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Roca M, Besnardeau L, Christians E, McDougall A, Chenevert J, Castagnetti S. Acquisition of the spindle assembly checkpoint and its modulation by cell fate and cell size in a chordate embryo. Development 2023; 150:285941. [PMID: 36515557 DOI: 10.1242/dev.201145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) is a surveillance system that preserves genome integrity by delaying anaphase onset until all chromosomes are correctly attached to spindle microtubules. Recruitment of SAC proteins to unattached kinetochores generates an inhibitory signal that prolongs mitotic duration. Chordate embryos are atypical in that spindle defects do not delay mitotic progression during early development, implying that either the SAC is inactive or the cell-cycle target machinery is unresponsive. Here, we show that in embryos of the chordate Phallusia mammillata, the SAC delays mitotic progression from the 8th cleavage divisions. Unattached kinetochores are not recognized by the SAC machinery until the 7th cell cycle, when the SAC is acquired. After acquisition, SAC strength, which manifests as the degree of mitotic lengthening induced by spindle perturbations, is specific to different cell types and is modulated by cell size, showing similarity to SAC control in early Caenorhabditis elegans embryos. We conclude that SAC acquisition is a process that is likely specific to chordate embryos, while modulation of SAC efficiency in SAC proficient stages depends on cell fate and cell size, which is similar to non-chordate embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne Roca
- Sorbonne Universités, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement de Villefranche-sur-Mer (LBDV), 06230 Villefranche-sur-Mer, France
| | - Lydia Besnardeau
- Sorbonne Universités, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement de Villefranche-sur-Mer (LBDV), 06230 Villefranche-sur-Mer, France
| | - Elisabeth Christians
- Sorbonne Universités, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement de Villefranche-sur-Mer (LBDV), 06230 Villefranche-sur-Mer, France
| | - Alex McDougall
- Sorbonne Universités, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement de Villefranche-sur-Mer (LBDV), 06230 Villefranche-sur-Mer, France
| | - Janet Chenevert
- Sorbonne Universités, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement de Villefranche-sur-Mer (LBDV), 06230 Villefranche-sur-Mer, France
| | - Stefania Castagnetti
- Sorbonne Universités, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement de Villefranche-sur-Mer (LBDV), 06230 Villefranche-sur-Mer, France
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Pavaux AS, Velasquez-Carjaval D, Drouet K, Lebrun A, Hiroux A, Marro S, Christians E, Castagnetti S, Lemée R. Daily variations of Ostreopsis cf. ovata abundances in NW Mediterranean Sea. Harmful Algae 2021; 110:102144. [PMID: 34887015 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2021.102144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Ostreopsis cf. ovata is a benthic dinoflagellate very common in tropical and temperate coastal areas, particularly in the Mediterranean Sea. This species is also found in the plankton, i.e. swimming in the water column or in aggregates floating at the sea surface. The potential links between the planktonic and benthic populations influencing their relative distribution in the water column and attached to the benthic substrate are poorly understood. To shed light on this question, a high-frequency temporal monitoring was conducted in the Villefranche bay (France) to determine the abundance of (1) epibenthic cells attached to macroalgae, (2) planktonic cells in the water column and (3) cells in aggregates floating at the sea water surface (hereafter, referred to sea surface cells) . This monitoring was realized over 3 consecutive years (2018, 2019 and 2020) and at different phases of the bloom (exponential phase - 2020, peak - 2019 and decline phase - 2018). Strong variations in benthic and planktonic O. cf. ovata abundances were observed over the 24 h sampling cycles conducted in three consecutive years. The three populations, planktonic, benthic and sea surface cells, exhibited the highest numbers during the day (light) hours and lowest values at night in 2018 and 2019. In 2020, however, benthic abundances did not differ significantly between light and dark periods. Moreover, epibenthic cells abundances peaked in the morning, followed by the peak of the cells in the plankton and in the surface aggregates during the afternoon. Monitoring of O. cf. ovata is often based on a single sampling per day without precise indications of sampling time and shows great variability in O. cf. ovata abundances. Our observations of daily variations in cell abundances along the water column clearly indicate that time and water column depth of sampling constitute a great source of variability and have to be considered when designing new monitoring strategies to reduce variability and to harmonize data acquisition and international comparisons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Sophie Pavaux
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire d'Océanographie de Villefranche, LOV, Villefranche-sur-Mer F-06230, France.
| | - David Velasquez-Carjaval
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement de Villefranche-sur-Mer (LBDV), Sorbonne Université, Villefranche-sur-Mer 06230, France; Grupo de investigación Conocimiento, Filosofía, Ciencia, Historia y Sociedad, Instituto de Filosofía, Universidad de Antioquia (UdeA). Medellín, Colombia
| | - Kévin Drouet
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire d'Océanographie de Villefranche, LOV, Villefranche-sur-Mer F-06230, France
| | - Anaïs Lebrun
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire d'Océanographie de Villefranche, LOV, Villefranche-sur-Mer F-06230, France
| | - Alan Hiroux
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire d'Océanographie de Villefranche, LOV, Villefranche-sur-Mer F-06230, France
| | - Sophie Marro
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire d'Océanographie de Villefranche, LOV, Villefranche-sur-Mer F-06230, France
| | - Elisabeth Christians
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut de la Mer de Villefranche, Villefranche-sur-Mer 06230, France
| | - Stefania Castagnetti
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement de Villefranche-sur-Mer (LBDV), Sorbonne Université, Villefranche-sur-Mer 06230, France
| | - Rodolphe Lemée
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire d'Océanographie de Villefranche, LOV, Villefranche-sur-Mer F-06230, France
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Grose JH, Langston K, Wang X, Squires S, Mustafi SB, Hayes W, Neubert J, Fischer SK, Fasano M, Saunders GM, Dai Q, Christians E, Lewandowski ED, Ping P, Benjamin IJ. Characterization of the Cardiac Overexpression of HSPB2 Reveals Mitochondrial and Myogenic Roles Supported by a Cardiac HspB2 Interactome. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0133994. [PMID: 26465331 PMCID: PMC4605610 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0133994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2014] [Accepted: 07/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Small Heat Shock Proteins (sHSPs) are molecular chaperones that transiently interact with other proteins, thereby assisting with quality control of proper protein folding and/or degradation. They are also recruited to protect cells from a variety of stresses in response to extreme heat, heavy metals, and oxidative-reductive stress. Although ten human sHSPs have been identified, their likely diverse biological functions remain an enigma in health and disease, and much less is known about non-redundant roles in selective cells and tissues. Herein, we set out to comprehensively characterize the cardiac-restricted Heat Shock Protein B-2 (HspB2), which exhibited ischemic cardioprotection in transgenic overexpressing mice including reduced infarct size and maintenance of ATP levels. Global yeast two-hybrid analysis using HspB2 (bait) and a human cardiac library (prey) coupled with co-immunoprecipitation studies for mitochondrial target validation revealed the first HspB2 “cardiac interactome” to contain many myofibril and mitochondrial-binding partners consistent with the overexpression phenotype. This interactome has been submitted to the Biological General Repository for Interaction Datasets (BioGRID). A related sHSP chaperone HspB5 had only partially overlapping binding partners, supporting specificity of the interactome as well as non-redundant roles reported for these sHSPs. Evidence that the cardiac yeast two-hybrid HspB2 interactome targets resident mitochondrial client proteins is consistent with the role of HspB2 in maintaining ATP levels and suggests new chaperone-dependent functions for metabolic homeostasis. One of the HspB2 targets, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), has reported roles in HspB2 associated phenotypes including cardiac ATP production, mitochondrial function, and apoptosis, and was validated as a potential client protein of HspB2 through chaperone assays. From the clientele and phenotypes identified herein, it is tempting to speculate that small molecule activators of HspB2 might be deployed to mitigate mitochondrial related diseases such as cardiomyopathy and neurodegenerative disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julianne H. Grose
- Microbiology and Molecular Biology Department, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, 84602, United States of America
- * E-mail: (JHG); (IJB)
| | - Kelsey Langston
- Microbiology and Molecular Biology Department, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, 84602, United States of America
| | - Xiaohui Wang
- Laboratory of Cardiac Disease, Redox Signaling and Cell Regeneration, Division of Cardiology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, 84132, United States of America
| | - Shayne Squires
- Laboratory of Cardiac Disease, Redox Signaling and Cell Regeneration, Division of Cardiology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, 84132, United States of America
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Dept. of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, United States of America
| | - Soumyajit Banerjee Mustafi
- Laboratory of Cardiac Disease, Redox Signaling and Cell Regeneration, Division of Cardiology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, 84132, United States of America
| | - Whitney Hayes
- Microbiology and Molecular Biology Department, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, 84602, United States of America
| | - Jonathan Neubert
- Microbiology and Molecular Biology Department, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, 84602, United States of America
| | - Susan K. Fischer
- Program in Integrative Cardiac Metabolism, Center for Cardiovascular Research, University of Illinois at Chicago College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60612, United States of America
| | - Matthew Fasano
- Program in Integrative Cardiac Metabolism, Center for Cardiovascular Research, University of Illinois at Chicago College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60612, United States of America
| | - Gina Moore Saunders
- Laboratory of Cardiac Disease, Redox Signaling and Cell Regeneration, Division of Cardiology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, 84132, United States of America
| | - Qiang Dai
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Dept. of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, United States of America
| | - Elisabeth Christians
- Laboratory of Cardiac Disease, Redox Signaling and Cell Regeneration, Division of Cardiology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, 84132, United States of America
| | - E. Douglas Lewandowski
- Program in Integrative Cardiac Metabolism, Center for Cardiovascular Research, University of Illinois at Chicago College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60612, United States of America
| | - Peipei Ping
- UCLA Departments of Physiology, Medicine, and Cardiology, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, United States of America
| | - Ivor J. Benjamin
- Laboratory of Cardiac Disease, Redox Signaling and Cell Regeneration, Division of Cardiology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, 84132, United States of America
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Dept. of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, United States of America
- * E-mail: (JHG); (IJB)
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El Fatimy R, Miozzo F, Le Mouël A, Abane R, Schwendimann L, Sabéran-Djoneidi D, de Thonel A, Massaoudi I, Paslaru L, Hashimoto-Torii K, Christians E, Rakic P, Gressens P, Mezger V. Heat shock factor 2 is a stress-responsive mediator of neuronal migration defects in models of fetal alcohol syndrome. EMBO Mol Med 2015; 6:1043-61. [PMID: 25027850 PMCID: PMC4154132 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201303311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) is a frequent cause of mental retardation. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying brain development defects induced by maternal alcohol consumption during pregnancy are unclear. We used normal and Hsf2-deficient mice and cell systems to uncover a pivotal role for heat shock factor 2 (HSF2) in radial neuronal migration defects in the cortex, a hallmark of fetal alcohol exposure. Upon fetal alcohol exposure, HSF2 is essential for the triggering of HSF1 activation, which is accompanied by distinctive post-translational modifications, and HSF2 steers the formation of atypical alcohol-specific HSF1-HSF2 heterocomplexes. This perturbs the in vivo binding of HSF2 to heat shock elements (HSEs) in genes that control neuronal migration in normal conditions, such as p35 or the MAPs (microtubule-associated proteins, such as Dclk1 and Dcx), and alters their expression. In the absence of HSF2, migration defects as well as alterations in gene expression are reduced. Thus, HSF2, as a sensor for alcohol stress in the fetal brain, acts as a mediator of the neuronal migration defects associated with FASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachid El Fatimy
- CNRS UMR7216 Épigénétique et Destin Cellulaire, Paris Cedex 13, France Univ Paris Diderot Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris Cedex 13, France ED 387 iViv UPMC Univ Paris 06, Paris, France Univ Paris Diderot, Paris Cedex 13, France
| | - Federico Miozzo
- CNRS UMR7216 Épigénétique et Destin Cellulaire, Paris Cedex 13, France Univ Paris Diderot Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris Cedex 13, France ED 387 iViv UPMC Univ Paris 06, Paris, France Univ Paris Diderot, Paris Cedex 13, France
| | - Anne Le Mouël
- CNRS UMR7216 Épigénétique et Destin Cellulaire, Paris Cedex 13, France Univ Paris Diderot Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris Cedex 13, France
| | - Ryma Abane
- CNRS UMR7216 Épigénétique et Destin Cellulaire, Paris Cedex 13, France Univ Paris Diderot Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris Cedex 13, France ED 387 iViv UPMC Univ Paris 06, Paris, France Univ Paris Diderot, Paris Cedex 13, France
| | - Leslie Schwendimann
- INSERM U1141, Hôpital Robert Debré, Paris, France Faculté de Médecine Denis Diderot, Univ Paris Diderot Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Délara Sabéran-Djoneidi
- CNRS UMR7216 Épigénétique et Destin Cellulaire, Paris Cedex 13, France Univ Paris Diderot Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris Cedex 13, France
| | - Aurélie de Thonel
- INSERM UMR 866, Dijon, France Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Univ Burgundy, Dijon, France
| | - Illiasse Massaoudi
- CNRS UMR7216 Épigénétique et Destin Cellulaire, Paris Cedex 13, France Univ Paris Diderot Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris Cedex 13, France
| | - Liliana Paslaru
- Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy Fundeni Hospital, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Kazue Hashimoto-Torii
- Department of Neurobiology and Kavli Institute for Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Elisabeth Christians
- Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement de Villefranche-sur-mer, Observatoire Océanologique, CNRS, Villefranche-sur-mer, France Sorbonne Universités UPMC Univ Paris 06, Villefranche-sur-mer, France
| | - Pasko Rakic
- Department of Neurobiology and Kavli Institute for Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Pierre Gressens
- INSERM U1141, Hôpital Robert Debré, Paris, France Faculté de Médecine Denis Diderot, Univ Paris Diderot Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Valérie Mezger
- CNRS UMR7216 Épigénétique et Destin Cellulaire, Paris Cedex 13, France Univ Paris Diderot Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris Cedex 13, France
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5
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Jego G, Lanneau D, De Thonel A, Berthenet K, Hazoumé A, Droin N, Hamman A, Girodon F, Bellaye PS, Wettstein G, Jacquel A, Duplomb L, Le Mouël A, Papanayotou C, Christians E, Bonniaud P, Lallemand-Mezger V, Solary E, Garrido C. Dual regulation of SPI1/PU.1 transcription factor by heat shock factor 1 (HSF1) during macrophage differentiation of monocytes. Leukemia 2014; 28:1676-86. [PMID: 24504023 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2014.63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2013] [Revised: 01/24/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In addition to their cytoprotective role in stressful conditions, heat shock proteins (HSPs) are involved in specific differentiation pathways, for example, we have identified a role for HSP90 in macrophage differentiation of human peripheral blood monocytes that are exposed to macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF). Here, we show that deletion of the main transcription factor involved in heat shock gene regulation, heat shock factor 1 (HSF1), affects M-CSF-driven differentiation of mouse bone marrow cells. HSF1 transiently accumulates in the nucleus of human monocytes undergoing macrophage differentiation, including M-CSF-treated peripheral blood monocytes and phorbol ester-treated THP1 cells. We demonstrate that HSF1 has a dual effect on SPI1/PU.1, a transcription factor essential for macrophage differentiation and whose deregulation can lead to the development of leukemias and lymphomas. Firstly, HSF1 regulates SPI1/PU.1 gene expression through its binding to a heat shock element within the intron 2 of this gene. Furthermore, downregulation or inhibition of HSF1 impaired both SPI1/PU.1-targeted gene transcription and macrophage differentiation. Secondly, HSF1 induces the expression of HSP70 that interacts with SPI1/PU.1 to protect the transcription factor from proteasomal degradation. Taken together, HSF1 appears as a fine-tuning regulator of SPI1/PU.1 expression at the transcriptional and post-translational levels during macrophage differentiation of monocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Jego
- 1] INSERM, UMR 866, 'Equipe Labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer', Dijon, France [2] Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Burgundy, Dijon, France
| | - D Lanneau
- 1] INSERM, UMR 866, 'Equipe Labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer', Dijon, France [2] Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Burgundy, Dijon, France
| | - A De Thonel
- 1] INSERM, UMR 866, 'Equipe Labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer', Dijon, France [2] Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Burgundy, Dijon, France
| | - K Berthenet
- 1] INSERM, UMR 866, 'Equipe Labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer', Dijon, France [2] Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Burgundy, Dijon, France
| | - A Hazoumé
- 1] INSERM, UMR 866, 'Equipe Labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer', Dijon, France [2] Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Burgundy, Dijon, France
| | - N Droin
- 1] INSERM, UMR 1009, Institut Gustave Roussy, 114 rue Edouard Vaillaint, Villejuif, France [2] University Paris-Sud 11, Institut Gustave Roussy, 114 rue Edouard Vaillaint, Villejuif, France
| | - A Hamman
- 1] INSERM, UMR 866, 'Equipe Labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer', Dijon, France [2] Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Burgundy, Dijon, France
| | - F Girodon
- 1] INSERM, UMR 866, 'Equipe Labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer', Dijon, France [2] Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Burgundy, Dijon, France
| | - P-S Bellaye
- 1] INSERM, UMR 866, 'Equipe Labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer', Dijon, France [2] Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Burgundy, Dijon, France
| | - G Wettstein
- 1] INSERM, UMR 866, 'Equipe Labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer', Dijon, France [2] Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Burgundy, Dijon, France
| | - A Jacquel
- 1] INSERM, UMR 866, 'Equipe Labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer', Dijon, France [2] Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Burgundy, Dijon, France [3] INSERM, U526, Nice, France
| | - L Duplomb
- 1] Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Génétique et anomalies du développement, University of Burgundy, Dijon, France [2] CHU, Dijon, France
| | - A Le Mouël
- 1] CNRS, UMR7216 Épigénétique et Destin Cellulaire, 35 rue Hélène Brion, Paris, France [2] University Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 35 rue Hélène Brion, Paris, France
| | - C Papanayotou
- University Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut jacques Monod, UMR 7592, Paris cedex 13, France
| | - E Christians
- CNRS, UMR 5547, Université Paul Sabatier, 118 route de Narbonne, Toulouse, France
| | - P Bonniaud
- 1] INSERM, UMR 866, 'Equipe Labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer', Dijon, France [2] Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Burgundy, Dijon, France
| | - V Lallemand-Mezger
- 1] CNRS, UMR7216 Épigénétique et Destin Cellulaire, 35 rue Hélène Brion, Paris, France [2] University Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 35 rue Hélène Brion, Paris, France
| | - E Solary
- 1] INSERM, UMR 1009, Institut Gustave Roussy, 114 rue Edouard Vaillaint, Villejuif, France [2] University Paris-Sud 11, Institut Gustave Roussy, 114 rue Edouard Vaillaint, Villejuif, France
| | - C Garrido
- 1] INSERM, UMR 866, 'Equipe Labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer', Dijon, France [2] Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Burgundy, Dijon, France [3] Centre de lutte contre le cancer George-François Leclerc, Dijon, France
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Squires S, Christians E, Riedel M, Timothy D, Rodesch CK, Marvin J, Benjamin I. Effects of redox state on the efficient uptake of cell permeable Peptide in Mammalian cells. Open Biochem J 2013; 7:54-65. [PMID: 23919090 PMCID: PMC3731798 DOI: 10.2174/1874091x20130531001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Revised: 05/21/2013] [Accepted: 05/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated whether a cell-penetrating peptide linked via a disulfide bond to a fluorophore-labeled
cargo peptide can be used to interrogate changes in cellular redox state. A fluorescence resonance energy
transfer (FRET) pair was constructed so that the cargo peptide was labeled with fluorescein amidite (FAM)
and the cell-penetrating peptide was attached to a quencher. Incubation of cells in culture with the FRET
construct was visualized using live-cell, time-lapse imaging, which demonstrated earlier cellular uptake of
the construct when cells were treated with the reducing agent n-acetylcysteine (NAC). The FRET peptide
construct was easily detected in cells cultured in 96-well plates using a plate-reader. Treatment of cells with
various classes of reducing or oxidizing agents resulted in an increase or decrease in FAM fluorescence,
respectively. Changes in FAM fluorescence correlated significantly with redox-sensitive green fluorescent
protein ratios in cells treated with hydrogen peroxide but not NAC. Detection of relative changes in cellular
redox state was enhanced by the fact that uptake of the cell-penetrating peptide occurred more quickly in
relatively reduced compared with oxidized cells. We conclude that cell-penetrating peptides coupled via
disulfide bonds to detectable cargo is a novel and specific approach for assessment of relative changes in
cellular thiol redox state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shayne Squires
- Division of Cardiology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
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Limphong P, Zhang H, Christians E, Liu Q, Riedel M, Ivey K, Cheng P, Mitzelfelt K, Taylor G, Winge D, Srivastava D, Benjamin I. Modeling human protein aggregation cardiomyopathy using murine induced pluripotent stem cells. Stem Cells Transl Med 2013; 2:161-6. [PMID: 23430692 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2012-0073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Several mutations in αB-crystallin (CryAB), a heat shock protein with chaperone-like activities, are causally linked to skeletal and cardiac myopathies in humans. To better understand the underlying pathogenic mechanisms, we had previously generated transgenic (TG) mice expressing R120GCryAB, which recapitulated distinguishing features of the myopathic disorder (e.g., protein aggregates, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy). To determine whether induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived cardiomyocytes, a new experimental approach for human disease modeling, would be relevant to aggregation-prone disorders, we decided to exploit the existing transgenic mouse model to derive iPSCs from tail tip fibroblasts. Several iPSC lines were generated from TG and non-TG mice and validated for pluripotency. TG iPSC-derived cardiomyocytes contained perinuclear aggregates positive for CryAB staining, whereas CryAB protein accumulated in both detergent-soluble and insoluble fractions. iPSC-derived cardiomyocytes identified by cardiac troponin T staining were significantly larger when expressing R120GCryAB at a high level in comparison with TG low expressor or non-TG cells. Expression of fetal genes such as atrial natriuretic factor, B-type natriuretic peptide, and α-skeletal α-actin, assessed by quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, were increased in TG cardiomyocytes compared with non-TG, indicating the activation of the hypertrophic genetic program in vitro. Our study demonstrates for the first time that differentiation of R120G iPSCs into cardiomyocytes causes protein aggregation and cellular hypertrophy, recapitulating in vitro key pathognomonic hallmarks found in both animal models and patients. Our findings pave the way for further studies exploiting this cell model system for mechanistic and therapeutic investigations.
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Zhang H, Liu Q, Limphong P, Wende AR, Wang X, Zhang X, Pratt GW, Christians E, Benjamin IJ. Abstract 258: Human 450delACryAB Overexpression Associated with Protein Aggregation Uncovers a Novel Mechanism for Inheritable Myofibrillar-Sparing Cardiomyopathy in Mice. Circ Res 2012. [DOI: 10.1161/res.111.suppl_1.a258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Desmin-related cardiomyopathy (DRC) belongs to the family of myofibrillar diseases characterized by the presence of toxic desmin-positive aggregates and degeneration at Z-disk structures. DRC has been linked to the mutations in the desmin, αBcrystallin (CryAB), or myotilin genes. Several human CryAB mutations cause multisystem disorders and experimental models of R120GCryAB in transgenic mice strikingly recapitulate similar phenotype observed in patients. In this context, we have generated the 450delACryAB linked to inheritable cataracts in neonatal rat cardiomyocytes and mice hearts. 450delACryAB formed aggregates or aggresomes, and recruited HSP25 into the insoluble fraction in the cardiomyocytes. However, heart-specific 450delA CryAB overexpression neither causes desmin-related cardiomyopathy nor exacerbates pressure overload-induced hypertrophy. To our knowledge, this is the first report of compensation to protein aggregates formation abrogates the development of cardiomyopathy and suggests possible insights into disease-specific susceptibility and resistance. We found that there are several different characteristics between 450delACryAB and R120GCryAB. First, 450delACryAB formed much less soluble oligomers than R120GCryAB in cardiomyocytes, and translocated almost into the insoluble fraction when overexpressing in the hearts. Secondly, 450delACryAB aggregates displayed small pattern without either disturbance of desmin striated network or sequestration of desmin into the insoluble fraction, although 450delACryAB interacts with desmin in the heart. Thirdly, doxycycline treatment did not suppress 450delACryAB aggregates. Nonetheless, 450delACryAB aggregates caused the accumulation of ubiquitinated proteins and subsequently upregulated autophagy activity in mice heart, which is similar to R120GCryAB aggregates. The interaction of 450delACryAB with AKT, p62 and Beclin 1 might contribute to impaired UPS dysfunction and activation of autophagy. The findings reported here suggest that such differences contribute to the variable penetrance and pathogenesis in humans.
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Kim G, Meriin AB, Gabai VL, Christians E, Benjamin I, Wilson A, Wolozin B, Sherman MY. The heat shock transcription factor Hsf1 is downregulated in DNA damage-associated senescence, contributing to the maintenance of senescence phenotype. Aging Cell 2012; 11:617-27. [PMID: 22510478 DOI: 10.1111/j.1474-9726.2012.00827.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Heat shock response (HSR) that protects cells from proteotoxic stresses is downregulated in aging, as well as upon replicative senescence of cells in culture. Here we demonstrate that HSR is suppressed in fibroblasts from the patients with segmental progerioid Werner Syndrome, which undergo premature senescence. Similar suppression of HSR was seen in normal fibroblasts, which underwent senescence in response to DNA damaging treatments. The major DNA-damage-induced signaling (DDS) pathways p53-p21 and p38-NF-kB-SASP contributed to the HSR suppression. The HSR suppression was associated with inhibition of both activity and transcription of the heat shock transcription factor Hsf1. This inhibition in large part resulted from the downregulation of SIRT1, which in turn was because of decrease in the expression of the translation regulator HuR. Importantly, we uncovered a positive feedback regulation, where suppression of Hsf1 further activates the p38-NF-κB-SASP pathway, which in turn promotes senescence. Overexpression of Hsf1 inhibited the p38-NFκB-SASP pathway and partially relieved senescence. Therefore, downregulation of Hsf1 plays an important role in the development or in the maintenance of DNA damage signaling-induced cell senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geunwon Kim
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Christians
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah.
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Zhang H, Limphong P, Pieper J, Liu Q, Rodesch CK, Christians E, Benjamin IJ. Glutathione-dependent reductive stress triggers mitochondrial oxidation and cytotoxicity. FASEB J 2011; 26:1442-51. [PMID: 22202674 DOI: 10.1096/fj.11-199869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the effects of the predominant nonprotein thiol, glutathione (GSH), on redox homeostasis, we employed complementary pharmacological and genetic strategies to determine the consequences of both loss- and gain-of-function GSH content in vitro. We monitored the redox events in the cytosol and mitochondria using reduction-oxidation sensitive green fluorescent protein (roGFP) probes and the level of reduced/oxidized thioredoxins (Trxs). Either H(2)O(2) or the Trx reductase inhibitor 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (DNCB), in embryonic rat heart (H9c2) cells, evoked 8 or 50 mV more oxidizing glutathione redox potential, E(hc) (GSSG/2GSH), respectively. In contrast, N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) treatment in H9c2 cells, or overexpression of either the glutamate cysteine ligase (GCL) catalytic subunit (GCLC) or GCL modifier subunit (GCLM) in human embryonic kidney 293 T (HEK293T) cells, led to 3- to 4-fold increase of GSH and caused 7 or 12 mV more reducing E(hc), respectively. This condition paradoxically increased the level of mitochondrial oxidation, as demonstrated by redox shifts in mitochondrial roGFP and Trx2. Lastly, either NAC treatment (EC(50) 4 mM) or either GCLC or GCLM overexpression exhibited increased cytotoxicity and the susceptibility to the more reducing milieu was achieved at decreased levels of ROS. Taken together, our findings reveal a novel mechanism by which GSH-dependent reductive stress triggers mitochondrial oxidation and cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huali Zhang
- Laboratory of Cardiac Disease, Redox Signaling, and Cell Regeneration, Division of Cardiology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah 84132, USA
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Le Masson F, Christians E. HSFs and regulation of Hsp70.1 (Hspa1b) in oocytes and preimplantation embryos: new insights brought by transgenic and knockout mouse models. Cell Stress Chaperones 2011; 16:275-85. [PMID: 21053113 PMCID: PMC3077227 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-010-0239-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2010] [Revised: 09/17/2010] [Accepted: 10/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene encoding heat shock protein (Hsps) are induced following a thermal stress thanks to the activation of heat shock transcription factor (HSF) which interacts with heat shock elements (HSE) located within the sequence of Hsp promoters. This cellular and protective response (heat shock response (HSR)) is well known and evolutionarily conserved. Nevertheless, HSR does not function in all the cells produced during the life of a multicellular organism, e.g., early mouse embryos. Taking advantage of mouse transgenic and knockout models, we investigated the roles of trans (HSF 1 and 2) and cis (HSE) regulatory elements in the control of Hsp70.1 (Hspa1b) through several developmental steps from oocytes to blastocysts. Our studies confirm that, even in absence of any stress, HSF1 regulates Hsp70.1 in oocytes and early embryos. Our data emphasize the role of maternal and paternal HSFs in the developmentally regulated expression of Hsp70.1 observed when the zygotic genome activation occurs. Furthermore, in this unstressed developmental condition, affinity and binding to HSEs might be more permissive than in the stress response. Finally, submitting blastocyst to different stress conditions, we show that HSF2 is differentially required for Hsp expression and cell survival. Taken together, our findings indicate that the role of heat shock trans and cis regulatory elements evolve along the successive steps of early embryonic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florent Le Masson
- Université Toulouse3, UPS, UMR 5547, Centre de Biologie du Développement, 118 route de Narbonne (Bat 4R3B3), 31062 Toulouse Cedex 09, France
| | - Elisabeth Christians
- Université Toulouse3, UPS, UMR 5547, Centre de Biologie du Développement, 118 route de Narbonne (Bat 4R3B3), 31062 Toulouse Cedex 09, France
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Audouard C, Christians E. Hsp90b1 knockout targeted to male germline: a mouse model for globozoospermia. Fertil Steril 2011; 95:1475-7.e1-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2010.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2010] [Revised: 12/02/2010] [Accepted: 12/03/2010] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Fritah S, Col E, Boyault C, Govin J, Sadoul K, Chiocca S, Christians E, Khochbin S, Jolly C, Vourc'h C. Heat-shock factor 1 controls genome-wide acetylation in heat-shocked cells. Mol Biol Cell 2009; 20:4976-84. [PMID: 19793920 PMCID: PMC2785740 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e09-04-0295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2009] [Revised: 09/09/2009] [Accepted: 09/23/2009] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
A major regulatory function has been evidenced here for HSF1, the key transcription factor of the heat-shock response, in a large-scale remodeling of the cell epigenome. Indeed, upon heat shock, HSF1, in addition to its well-known transactivating activities, mediates a genome-wide and massive histone deacetylation. Investigating the underlying mechanisms, we show that HSF1 specifically associates with and uses HDAC1 and HDAC2 to trigger this heat-shock-dependent histone deacetylation. This work therefore identifies HSF1 as a master regulator of global chromatin acetylation and reveals a cross-talk between HSF1 and histone deacetylases in the general control of genome organization in response to heat shock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Fritah
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U823, Institut Albert Bonniot, Université Joseph Fourier, F-38706 Grenoble, France
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Christians
- Equipe Proteines de Stress, Chaperons et Developpement des vértérbrés, Centre de Biologie du Developpement-UMR5547, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France.
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Wirth D, Bureau F, Melotte D, Christians E, Gustin P. Evidence for a role of heat shock factor 1 in inhibition of NF-κB pathway during heat shock response-mediated lung protection. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2004; 287:L953-61. [PMID: 15220113 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00184.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Heat shock transcription factor (HSF)-1 is recognized as a central component of the heat shock response, which protects against various harmful conditions. However, the mechanisms underlying the protection and the role of HSF-1 in these mechanisms have not yet been clearly elucidated. Using HSF-1 knockout mice ( Hsf1−/−), we examined whether heat shock response-mediated lung protection involved an inhibition of the proinflammatory pathway via an interaction between HSF-1 and NF-κB, in response to cadmium insult. The HSF-1-dependent protective effect against intranasal instillation of cadmium (10 and 100 μg/mouse) was demonstrated by the higher protein content (1.2- and 1.4-fold), macrophage (1.6- and 1.9-fold), and neutrophil (2.6- and 1.8-fold) number in bronchoalveolar fluids, higher lung wet-to-dry weight ratio, and more severe lung damage evaluated by histopathology in Hsf1−/−compared with wild-type animals. These responses were associated with higher granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF; 1.7-fold) but not TNF-α concentrations in bronchoalveolar fluids of Hsf1−/−mice compared with those of wild-type animals, indicating that HSF-1 behaved as a repressor of specific cytokine production in our model. To further investigate the mechanism of GM-CSF repression, we analyzed the NF-κB activity and IκB stability. The DNA binding NF-κB activity, in particular p50 homodimer activity, was higher in Hsf1−/−mice than in wild-type mice after cadmium exposure. These results provide a first line of evidence that mechanisms of lung protection depending on HSF-1 involve specific cytokine repression via inhibition of NF-κB activation in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delphine Wirth
- Unit of Pharmacology, Pharmacotherapy, and Toxicology, Department of Functional Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, Belgium
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Wirth D, Christians E, Li X, Benjamin IJ, Gustin P. Use of Hsf1−/− mice reveals an essential role for HSF1 to protect lung against cadmium-induced injury. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2003; 192:12-20. [PMID: 14554099 DOI: 10.1016/s0041-008x(03)00256-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) is known to activate heat shock (HS) response, which is characterized by overexpression of heat shock proteins (Hsps) under the control of heat shock factor 1 (HSF1). The potential protection provided by the HS response, induced by increasing the body temperature of animals before Cd exposure or by Cd itself, against pathophysiological changes occurring after Cd intranasal instillation (1 to 100 microg/mouse) was examined. HSF1-deficient mice were used to evaluate the role of this factor in lung protection. Cd instillation caused dose- and time-dependent changes in the respiratory pattern measured by plethysmography (Penh), and significant increases in lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity as well as macrophage and neutrophil counts in bronchoalveolar lavage fluids. HS preconditioning induced Hsp overexpression and reduced the Penh (-30%), LDH (-25%), and neutrophil (-55%) responses to subsequent administration of the highest Cd doses (50 and 100 microg) in wild-type mice. HSF1 deficiency abolished the HS response and its protective effect. In the absence of preconditioning, Hsf1(-/-) mice exhibited higher values of Penh (+70%) and LDH activity (+42%) compared with wild-type animals when exposed to the lowest Cd doses. Higher macrophage (+80%) and neutrophil counts (+115%) were recorded whatever the dose. Western blot analyses indicated that lung protection might be related to the kinetics of HSF1-dependent Hsp70 expression. Altogether, our data demonstrate that HS response elicited both by prior HS and by Cd itself moderates pulmonary injuries due to Cd instillation, and that HSF1 is a major mediator in this protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delphine Wirth
- Unit of Pharmacology, Pharmacotherapy and Toxicology; Department of Functional Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, Belgium
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Grobet L, Pirottin D, Farnir F, Poncelet D, Royo LJ, Brouwers B, Christians E, Desmecht D, Coignoul F, Kahn R, Georges M. Modulating skeletal muscle mass by postnatal, muscle-specific inactivation of the myostatin gene. Genesis 2003; 35:227-38. [PMID: 12717734 DOI: 10.1002/gene.10188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
By using a conditional gene targeting approach exploiting the cre-lox system, we show that postnatal inactivation of the myostatin gene in striated muscle is sufficient to cause a generalized muscular hypertrophy of the same magnitude as that observed for constitutive myostatin knockout mice. This formally demonstrates that striated muscle is the production site of functional myostatin and that this member of the TGFbeta family of growth and differentiation factors regulates muscle mass not only during early embryogenesis but throughout development. It indicates that myostatin antagonist could be used to treat muscle wasting and to promote muscle growth in man and animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luc Grobet
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège (B43), 20 Boulevard de Colonster, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
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McMillan DR, Christians E, Forster M, Xiao X, Connell P, Plumier JC, Zuo X, Richardson J, Morgan S, Benjamin IJ. Heat shock transcription factor 2 is not essential for embryonic development, fertility, or adult cognitive and psychomotor function in mice. Mol Cell Biol 2002; 22:8005-14. [PMID: 12391166 PMCID: PMC134743 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.22.22.8005-8014.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of the heat shock factor (HSF) family are evolutionarily conserved regulators that share a highly homologous DNA-binding domain. In mammals, HSF1 is the main factor controlling the stress-inducible expression of Hsp genes while the functions of HSF2 and HSF4 are less clear. Based on its developmental profile of expression, it was hypothesized that HSF2 may play an essential role in brain and heart development, spermatogenesis, and erythroid differentiation. To directly assess this hypothesis and better understand the underlying mechanisms that require HSF2, we generated Hsf2 knockout mice. Here, we report that Hsf2(-/-) mice are viable and fertile and exhibit normal life span and behavioral functions. We conclude that HSF2, most probably because its physiological roles are integrated into a redundant network of gene regulation and function, is dispensable for normal development, fertility, and postnatal psychomotor function.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Randy McMillan
- Departments of Internal Medicine. Pediatrics. Pathology. Division of Cell and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas 75235, USA
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Wirth D, Christians E, Munaut C, Dessy C, Foidart JM, Gustin P. Differential heat shock gene hsp70-1 response to toxicants revealed by in vivo study of lungs in transgenic mice. Cell Stress Chaperones 2002; 7:387-95. [PMID: 12653483 PMCID: PMC514838 DOI: 10.1379/1466-1268(2002)007<0387:dhsghr>2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of heat shock proteins (Hsp70) family have been considered to respond to a large variety of stressful conditions. But it was suggested that, in pulmonary cells, Hsp response depends more closely on the type of stimulus. The lungs are critical organs potentially subjected to air pollution affecting respiratory function and, therefore, these organs are of particular interest with regard to the stress response. To investigate the stress dependence of Hsp70 response in lungs, we created transgenic mice where the firefly luciferase reporter gene is under the control of the murine hsp70-1 promoter and exposed them to different sublethal toxic conditions. For each condition, the level of transgene induction and pulmonary toxicity were assessed. We found that hsp70-1 promoter was stimulated by heat shock and cadmium but not by ozone, paraquat, and parathion, even if these chemicals induced respiratory distress and lung inflammation. Similar observations were made when expression of the endogenous hsp70-1 gene was analyzed, indicating that our transgenic model was accurately detecting hsp70-1 induction. Thereby, it appeared that hsp70-1 response is selective and depends on signaling pathways triggered by the toxicants rather than by their pathologic toxicity per se. Furthermore, because all the chemicals used in our study have been previously described to increase the level of oxidative stress, it indicates that there is no direct and simple correlation between hsp70-1 response and the level of oxidative stress, but more specific oxidative patterns should be involved in Hsp regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delphine Wirth
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, 4000 Liege, Belgium
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Affiliation(s)
- E Christians
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medecine, University of Liège, Belgium
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Abstract
Mouse oocytes can be classified according to their chromatin organization and the presence [surrounded nucleolus (SN) oocytes] or absence [nonsurrounded nucleolus (NSN) oocytes] of a ring of Hoechst-positive chromatin around the nucleolus. Following fertilization only SN oocytes are able to develop beyond the two-cell stage. These studies indicate a correlation between SN and NSN chromatin organization and the developmental competence of the female gamete, which may depend on gene expression. In the present study, we have used the HSP70.1Luc transgene (murine HSP70.1 promoter + reporter gene firefly luciferase) to analyze gene expression in oocytes isolated from ovaries of 2-day- to 13-week-old females. Luciferase was assayed on oocytes after classification as SN or NSN type. Our data show that SN oocytes always exhibit a higher level of luciferase activity, demonstrating a higher gene expression in this category. Only after meiotic resumption, metaphase II oocytes derived from NSN or SN oocytes acquire the same level of transgene expression. We suggest that the limited availability of transcripts and corresponding proteins, excluded from the cytoplasm until GVBD in NSN oocytes, could explain why these oocytes have a lower ability to sustain embryonic development beyond the two-cell stage at which major zygotic transcription occurs. With this study we have furthered our knowledge of epigenetic regulation of gene expression in oogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Christians
- Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Liège, 20, Boulevard de Colonster, Liège, 4000, Belgium
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Abstract
Dosage compensation for X-linked genes in mammals is accomplished by inactivating one of the two X chromosomes in females, a process involving a regulatory gene, Xist (X-inactive specific transcript). Xist maps to the X-inactivation centre and is expressed from the inactive X chromosome in female somatic cells and at the time of X inactivation during spermatogenesis in the male. In female preimplantation embryos, Xist demonstrates imprinting in that the paternal allele inherited from the sperm is preferentially expressed. This preferential paternal Xist expression is correlated with paternal X inactivation in the extraembryonic lineages at the blastocyst stage. We have analysed a 233-bp Xist promoter fragment (nt -220 to +13) for its ability to direct appropriate expression and its regulation by DNA methylation. This minimal promoter sequence directs expression of the luciferase reporter gene following injection of the construct into one-cell embryos. In vitro methylation of the construct before injection represses transcription. In six different transgenic lines, expression of the Xist promoter-luciferase transgene occurs only in the testis of the males (as for the endogenous Xist gene). The testis-specific expression is correlated with hypomethylation of the transgene, although to different extents in different lines. Following paternal transmission, expression of the Xist promoter-luciferase construct in preimplantation embryos is correlated with degree of hypomethylation in the testis and the degree of hypomethylation of the transgene in embryos at the morula stage. It is concluded that the patterns of methylation of the transgene in sperm (and in microinjected transgenes) can regulate the activity of the Xist promoter in the preimplantation embryo and thus support the hypothesis that gametic methylation patterns govern imprinted expression of the endogenous Xist gene in development.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Goto
- Molecular Embryology Unit, Institute of Child Health, London, England.
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Abstract
Dosage compensation for X-linked genes in mammals is accomplished by inactivating one of the two X chromosomes in females, a process involving a regulatory gene, Xist (X-inactive specific transcript). Xist maps to the X-inactivation centre and is expressed from the inactive X chromosome in female somatic cells and at the time of X inactivation during spermatogenesis in the male. In female preimplantation embryos, Xist demonstrates imprinting in that the paternal allele inherited from the sperm is preferentially expressed. This preferential paternal Xist expression is correlated with paternal X inactivation in the extraembryonic lineages at the blastocyst stage. We have analysed a 233-bp Xist promoter fragment (nt -220 to +13) for its ability to direct appropriate expression and its regulation by DNA methylation. This minimal promoter sequence directs expression of the luciferase reporter gene following injection of the construct into one-cell embryos. In vitro methylation of the construct before injection represses transcription. In six different transgenic lines, expression of the Xist promoter-luciferase transgene occurs only in the testis of the males (as for the endogenous Xist gene). The testis-specific expression is correlated with hypomethylation of the transgene, although to different extents in different lines. Following paternal transmission, expression of the Xist promoter-luciferase construct in preimplantation embryos is correlated with degree of hypomethylation in the testis and the degree of hypomethylation of the transgene in embryos at the morula stage. It is concluded that the patterns of methylation of the transgene in sperm (and in microinjected transgenes) can regulate the activity of the Xist promoter in the preimplantation embryo and thus support the hypothesis that gametic methylation patterns govern imprinted expression of the endogenous Xist gene in development.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Goto
- Molecular Embryology Unit, Institute of Child Health, London, England.
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Abstract
Hotfoot (ho) is a mutation affecting posture and movement. We report a new allele associated with the insertion of a transgene and its high-resolution mapping. Analysis of the transgene revealed that two complete and two truncated copies are inserted at the ho locus. The ho locus cosegregated with D6Mit299 in 702 meioses and is confined to a 1.1-cM region between the markers D6Mit122 and D6Mit174. If the order and distances between markers are consistent with previously published mapping data, the position of the ho locus must be revised and placed approximately 30 cM from the centromere. This high-resolution genetic map is the first step towards the positional cloning of the ho mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Lalouette
- Unité de Génétique des Mammifères, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
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Christians E, Michel E, Adenot P, Mezger V, Rallu M, Morange M, Renard JP. Evidence for the involvement of mouse heat shock factor 1 in the atypical expression of the HSP70.1 heat shock gene during mouse zygotic genome activation. Mol Cell Biol 1997; 17:778-88. [PMID: 9001232 PMCID: PMC231804 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.17.2.778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The mouse HSP70.1 gene, which codes for a heat shock protein (hsp70), is highly transcribed at the onset of zygotic genome activation (ZGA). This expression, which occurs in the absence of stress, is then repressed. It has been claimed that this gene does not exhibit a stress response until the blastocyst stage. The promoter of HSP70.1 contains four heat shock element (HSE) boxes which are the binding sites of heat shock transcription factors (HSF). We have been studying the presence and localization of the mouse HSFs, mHSF1 and mHSF2, at different stages of embryo development. We show that mHSF1 is already present at the one-cell stage and concentrated in the nucleus. Moreover, by mutagenizing HSE sequences and performing competition experiments (in transgenic embryos with the HSP70.1 promoter inserted before a reporter gene), we show that, in contrast with previous findings, HSE boxes are involved in this spontaneous activation. Therefore, we suggest that HSF1 and HSE are important in this transient expression at the two-cell stage and that the absence of typical inducibility at this early stage of development results mainly from the high level of spontaneous transcription of this gene during the ZGA.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Christians
- Unité de Biologie du Développement, INRA, Jouy-en-Josas, France.
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Christians E, Michel E, Renard JP. Developmental control of heat shock and chaperone gene expression. Hsp 70 genes and heat shock factors during preimplantation phase of mouse development. Cell Mol Life Sci 1997; 53:168-78. [PMID: 9118005 DOI: 10.1007/pl00000589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Heat shock genes are found in all organisms, and synthesis of heat shock proteins is induced by various stressors in nearly all the cells forming these organisms. However, a particular situation is noticed for hsp 70 genes in mouse embryos at the beginning of their development. First, spontaneous expression of hsp 70 is observed at the onset of zygotic genome activity. Second, inducible expression is delayed until morula or early blastocyst stages. A better understanding of both these points depends on a more careful analysis of hsp 70 expression in relation to their major regulators, the heat shock factors. In this review, we will see how the development of the preimplantation embryo highlights the complexity of heat shock gene regulation involving trans-cis interactions and the cellular and nuclear environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Christians
- Service d'Histologie et d'Embryologie, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université, de Liège, Belgium.
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Chastant S, Christians E, Campion E, Renard JP. Quantitative control of gene expression by nucleocytoplasmic interactions in early mouse embryos: consequence for reprogrammation by nuclear transfer. Mol Reprod Dev 1996; 44:423-32. [PMID: 8844684 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1098-2795(199608)44:4<423::aid-mrd1>3.0.co;2-n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
HSP 70.1 is one of the first genes to be expressed in the mouse embryo at the time of zygotic genome activation. We studied the regulation of this gene, using a transgene associating HSP 70.1 promoter and the firefly luciferase reporter gene, which allows the precise quantification of HSP 70.1 level of expression on individual embryos. In the present work, we show first that the level of HSP 70.1 expression at the two-cell stage is significantly higher (around two-fold) in embryos whose maternal cytoplasm is from C3H strain than with BALB/c strain. We verified that this difference is not an artefact of the use of transgenic embryos, of the time of first cleavage, or of in vitro culture. This regulation of HSP 70.1 level of expression is controlled by strain-specific maternal modifiers and is independent of replication, syngamy, and mitosis. Following nuclear transfer, reactivation of HSP 70.1 is also subjected to the same epigenetic influence. Only the strain-of-origin of the recipient cytoplast modulates the level of HSP 70.1 reprogrammation; the origin of donor nucleus is not significant, demonstrating the reversibility of this strain effect. These results point out the importance of the quality of recipient cytoplast in the intensity of gene reprogrammation, which may be of importance for nuclear transfer efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Chastant
- Unité de Biologie du Développement, INRA, Jouy-en-Josas, France
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Thompson EM, Legouy E, Christians E, Renard JP. Progressive maturation of chromatin structure regulates HSP70.1 gene expression in the preimplantation mouse embryo. Development 1995; 121:3425-37. [PMID: 7588075 DOI: 10.1242/dev.121.10.3425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In the widely studied model organisms, Drosophila and Xenopus, early embryogenesis involves an extended series of nuclear divisions prior to activation of the zygotic genome. The mammalian embryo differs in that the early cleavage phase is already characterized by regulated cell cycles with specific zygotic gene expression. In the mouse, where major activation of the zygotic genome occurs at the 2-cell stage, the HSP70.1 gene is among the earliest genes to be expressed. We investigated the developmentally regulated expression of this gene during the preimplantation period, using a luciferase transgene, with or without flanking scaffold attachment regions (SARs). Cleavage stage-specific modifications in expression profiles were examined in terms of histone H4 acetylation status, topoisomerase II activity, and the localisation of HMG-I/Y, a nuclear protein with known affinity for the AT-tracts of SARs. We demonstrate that HSP70.1-associated transcription factors are not limiting, and that instead, there is a progressive maturation of chromatin structure that is directly involved in HSP70.1 regulation during early mouse development.
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Affiliation(s)
- E M Thompson
- Unité de Biologie du Développement, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Jouy-en-Josas, France
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Christians E, Campion E, Thompson EM, Renard JP. Expression of the HSP 70.1 gene, a landmark of early zygotic activity in the mouse embryo, is restricted to the first burst of transcription. Development 1995; 121:113-22. [PMID: 7867493 DOI: 10.1242/dev.121.1.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Activation of the mouse embryonic genome at the 2-cell stage is characterized by the synthesis of several alpha-amanitin-sensitive polypeptides, some of which belong to the multigenic hsp 70 family. In the present work we show that a member of this family, the HSP 70.1 gene, is highly transcribed at the onset of zygotic genome activation. Transcription of this gene began as early as the 1-cell stage. Expression of the gene continued through the early 2-cell stage but was repressed before the completion of the second round of DNA replication. During this period we observed that the level of transcription was modulated by in vitro culture conditions. The coincidence of repression of HSP70.1 transcription with the second round of DNA replication was not found for other transcription-dependent polypeptides synthesized at the 2-cell stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Christians
- Unité de Biologie du développement, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Jouy-en Josas, France
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Mezger V, Renard JP, Christians E, Morange M. Detection of heat shock element-binding activities by gel shift assay during mouse preimplantation development. Dev Biol 1994; 165:627-38. [PMID: 7958427 DOI: 10.1006/dbio.1994.1281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Heat shock gene expression is regulated by highly conserved sequence elements (HSE for "heat shock elements"). Some of heat shock genes display an atypical expression during preimplantation mouse development. We have examined the profile of HSE-binding activities (HSE-BA) in matured ovulated oocytes and during the preimplantation development by gel shift assay and quantified the data by PhosphorImager. In each of our experiments, the F9 embryonal carcinoma cell line that contains both constitutive and heat-induced activity has been used as a control. We determine the number of oocytes or embryos required to get reproducible signals and accurate quantification by PhosphorImager. Oocytes, one-cell, and two-cell embryos respond to heat shock by inducing a strong HSE-BA. At the four-cell stage, no HSE-BA can be induced by heat shock, which suggests that noninducibility of heat shock genes at this stage (when the general mechanism of transcription is well established) might result from a defect in HSF or in the mechanism of HSF activation. A progressive reappearance of the ability to induce HSE-BA by stress is observed between the eight-cell stage and the blastocyst stage, and this parallels the appearance of heat shock gene inducibility. Matured ovulated oocytes and the first cleavage stages of embryos do not contain any HSE-BA at normal temperature but we observed a HSE-BA at normal temperature at the morula stage, which is increased at the blastocyst stage. These data, which, to our knowledge, for the first time describe the profile of a DNA-binding activity during the mouse preimplantation development, could serve as a basis for the study of other transcription factors during early embryogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Mezger
- Département de Biologie, Ecole Normale Supérieure, Paris
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Abstract
Regulation of gene expression during early embryonic development in the rabbit was investigated by quantitative assay of firefly luciferase activity obtained by microinjection of three plasmid constructs using the regulatory region of polyomavirus promoter (PrPyV) with two different enhancer sequences (wild type or mutant "embryo-responsive," ER2) coupled to this reporter gene. Following injection at the 1-cell stage maximal level of expression of these genes was reached after three cell cycles. Two important regulatory steps that progressively limited gene expression were identified: the passage through the first mitosis and the transition from maternal to zygotic control of development (MZT) described at the 8- to 16-cell stage. The completion of the first mitosis was associated with the requirement of an enhancer sequence to stimulate expression of the weak PrPyV promoter while beyond the MZT, only particular enhancer sequences, such as ER2, allowed maintainance of the expression of PrPyV promoter. In addition, comparison of expression of constructs injected in pronuclei, 2-cell embryonic nuclei, and transplanted 32-cell blastomeres revealed that the nuclear environment could be a major effector in the regulation of embryonic gene expression. A schematic view is proposed describing the sequential establishment of the regulation exerted on early embryonic gene expression in progress from the onset of the zygotic genome activity to the MZT.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Christians
- Unité de Biologie du Développement, INRA, Jouy-en-Josas, France
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Thompson EM, Christians E, Stinnakre MG, Renard JP. Scaffold attachment regions stimulate HSP70.1 expression in mouse preimplantation embryos but not in differentiated tissues. Mol Cell Biol 1994; 14:4694-703. [PMID: 8007971 PMCID: PMC358842 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.14.7.4694-4703.1994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Eukaryotic interphase chromatin is thought to be organized into topologically discrete, independent domains acting as units upon which differential patterns of gene expression are established. Sequences which attach chromatin to in vitro preparations of a nucleoprotein matrix (scaffold attachment regions [SARs]) may act as domain boundaries, but their role remains poorly defined compared with those of other elements such as locus control regions. We have produced mice homozygous for a transgene which is transcribed as early as the activation of the embryonic genome at the two-cell stage and which is expressed ubiquitously in a number of differentiated tissues. Transgenic lines were generated in the presence or absence of flanking SAR sequences, creating an original model which enabled us to examine the effects of these elements at different developmental stages. In the preimplantation mouse embryo, flanking SARs stimulated transgene expression in a copy-dependent manner. In contrast, in the differentiated tissues of newborn and adult mice, no significant SAR-dependent increase in transgene expression was found, correlation with copy number was lost, and position effects were observed. These results suggest a limited capacity of SARs to act as insulating elements but are consistent with a proposed model of SAR-mediated chromatin opening and closing.
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Affiliation(s)
- E M Thompson
- Unité de Biologie du Développement, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Jouy-en-Josas, France
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