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Straiton A, Kathyola TA, Sweeney C, Parish JD, Willneff EA, Schroeder SLM, Morina A, Neville A, Smith JJ, Johnson AL. Green Alternatives to Zinc Dialkyldithiophosphates: Vanadium Oxide-Based Additives. ACS Appl Eng Mater 2023; 1:2916-2925. [PMID: 38037666 PMCID: PMC10682961 DOI: 10.1021/acsaenm.3c00425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
A functionalized vanadyl(IV) acetylacetonate (acac) complex has been found to be a superior and highly effective antiwear agent, affording remarkable wear protection, compared to the current industry standard, zinc dialkyldithiophosphates (ZDDPs). Analysis of vanadium speciation and the depth profile of the active tribofilms by a combination of X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) analyses indicated a mixed-valence oxide composite, comprising V(III), V(IV), and V(V) species. A marked difference in composition between the bulk and the surfaces of the tribofilms was found. The vanadyl(VI) acac precursor has the potential to reduce or even replace ZDDP, which would represent a paradigm shift in the antiwear agent design. A major benefit relative to ZDDPs is the absence of S and P moieties, eliminating the potential for forming noxious and environmentally harmful byproducts of these elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew.
J. Straiton
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, U.K.
| | - Thokozile. A. Kathyola
- School
of Chemical and Process Engineering, University
of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K.
- Diamond
Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation
Campus, Fermi Ave, Didcot OX11 0DE, U.K.
| | - Callum. Sweeney
- School
of Mechanical Engineering, University of
Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K.
| | - James D. Parish
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, U.K.
- Infineum
UK Ltd., Milton Hill Business and Technology Centre, Abingdon, Oxfordshire OX13 6BB, U.K.
| | | | - Sven. L. M. Schroeder
- School
of Chemical and Process Engineering, University
of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K.
- Diamond
Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation
Campus, Fermi Ave, Didcot OX11 0DE, U.K.
| | - Ardian Morina
- School
of Mechanical Engineering, University of
Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K.
| | - Anne Neville
- School
of Mechanical Engineering, University of
Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K.
| | - Joshua J. Smith
- Infineum
UK Ltd., Milton Hill Business and Technology Centre, Abingdon, Oxfordshire OX13 6BB, U.K.
| | - Andrew L. Johnson
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, U.K.
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2
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Kathyola T, Chang SY, Willneff EA, Willis CJ, Cibin G, Wilson P, Kroner AB, Shotton EJ, Dowding PJ, Schroeder SL. X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy as a Process Analytical Technology: Reaction Studies for the Manufacture of Sulfonate-Stabilized Calcium Carbonate Particles. Ind Eng Chem Res 2023; 62:16198-16206. [PMID: 37841415 PMCID: PMC10571072 DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.3c02540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
Process analytical technologies are widely used to inform process control by identifying relationships between reagents and products. Here, we present a novel process analytical technology system for operando XAS on multiphase multicomponent synthesis processes based on the combination of a conventional lab-scale agitated reactor with a liquid-jet cell. The preparation of sulfonate-stabilized CaCO3 particles from polyphasic Ca(OH)2 dispersions was monitored in real time by Ca K-edge XAS to identify changes in Ca speciation in the bulk solution/dispersion as a function of time and process conditions. Linear combination fitting of the spectra quantitatively resolved composition changes from the initial conversion of Ca(OH)2 to the Ca(R-SO3)2 surfactant to the ultimate formation of nCaCO3·mCa(R- SO3)2 particles. The system provides a novel tool with strong chemical specificity for probing multiphase synthesis processes at a molecular level, providing an avenue to establishing the relationships between critical quality attributes of a process and the quality and performance of the product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thokozile
A. Kathyola
- School
of Chemical and Process Engineering, University
of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K.
- Diamond
Light Source, Harwell Science & Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0DE, U.K.
| | - Sin-Yuen Chang
- Diamond
Light Source, Harwell Science & Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0DE, U.K.
| | | | - Colin J. Willis
- Infineum
UK Ltd., Milton Hill Business & Technology Centre, Abingdon, Oxfordshire OX13 6BB, U.K.
| | - Giannantonio Cibin
- Diamond
Light Source, Harwell Science & Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0DE, U.K.
| | - Paul Wilson
- Infineum
UK Ltd., Milton Hill Business & Technology Centre, Abingdon, Oxfordshire OX13 6BB, U.K.
| | - Anna B. Kroner
- Diamond
Light Source, Harwell Science & Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0DE, U.K.
| | - Elizabeth J. Shotton
- Diamond
Light Source, Harwell Science & Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0DE, U.K.
| | - Peter J. Dowding
- Infineum
UK Ltd., Milton Hill Business & Technology Centre, Abingdon, Oxfordshire OX13 6BB, U.K.
| | - Sven L.M. Schroeder
- School
of Chemical and Process Engineering, University
of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K.
- Diamond
Light Source, Harwell Science & Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0DE, U.K.
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3
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Reed BP, Cant DJH, Spencer SJ, Carmona-Carmona AJ, Bushell A, Herrera-Gómez A, Kurokawa A, Thissen A, Thomas AG, Britton AJ, Bernasik A, Fuchs A, Baddorf AP, Bock B, Theilacker B, Cheng B, Castner DG, Morgan DJ, Valley D, Willneff EA, Smith EF, Nolot E, Xie F, Zorn G, Smith GC, Yasufuku H, Fenton JL, Chen J, Counsell JDP, Radnik J, Gaskell KJ, Artyushkova K, Yang L, Zhang L, Eguchi M, Walker M, Hajdyła M, Marzec MM, Linford MR, Kubota N, Cortazar-Martínez O, Dietrich P, Satoh R, Schroeder SLM, Avval TG, Nagatomi T, Fernandez V, Lake W, Azuma Y, Yoshikawa Y, Shard AG. Versailles Project on Advanced Materials and Standards interlaboratory study on intensity calibration for x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy instruments using low-density polyethylene. J Vac Sci Technol A 2020; 38:063208. [PMID: 33281279 PMCID: PMC7688089 DOI: 10.1116/6.0000577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We report the results of a Versailles Project on Advanced Materials and Standards interlaboratory study on the intensity scale calibration of x-ray photoelectron spectrometers using low-density polyethylene (LDPE) as an alternative material to gold, silver, and copper. An improved set of LDPE reference spectra, corrected for different instrument geometries using a quartz-monochromated Al Kα x-ray source, was developed using data provided by participants in this study. Using these new reference spectra, a transmission function was calculated for each dataset that participants provided. When compared to a similar calibration procedure using the NPL reference spectra for gold, the LDPE intensity calibration method achieves an absolute offset of ∼3.0% and a systematic deviation of ±6.5% on average across all participants. For spectra recorded at high pass energies (≥90 eV), values of absolute offset and systematic deviation are ∼5.8% and ±5.7%, respectively, whereas for spectra collected at lower pass energies (<90 eV), values of absolute offset and systematic deviation are ∼4.9% and ±8.8%, respectively; low pass energy spectra perform worse than the global average, in terms of systematic deviations, due to diminished count rates and signal-to-noise ratio. Differences in absolute offset are attributed to the surface roughness of the LDPE induced by sample preparation. We further assess the usability of LDPE as a secondary reference material and comment on its performance in the presence of issues such as variable dark noise, x-ray warm up times, inaccuracy at low count rates, and underlying spectrometer problems. In response to participant feedback and the results of the study, we provide an updated LDPE intensity calibration protocol to address the issues highlighted in the interlaboratory study. We also comment on the lack of implementation of a consistent and traceable intensity calibration method across the community of x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) users and, therefore, propose a route to achieving this with the assistance of instrument manufacturers, metrology laboratories, and experts leading to an international standard for XPS intensity scale calibration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamen P. Reed
- National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington TW11 0LW, United Kingdom
| | - David J. H. Cant
- National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington TW11 0LW, United Kingdom
| | - Steve J. Spencer
- National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington TW11 0LW, United Kingdom
| | | | - Adam Bushell
- Thermo Fisher Scientific (Surface Analysis), East Grinstead RH19 1XZ, United Kingdom
| | | | - Akira Kurokawa
- National Metrology Institute of Japan (NMIJ), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan
| | - Andreas Thissen
- SPECS Surface Nano Analysis GmbH, Voltastraße 5, 13355 Berlin, Germany
| | - Andrew G. Thomas
- School of Materials, Photon Science Institute and Sir Henry Royce Institute, Alan Turing Building, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew J. Britton
- Versatile X-ray Spectroscopy Facility, School of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Andrzej Bernasik
- Academic Centre for Materials and Nanotechnology, AGH University of Science and Technology, 30-059 Kraków, Poland
| | - Anne Fuchs
- Robert Bosch GmbH, Robert-Bosch-Campus, 71272 Renningen, Germany
| | - Arthur P. Baddorf
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 1 Bethel Valley Road, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830
| | - Bernd Bock
- Tascon GmbH, Mendelstr. 17, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Bill Theilacker
- Medtronic, 710 Medtronic Parkway, LT240, Fridley, Minnesota 55432
| | - Bin Cheng
- Analysis and Testing Center, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, People’s Republic of China
| | - David G. Castner
- National ESCA and Surface Analysis Center for Biomedical Problems, Department of Bioengineering and Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195
| | - David J. Morgan
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute, School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Cardiff CF10 3AT, United Kingdom
| | - David Valley
- Physical Electronics Inc., East Chanhassen, Minnesota 55317
| | - Elizabeth A. Willneff
- Versatile X-ray Spectroscopy Facility, School of Design, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Emily F. Smith
- Nanoscale and Microscale Research Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | | | - Fangyan Xie
- Instrumental Analysis & Research Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, People’s Republic of China
| | - Gilad Zorn
- GE Research, 1 Research Circle, K1 1D7A, Niskayuna, New York 12309
| | - Graham C. Smith
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Chester, Thornton Science Park, Chester CH2 4NU, United Kingdom
| | - Hideyuki Yasufuku
- Materials Analysis Station, National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-2-1 Sengen, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
| | - Jeffery L. Fenton
- Medtronic, 6700 Shingle Creek Parkway, Brooklyn Center, Minnesota 55430
| | - Jian Chen
- Instrumental Analysis & Research Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, People’s Republic of China
| | | | - Jörg Radnik
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), Unter den Eichen 44-46, 12203 Berlin, Germany
| | - Karen J. Gaskell
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742
| | | | - Li Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Xi’an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, 111 Ren’ai Road, Suzhou Dushu Lake Science and Education Innovation District, Suzhou Industrial Park, Suzhou 215123, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lulu Zhang
- National Metrology Institute of Japan (NMIJ), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan
| | - Makiho Eguchi
- Analysis Department, Materials Characterization Division, Futtsu Unit, Nippon Steel Technology Co. Ltd., 20-1 Shintomi, Futtsu City, Chiba 293-0011, Japan
| | - Marc Walker
- Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry, West Midlands CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Mariusz Hajdyła
- Academic Centre for Materials and Nanotechnology, AGH University of Science and Technology, 30-059 Kraków, Poland
| | - Mateusz M. Marzec
- Academic Centre for Materials and Nanotechnology, AGH University of Science and Technology, 30-059 Kraków, Poland
| | - Matthew R. Linford
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, C100 BNSN, Provo, Utah 84602
| | - Naoyoshi Kubota
- Analysis Department, Materials Characterization Division, Futtsu Unit, Nippon Steel Technology Co. Ltd., 20-1 Shintomi, Futtsu City, Chiba 293-0011, Japan
| | | | - Paul Dietrich
- SPECS Surface Nano Analysis GmbH, Voltastraße 5, 13355 Berlin, Germany
| | - Riki Satoh
- Analysis Department, Materials Characterization Division, Futtsu Unit, Nippon Steel Technology Co. Ltd., 20-1 Shintomi, Futtsu City, Chiba 293-0011, Japan
| | - Sven L. M. Schroeder
- Versatile X-ray Spectroscopy Facility, School of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Tahereh G. Avval
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, C100 BNSN, Provo, Utah 84602
| | - Takaharu Nagatomi
- Platform Laboratory for Science and Technology, Asahi Kasei Corporation, 2-1 Samejima, Fuji, Shizuoka 416-8501, Japan
| | - Vincent Fernandez
- Université de Nantes, CNRS, Institut des Matériaux Jean Rouxel, IMN, F-44000 Nantes, France
| | - Wayne Lake
- Atomic Weapons Establishment (AWE), Aldermaston, Reading, Berkshire RG7 4PR, United Kingdom
| | - Yasushi Azuma
- National Metrology Institute of Japan (NMIJ), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan
| | - Yusuke Yoshikawa
- Material Analysis Department, Yazaki Research and Technology Center, Yazaki Corporation, 1500 Mishuku, Susono-city, Shizuoka 410-1194, Japan
| | - Alexander G. Shard
- National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington TW11 0LW, United Kingdom
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5
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Willneff EA, Ormsby BA, Stevens JS, Jaye C, Fischer DA, Schroeder S. Conservation of artists' acrylic emulsion paints: XPS, NEXAFS and ATR-FTIR studies of wet cleaning methods. SURF INTERFACE ANAL 2014; 46:776-780. [PMID: 25892829 PMCID: PMC4376249 DOI: 10.1002/sia.5376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2013] [Revised: 11/23/2013] [Accepted: 12/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Works of art prepared with acrylic emulsion paints became commercially available in the 1960s. It is increasingly necessary to undertake and optimise cleaning and preventative conservation treatments to ensure their longevity. Model artists' acrylic paint films covered with artificial soiling were thus prepared on a canvas support and exposed to a variety of wet cleaning treatments based on aqueous or hydrocarbon solvent systems. This included some with additives such as chelating agents and/or surfactants, and microemulsion systems made specifically for conservation practice. The impact of cleaning (soiling removal) on the paint film surface was examined visually and correlated with results of attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared, XPS and near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure analyses – three spectroscopic techniques with increasing surface sensitivity ranging from approximately − 1000, 10 and 5 nm, respectively. Visual analysis established the relative cleaning efficacy of the wet cleaning treatments in line with previous results. X-ray spectroscopy analysis provided significant additional findings, including evidence for (i) surfactant extraction following aqueous swabbing, (ii) modifications to pigment following cleaning and (iii) cleaning system residues. © 2014 The Authors. Surface and Interface Analysis published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Willneff
- School of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science, The University of Manchester The Mill, Sackville Street, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | | | - J S Stevens
- School of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science, The University of Manchester The Mill, Sackville Street, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - C Jaye
- National Institute of Standards and Technology Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA
| | - D A Fischer
- National Institute of Standards and Technology Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA
| | - Slm Schroeder
- School of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science, The University of Manchester The Mill, Sackville Street, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK ; School of Chemistry, The University of Manchester Brunswick Street, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
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