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Xu R, Njumbe Ediage E, Verhaeghe T, Snoeys J, Dillen L. Therapeutic siRNA Loaded to RISC as Single and Double Strands Requires an Appropriate Quantitative Assay for RISC PK Assessment. Nucleic Acid Ther 2024. [PMID: 38638105 DOI: 10.1089/nat.2023.0067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
In recent years, therapeutic siRNA projects are booming in the biotech and pharmaceutical industries. As these drugs act by silencing the target gene expression, a critical step is the binding of antisense strands of siRNA to RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC) and then degrading their target mRNA. However, data that we recently obtained suggest that double-stranded siRNA can also load to RISC. This brings a new understanding of the mechanism of RISC loading which may have a potential impact on how quantification of RISC loaded siRNA should be performed. By combining RNA immune precipitation and probe-based hybridization LC-fluorescence approach, we have developed a novel assay that can accurately quantify the RISC-bound antisense strand, irrespective of which form (double-stranded or single-stranded) is loaded on RISC. In addition, this novel assay can discriminate between the 5'-phosphorylated antisense (5'p-AS) and the nonphosphorylated forms, therefore specifically quantifying the RISC bound 5'p-AS. In comparison, stem-loop qPCR assay does not provide discrimination and accurate quantification when the oligonucleotide analyte exists as a mixture of double and single-stranded forms. Taking together, RISC loading assay with probe-hybridization LC-fluorescence technique would be a more accurate and specific quantitative approach for RISC-associated pharmacokinetic assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Xu
- Bioanalytical Discovery & Development Sciences (BDDS), Preclinical Sciences & Translational Safety (PSTS), Research & Development (R&D), Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, A Johnson & Johnson Company, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Emmanuel Njumbe Ediage
- Bioanalytical Discovery & Development Sciences (BDDS), Preclinical Sciences & Translational Safety (PSTS), Research & Development (R&D), Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, A Johnson & Johnson Company, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Tom Verhaeghe
- Bioanalytical Discovery & Development Sciences (BDDS), Preclinical Sciences & Translational Safety (PSTS), Research & Development (R&D), Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, A Johnson & Johnson Company, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Jan Snoeys
- Translational Pharmacokinetics/ Pharmacodynamics & Investigative Toxicology (TPPIT), Preclinical Sciences & Translational Safety (PSTS), Research & Development (R&D), Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, A Johnson & Johnson Company, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Lieve Dillen
- Bioanalytical Discovery & Development Sciences (BDDS), Preclinical Sciences & Translational Safety (PSTS), Research & Development (R&D), Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, A Johnson & Johnson Company, Beerse, Belgium
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Kakuda TN, Halabi A, Klein G, Sanga M, Guinard-Azadian C, Kowalik M, Nedoschinsky K, Nangosyah J, Ediage EN, Hillewaert V, Verboven P, Goris I, Snoeys J, Palmer M, Biermer M. Pharmacokinetics of JNJ-73763989 and JNJ-56136379 (Bersacapavir) in Participants With Moderate Hepatic Impairment. J Clin Pharmacol 2023; 63:732-741. [PMID: 36786053 DOI: 10.1002/jcph.2214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
JNJ-73763989 is comprised of 2 short interfering RNAs (siRNAs), JNJ-73763976 and JNJ-73763924, that target hepatitis B virus (HBV) mRNAs for degradation, thereby inhibiting HBV replication. JNJ-56136379 is a capsid assembly modulator that inhibits HBV replication by inducing the formation of empty capsids (CAM-E). In 2 phase 1, open-label, non-randomized, single-center studies, the single-dose pharmacokinetics, safety, and tolerability of JNJ-73763989 or JNJ-56136379 were assessed in participants with moderate hepatic impairment (Child-Pugh Class B) versus participants with normal liver function. Participants in both studies received a single subcutaneous dose of JNJ-73763989 200 mg or oral JNJ-56136379 250 mg, followed by an evaluation of plasma pharmacokinetic parameters and safety assessments. Plasma exposure to JNJ-73763976, JNJ-73763924, and JNJ-56136379 was 1.3- to 1.4-, 1.8- to 2.2-, and 1.1- to 1.3-fold higher in participants with moderate hepatic impairment versus participants with normal liver function; however, these increases were not considered clinically relevant. Both drugs were well tolerated and safe, with 7 (21.9%) participants experiencing 1 or more treatment-emergent adverse events, 3 of which were related to JNJ-56136379. Overall, the plasma exposures of JNJ-73763989 and JNJ-56136379 were higher in participants with moderate hepatic impairment, but both were well tolerated. Further studies are needed to evaluate the effect of hepatic impairment under multiple-dose administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas N Kakuda
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Brisbane, California, USA
| | - Atef Halabi
- Clinical Research Services Kiel GmbH, Kiel, Germany
| | | | - Madhu Sanga
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Brisbane, California, USA
| | | | - Monika Kowalik
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Spring House, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Ivo Goris
- Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Jan Snoeys
- Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Martyn Palmer
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Spring House, Pennsylvania, USA
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Li H, Niu X, Zhang Y, Zhang D, Zhang Y, Wang L, Miao Y, Jiang Y, Ji J, Chen Q, Wu X, Ediage EN, Kakuda TN, Biermer M. Pharmacokinetics, Safety, and Tolerability of the siRNA JNJ-73763989 in Healthy Chinese Adult Participants. Clin Pharmacol Drug Dev 2023; 12:175-180. [PMID: 36415122 DOI: 10.1002/cpdd.1197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
JNJ-73763989, composed of the 2 short-interfering RNA triggers JNJ-73763976 and JNJ-73763924, targets all hepatitis B virus messenger RNAs, thereby reducing all viral proteins. In this phase 1, single-site, open-label, parallel-group, randomized study, participants were given 1 subcutaneous injection of JNJ-73763989 (100 or 200 mg) to investigate the pharmacokinetics, safety, and tolerability of JNJ-73763989 in healthy Chinese adult participants. Plasma and urine pharmacokinetic parameters were determined for each trigger up to 48 hours after dosing. Eighteen participants, 9 per dose group, were enrolled. The median age and weight were 33.0 years and 73.65 kg; 83.3% were male. Exposure of both triggers increased dose proportionally. Median time to maximum concentration ranged from 6.0 to 10.0 hours, and mean elimination half-life ranged from 4.5 to 4.8 hours across both triggers and doses. Mean urinary excretion for JNJ-73763976 and JNJ-73763924 ranged from 17.7% to 19.4% and 13.1% to 13.2% for the 100- and 200-mg dose groups, respectively. All treatment-emergent adverse events (AEs) were mild and resolved by study end, and no AEs or serious AEs resulted in premature study discontinuation or death. Overall, the pharmacokinetics of JNJ-73763989 in healthy Chinese participants were consistent with previous studies, and JNJ-73763989 was generally safe and well tolerated after a single dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Li
- Department of Cardiology and Institute of Vascular Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China.,Drug Clinical Trial Center, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoye Niu
- Drug Clinical Trial Center, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Phase I Unit of Drug Clinical Trial Center, Tianjin Fifth Central Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Danning Zhang
- Drug Clinical Trial Center, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yanqing Zhang
- Phase I Unit of Drug Clinical Trial Center, Tianjin Fifth Central Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Liqun Wang
- Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics, Janssen China Research & Development, Beijing, China
| | - Yongqing Miao
- Clinical Development, Janssen China Research & Development, Beijing, China
| | - Yanxin Jiang
- Janssen China Research & Development, Shanghai, China
| | - Jia Ji
- Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics, Janssen China Research & Development, Beijing, China
| | - Qiaoqiao Chen
- Clinical Development, Janssen China Research & Development, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyun Wu
- Janssen China Research & Development, Shanghai, China
| | | | - Thomas N Kakuda
- Janssen Research & Development, South San Francisco, California, USA
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Gane E, Yuen MF, Kakuda TN, Ogawa T, Takahashi Y, Goeyvaerts N, Lonjon-Domanec I, Vaughan T, Schluep T, Hamilton J, Njumbe Ediage E, Hillewaert V, Snoeys J, Lenz O, Talloen W, Biermer M. JNJ-73763989 pharmacokinetics and safety: Liver-targeted siRNAs against hepatitis B virus, in Japanese and non-Japanese healthy adults, and combined with JNJ-56136379 and a nucleos(t)ide analogue in patients with chronic hepatitis B. Antivir Ther 2022; 27:13596535221093856. [PMID: 35695169 DOI: 10.1177/13596535221093856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND JNJ-73763989 comprises two hepatitis B virus (HBV)-specific, liver-targeted N-galactosamine-conjugated short interfering RNA triggers, JNJ-73763976 and JNJ-73763924. JNJ-73763989 pharmacokinetics, safety and tolerability were assessed in two phase 1 studies: Japanese (NCT04002752), and non-Japanese healthy participants and chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients also receiving the HBV capsid assembly modulator JNJ-56136379 and a nucleos(t)ide analogue (NA) (NCT03365947). METHODS Healthy participant cohorts were double-blind and randomized to receive a single subcutaneous JNJ-73763989 dose (non-Japanese participants, 35, 100, 200, 300 or 400 mg; Japanese participants, 25, 100 or 200 mg) or placebo. JNJ-73763976 and JNJ-73763924 plasma concentrations were assessed over 48 h. CHB patients received JNJ-73763989 200 mg every 4 weeks plus daily oral JNJ-56136379 250 mg and NA in an open-label fashion. Safety and tolerability were assessed through Day 28 (healthy participants) or Day 112 (patients). RESULTS Thirty non-Japanese (n = 4/dose; placebo, n = 10) and 24 Japanese healthy participants (n = 6/dose; placebo, n = 6) were randomized. JNJ-73763976 and JNJ-73763924 exposure generally increased in a dose-proportional manner. Mean plasma half-life was 4-9 h. No differences between pharmacokinetic parameters were apparent between non-Japanese and Japanese healthy participants. In the 12 CHB patients, mean JNJ-73763976, JNJ-73763924 and JNJ-56136379 plasma concentrations 2 h post-dose on Day 29 were 663, 269 and 14,718 ng/mL, respectively. In both studies, all adverse events were mild/moderate. CONCLUSION JNJ-73763976 and JNJ-73763924 had short plasma half-lives and exposure generally increased in a dose-proportional manner; there were no pharmacokinetic differences between Japanese and non-Japanese healthy adults. JNJ-73763989 with or without JNJ-56136379 and NA was generally safe and well tolerated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ed Gane
- New Zealand Liver Transplant Unit, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Man-Fung Yuen
- Department of Medicine, 25809The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jan Snoeys
- 50148Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Oliver Lenz
- 50148Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Beerse, Belgium
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Lagatie O, Njumbe Ediage E, Van Roosbroeck D, Van Asten S, Verheyen A, Batsa Debrah L, Debrah A, Odiere MR, T’Kindt R, Dumont E, Sandra K, Dillen L, Verhaeghe T, Vreeken R, Cuyckens F, Stuyver LJ. Multimodal biomarker discovery for active Onchocerca volvulus infection. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009999. [PMID: 34843471 PMCID: PMC8659328 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The neglected tropical disease onchocerciasis, or river blindness, is caused by infection with the filarial nematode Onchocerca volvulus. Current estimates indicate that 17 million people are infected worldwide, the majority of them living in Africa. Today there are no non-invasive tests available that can detect ongoing infection, and that can be used for effective monitoring of elimination programs. In addition, to enable pharmacodynamic studies with novel macrofilaricide drug candidates, surrogate endpoints and efficacy biomarkers are needed but are non-existent. We describe the use of a multimodal untargeted mass spectrometry-based approach (metabolomics and lipidomics) to identify onchocerciasis-associated metabolites in urine and plasma, and of specific lipid features in plasma of infected individuals (O. volvulus infected cases: 68 individuals with palpable nodules; lymphatic filariasis cases: 8 individuals; non-endemic controls: 20 individuals). This work resulted in the identification of elevated concentrations of the plasma metabolites inosine and hypoxanthine as biomarkers for filarial infection, and of the urine metabolite cis-cinnamoylglycine (CCG) as biomarker for O. volvulus. During the targeted validation study, metabolite-specific cutoffs were determined (inosine: 34.2 ng/ml; hypoxanthine: 1380 ng/ml; CCG: 29.7 ng/ml) and sensitivity and specificity profiles were established. Subsequent evaluation of these biomarkers in a non-endemic population from a different geographical region invalidated the urine metabolite CCG as biomarker for O. volvulus. The plasma metabolites inosine and hypoxanthine were confirmed as biomarkers for filarial infection. With the availability of targeted LC-MS procedures, the full potential of these 2 biomarkers in macrofilaricide clinical trials, MDA efficacy surveys, and epidemiological transmission studies can be investigated. Today’s diagnosis of infection with the filarial parasite Onchocerca volvulus mainly depends on the microscopic analysis of skin biopsies and serological testing. The work presented here describes the use of multiple mass spectrometry-based screening methods (metabolomics and lipidomics) to search for biomarkers indicative of infection with Onchocerca volvulus. This resulted in the identification of elevated concentrations of the plasma metabolites inosine and hypoxanthine as biomarkers for filarial infection, and of the urine metabolite cis-cinnamoylglycine as biomarker for O. volvulus. Further evaluation of these biomarkers in a geographically distinct non-endemic population however invalidated the use of urine cis-cinnamoylglycine. These findings are of utmost importance as it not only opens new avenues in the development of non-invasive diagnostic tools for filarial infections, but also emphasizes the need for evaluation and validation of newly discovered biomarkers in different populations from different geographies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ole Lagatie
- J&J Global Public Health, Janssen R&D, Beerse, Belgium
- * E-mail:
| | | | | | | | - Ann Verheyen
- J&J Global Public Health, Janssen R&D, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Linda Batsa Debrah
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Alex Debrah
- Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Maurice R. Odiere
- Kenya Medical Research Institute, Centre for Global Health Research, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Ruben T’Kindt
- Research Institute for Chromatography (RIC), Kortrijk, Belgium
| | - Emmie Dumont
- Research Institute for Chromatography (RIC), Kortrijk, Belgium
| | - Koen Sandra
- Research Institute for Chromatography (RIC), Kortrijk, Belgium
| | - Lieve Dillen
- Discovery Sciences, Janssen R&D, Beerse, Belgium
| | | | - Rob Vreeken
- Discovery Sciences, Janssen R&D, Beerse, Belgium
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Ssepuuya G, Van Poucke C, Ediage EN, Mulholland C, Tritscher A, Verger P, Kenny M, Bessy C, De Saeger S. Mycotoxin contamination of sorghum and its contribution to human dietary exposure in four sub-Saharan countries. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2018; 35:1384-1393. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2018.1461253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey Ssepuuya
- Laboratory of Food Analysis, Department of Bio-analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Christof Van Poucke
- Laboratory of Food Analysis, Department of Bio-analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Emmanuel Njumbe Ediage
- Laboratory of Food Analysis, Department of Bio-analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Catherine Mulholland
- Department of Food Safety and Zoonoses, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Angelika Tritscher
- Department of Food Safety and Zoonoses, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Philippe Verger
- Department of Food Safety and Zoonoses, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Mary Kenny
- Food Safety and Quality Unit, Agriculture and Consumer Protection Department, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy
| | - Catherine Bessy
- Food Safety and Quality Unit, Agriculture and Consumer Protection Department, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy
| | - Sarah De Saeger
- Laboratory of Food Analysis, Department of Bio-analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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Kunze A, Ediage EN, Dillen L, Monshouwer M, Snoeys J. Clinical Investigation of Coproporphyrins as Sensitive Biomarkers to Predict Mild to Strong OATP1B-Mediated Drug–Drug Interactions. Clin Pharmacokinet 2018; 57:1559-1570. [DOI: 10.1007/s40262-018-0648-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Njumbe Ediage E, Dillen L, Vroman A, Diels L, Kunze A, Snoeys J, Verhaeghe T. Development of an LC–MS method to quantify coproporphyrin I and III as endogenous biomarkers for drug transporter-mediated drug-drug interactions. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2018; 1073:80-89. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2017.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Revised: 12/03/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Lagatie O, Njumbe Ediage E, Pikkemaat JA, Djuardi Y, Stuyver LJ. 2-methyl butyramide, a previously identified urine biomarker for Ascaris lumbricoides, is not present in infected Indonesian individuals. Parasit Vectors 2017; 10:629. [PMID: 29284514 PMCID: PMC5747143 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-017-2600-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 12/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
ᅟ Previous reports suggest that the 2-methyl butyramide and 2-methyl valeramide metabolites of Ascaris lumbricoides in urine of infected individuals could be considered as urinary biomarkers for active infection. We have developed an LC-MS method with a detection limit of 10 ng/mL using synthetic chemicals as reference material. Urine samples (n = 21) of infected individuals were analyzed for the presence of these metabolites, but they were not detected in any of the samples. Furthermore, the recorded 1H-NMR spectrum for reference 2-methyl butyramide did not match with the spectrum that was described for the Ascaris metabolite. Based on these two observations, we concluded that the urinary biomarkers that were detected for A. lumbricoides infection are not 2-methyl butyramide nor 2-methylvaleramide. New discovery efforts will be required to identify the structure of these metabolite biomarkers in urine of infected individuals. Trial registration Urine samples used in this study were collected as part of a clinical trial with trial number ISRCTN75636394 (12 November 2013). Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13071-017-2600-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ole Lagatie
- Janssen Diagnostics, Janssen R&D, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340, Beerse, Belgium.
| | | | - Jeroen A Pikkemaat
- Pharmaceutical Development and Manufacturing Sciences, Janssen R&D, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Yenny Djuardi
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Lieven J Stuyver
- Janssen Diagnostics, Janssen R&D, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340, Beerse, Belgium
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De Boevre M, Van Poucke C, Ediage EN, Vanderputten D, Van Landschoot A, De Saeger S. Ultra-High-Performance Supercritical Fluid Chromatography as a Separation Tool for Fusarium Mycotoxins and Their Modified Forms. J AOAC Int 2017; 101:627-632. [PMID: 28964272 DOI: 10.5740/jaoacint.17-0336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A simple, reliable method for the detection of free and modified Fusarium mycotoxins in beer using state-of-the-art ultra-high-performance supercritical fluid chromatography (UHPSFC) with low-resolution tandem MS (MS/MS) is presented in this paper. The UHPSFC-MS/MS method was developed for nivalenol, deoxynivalenol, 15-acetyl-deoxynivalenol, 3-acetyl-deoxynivalenol, deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside, HT-2 toxin, T-2 toxin, T-2 toxin-3-glucoside, neosolaniol, diacetoxyscirpenol, zearalenone, α-zearalenol, and β-zearalenol and their internal standards deepoxy-deoxynivalenol and zearalanone. Due to the broad range of the physicochemical properties of the aforementioned, the sample preparation step was minimized to avoid analyte losses. Extraction with acetonitrile-water-acetic acid (79 + 20 + 1, v/v/v) and hexane in combination with solid-phase extraction (C18) was followed by a filtration step. After filtration, the extract was evaporated, and the remaining residue was redissolved in a mobile phase for injection (methanol-water; 90 + 10, v/v). A mobile phase consisting of supercritical CO2 and a small portion of methanol was used. The developed multimycotoxin method permits the simultaneous determination of multiple fusariotoxins in an one-step chromatographic run using UHPSFC-MS/MS. SFC is a promising strategy; however, the retention mechanism is complex, leading to the unpredictable nature of elution and to some mycotoxins not being retained on the column. This restricts the applicability of UHPSFC in multimycotoxin analyses. The present study is the first report on the use of UHPSFC for the analysis of free and modified Fusarium mycotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marthe De Boevre
- Ghent University, Laboratory of Food Analysis, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Christof Van Poucke
- Ghent University, Laboratory of Food Analysis, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Emmanuel Njumbe Ediage
- Ghent University, Laboratory of Food Analysis, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Dana Vanderputten
- University College Ghent, Laboratory of Brewery Technology, Valentin Vaerwyckweg 1, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Anita Van Landschoot
- University College Ghent, Laboratory of Brewery Technology, Valentin Vaerwyckweg 1, Ghent, Belgium; Ghent University, Laboratory of Brewery Technology, Valentin Vaerwyckweg 1, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sarah De Saeger
- Ghent University, Laboratory of Food Analysis, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
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Beloglazova NV, Graniczkowska K, Njumbe Ediage E, Averkieva O, De Saeger S. Sensitive Flow-through Immunoassay for Rapid Multiplex Determination of Cereal-borne Mycotoxins in Feed and Feed Ingredients. J Agric Food Chem 2017; 65:7131-7137. [PMID: 28013544 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b03172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
An easy-to-operate membrane-based flow-through test for multiplex screening of four mycotoxins (zearalenone, deoxynivalenol, aflatoxin B1, and ochratoxin A) in a variety of cereal-based feed ingredients and compound feeds, such as wheat, barley, soybean, wheat bran, rice, rice bran, maize, rapeseed meal, and sunflower meal, and various types of complete feed (duckling feed, swine feed, broiler feed, piglet feed) was developed and validated. First, the antibodies were evaluated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and then employed in the membrane rapid test. The cutoff levels for zearalenone, deoxynivalenol, aflatoxin B1, and ochratoxin A were 50, 200, 1, and 10 μg/kg, respectively, based on European regulations and consumers' requirements. As sample pretreatment, consecutive steps of extraction, dilution, solid-phase extraction by addition of C18 sorbent, and final filtration of supernatant were followed. Both the sample preparation and the analysis procedure were simple, cost-effective, and easy to perform on-site in a nonlaboratory environment. The impact of sample processing on the result of the experiment was investigated supported by experimental design. The validation procedure was performed on the basis of Commission Regulation 2006/401/EC. The numbers of false-positive and false-negative outcomes were <5%, going along with the Commission Decision 2002/657/EC. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry was performed as a confirmatory technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia V Beloglazova
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Laboratory of Food Analysis, Ghent University , Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kinga Graniczkowska
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Laboratory of Food Analysis, Ghent University , Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Emmanuel Njumbe Ediage
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Laboratory of Food Analysis, Ghent University , Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Sarah De Saeger
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Laboratory of Food Analysis, Ghent University , Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
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Walravens J, Mikula H, Rychlik M, Asam S, Devos T, Njumbe Ediage E, Diana Di Mavungu J, Jacxsens L, Van Landschoot A, Vanhaecke L, De Saeger S. Validated UPLC-MS/MS Methods To Quantitate Free and Conjugated Alternaria Toxins in Commercially Available Tomato Products and Fruit and Vegetable Juices in Belgium. J Agric Food Chem 2016; 64:5101-5109. [PMID: 27180605 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b01029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Ultraperformance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry and Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged, and Safe based analytical methodologies to quantitate both free (alternariol (1), alternariol monomethyl ether (2), tenuazonic acid (3), tentoxin (4), altenuene (5), altertoxin-I (6)) and conjugated (sulfates and glucosides of 1 and 2) Alternaria toxins in fruit and vegetable juices and tomato products were developed and validated. Acceptable limits of quantitation (0.7-5.7 μg/kg), repeatability (RSDr < 15.7%), reproducibility (RSDR < 17.9%), and apparent recovery (87.0-110.6%) were obtained for all analytes in all matrices investigated. 129 commercial foodstuffs were analyzed, and 3 was detected in 100% of tomato product samples (<LOQ to 333 μg/kg), while 1, 2, 4, and 5 were also frequently detected (21-86%, <LOQ to 62 μg/kg). Moreover, low levels (<LOQ to 9.9 μg/kg) of modified Alternaria toxins (sulfates of 1 and 2) were repeatedly detected. A deterministic dietary exposure assessment revealed the possible risk for human health related to the presence of 1 and 2 in tomato based foodstuffs, whereas 3 is unlikely to be of human health concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen Walravens
- Department of Bioanalysis, Laboratory of Food Analysis, Ghent University , Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Hannes Mikula
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology , Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Rychlik
- Chair of Analytical Food Chemistry, Technische Universität München , Alte Akademie 10, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Stefan Asam
- Chair of Analytical Food Chemistry, Technische Universität München , Alte Akademie 10, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Tom Devos
- Department of Bioanalysis, Laboratory of Food Analysis, Ghent University , Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Emmanuel Njumbe Ediage
- Department of Bioanalysis, Laboratory of Food Analysis, Ghent University , Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - José Diana Di Mavungu
- Department of Bioanalysis, Laboratory of Food Analysis, Ghent University , Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Liesbeth Jacxsens
- Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Department of Food Safety and Food Quality, Ghent University , Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Anita Van Landschoot
- Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Laboratory of Biochemistry and Brewing, Ghent University , Valentin Vaerwyckweg 1, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Lynn Vanhaecke
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Laboratory of Chemical Analysis, Ghent University , Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Sarah De Saeger
- Department of Bioanalysis, Laboratory of Food Analysis, Ghent University , Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
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Lagatie O, Njumbe Ediage E, Batsa Debrah L, Diels L, Nolten C, Vinken P, Debrah A, Dillen L, Silber S, Stuyver LJ. Evaluation of the diagnostic potential of urinary N-Acetyltyramine-O,β-glucuronide (NATOG) as diagnostic biomarker for Onchocerca volvulus infection. Parasit Vectors 2016; 9:302. [PMID: 27216752 PMCID: PMC4877973 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-016-1582-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Onchocerciasis, also known as river blindness is one of the neglected tropical diseases affecting millions of people, mainly in sub-Saharan Africa and is caused by the filarial nematode Onchocerca volvulus. Efforts to eliminate this disease are ongoing and are based on mass drug administration programs with the microfilaricide ivermectin. In order to monitor the efficacy of these programs, there is an unmet need for diagnostic tools capable of identifying infected patients. We have investigated the diagnostic potential of urinary N-acetyltyramine-O,β-glucuronide (NATOG), which is a promising O. volvulus specific biomarker previously identified by urine metabolome analysis. Methods A liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method was used to assess the stability characteristics of NATOG and to evaluate the levels of NATOG in study samples. An LC-fluorescence method was also developed. Results Stability characteristics of NATOG were investigated and shown to be ideally suited for use in tropical settings. Also, an easy and more accessible method based on liquid chromatography coupled to fluorescence detection was developed and shown to have the necessary sensitivity (limit of quantification 1 μM). Furthermore, we have evaluated the levels of NATOG in a population of 98 nodule-positive individuals from Ghana with no or low levels of microfilaria in the skin and compared them with the levels observed in different control groups (endemic controls (n = 50), non-endemic controls (n = 18) and lymphatic filariasis (n = 51). Only a few (5 %) of nodule-positive individuals showed an increased level (> 10 μM) of NATOG and there was no statistical difference between the nodule-positive individuals and the control groups (P > 0.05). Conclusions Results of the present study indicate the limited potential of NATOG as a diagnostic biomarker for O. volvulus infection in amicrofilaridermic individuals. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13071-016-1582-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ole Lagatie
- Janssen Diagnostics, Janssen R&D, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340, Beerse, Belgium.
| | | | - Linda Batsa Debrah
- Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Luc Diels
- Bioanalysis, Janssen R&D, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Christ Nolten
- Neuroscience, Janssen R&D, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Petra Vinken
- Toxicology, Janssen R&D, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Alex Debrah
- Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Lieve Dillen
- Bioanalysis, Janssen R&D, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Steven Silber
- Janssen Global Public Health, Janssen R&D, 12 W Sunset Ave, Philadelphia, PA, 19118, USA
| | - Lieven J Stuyver
- Janssen Diagnostics, Janssen R&D, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340, Beerse, Belgium
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Dong M, Han W, Ediage EN, Fan L, Tang H, Wang W, Han L, Zhao Z, Song W, Han Z. Dissipation kinetics and degradation mechanism of amicarbazone in soil revealed by a reliable LC-MS/MS method. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2015; 22:17518-17526. [PMID: 26139399 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-4899-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A sensitive and reliable analytical method was developed for simultaneous determination of amicarbazone (AMZ) and its two major metabolites including desamino amicarbazone (DA) and isopropyl-2-hydroxy-DA-amicarbazone (Ipr-2-OH-DA-AMZ) in soil for the first time. Targeted analytes were extracted and purified using a modified quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe (QuEChERS) procedure, and then analyzed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) with a total run time of 9 min. The established approach was extensively validated by determining the linearity (R (2) ≥ 0.99), recovery (84-96 ), sensitivity (limits of quantification at 5-10 μg kg(-1)), and precision (RSDs ≤12 %). Based on the methodological advances, the subsequent dissipation kinetics and degradation mechanism of amicarbazone in soil were thoroughly investigated in an illumination incubator. As revealed, AMZ was easily degraded with the half-lives of 13.9-19.7 days in soil. Field trial results of AMZ (40 g a.i. ha(-1)) in Shanghai showed that the residues of AMZ and its metabolite Ipr-2-OH-DA-AMZ decreased from 0.505 mg kg(-1) (day 50) to 0.038 mg kg(-1) (day 365) and from 0.099 mg kg(-1) (day 50) to 0.028 mg kg(-1) (day 365), respectively, while the content of DA increased from 0.097 mg kg(-1) (day 50) to 0.245 mg kg(-1) (day 365). This study provided valuable data to understand the toxicity of AMZ and substantially promote its safe application to protect environment and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maofeng Dong
- Institute for Agri-food Standards & Testing Technology, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 1000 Jinqi Road, Shanghai, 201403, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Han
- Institute for Agri-food Standards & Testing Technology, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 1000 Jinqi Road, Shanghai, 201403, People's Republic of China
| | - Emmanuel Njumbe Ediage
- Laboratory of Food Analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Liangxiu Fan
- Institute for Agri-food Standards & Testing Technology, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 1000 Jinqi Road, Shanghai, 201403, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongxia Tang
- Institute for Agri-food Standards & Testing Technology, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 1000 Jinqi Road, Shanghai, 201403, People's Republic of China
| | - Weimin Wang
- Institute for Agri-food Standards & Testing Technology, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 1000 Jinqi Road, Shanghai, 201403, People's Republic of China
| | - Lijun Han
- Department of College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhihui Zhao
- Institute for Agri-food Standards & Testing Technology, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 1000 Jinqi Road, Shanghai, 201403, People's Republic of China
| | - Weiguo Song
- Institute for Agri-food Standards & Testing Technology, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 1000 Jinqi Road, Shanghai, 201403, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zheng Han
- Institute for Agri-food Standards & Testing Technology, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 1000 Jinqi Road, Shanghai, 201403, People's Republic of China.
- Laboratory of Food Analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000, Ghent, Belgium.
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Njumbe Ediage E, Van Poucke C, De Saeger S. A multi-analyte LC–MS/MS method for the analysis of 23 mycotoxins in different sorghum varieties: The forgotten sample matrix. Food Chem 2015; 177:397-404. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.01.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Revised: 12/07/2014] [Accepted: 01/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Matumba L, Van Poucke C, Njumbe Ediage E, De Saeger S. Keeping mycotoxins away from the food: Does the existence of regulations have any impact in Africa? Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2015; 57:1584-1592. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2014.993021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Matumba L, Van Poucke C, Njumbe Ediage E, Jacobs B, De Saeger S. Effectiveness of hand sorting, flotation/washing, dehulling and combinations thereof on the decontamination of mycotoxin-contaminated white maize. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2015; 32:960-9. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2015.1029535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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De Boevre M, Ediage EN, Van Poucke C, De Saeger S. Chapter 4. Untargeted Analysis of Modified Mycotoxins using High-resolution Mass Spectrometry. Issues in Toxicology 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/9781782622574-00050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Han Z, Nie D, Ediage EN, Yang X, Wang J, Chen B, Li S, On SL, De Saeger S, Wu A. Cumulative health risk assessment of co-occurring mycotoxins of deoxynivalenol and its acetyl derivatives in wheat and maize: Case study, Shanghai, China. Food Chem Toxicol 2014; 74:334-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2014.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Revised: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Walravens J, Mikula H, Rychlik M, Asam S, Ediage EN, Di Mavungu JD, Van Landschoot A, Vanhaecke L, De Saeger S. Development and validation of an ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometric method for the simultaneous determination of free and conjugated Alternaria toxins in cereal-based foodstuffs. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1372C:91-101. [PMID: 25465007 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.10.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Revised: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 10/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A UPLC-ESI+/--MS/MS method for the simultaneous determination of free (alternariol, alternariol monomethyl ether, altenuene, tenuazonic acid, tentoxin, altertoxin-I) and conjugated (sulfates and glucosides of alternariol and alternariol monomethyl ether) Alternaria toxins in cereals and cereal products (rice, oat flakes and barley) was developed. Optimization of the sample preparation and extraction methodology was achieved through experimental design, using full factorial design for extraction solvent composition optimization and fractional factorial design to identify the critical factors in the sample preparation protocol, which were in turn subjected to optimization. Final extracts were analysed using an Waters Acquity UPLC system coupled to a Quattro Premier XE mass spectrometer equipped with an electrospray interface operated in both positive and negative ionization mode. Chromatographic separation was achieved using an Acquity UPLC HSS T3 column, and the applied gradient elution programme allowed for the simultaneous determination of 10 Alternaria toxins in a one-step chromatographic run with a total run time of only 7min. Subsequently, the method, applying isotopically labelled internal standards ([2H4]-alternariol monomethyl ether and [13C6,15N]-tenuazonic acid), was validated for several parameters such as linearity, apparent recovery, limit of detection, limit of quantification, precision, measurement uncertainty and specificity (in agreement with the criteria mentioned in Commission Regulation No. 401/2006/EC and Commission Decision No. 2002/657/EC). During validation, quality of the bioanalytical data was improved by counteracting the observed heteroscedasticity through the application of weighted least squares linear regression (WLSLR). Finally, 24 commercially available cereal-based foodstuffs were subjected to analysis, revealing the presence of tenuazonic acid in both rice and oat flake samples (<LOQ - 68±7μgkg-1) and tentoxin in rice samples (<LOQ - 10.9±2.0μgkg-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen Walravens
- Department of Bioanalysis, Laboratory of Food Analysis, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Hannes Mikula
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Rychlik
- BIOANALYTIK Weihenstephan, ZIEL Research Center for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Technische Universität München, Alte Akademie 10, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Stefan Asam
- Chair of Analytical Food Chemistry, Technische Universität München, Alte Akademie 10, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Emmanuel Njumbe Ediage
- Department of Bioanalysis, Laboratory of Food Analysis, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - José Diana Di Mavungu
- Department of Bioanalysis, Laboratory of Food Analysis, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Anita Van Landschoot
- Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Laboratory of Biochemistry and Brewing, Ghent University, Valentin Vaerwyckweg 1, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Lynn Vanhaecke
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Laboratory of Chemical Analysis, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Sarah De Saeger
- Department of Bioanalysis, Laboratory of Food Analysis, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
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Matumba L, Sulyok M, Njoroge SMC, Njumbe Ediage E, Van Poucke C, De Saeger S, Krska R. Uncommon occurrence ratios of aflatoxin B1, B 2, G 1, and G 2 in maize and groundnuts from Malawi. Mycotoxin Res 2014; 31:57-62. [PMID: 25194830 DOI: 10.1007/s12550-014-0209-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2014] [Revised: 08/22/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
We report an unusual aflatoxin profile in maize and groundnuts from Malawi, with aflatoxin G1 found routinely at equal or even higher levels than aflatoxin B1. Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) ratio in a contaminated sample is generally greater than 50% of total aflatoxin (sum of aflatoxin B1, B2, G1, and G2). In Malawi, the aflatoxin occurrence ratios were determined by examining LC-MS/MS and HPLC fluorescence detection (FLD) data of 156 naturally contaminated raw maize and 80 groundnut samples collected in 2011 and 2012. Results showed that natural aflatoxin occurrence ratio differed. In 47% of the samples, the concentration of AFG1 was higher than that of AFB1. The mean concentration percentages of AFB1/AFB2/AFG1/AFG2 in reference to total aflatoxins were found to be 47:5:43:5%, respectively. The AFG1 and AFB1 50/50 trend was observed in maize and groundnuts and was consistent for samples collected in both years. If the AFB1 measurement was used to check compliance of total aflatoxin regulatory limit set at 10, 20, 100, and 200 μg/kg with an assumption that AFB1≥50% of the total aflatoxin content, 8, 13, 24, and 26% false negative rates would have occurred respectively. It is therefore important for legislation to consider total aflatoxins rather than AFB1 alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Limbikani Matumba
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Bioanalysis, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000, Ghent, Belgium,
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Ediage EN, Hell K, De Saeger S. A comprehensive study to explore differences in mycotoxin patterns from agro-ecological regions through maize, peanut, and cassava products: a case study, Cameroon. J Agric Food Chem 2014; 62:4789-4797. [PMID: 24796244 DOI: 10.1021/jf501710u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A total of 420 samples were collected from agrarian households. Whereas 51% (215/420) of the samples were contaminated with one or more toxins, the contamination rates for maize, peanut, and cassava products were 74, 62, and 24%, respectively. The fumonisins (20-5412 μg/kg), aflatoxin B1 (6-645 μg/kg), roquefortine C (1-181 μg/kg), and deoxynivalenol (27-3842 μg/kg) were the most prevalent contaminants in maize. For peanut samples, aflatoxin B1 (6-125 μg/kg) and ochratoxin A (0.3-12 μg/kg) were the main contaminants, whereas aflatoxin B1 (6-194 μg/kg) and penicillic acid (25-184 μg/kg) were detected in the cassava products. Exposures calculated through maize intake for fumonisin B1 and aflatoxin B1 were several-fold higher (2-5 for fumonisin B1 and 10(4)-10(5) for aflatoxin B1) than the health-based guidance values of 2 μg/kg bw/day and 0.15 ng/kg bw/day, respectively. The study design constitutes a good model that can be implemented in other sub-Saharan African countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Njumbe Ediage
- Laboratory of Food Analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University , Harelbekestraat 72, 9000 Gent, Belgium
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Song S, Liu N, Zhao Z, Njumbe Ediage E, Wu S, Sun C, De Saeger S, Wu A. Multiplex Lateral Flow Immunoassay for Mycotoxin Determination. Anal Chem 2014; 86:4995-5001. [DOI: 10.1021/ac500540z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Suquan Song
- Institute for Agro-food Standards and Testing Technology, Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-products (Shanghai), Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 1000 Jinqi Road, Shanghai 201403, China
| | - Na Liu
- Institute for Agro-food Standards and Testing Technology, Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-products (Shanghai), Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 1000 Jinqi Road, Shanghai 201403, China
| | - Zhiyong Zhao
- Institute for Agro-food Standards and Testing Technology, Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-products (Shanghai), Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 1000 Jinqi Road, Shanghai 201403, China
| | | | - Songling Wu
- Academy of State Administration of Grain P.R.C, No. 11 Baiwanzhuang Avenue, Xicheng
District, Beijing 100037, China
| | - Changpo Sun
- Academy of State Administration of Grain P.R.C, No. 11 Baiwanzhuang Avenue, Xicheng
District, Beijing 100037, China
| | - Sarah De Saeger
- Laboratory
of Food Analysis, Ghent University, Harelbekestraat 72, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Aibo Wu
- Institute for Agro-food Standards and Testing Technology, Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-products (Shanghai), Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 1000 Jinqi Road, Shanghai 201403, China
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Njumbe Ediage E, Diana Di Mavungu J, Song S, Sioen I, De Saeger S. Multimycotoxin analysis in urines to assess infant exposure: a case study in Cameroon. Environ Int 2013; 57-58:50-59. [PMID: 23669720 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2013.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2012] [Revised: 03/29/2013] [Accepted: 04/07/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
This study was conducted to investigate mycotoxin exposure in children (n=220, aged 1.5-4.5years) from high mycotoxin contamination regions of Cameroon and to examine the association between the mycotoxin levels (in total 18 analytes) and several socio-demographic factors and anthropometric characteristics. A cross-sectional study was conducted in six villages in Cameroon with 220 children. Mycotoxins and their metabolites were detected in 160/220 (73%) urine samples. There were significant differences in the mean contamination levels of ochratoxin A (p=0.01) and β-zearalenol (p=0.017) between the two agro-ecological zones investigated. Likewise significant differences were observed in the mean levels of aflatoxin M1 (p=0.001) across the weaning categories of these children. The mean concentration of aflatoxin M1 detected in the urine of the partially breastfed children (1.43ng/mL) was significantly higher (p=0.001) than those of the fully weaned children (0.282ng/mL). Meanwhile, the mean concentrations of deoxynivalenol (3.0ng/mL) and fumonisin B1 (0.59ng/mL) detected in the urine of the male children was significantly (p value 0.021 for deoxynivalenol and 0.004 for fumonisin B1) different from the levels detected in the urine of female children; 0.71ng/mL and 0.01ng/mL for deoxynivalenol and fumonisin B1 respectively. In this study, there was no association between the different malnutrition categories (stunted, wasting and underweight) and the mycotoxin concentrations detected in the urine of these children. However, there is sufficient evidence to suggest that children in Cameroon under the age 5 are exposed to high levels of carcinogenic substances such as fumonisin B1, aflatoxin M1 and ochratoxin A through breastfeeding. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of its kind carried out in West Africa to determine multi-mycotoxin exposure in infants.
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Song S, Ediage EN, Wu A, De Saeger S. Development and application of salting-out assisted liquid/liquid extraction for multi-mycotoxin biomarkers analysis in pig urine with high performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2012. [PMID: 23177157 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.10.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Direct determination of urinary mycotoxins is a better approach to assess individual's exposure than the indirect estimation from average dietary intakes. In this study, a new analytical method was developed and validated for simultaneous analysis of aflatoxin B1, deoxynivalenol, fumonisin B1, ochratoxin A, zearalenone and T2 toxin and their metabolites in pig urine. In total 12 analytes were selected. A salting-out assisted liquid-liquid extraction procedure was used for sample preparation. High performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry was used for the separation and detection of all the analytes. The extraction recoveries were in a range of 70-108%, with the intra-day relative standard deviation and inter-day relative standard deviation lower than 25% for most of the compounds at 3 different concentration levels. Meanwhile the method bias for all the analytes did not exceed 20%. The limits of quantification ranged from 0.07ngmL(-1) for ochratoxin A to 3.3ngmL(-1) for deoxynivalenol. Matrix effect was evaluated in this study and matrix-matched calibration was used for quantification. The developed method was also validated for human urine as an extension of its application. Finally, the developed method was applied in a pilot study to analyze 28 pig urine samples. Deoxynivalenol, aflatoxin B1, fumonisin B1 and ochratoxin A were detected in these samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suquan Song
- Laboratory of Food Analysis, Ghent University, Harelbekestraat 72, 9000 Gent, Belgium.
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Ediage EN, Di Mavungu JD, Song S, Wu A, Van Peteghem C, De Saeger S. A direct assessment of mycotoxin biomarkers in human urine samples by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2012; 741:58-69. [PMID: 22840705 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2012.06.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2012] [Revised: 06/16/2012] [Accepted: 06/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Detection of mycotoxin biomarkers in urine of humans and animals provides a direct approach for assessing exposure to these mycotoxins as opposed to the indirect approach of food analysis, which in most cases is affected by the heterogeneity of the toxin in the food samples. Seven (7) mycotoxins and their metabolites (total 18 analytes) were selected and an LC-MS/MS method for their determination in human urine was developed and validated. The method consisted of direct analysis of two mycotoxin conjugates, deoxynivalenol-glucuronide and zearalenone-glucuronide without beta glucuronidase digestion of the urine samples. Since high method sensitivity is of utmost importance in such study, critical factors which could improve the analyte recovery and method sensitivity were investigated by a D-optimal experimental design. Urine samples (10 mL) were first extracted with 15 mL ethyl acetate/formic acid (99/1, v/v) followed by SAX SPE clean-up of the acidified aqueous fraction. Both extracts were combined and analyzed using an LC-MS/MS system operated in the positive ionization mode. A total run time of 28 min was adopted with all the 18 analytes eluting within 15 min. The method was validated by taking into consideration the guidelines specified in Commission Decision 2002/657/EC and 401/2006/EC. Forty samples obtained from volunteers within the laboratory research group were analyzed as part of a pilot study. All results were expressed per mg creatinine. A total of 9 samples were found contaminated with one or more of the following analytes: DON, OTA, OTα, 4-OH OTA, ZEN, CIT and β-ZOL. One-eighth (5/40) of the samples were contaminated with DON in the range of 3.7-67 ng mg(-1) creatinine. Samples with detectable levels of DON did not show any co-occurrence of DON-3Glu. One sample was found to be contaminated with 4-OH OTA (<LOQ), co-occurring with only OTA (0.2 ng mg(-1) creatinine). OTα (up to 4.4 ng mg(-1) creatinine) was detected in three other samples co-occurring with low levels of OTA (up to 0.3 ng mg(-1) creatinine) and no 4-OH OTA detected. ZEN was detected in 10% (4/40) of the samples analyzed. Three samples were contaminated with β-ZOL (3.3-20 ng mg(-1) creatinine), co-occurring with ZEN (<LOQ-10.8 ng mg(-1) creatinine). The ratio of ZEN/β-ZOL varied for all the three samples. α-ZOL was not detected in any of the 40 samples. CIT was detected in one sample at 4.5 ng mg(-1) creatinine. This is the first study carried out with a small group of the Belgian population to assess exposure to mycotoxins using biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Njumbe Ediage
- Laboratory of Food Analysis, Department of Bioanalysis, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium.
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Ediage EN, Di Mavungu JD, Monbaliu S, Van Peteghem C, De Saeger S. A validated multianalyte LC-MS/MS method for quantification of 25 mycotoxins in cassava flour, peanut cake and maize samples. J Agric Food Chem 2011; 59:5173-5180. [PMID: 21495720 DOI: 10.1021/jf2009364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
This study was designed to develop a sensitive liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method for the simultaneous detection and quantification of 25 mycotoxins in cassava flour, peanut cake and maize samples with particular focus on the optimization of the sample preparation protocol and method validation. All 25 mycotoxins were extracted in a single step with a mixture of methanol/ethyl acetate/water (70:20:10, v/v/v). The method limits of quantification (LOQ) varied from 0.3 μg/kg to 106 μg/kg. Good precision and linearity were observed for most of the mycotoxins. The method was applied for the analysis of naturally contaminated peanut cake, cassava flour and maize samples from the Republic of Benin. All samples analyzed (fifteen peanut cakes, four maize flour and four cassava flour samples) tested positive for one or more mycotoxins. Aflatoxins (total aflatoxins; 10-346 μg/kg) and ochratoxin A (<LOQ-2 μg/kg) were detected in peanut cake samples while fumonisin B(1) (4-21 μg/kg), aflatoxin B(2) (<LOQ-8 μg/kg), aflatoxin B(1) (<LOQ-9 μg/kg), diacetoxyscirpenol (<LOQ-6 μg/kg) and zearalenone (<LOQ-12 μg/kg) were detected and quantified in cassava flour samples. Fumonisin B(1) (13-836 μg/kg), fumonisin B(2) (5-221 μg/kg), fumonisin B(3) (<LOQ-375 μg/kg) and beauvericin (<LOQ-25 μg/kg) were detected in the maize samples.
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