream kinases in the nucleus accumbens that phosphorylate CREB, including extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), cAMP-dependent protein kinase, calcium/calmodulin-dependent kinase (CaMK) II and CaMKIV. Rats received seven once-daily injections of cocaine or saline in one of two distinct environments outside their home cages. Seven days later, test injections of cocaine or saline were administered in either the paired or the non-paired environment. CREB and ERK phosphorylation were assessed with immunohistochemistry, and phosphorylation of the remaining kinases, as well as of CREB and ERK, was assessed by western blotting. Repeated cocaine administration produced context-specific sensitized locomotor responses accompanied by context-specific enhancement of the number of cocaine-induced phosphoCREB-immunoreactive and phosphoERK-immunoreactive nuclei in a minority of neurons. In contrast, CREB and CaMKIV phosphorylation in nucleus accumbens homogenates were decreased by cocaine test injections. We have recently shown that a small number of cocaine-activated accumbens neurons mediate the learned association between cocaine effects and the drug administration environment to produce context-specific sensitization. Context-specific phosphorylation of ERK and CREB in the present study suggests that this signal transduction pathway is selectively activated in the same set of cocaine-activated accumbens neurons that mediate this learned association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo T. Marin
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rod. Araraquara-Jaú km 1, 14801-902, Araraquara-SP, Brazil
| | - Alexander Berkow
- Behavioral Neuroscience Branch, IRP/NIDA/NIH/DHHS, 251 Bayview Blvd, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Sam A. Golden
- Behavioral Neuroscience Branch, IRP/NIDA/NIH/DHHS, 251 Bayview Blvd, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Eisuke Koya
- Behavioral Neuroscience Branch, IRP/NIDA/NIH/DHHS, 251 Bayview Blvd, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Cleopatra S. Planeta
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rod. Araraquara-Jaú km 1, 14801-902, Araraquara-SP, Brazil
| | - Bruce T. Hope
- Behavioral Neuroscience Branch, IRP/NIDA/NIH/DHHS, 251 Bayview Blvd, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
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Koya E, Golden SA, Harvey BK, Guez DH, Berkow A, Simmons DE, Bossert JM, Nair SG, Uejima JL, Marin MT, Mitchell T, Farquhar D, Ghosh S, Mattson BJ, Hope BT. Targeted disruption of cocaine-activated nucleus accumbens neurons prevents context-specific sensitization. Nat Neurosci 2009; 12:1069-73. [PMID: 19620976 PMCID: PMC2752202 DOI: 10.1038/nn.2364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2009] [Accepted: 06/09/2009] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Learned associations between effects of abused drugs and the drug administration environment are important in drug addiction. Histochemical and electrophysiological studies suggest that these associations are encoded in sparsely distributed nucleus accumbens neurons that are selectively activated by drugs and drug-associated cues. Although correlations have been observed between nucleus accumbens neuronal activity and responsivity to drugs and drug cues, no technique exists for selectively manipulating these activated neurons and establishing their causal role in behavioral effects of drugs and drug cues. Here we describe a new approach, which we term the 'Daun02 inactivation method', that selectively inactivates a minority of neurons previously activated by cocaine in an environment repeatedly paired with cocaine to demonstrate a causal role for these activated neurons in context-specific cocaine-induced psychomotor sensitization in rats. This method provides a new tool for studying the causal roles of selectively activated neurons in behavioral effects of drugs and drug cues and in other learned behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eisuke Koya
- Behavioral Neuroscience Branch, IRP/NIDA/NIH/DHHS, 251 Bayview Drive, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Sam A. Golden
- Behavioral Neuroscience Branch, IRP/NIDA/NIH/DHHS, 251 Bayview Drive, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Brandon K. Harvey
- Behavioral Neuroscience Branch, IRP/NIDA/NIH/DHHS, 251 Bayview Drive, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Danielle H. Guez
- Behavioral Neuroscience Branch, IRP/NIDA/NIH/DHHS, 251 Bayview Drive, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Alexander Berkow
- Behavioral Neuroscience Branch, IRP/NIDA/NIH/DHHS, 251 Bayview Drive, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Danielle E. Simmons
- Behavioral Neuroscience Branch, IRP/NIDA/NIH/DHHS, 251 Bayview Drive, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Jennifer M. Bossert
- Behavioral Neuroscience Branch, IRP/NIDA/NIH/DHHS, 251 Bayview Drive, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Sunila G. Nair
- Behavioral Neuroscience Branch, IRP/NIDA/NIH/DHHS, 251 Bayview Drive, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Jamie L. Uejima
- Behavioral Neuroscience Branch, IRP/NIDA/NIH/DHHS, 251 Bayview Drive, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Marcelo T. Marin
- Behavioral Neuroscience Branch, IRP/NIDA/NIH/DHHS, 251 Bayview Drive, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Timothy Mitchell
- Behavioral Neuroscience Branch, IRP/NIDA/NIH/DHHS, 251 Bayview Drive, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - David Farquhar
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Houston TX 77030, USA
| | - Sukhen Ghosh
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Houston TX 77030, USA
| | - Brandi J. Mattson
- Behavioral Neuroscience Branch, IRP/NIDA/NIH/DHHS, 251 Bayview Drive, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Bruce T. Hope
- Behavioral Neuroscience Branch, IRP/NIDA/NIH/DHHS, 251 Bayview Drive, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
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Abstract
In humans, exposure to environmental contexts previously associated with drug intake often provokes relapse to drug use, but the mechanisms mediating this relapse are unknown. Based on early studies by Bouton & Bolles on context-induced 'renewal' of learned behaviours, we developed a procedure to study context-induced relapse to drug seeking. In this procedure, rats are first trained to self-administer drug in one context. Next, drug-reinforced lever responding is extinguished in a different (non-drug) context. Subsequently, context-induced reinstatement of drug seeking is assessed by re-exposing rats to the drug-associated context. Using variations of this procedure, we and others reported reliable context-induced reinstatement in rats with a history of heroin, cocaine, heroin-cocaine combination, alcohol and nicotine self-administration. Here, we first discuss potential psychological mechanisms of context-induced reinstatement, including excitatory and inhibitory Pavlovian conditioning, and occasion setting. We then summarize results from pharmacological and neuroanatomical studies on the role of several neurotransmitter systems (dopamine, glutamate, serotonin and opioids) and brain areas (ventral tegmental area, accumbens shell, dorsal striatum, basolateral amygdala, prefrontal cortex, dorsal hippocampus and lateral hypothalamus) in context-induced reinstatement. We conclude by discussing the clinical implications of rat studies on context-induced reinstatement of drug seeking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans S Crombag
- Department of Psychology, Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Group, School of Life Sciences, The University of Sussex, Brighton, UK
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Mattson BJ, Koya E, Simmons DE, Mitchell TB, Berkow A, Crombag HS, Hope BT. Context-specific sensitization of cocaine-induced locomotor activity and associated neuronal ensembles in rat nucleus accumbens. Eur J Neurosci 2007; 27:202-12. [PMID: 18093170 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2007.05984.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Repeated cocaine administration to rats outside their home cage induces behavioral sensitization that is strongly modulated by the drug administration environment. We hypothesized that stimuli in the drug administration environment activate specific sets of striatal neurons, called neuronal ensembles, for further cocaine-enhanced activation, and that repeated activation of these neuronal ensembles underlies context-specific sensitization. In the present study, we repeatedly administered cocaine or saline to rats on alternate days in two distinct environments outside the home cage, one paired with cocaine and the other with saline. On test day, cocaine challenge injections in the cocaine-paired environment produced strongly enhanced levels of locomotor activity, while cocaine challenge injections in the saline-paired environment did not. The corresponding record of past neuronal activation in nucleus accumbens and caudate-putamen during repeated drug administration was assessed using FosB immunohistochemistry, while acute neuronal activation on test day was assessed using c-fos in situ hybridization. Although only 2% of striatal neurons were FosB labeled, 87% of these FosB-labeled neurons were co-labeled with c-fos when cocaine was injected in the cocaine-paired environment. The degree of co-labeling was significantly less following cocaine or saline challenge injections in the saline-paired environment. Furthermore, the total number of c-fos-labeled neurons was greater with either cocaine or saline challenge injections in the cocaine-paired environment than in the saline-paired environment. These findings demonstrate that the drug administration environment partly determines which striatal neuronal ensembles are activated, and to what extent, following context-specific sensitization to cocaine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandi J Mattson
- Behavioral Neuroscience Branch, Intramural Research Program, The National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, 5500 Nathan Shock Drive, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
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Lu L, Koya E, Zhai H, Hope BT, Shaham Y. Role of ERK in cocaine addiction. Trends Neurosci 2006; 29:695-703. [PMID: 17084911 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2006.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2006] [Revised: 08/22/2006] [Accepted: 10/20/2006] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cocaine addiction is characterized by compulsive drug-taking behavior and high rates of relapse. According to recent theories, this addiction is due to drug-induced adaptations in the cellular mechanisms that underlie normal learning and memory. Such mechanisms involve signaling by extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK). As we review here, evidence from rodent studies also implicates ERK in cocaine psychomotor sensitization, cocaine reward, consolidation and reconsolidation of memories for cocaine cues, and time-dependent increases in cocaine seeking after withdrawal (incubation of cocaine craving). The role of ERK in these behaviors involves long-term stable alterations in synaptic plasticity that result from repeated cocaine exposure, and also rapidly induced alterations in synaptic transmission events that acutely control cocaine-seeking behaviors. Pharmacological manipulations that decrease the extent to which cocaine and cocaine cues induce ERK activity might therefore be considered as potential treatments for cocaine addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Lu
- Department of Neuropharmacology, National Institute on Drug Dependence, Peking University, Beijing 100083, China.
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Koya E, Spijker S, Voorn P, Binnekade R, Schmidt ED, Schoffelmeer ANM, De Vries TJ, Smit AB. Enhanced cortical and accumbal molecular reactivity associated with conditioned heroin, but not sucrose-seeking behaviour. J Neurochem 2006; 98:905-15. [PMID: 16787418 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2006.03917.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Re-exposure to drug-related cues elicits drug-seeking behaviour and relapse in both humans and laboratory animals even after months of abstinence. Identifying neural and molecular substrates underlying conditioned heroin-seeking behaviour will be helpful in understanding mechanisms behind opiate relapse. In humans and animals, brain areas activated by natural reward-related stimuli (e.g. food, sex) do not show a complete overlap with those activated by stimuli associated with drugs of abuse, suggesting the involvement of different circuitry. To that end, we investigated neural reactivity by measuring immediate early gene (IEG) expression patterns in mesocorticolimbic system target areas following cue-induced reinstatement of heroin seeking and compared those IEG expression patterns to what was measured during natural reward (sucrose)-seeking behaviour. Animals were trained to administer heroin associated with a compound audio-visual cue. Re-exposure to the cue after 3 weeks of withdrawal reinstated heroin-seeking behaviour, which resulted in IEG expression of ania-3, MKP-1, c-fos and Nr4a3 in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), and of ania-3 in the orbital frontal cortex (OFC) and nucleus accumbens core (NAC). The expression patterns for heroin-seeking behaviours did not generalize to sucrose-seeking behaviours, indicating that the two behaviours involve different connectivity pathways of neuronal signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Koya
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Free University, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Van den Oever MC, Spijker S, Li KW, Jiménez CR, Koya E, Van der Schors RC, Gouwenberg Y, Binnekade R, De Vries TJ, Schoffelmeer ANM, Smit AB. A Proteomics Approach to Identify Long-Term Molecular Changes in Rat Medial Prefrontal Cortex Resulting from Sucrose Self-Administration. J Proteome Res 2005; 5:147-54. [PMID: 16396505 DOI: 10.1021/pr050303y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) is involved in the processing and retrieval of reward-related information. Here, we investigated long-lasting changes in protein composition of the mPFC in rats with a history of sucrose self-administration. Protein levels were analyzed using 2-D PAGE and MALDI-TOF sequencing. From approximately 1500 spots, 28 regulated proteins were unambiguously identified and were involved in cytoskeleton organization, energy metabolism, oxidative stress, neurotransmission, and neuronal outgrowth and differentiation. For several proteins, this change was also found as a long-lasting alteration in gene expression. We show that self-administration of sucrose produces long-lasting molecular neuroadaptations in the mPFC that may be involved in reward-related information processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel C Van den Oever
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Center for Neurogenomics & Cognitive Research, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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22
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Koya E, Spijker S, Homberg JR, Voorn P, Schoffelmeer ANM, De Vries TJ, Smit AB. Molecular reactivity of mesocorticolimbic brain areas of high and low grooming rats after elevated plus maze exposure. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 137:184-92. [PMID: 15950777 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbrainres.2005.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2004] [Revised: 03/10/2005] [Accepted: 03/11/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
High and low grooming rats (HG and LG), selected by extremities in stress-induced self-grooming on the elevated plus maze (EPM), display differences in stress coping style on the EPM, their motivation to self-administer cocaine, and differences in the reactivity of dopaminergic nerve terminals in mesocorticolimbic brain areas. This indicates a link between coping with a stressful/anxiogenic situation and drug intake. Here, we aimed to determine the molecular correlates of these differences by analyzing the reactivity of the mesocorticolimbic brain areas (the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) nucleus accumbens shell (NAS) and ventral tegmental area (VTA)) of HG and LG rats in response to EPM exposure. We report by measuring levels of immediate early gene (IEG) transcripts that EPM exposure-induced IEG expression was not significantly different between HG and LG rats. On the other hand, novel IEG expression patterns upon stress (EPM exposure) were apparent in all three areas including arc induction in the mPFC and NAS, CRH, BDNF, and Nr4a3 induction in the NAS, and serum glucocorticoid-regulated kinase (sgk) induction in the VTA. It is concluded that although the mPFC, NAS, and VTA play a role in modulating stress and grooming behavior, the neuronal reactivity in these regions measured by the IEG response is not related with behavioral extremities in stress coping style displayed on the EPM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eisuke Koya
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Free University, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Ojima M, Toshima Y, Koya E, Ara K, Tokuda H, Kawai S, Kasuga F, Ueda N. Hygiene measures considering actual distributions of microorganisms in Japanese households. J Appl Microbiol 2003; 93:800-9. [PMID: 12392526 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2672.2002.01746.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Effective household hygiene measures require that sources of bacterial contamination and the places to which contamination spreads be carefully identified. Therefore, a study was performed to examine the distribution of microorganisms throughout ordinary households in Japan, which has its own unique customs of daily life and food preparation. METHODS AND RESULTS Using the stamping method, samples were taken from 100 different places and items in each of 86 households. This study found kitchens/dining rooms to have the greatest level of microbial contamination and bathrooms, the next highest level. Toilets (water closets) were found to have an unexpectedly low level of bacterial contamination. The largest bacterial counts were found on items such as drain traps, dish-washing sponges, counter towels, sinks, dish-washing tubs, and bathroom sponges. CONCLUSIONS It is necessary to carefully identify both the items that can become instruments for spreading bacterial contamination and the places that easily become subject to secondary contamination, and then to take timely and effective disinfection/sanitizing measures. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The data gathered in this study will be very valuable for anticipating the pathways over which bacteria are transported and prioritizing disinfection targets, to make effective disinfection possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ojima
- Kao Life Style Research Institute, Kao Corporation, Tokyo, Japan
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Ojima M, Toshima Y, Koya E, Ara K, Kawai S, Ueda N. Bacterial contamination of Japanese households and related concern about sanitation. Int J Environ Health Res 2002; 12:41-52. [PMID: 11970814 DOI: 10.1080/09603120120110040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The bacterial contamination of Japanese homes and the attitudes of Japanese people toward sanitation were studied. By taking bacterial counts of approximately 90 places each in five homes, this study found kitchens to have the greatest degree of bacterial contamination, followed by bathing rooms. Toilets had less bacterial contamination than was expected. While concern about bacteria on highly contaminated items such as sponges, towels for wiping counters, and other reservoirs/disseminators was common, there was a relative lack of concern regarding contact surfaces such as dining tables. It is believed that an in-depth study of bacterial contamination in the home and concern about it would lead to the promotion of greater public understanding of home sanitation and help to facilitate the provision of useful information and products to the public.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ojima
- Kao Life Style Research Institute, Kao Corporation, 2-1-3 Bunka Sumida-ku, Tokyo 131-8501, Japan
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Kamphuis W, Schneemann A, van Beek LM, Smit AB, Hoyng PF, Koya E. Prostanoid receptor gene expression profile in human trabecular meshwork: a quantitative real-time PCR approach. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2001; 42:3209-15. [PMID: 11726624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess the expression pattern of prostanoid receptor-encoding genes in trabecular meshwork (TM) of human donor eyes. METHODS Disposed human donor eyes (n = 10) were obtained from the Cornea Bank, Amsterdam. The TM was dissected from the scleral tissue and homogenized in lysis buffer, and total RNA was isolated. The RNA was converted into cDNA and used as a template for noncompetitive quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using green fluorescent dye to quantify the accumulation of double-stranded PCR product. Specific primers for four housekeeping genes and DP, EP(1), EP(2), EP(3,) EP(4), FP, IP, and TP receptor-encoding transcripts were developed and tested for their efficiency. RESULTS The characterized expression profile was highly reproducible in all samples, with the EP(2) receptor-encoding transcript in the highest abundance, followed by FP, TP, IP, and EP(4) at levels that were approximately 10 to 15 times lower than that of the EP(2) subtype. DP and EP(3) were at the lowest levels, which were, on average, 45 times and 228 times lower than EP(2), respectively. CONCLUSIONS These data show that all prostanoid receptors are expressed at different levels in human TM tissue. Because the gene expression of the EP(2) receptor is, on average, 15 times more abundant than that of the EP(4) receptor, it may be expected that the increase in flow and cAMP levels in response to the activation of the EP receptors by application of prostaglandin E(1) (PGE(1)), is primarily mediated by the EP(2) receptor. These data should be considered when designing prostanoid receptor mimetics intended to enhance the aqueous humor outflow through the TM and Schlemm's canal.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Kamphuis
- Glaucoma Research Group, Netherlands Ophthalmic Research Institute (NORI)-KNAW, Meibergdreef 47, 1105 BA Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Toshima Y, Ojima M, Yamada H, Mori H, Tonomura M, Hioki Y, Koya E. Observation of everyday hand-washing behavior of Japanese, and effects of antibacterial soap. Int J Food Microbiol 2001; 68:83-91. [PMID: 11545224 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-1605(01)00481-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
People wash their hands only for a short time outside the home and when preparing meals at home. This may not be sufficient for those who prepare meals because of possible secondary contamination from food. Although washing with a placebo soap for a short period (lathering 3 s and rinsing 8 s) cleansed from hands about 95% of the total coliforms transferred from ground meat, an antibacterial soap further reduced the coliform count significantly (p < 0.01). To effectively avoid secondary contamination, it is recommended that people should more frequently wash their hands, using an antibacterial soap on the areas that have been in contact with raw meat, poultry, seafood, eggs, vegetables and other foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Toshima
- Kao Life Style Research Institute, Kao Corporation, Tokyo, Japan.
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