Many Labs 5: Registered Replication of Payne, Burkley, and Stokes (2008), Study 4

To rule out an alternative to their structural-fit hypothesis, Payne, Burkley, and Stokes (2008) demonstrated that correlations between implicit and explicit race attitudes were weaker when participants were put under high pressure to respond without bias than when they were placed under low pressure. This effect was replicated in Italy by Vianello (2015), although the replication effect was smaller than the original effect. In the current investigation, we examined the possibility that the source of a study’s sample moderates this effect. Teams from eight universities, four in the United States and four in Italy, replicated the original study (replication N = 1,103). Although we did detect moderation by the sample’s country, it was due to a reversal of the original effect in the United States and a lack of the original effect in Italy. We discuss this curious finding and possible explanations.

Many Labs 5: Testing Pre-Data-Collection Peer Review as an Intervention to Increase Replicability

Replication studies in psychological science sometimes fail to reproduce prior findings. If these studies use methods that are unfaithful to the original study or ineffective in eliciting the phenomenon of interest, then a failure to replicate may be a failure of the protocol rather than a challenge to the original finding. Formal pre-data-collection peer review by experts may address shortcomings and increase replicability rates. We selected 10 replication studies from the Reproducibility Project: Psychology (RP:P; Open Science Collaboration, 2015) for which the original authors had expressed concerns about the replication designs before data collection; only one of these studies had yielded a statistically significant effect ( p < .05). Commenters suggested that lack of adherence to expert review and low-powered tests were the reasons that most of these RP:P studies failed to replicate the original effects. We revised the replication protocols and received formal peer review prior to conducting new replication studies. We administered the RP:P and revised protocols in multiple laboratories (median number of laboratories per original study = 6.5, range = 3–9; median total sample = 1,279.5, range = 276–3,512) for high-powered tests of each original finding with both protocols. Overall, following the preregistered analysis plan, we found that the revised protocols produced effect sizes similar to those of the RP:P protocols (Δ r = .002 or .014, depending on analytic approach). The median effect size for the revised protocols ( r = .05) was similar to that of the RP:P protocols ( r = .04) and the original RP:P replications ( r = .11), and smaller than that of the original studies ( r = .37). Analysis of the cumulative evidence across the original studies and the corresponding three replication attempts provided very precise estimates of the 10 tested effects and indicated that their effect sizes (median r = .07, range = .00–.15) were 78% smaller, on average, than the original effect sizes (median r = .37, range = .19–.50).

Many Labs 5: Registered Multisite Replication of the Tempting-Fate Effects in Risen and Gilovich (2008)

Risen and Gilovich (2008) found that subjects believed that “tempting fate” would be punished with ironic bad outcomes (a main effect), and that this effect was magnified when subjects were under cognitive load (an interaction). A previous replication study (Frank & Mathur, 2016) that used an online implementation of the protocol on Amazon Mechanical Turk failed to replicate both the main effect and the interaction. Before this replication was run, the authors of the original study expressed concern that the cognitive-load manipulation may be less effective when implemented online than when implemented in the lab and that subjects recruited online may also respond differently to the specific experimental scenario chosen for the replication. A later, large replication project, Many Labs 2 (Klein et al. 2018), replicated the main effect (though the effect size was smaller than in the original study), but the interaction was not assessed. Attempting to replicate the interaction while addressing the original authors’ concerns regarding the protocol for the first replication study, we developed a new protocol in collaboration with the original authors. We used four university sites ( N = 754) chosen for similarity to the site of the original study to conduct a high-powered, preregistered replication focused primarily on the interaction effect. Results from these sites did not support the interaction or the main effect and were comparable to results obtained at six additional universities that were less similar to the original site. Post hoc analyses did not provide strong evidence for statistical inconsistency between the original study’s estimates and our estimates; that is, the original study’s results would not have been extremely unlikely in the estimated distribution of population effects in our sites. We also collected data from a new Mechanical Turk sample under the first replication study’s protocol, and results were not meaningfully different from those obtained with the new protocol at universities similar to the original site. Secondary analyses failed to support proposed substantive mechanisms for the failure to replicate.

Respiratory disease in calves produced with aerosols of parainfluenza-3 virus and Pasteurella haemolytica

In four experiments, 22 calves were exposed to aerosols of parainfluenza-3 virus, followed by Pasteurella haemolytica at intervals of three to 13 days. The purpose of each experiment was to study viral-bacterial interactions in the respiratory tracts. Two experiments, in which the viral aerosols were diluted by the addition of air, produced sporadic temperature elevations while two experiments with undiluted viral aerosols produced consistent temperature elevations. Diluted viral aerosols produced lobular sized lesions in the lungs and hemagglutinating inhibition antibodies in sera, whilst undiluted aerosols produced a synergistic effect in the form of purulent pneumonia in ten of 14 calves when the interval between viral and bacterial aerosols was from three to ten days. Histopathological changes attributable to the virus only were seen in all experiments, and the histopathological changes due to mixed infection of parainfluenza-3 virus and P. haemolytica are described in detail. This is the first report of extensive purulent pneumonia in calves after parainfluenza-3 virus and P. haemolytica exposure. This was achieved using much smaller inocula than in experiments previously reported.

Aerosol vaccination of calves with pasteurella haemolytica against experimental respiratory disease

Three experiments were conducted on calves in which the efficacy of vaccination with live Pasteurella haemolytica in aerosol was tested by challenge with sequential aerosol exposure to bovine herpesvirus 1 and P. haemolytica. Neither single nor multiple aerosol vaccinations protected against the experimental disease. Macroscopically recognizable rhinitis, tonsillitis, tracheitis and pneumonia occurred in both controls and vaccinates. In one experiment as many as three aerosol vaccinations with live P. haemolytica for up to 20 minutes failed to elicit clinical signs in exposed calves. Pasteurella haemolytica was isolated less frequently from tissues of vaccinated calves than from those of nonvaccinated calves. Pasteurella haemolytica was isolated from deep nasal swabs of 4/14 vaccinated calves five and six days after viral exposure. It was concluded that although bovine herpesvirus 1 vaccination has been shown previously to prevent the experimental disease produced by bovine herpesvirus 1-P. haemolytica, live P. haemolytica vaccination by aerosol will not provide the same protection.

Experimental bovine pneumonic pasteurellosis. II. Genesis and prevention

Two experiments were conducted. In the first, 16 crossbred Hereford calves were divided into two equal groups. The first group was vaccinated intranasally with a commercial vaccine against bovid herpesvirus 1 and the second group was unvaccinated. The calves were later exposed to an aerosol of bovid herpesvirus 1 (strain 108) for five minutes. Four calves from each group were subjected to transportation and four calves from each group were kept in an environmental chamber for four days. Four days after viral aerosol all calves were exposed to an aerosol of Pasteurella haemolytica and the same subgroups were again transported or held in the chamber for a further four days. The calves that did not die from pneumonia were necropsied ten days after the final day of transport. Pulmonary lesions were present in both vaccinated and control animals but were less extensive in the vaccinated calves. Six of eight vaccinated but none of the eight control calves survived. In the second experiment, eight crossbred Hereford calves were divided into two equal groups. One group was vaccinated with bovid herpesvirus 1 (strain 108) and the other acted as controls. Four weeks later all calves were sequentially exposed to aerosols of bovid herpesvirus 1 (strain 108) and P. haemolytica four days apart. Three of the four controls but none of the vaccinates died from pneumonia. Every lobe of the lungs in all the controls was affected by pneumonia while no pulmonary lesions were found in the vaccinated calves. The differences in efficacy of the modes of vaccination and the possible role of transport stress are discussed.

Pneumonia in calves produced with aerosols of bovine herpesvirus 1 and Pasteurella haemolytica

In each of 11 experiments, four calves were exposed first to an aerosol of bovine herpesvirus 1 (BHV1, virus of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis) and second to an aerosol of Pasteurella haemolytica. The interval between aerosols was three to five days. In two other experiments, calves were exposed only to a bacterial aerosol. Climate was controlled for all experiments from the day of viral exposure and for eight of the experiments it was also controlled for four to six days before the first aerosol. The concentration of infectious doses of virus in the aerosols and the number of bacteria in the aerosols of each calf were determined. Macroscopically recognizable rhinitis, tonsillitis, laryngitis, tracheitis and pneumonia of lobar distribution in 42 lobes from 11 calves were seen in five experiments in which bacterial aerosol followed the viral aerosol by at least four days. One calf died with marked respiratory disease in each of four experiments within four days of exposure to the bacterial aerosol. Production of pneumonia was dependent on an interval between aerosols of at least four days but not on the condition of controlled climate on the environmental chamber either before or after the viral aerosol nor on the period of habituation allowed calves of some experiments.

Recovery of Pasteurella hemolytica from aerosols at differing temperature and humidity

A Pasteurella hemolytica suspension with fetal calf serum was aerosolized in a standard system with ambient temperature of 30 or 2 degrees C and relative humidity conditions of 90 or 60%. The number of organisms sprayed in five minutes and the number recovered from one third of the aerosol during these five minutes was determined. Recoveries were influenced by temperature difference between aerosol and collecting fluid. Recoveries ranged between 0.059--0.94%.

The recovery of a Mycoplasma from Citellus richardsonii richardsonii (ground squirrel)

Swabs from the upper respiratory tract, external genitalia and the eyes and portions of the lungs, spleen, kidney, liver and uteri of two ground squirrels were cultured for mycoplasma. The upper respiratory tracts of both animals were positive for mycoplasma as were the lungs, liver and spleen of one of the animals. Preliminary serological studies, growth inhibition test against 38 known antisera, growth precipitation against 15 antisera and fluorescent antibody technique with eight conjugates have, with the exception of a minor precipitin reaction against Mycoplasma bovirhinis, all been negative. The isolates are believed to be representative of either one or more new mycoplasma species.

Mycoplasma agalactiae subsp. bovis in pneumonia and arthritis of the bovine

The pneumonic lungs of 42 cattle from 26 feedlots were examined for the presence of mycoplasma, pathogenic bacteria and viruses. Four animals representative of two lots failed to yield mycoplasma. One of these yielded the virus of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis and Pasteurella hemolytica, the other yielded only P. P. multocida. Nine animals in eight lots yielded Mycoplasma sp.: five of these were M. bovirhinis, two were M. arginini and two were untypable. All of these animals yielded one or more of P. hemolytica, P. multiocida, infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus or bovine virus diarrhea virus. Twenty-five of 29 animals in 16 lots yieled M. agalactiae subsp. bovis from lung tissues. The same organism was recovered from the arthritic joints of 12 of these animals. Eight of the 25 animals yielded no other pathogen and all of these had not received any treatment. Nine of the 25 M. agalactiae subsp. bovis positive animals also yielded one or more of P. hemolytica, P. multocida, Corynebacterium pyogenes or infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus. Bacteriological and virological studies were not completed for the remaining eight of the 25 positive animals. In five lots of cattle which had not received medication for pneumonia and for arthritis only M. agalactiae subsp. bovis was recovered. Twenty-five grossly normal lungs obtained from normal cattle at the time of slaughter were cultured and all were negative. The possible role of M. agalactiae subsp. bovis in pneumonia and arthritis was discussed.

The indirect hemagglutination test for the detection of antibodies in cattle naturally infected mycoplasmas

Stable mycoplasma antigens for the indirect hemagglutination test (IHA) were prepared employing glutaraldehyde treated sheep erythrocytes sensitized with Mycoplasma agalactiae subsp. bovis and Mycoplasma bovigenitalium antigens. Employing these antigens mycoplasma antibodies were detected in sera from cattle which had mastitic symptoms due to natural infection with either M. agalactiae subsp. bovis or M. bovigenitalium. A total of 200 cows from four herds were examined at varying intervals for the presence of M. agalactiae subsp. bovis and for the detection of antibody using growth inhibition and IHA tests. Mycoplasmas were isolated from 37 animals. Growth inhibiting antibody was detected from 56 of the 200 animals. In the IHA tests, antibody titer greater than or equal to 1:80 were detected in 148 animals, 76 of these having antibody titers greater than or equal to 1:160, while sera of 116 normal control animals had no growth inhibiting antibody and none had IHA antibody titers greater than 1:40. M. bovigenitalium was isolated from the milk of three of 26 animals in a fifth herd during an outbreak of mastitis. Growth inhibiting antibodies were demonstrated in the sera of ten of the 26 animals. However, the IHA test detected antibody titers of greater than or equal to 1:160 in 13 animals and of 1:80 in one of the 26 animals. To determine the specificity of the IHA tests, M. agalactiae subsp. bovis and M. bovigenitalium antigens were reacted with rabbit hyperimmune typing sera produced against 12 species of bovine mycoplasmatales. Homologous antisera showed IHA antibody titers of 1:1280 and 1:2560 against M. agalactiae subsp. bovis and M. bovigenitalium respectively, whereas heterologous antisera showed IHA antibody titers of less than or equal to 1:20. Also eight type-specific bovine antisera were reacted with M agalactiae subsp. bovis and M. bovigenitalium antigens in homologous and heterologous tests. Homoogous reactions showed IHA antibody titers greater than or equal to 1:320, whereas heterologous reactions showed IHA titers of less than or equal to 1:20. This IHA test promises to be useful for the detection of bovine mycoplasma antibodies in sera from cattle infected with M. agalactiae subsp. bovis or M. bovigenitalium. Thes test is sensitive, reproducible and specific and the technique is relatively simple and rapid. The antigens were stable for at least seven months.

Rapid detection of bovine mycoplasma antigens by counterimmunoelectrophoresis

Twelve reference strains of mycoplasma and acholeplasma previously reported to have been recovered from cattle were tested against hyperimmune rabbit serum by counterimmunoelectrophoresis. This technique detected antigen by the formation of precipitin lines with antibody within 1 h and promises to be a useful technique for detecting and identifying mycoplasma isolates in either pure or mixed cultures.

Characterization of a mycoplasma isolated from infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis: M. bovoculi sp. nov

Two strains representative of numerous mycoplasmas isolated from the eyes of cattle with infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis (IBK) have been characterized. On the basis of their cultural, morphological, biological, and serological properties, these and other antigenically similar strains have been classified as belonging to a new species of Mycoplasmatales for which the name Mycoplasma bovoculi has been proposed. A taxonomic description of the new species is provided. The potential significance of M. bovoculi in the etiology of IBK is currently being investigated.

A mycoplasma isolated from cattle with infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis

A mycoplasma has been recovered from the eyes of calves in two naturally-occurring outbreaks of infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis; also from a third group of calves accidentally exposed to an animal which had ocular exudates from one of the outbreaks instilled into its eyes.The severity of the ocular lesions in infectious bovine keratoconjunctivis outbreaks may be related to a mixed infection with the mycoplasma and Moraxella bovis. Preliminary typing studies indicate the mycoplasma is not serologically related to any known bovine mycoplasma.