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Ouvry G, Clary L, Tomas L, Aurelly M, Bonnary L, Borde E, Bouix-Peter C, Chantalat L, Defoin-Platel C, Deret S, Forissier M, Harris CS, Isabet T, Lamy L, Luzy AP, Pascau J, Soulet C, Taddei A, Taquet N, Thoreau E, Varvier E, Vial E, Hennequin LF. Impact of Minor Structural Modifications on Properties of a Series of mTOR Inhibitors. ACS Med Chem Lett 2019; 10:1561-1567. [PMID: 31749911 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.9b00401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Minor structural modifications-sometimes single atom changes-can have a dramatic impact on the properties of compounds. This is illustrated here on structures related to known mTOR inhibitor Sapanisertib. Subtle changes in the hinge binder lead to strikingly different overall profiles with changes in physical properties, metabolism, and kinase selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilles Ouvry
- Nestlé Skin Health R&D, 2400 Route des colles, BP 87, 06902 Sophia-Antipolis Cedex, France
| | - Laurence Clary
- Nestlé Skin Health R&D, 2400 Route des colles, BP 87, 06902 Sophia-Antipolis Cedex, France
| | - Loïc Tomas
- Nestlé Skin Health R&D, 2400 Route des colles, BP 87, 06902 Sophia-Antipolis Cedex, France
| | - Michèle Aurelly
- Nestlé Skin Health R&D, 2400 Route des colles, BP 87, 06902 Sophia-Antipolis Cedex, France
| | - Laetitia Bonnary
- Nestlé Skin Health R&D, 2400 Route des colles, BP 87, 06902 Sophia-Antipolis Cedex, France
| | - Emilie Borde
- Nestlé Skin Health R&D, 2400 Route des colles, BP 87, 06902 Sophia-Antipolis Cedex, France
| | - Claire Bouix-Peter
- Nestlé Skin Health R&D, 2400 Route des colles, BP 87, 06902 Sophia-Antipolis Cedex, France
| | - Laurent Chantalat
- Nestlé Skin Health R&D, 2400 Route des colles, BP 87, 06902 Sophia-Antipolis Cedex, France
| | - Claire Defoin-Platel
- Nestlé Skin Health R&D, 2400 Route des colles, BP 87, 06902 Sophia-Antipolis Cedex, France
| | - Sophie Deret
- Nestlé Skin Health R&D, 2400 Route des colles, BP 87, 06902 Sophia-Antipolis Cedex, France
| | - Mathieu Forissier
- Nestlé Skin Health R&D, 2400 Route des colles, BP 87, 06902 Sophia-Antipolis Cedex, France
| | - Craig S. Harris
- Nestlé Skin Health R&D, 2400 Route des colles, BP 87, 06902 Sophia-Antipolis Cedex, France
| | - Tatiana Isabet
- Synchrotron Soleil, L’Orme des Merisiers, Saint-Aubin - BP 48, 91192 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Laurent Lamy
- Nestlé Skin Health R&D, 2400 Route des colles, BP 87, 06902 Sophia-Antipolis Cedex, France
| | - Anne-Pascale Luzy
- Nestlé Skin Health R&D, 2400 Route des colles, BP 87, 06902 Sophia-Antipolis Cedex, France
| | - Jonathan Pascau
- Nestlé Skin Health R&D, 2400 Route des colles, BP 87, 06902 Sophia-Antipolis Cedex, France
| | - Catherine Soulet
- Nestlé Skin Health R&D, 2400 Route des colles, BP 87, 06902 Sophia-Antipolis Cedex, France
| | - Alessandro Taddei
- Nestlé Skin Health R&D, 2400 Route des colles, BP 87, 06902 Sophia-Antipolis Cedex, France
| | - Nathalie Taquet
- Nestlé Skin Health R&D, 2400 Route des colles, BP 87, 06902 Sophia-Antipolis Cedex, France
| | - Etienne Thoreau
- Nestlé Skin Health R&D, 2400 Route des colles, BP 87, 06902 Sophia-Antipolis Cedex, France
| | - Emeric Varvier
- Nestlé Skin Health R&D, 2400 Route des colles, BP 87, 06902 Sophia-Antipolis Cedex, France
| | - Emmanuel Vial
- Nestlé Skin Health R&D, 2400 Route des colles, BP 87, 06902 Sophia-Antipolis Cedex, France
| | - Laurent F. Hennequin
- Nestlé Skin Health R&D, 2400 Route des colles, BP 87, 06902 Sophia-Antipolis Cedex, France
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2
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Janela B, Patel AA, Lau MC, Goh CC, Msallam R, Kong WT, Fehlings M, Hubert S, Lum J, Simoni Y, Malleret B, Zolezzi F, Chen J, Poidinger M, Satpathy AT, Briseno C, Wohn C, Malissen B, Murphy KM, Maini AA, Vanhoutte L, Guilliams M, Vial E, Hennequin L, Newell E, Ng LG, Musette P, Yona S, Hacini-Rachinel F, Ginhoux F. A Subset of Type I Conventional Dendritic Cells Controls Cutaneous Bacterial Infections through VEGFα-Mediated Recruitment of Neutrophils. Immunity 2019; 50:1069-1083.e8. [PMID: 30926233 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2019.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Revised: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Skin conventional dendritic cells (cDCs) exist as two distinct subsets, cDC1s and cDC2s, which maintain the balance of immunity to pathogens and tolerance to self and microbiota. Here, we examined the roles of dermal cDC1s and cDC2s during bacterial infection, notably Propionibacterium acnes (P. acnes). cDC1s, but not cDC2s, regulated the magnitude of the immune response to P. acnes in the murine dermis by controlling neutrophil recruitment to the inflamed site and survival and function therein. Single-cell mRNA sequencing revealed that this regulation relied on secretion of the cytokine vascular endothelial growth factor α (VEGF-α) by a minor subset of activated EpCAM+CD59+Ly-6D+ cDC1s. Neutrophil recruitment by dermal cDC1s was also observed during S. aureus, bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG), or E. coli infection, as well as in a model of bacterial insult in human skin. Thus, skin cDC1s are essential regulators of the innate response in cutaneous immunity and have roles beyond classical antigen presentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baptiste Janela
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A(∗)STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, Biopolis, Singapore 138648, Singapore; Skin Research Institute of Singapore (SRIS), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A(∗)STAR), 11 Mandalay Rd., Singapore 308232, Singapore
| | - Amit A Patel
- Division of Medicine, University College London, University of London, London WC1E 6BT, England, UK
| | - Mai Chan Lau
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A(∗)STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, Biopolis, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Chi Ching Goh
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A(∗)STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, Biopolis, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Rasha Msallam
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A(∗)STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, Biopolis, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Wan Ting Kong
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A(∗)STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, Biopolis, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Michael Fehlings
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A(∗)STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, Biopolis, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Sandra Hubert
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A(∗)STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, Biopolis, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Josephine Lum
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A(∗)STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, Biopolis, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Yannick Simoni
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A(∗)STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, Biopolis, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Benoit Malleret
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A(∗)STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, Biopolis, Singapore 138648, Singapore; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117545, Singapore
| | - Francesca Zolezzi
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A(∗)STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, Biopolis, Singapore 138648, Singapore; Nestlé Skin Health R&D/GALDERMA, La Tour-de-Peilz 1814, Switzerland
| | - Jinmiao Chen
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A(∗)STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, Biopolis, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Michael Poidinger
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A(∗)STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, Biopolis, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Ansuman T Satpathy
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave., St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Carlos Briseno
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave., St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Christian Wohn
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix Marseille Université, INSERM, CNRS UMR, Marseille 13288, France
| | - Bernard Malissen
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix Marseille Université, INSERM, CNRS UMR, Marseille 13288, France; Centre d'Immunophénomique, Aix Marseille Université, INSERM, CNRS, Marseille 13288, France
| | - Kenneth M Murphy
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave., St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Alexander A Maini
- Division of Medicine, University College London, University of London, London WC1E 6BT, England, UK
| | - Leen Vanhoutte
- Transgenic Mouse Core Facility, VIB-UGnet Center for Inflammation Research, Technologiepark 71, Ghent 9052, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Technologiepark 71, Ghent 9052, Belgium
| | - Martin Guilliams
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Technologiepark 71, Ghent 9052, Belgium; Laboratory of Myeloid Cell Ontogeny and Functional Specialization, VIB-UGnet Center for Inflammation Research, Technologiepark 71, Ghent 9052, Belgium
| | - Emmanuel Vial
- Nestlé Skin Health R&D/GALDERMA, La Tour-de-Peilz 1814, Switzerland
| | | | - Evan Newell
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A(∗)STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, Biopolis, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Lai Guan Ng
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A(∗)STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, Biopolis, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Philippe Musette
- Department of Dermatology, Avicenne Hospital and INSERM U1125, Bobigny 93000, France
| | - Simon Yona
- Division of Medicine, University College London, University of London, London WC1E 6BT, England, UK
| | | | - Florent Ginhoux
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A(∗)STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, Biopolis, Singapore 138648, Singapore; Skin Research Institute of Singapore (SRIS), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A(∗)STAR), 11 Mandalay Rd., Singapore 308232, Singapore.
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3
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Bertino B, Blanchet‐Réthoré S, Thibaut de Ménonville S, Reynier P, Méhul B, Bogouch A, Gamboa B, Dugaret AS, Zugaj D, Petit L, Roquet M, Piwnica D, Vial E, Bourdès V, Voegel JJ, Nonne C. Brimonidine displays anti‐inflammatory properties in the skin through the modulation of the vascular barrier function. Exp Dermatol 2018; 27:1378-1387. [DOI: 10.1111/exd.13793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Bruno Méhul
- GALDERMA R&D‐Nestlé Skin Health Sophia Antipolis France
| | | | | | | | - Didier Zugaj
- GALDERMA R&D‐Nestlé Skin Health Sophia Antipolis France
| | - Laurent Petit
- GALDERMA R&D‐Nestlé Skin Health Sophia Antipolis France
| | - Manon Roquet
- GALDERMA R&D‐Nestlé Skin Health Sophia Antipolis France
| | - David Piwnica
- GALDERMA R&D‐Nestlé Skin Health Sophia Antipolis France
| | - Emmanuel Vial
- GALDERMA R&D‐Nestlé Skin Health Sophia Antipolis France
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4
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Hervouet C, Bihl F, Ouvry G, Musicki B, Harris C, Bouix-peter C, Pascau J, Chaussade C, Piwnica D, Deret S, Julia V, Hennequin L, Vial E, Hacini-Rachinel F. LB1578 Identification and characterization of highly optimized RORγ inverse agonists for the topical treatment of psoriasis. J Invest Dermatol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2018.06.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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5
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Aubert J, Bertino B, Blanchét-Rethore S, Carlavan I, Deret S, Dréno B, Luzy A, Mounier C, Pascau J, Pelisson I, Portal T, Rivier M, Rosso P, Thoreau E, Vial E, Voegel J. LB1569 Non-clinical and human pharmacology of the potent and selective topical RARγ agonist trifarotene. J Invest Dermatol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2018.06.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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6
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Aubert J, Piwnica D, Bertino B, Blanchet-Réthoré S, Carlavan I, Déret S, Dreno B, Gamboa B, Jomard A, Luzy AP, Mauvais P, Mounier C, Pascau J, Pelisson I, Portal T, Rivier M, Rossio P, Thoreau E, Vial E, Voegel JJ. Nonclinical and human pharmacology of the potent and selective topical retinoic acid receptor-γ agonist trifarotene. Br J Dermatol 2018; 179:442-456. [PMID: 29974453 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.16719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND First- and third-generation retinoids are the main treatment for acne. Even though efficacious, they lack full selectivity for retinoic acid receptor (RAR) γ, expressed in the epidermis and infundibulum. OBJECTIVES To characterize the in vitro metabolism and the pharmacology of the novel retinoid trifarotene. MATERIALS AND METHODS In vitro assays determined efficacy, potency and selectivity on RARs, as well as the activity on the expression of retinoid target genes in human keratinocytes and ex vivo cultured skin. In vivo studies investigated topical comedolytic, anti-inflammatory and depigmenting properties. The trifarotene-induced gene expression profile was investigated in nonlesional skin of patients with acne and compared with ex vivo and in vivo models. Finally, the metabolic stability in human keratinocytes and hepatic microsomes was established. RESULTS Trifarotene is a selective RARγ agonist with > 20-fold selectivity over RARα and RARβ. Trifarotene is active and stable in keratinocytes but rapidly metabolized by human hepatic microsomes, predicting improved safety. In vivo, trifarotene 0·01% applied topically is highly comedolytic and has anti-inflammatory and antipigmenting properties. Gene expression studies indicated potent activation of known retinoid-modulated processes (epidermal differentiation, proliferation, stress response, retinoic acid metabolism) and novel pathways (proteolysis, transport/skin hydration, cell adhesion) in ex vivo and in vivo models, as well as in human skin after 4 weeks of topical application of trifarotene 0·005% cream. CONCLUSIONS Based on its RARγ selectivity, rapid degradation in human hepatic microsomes and pharmacological properties including potent modulation of epidermal processes, topical treatment with trifarotene could result in good efficacy and may present a favourable safety profile in acne and ichthyotic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Aubert
- Research Department, Galderma R&D, Les Templiers, 2400 Route des Colles, 06410, Biot, France
| | - D Piwnica
- Research Department, Galderma R&D, Les Templiers, 2400 Route des Colles, 06410, Biot, France
| | - B Bertino
- Research Department, Galderma R&D, Les Templiers, 2400 Route des Colles, 06410, Biot, France
| | - S Blanchet-Réthoré
- Research Department, Galderma R&D, Les Templiers, 2400 Route des Colles, 06410, Biot, France
| | - I Carlavan
- Research Department, Galderma R&D, Les Templiers, 2400 Route des Colles, 06410, Biot, France
| | - S Déret
- Research Department, Galderma R&D, Les Templiers, 2400 Route des Colles, 06410, Biot, France
| | - B Dreno
- Department of Dermatology, Nantes University Hospital, Nantes, France
- CIC, Inserm U892-CNRS 6299, Nantes, France
| | - B Gamboa
- Research Department, Galderma R&D, Les Templiers, 2400 Route des Colles, 06410, Biot, France
| | - A Jomard
- Research Department, Galderma R&D, Les Templiers, 2400 Route des Colles, 06410, Biot, France
| | - A P Luzy
- Research Department, Galderma R&D, Les Templiers, 2400 Route des Colles, 06410, Biot, France
| | - P Mauvais
- Pharma & Life Sciences Xpert, Antibes, France
| | - C Mounier
- Research Department, Galderma R&D, Les Templiers, 2400 Route des Colles, 06410, Biot, France
| | - J Pascau
- Research Department, Galderma R&D, Les Templiers, 2400 Route des Colles, 06410, Biot, France
| | - I Pelisson
- Research Department, Galderma R&D, Les Templiers, 2400 Route des Colles, 06410, Biot, France
| | - T Portal
- Research Department, Galderma R&D, Les Templiers, 2400 Route des Colles, 06410, Biot, France
| | - M Rivier
- Research Department, Galderma R&D, Les Templiers, 2400 Route des Colles, 06410, Biot, France
| | - P Rossio
- Research Department, Galderma R&D, Les Templiers, 2400 Route des Colles, 06410, Biot, France
| | - E Thoreau
- Research Department, Galderma R&D, Les Templiers, 2400 Route des Colles, 06410, Biot, France
| | - E Vial
- Research Department, Galderma R&D, Les Templiers, 2400 Route des Colles, 06410, Biot, France
| | - J J Voegel
- Research Department, Galderma R&D, Les Templiers, 2400 Route des Colles, 06410, Biot, France
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7
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Ouvry G, Bihl F, Bouix-Peter C, Christin O, Defoin-Platel C, Deret S, Feret C, Froude D, Hacini-Rachinel F, Harris CS, Hervouet C, Lafitte G, Luzy AP, Musicki B, Orfila D, Parnet V, Pascau C, Pascau J, Pierre R, Raffin C, Rossio P, Spiesse D, Taquet N, Thoreau E, Vatinel R, Vial E, Hennequin LF. Sulfoximines as potent RORγ inverse agonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2018; 28:1269-1273. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2018.03.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Revised: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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8
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Ouvry G, Atrux-Tallau N, Bihl F, Bondu A, Bouix-Peter C, Carlavan I, Christin O, Cuadrado MJ, Defoin-Platel C, Deret S, Duvert D, Feret C, Forissier M, Fournier JF, Froude D, Hacini-Rachinel F, Harris CS, Hervouet C, Huguet H, Lafitte G, Luzy AP, Musicki B, Orfila D, Ozello B, Pascau C, Pascau J, Parnet V, Peluchon G, Pierre R, Piwnica D, Raffin C, Rossio P, Spiesse D, Taquet N, Thoreau E, Vatinel R, Vial E, Hennequin LF. Discovery and Characterization of CD12681, a Potent RORγ Inverse Agonist, Preclinical Candidate for the Topical Treatment of Psoriasis. ChemMedChem 2018; 13:321-337. [PMID: 29327456 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201700758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Revised: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
With possible implications in multiple autoimmune diseases, the retinoic acid receptor-related orphan receptor RORγ has become a sought-after target in the pharmaceutical industry. Herein are described the efforts to identify a potent RORγ inverse agonist compatible with topical application for the treatment of skin diseases. These efforts culminated in the discovery of N-(2,4-dimethylphenyl)-N-isobutyl-2-oxo-1-[(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl)methyl]-2,3-dihydro-1H-benzo[d]imidazole-5-sulfonamide (CD12681), a potent inverse agonist with in vivo activity in an IL-23-induced mouse skin inflammation model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilles Ouvry
- Nestlé Skin Health R&D, 2400 Route des Colles, BP 87, 06902, Sophia-Antipolis Cedex, France
| | - Nicolas Atrux-Tallau
- Nestlé Skin Health R&D, 2400 Route des Colles, BP 87, 06902, Sophia-Antipolis Cedex, France
| | - Franck Bihl
- Nestlé Skin Health R&D, 2400 Route des Colles, BP 87, 06902, Sophia-Antipolis Cedex, France
| | - Aline Bondu
- Nestlé Skin Health R&D, 2400 Route des Colles, BP 87, 06902, Sophia-Antipolis Cedex, France
| | - Claire Bouix-Peter
- Nestlé Skin Health R&D, 2400 Route des Colles, BP 87, 06902, Sophia-Antipolis Cedex, France
| | - Isabelle Carlavan
- Nestlé Skin Health R&D, 2400 Route des Colles, BP 87, 06902, Sophia-Antipolis Cedex, France
| | - Olivier Christin
- Nestlé Skin Health R&D, 2400 Route des Colles, BP 87, 06902, Sophia-Antipolis Cedex, France
| | - Marie-Josée Cuadrado
- Nestlé Skin Health R&D, 2400 Route des Colles, BP 87, 06902, Sophia-Antipolis Cedex, France
| | - Claire Defoin-Platel
- Nestlé Skin Health R&D, 2400 Route des Colles, BP 87, 06902, Sophia-Antipolis Cedex, France
| | - Sophie Deret
- Nestlé Skin Health R&D, 2400 Route des Colles, BP 87, 06902, Sophia-Antipolis Cedex, France
| | - Denis Duvert
- Nestlé Skin Health R&D, 2400 Route des Colles, BP 87, 06902, Sophia-Antipolis Cedex, France
| | - Christophe Feret
- Nestlé Skin Health R&D, 2400 Route des Colles, BP 87, 06902, Sophia-Antipolis Cedex, France
| | - Mathieu Forissier
- Nestlé Skin Health R&D, 2400 Route des Colles, BP 87, 06902, Sophia-Antipolis Cedex, France
| | - Jean-François Fournier
- Nestlé Skin Health R&D, 2400 Route des Colles, BP 87, 06902, Sophia-Antipolis Cedex, France
| | - David Froude
- Nestlé Skin Health R&D, 2400 Route des Colles, BP 87, 06902, Sophia-Antipolis Cedex, France
| | - Fériel Hacini-Rachinel
- Nestlé Skin Health R&D, 2400 Route des Colles, BP 87, 06902, Sophia-Antipolis Cedex, France
| | - Craig Steven Harris
- Nestlé Skin Health R&D, 2400 Route des Colles, BP 87, 06902, Sophia-Antipolis Cedex, France
| | - Catherine Hervouet
- Nestlé Skin Health R&D, 2400 Route des Colles, BP 87, 06902, Sophia-Antipolis Cedex, France
| | - Hélène Huguet
- Nestlé Skin Health R&D, 2400 Route des Colles, BP 87, 06902, Sophia-Antipolis Cedex, France
| | - Guillaume Lafitte
- Nestlé Skin Health R&D, 2400 Route des Colles, BP 87, 06902, Sophia-Antipolis Cedex, France
| | - Anne-Pascale Luzy
- Nestlé Skin Health R&D, 2400 Route des Colles, BP 87, 06902, Sophia-Antipolis Cedex, France
| | - Branislav Musicki
- Nestlé Skin Health R&D, 2400 Route des Colles, BP 87, 06902, Sophia-Antipolis Cedex, France
| | - Danielle Orfila
- Nestlé Skin Health R&D, 2400 Route des Colles, BP 87, 06902, Sophia-Antipolis Cedex, France
| | - Benjamin Ozello
- Nestlé Skin Health R&D, 2400 Route des Colles, BP 87, 06902, Sophia-Antipolis Cedex, France
| | - Coralie Pascau
- Nestlé Skin Health R&D, 2400 Route des Colles, BP 87, 06902, Sophia-Antipolis Cedex, France
| | - Jonathan Pascau
- Nestlé Skin Health R&D, 2400 Route des Colles, BP 87, 06902, Sophia-Antipolis Cedex, France
| | - Véronique Parnet
- Nestlé Skin Health R&D, 2400 Route des Colles, BP 87, 06902, Sophia-Antipolis Cedex, France
| | - Guillaume Peluchon
- Nestlé Skin Health R&D, 2400 Route des Colles, BP 87, 06902, Sophia-Antipolis Cedex, France
| | - Romain Pierre
- Nestlé Skin Health R&D, 2400 Route des Colles, BP 87, 06902, Sophia-Antipolis Cedex, France
| | - David Piwnica
- Nestlé Skin Health R&D, 2400 Route des Colles, BP 87, 06902, Sophia-Antipolis Cedex, France
| | - Catherine Raffin
- Nestlé Skin Health R&D, 2400 Route des Colles, BP 87, 06902, Sophia-Antipolis Cedex, France
| | - Patricia Rossio
- Nestlé Skin Health R&D, 2400 Route des Colles, BP 87, 06902, Sophia-Antipolis Cedex, France
| | - Delphine Spiesse
- Nestlé Skin Health R&D, 2400 Route des Colles, BP 87, 06902, Sophia-Antipolis Cedex, France
| | - Nathalie Taquet
- Nestlé Skin Health R&D, 2400 Route des Colles, BP 87, 06902, Sophia-Antipolis Cedex, France
| | - Etienne Thoreau
- Nestlé Skin Health R&D, 2400 Route des Colles, BP 87, 06902, Sophia-Antipolis Cedex, France
| | - Rodolphe Vatinel
- Nestlé Skin Health R&D, 2400 Route des Colles, BP 87, 06902, Sophia-Antipolis Cedex, France
| | - Emmanuel Vial
- Nestlé Skin Health R&D, 2400 Route des Colles, BP 87, 06902, Sophia-Antipolis Cedex, France
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9
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Boiteau JG, Ouvry G, Arlabosse JM, Astri S, Beillard A, Bhurruth-Alcor Y, Bonnary L, Bouix-Peter C, Bouquet K, Bourotte M, Cardinaud I, Comino C, Deprez B, Duvert D, Féret A, Hacini-Rachinel F, Harris CS, Luzy AP, Mathieu A, Millois C, Orsini N, Pascau J, Pinto A, Piwnica D, Polge G, Reitz A, Reversé K, Rodeville N, Rossio P, Spiesse D, Tabet S, Taquet N, Tomas L, Vial E, Hennequin LF. Discovery and process development of a novel TACE inhibitor for the topical treatment of psoriasis. Bioorg Med Chem 2017; 26:945-956. [PMID: 28818461 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2017.07.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2017] [Revised: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Targeting the TNFα pathway is a validated approach to the treatment of psoriasis. In this pathway, TACE stands out as a druggable target and has been the focus of in-house research programs. In this article, we present the discovery of clinical candidate 26a. Starting from hits plagued with poor solubility or genotoxicity, 26a was identified through thorough multiparameter optimisation. Showing robust in vivo activity in an oxazolone-mediated inflammation model, the compound was selected for development. Following a polymorph screen, the hydrochloride salt was selected and the synthesis was efficiently developed to yield the API in 47% overall yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Guy Boiteau
- Nestlé Skin Health R&D, Les Templiers 2400 Route des Colles, 06410 Biot, France.
| | - Gilles Ouvry
- Nestlé Skin Health R&D, Les Templiers 2400 Route des Colles, 06410 Biot, France.
| | | | - Stéphanie Astri
- Nestlé Skin Health R&D, Les Templiers 2400 Route des Colles, 06410 Biot, France
| | - Audrey Beillard
- Nestlé Skin Health R&D, Les Templiers 2400 Route des Colles, 06410 Biot, France
| | | | - Laetitia Bonnary
- Nestlé Skin Health R&D, Les Templiers 2400 Route des Colles, 06410 Biot, France
| | - Claire Bouix-Peter
- Nestlé Skin Health R&D, Les Templiers 2400 Route des Colles, 06410 Biot, France
| | - Karine Bouquet
- Nestlé Skin Health R&D, Les Templiers 2400 Route des Colles, 06410 Biot, France
| | - Marilyne Bourotte
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1177 - Drugs and Molecules for Living Systems, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Isabelle Cardinaud
- Nestlé Skin Health R&D, Les Templiers 2400 Route des Colles, 06410 Biot, France
| | - Catherine Comino
- Nestlé Skin Health R&D, Les Templiers 2400 Route des Colles, 06410 Biot, France
| | - Benoît Deprez
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1177 - Drugs and Molecules for Living Systems, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Denis Duvert
- Nestlé Skin Health R&D, Les Templiers 2400 Route des Colles, 06410 Biot, France
| | - Angélique Féret
- Nestlé Skin Health R&D, Les Templiers 2400 Route des Colles, 06410 Biot, France
| | | | - Craig S Harris
- Nestlé Skin Health R&D, Les Templiers 2400 Route des Colles, 06410 Biot, France
| | - Anne-Pascale Luzy
- Nestlé Skin Health R&D, Les Templiers 2400 Route des Colles, 06410 Biot, France
| | - Arnaud Mathieu
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1177 - Drugs and Molecules for Living Systems, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Corinne Millois
- Nestlé Skin Health R&D, Les Templiers 2400 Route des Colles, 06410 Biot, France
| | - Nicolas Orsini
- Nestlé Skin Health R&D, Les Templiers 2400 Route des Colles, 06410 Biot, France
| | - Jonathan Pascau
- Nestlé Skin Health R&D, Les Templiers 2400 Route des Colles, 06410 Biot, France
| | - Artur Pinto
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1177 - Drugs and Molecules for Living Systems, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - David Piwnica
- Nestlé Skin Health R&D, Les Templiers 2400 Route des Colles, 06410 Biot, France
| | - Gaëlle Polge
- Nestlé Skin Health R&D, Les Templiers 2400 Route des Colles, 06410 Biot, France
| | - Arnaud Reitz
- Nestlé Skin Health R&D, Les Templiers 2400 Route des Colles, 06410 Biot, France
| | - Kevin Reversé
- Nestlé Skin Health R&D, Les Templiers 2400 Route des Colles, 06410 Biot, France
| | - Nicolas Rodeville
- Nestlé Skin Health R&D, Les Templiers 2400 Route des Colles, 06410 Biot, France
| | - Patricia Rossio
- Nestlé Skin Health R&D, Les Templiers 2400 Route des Colles, 06410 Biot, France
| | - Delphine Spiesse
- Nestlé Skin Health R&D, Les Templiers 2400 Route des Colles, 06410 Biot, France
| | - Samuel Tabet
- Nestlé Skin Health R&D, Les Templiers 2400 Route des Colles, 06410 Biot, France
| | - Nathalie Taquet
- Nestlé Skin Health R&D, Les Templiers 2400 Route des Colles, 06410 Biot, France
| | - Loïc Tomas
- Nestlé Skin Health R&D, Les Templiers 2400 Route des Colles, 06410 Biot, France
| | - Emmanuel Vial
- Nestlé Skin Health R&D, Les Templiers 2400 Route des Colles, 06410 Biot, France
| | - Laurent F Hennequin
- Nestlé Skin Health R&D, Les Templiers 2400 Route des Colles, 06410 Biot, France
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10
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Ventre E, Rozières A, Lenief V, Albert F, Rossio P, Laoubi L, Dombrowicz D, Staels B, Ulmann L, Julia V, Vial E, Jomard A, Hacini-Rachinel F, Nicolas JF, Vocanson M. Topical ivermectin improves allergic skin inflammation. Allergy 2017; 72:1212-1221. [PMID: 28052336 DOI: 10.1111/all.13118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ivermectin (IVM) is widely used in both human and veterinary medicine to treat parasitic infections. Recent reports have suggested that IVM could also have anti-inflammatory properties. METHODS Here, we investigated the activity of IVM in a murine model of atopic dermatitis (AD) induced by repeated exposure to the allergen Dermatophagoides farinae, and in standard cellular immunological assays. RESULTS Our results show that topical IVM improved allergic skin inflammation by reducing the priming and activation of allergen-specific T cells, as well as the production of inflammatory cytokines. While IVM had no major impact on the functions of dendritic cells in vivo and in vitro, IVM impaired T-cell activation, proliferation, and cytokine production following polyclonal and antigen-specific stimulation. CONCLUSION Altogether, our results show that IVM is endowed with topical anti-inflammatory properties that could have important applications for the treatment of T-cell-mediated skin inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. Ventre
- CIRI; International Center for Infectiology Research; Université de Lyon; INSERM, U1111; Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon; Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie; Université Lyon 1; CNRS; UMR 5308; Lyon France
| | - A. Rozières
- CIRI; International Center for Infectiology Research; Université de Lyon; INSERM, U1111; Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon; Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie; Université Lyon 1; CNRS; UMR 5308; Lyon France
| | - V. Lenief
- CIRI; International Center for Infectiology Research; Université de Lyon; INSERM, U1111; Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon; Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie; Université Lyon 1; CNRS; UMR 5308; Lyon France
| | - F. Albert
- CIRI; International Center for Infectiology Research; Université de Lyon; INSERM, U1111; Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon; Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie; Université Lyon 1; CNRS; UMR 5308; Lyon France
| | - P. Rossio
- Nestlé Skin Health R&D; Sophia-Antipolis; Biot France
| | - L. Laoubi
- CIRI; International Center for Infectiology Research; Université de Lyon; INSERM, U1111; Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon; Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie; Université Lyon 1; CNRS; UMR 5308; Lyon France
| | - D. Dombrowicz
- Université de Lille; INSERM; CHU de Lille; European Genomic Institute of Diabetes; Institut Pasteur de Lille; U1011-récepteurs nucléaires maladies cardiovasculaires et diabète; Lille France
| | - B. Staels
- Université de Lille; INSERM; CHU de Lille; European Genomic Institute of Diabetes; Institut Pasteur de Lille; U1011-récepteurs nucléaires maladies cardiovasculaires et diabète; Lille France
| | - L. Ulmann
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle; CNRS; INSERM; Université de Montpellier; Montpellier France
| | - V. Julia
- Nestlé Skin Health R&D; Sophia-Antipolis; Biot France
| | - E. Vial
- Nestlé Skin Health R&D; Sophia-Antipolis; Biot France
| | - A. Jomard
- Nestlé Skin Health R&D; Sophia-Antipolis; Biot France
| | | | - J.-F. Nicolas
- CIRI; International Center for Infectiology Research; Université de Lyon; INSERM, U1111; Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon; Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie; Université Lyon 1; CNRS; UMR 5308; Lyon France
| | - M. Vocanson
- CIRI; International Center for Infectiology Research; Université de Lyon; INSERM, U1111; Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon; Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie; Université Lyon 1; CNRS; UMR 5308; Lyon France
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11
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Bouvier G, Learn DB, Nonne C, Feraille G, Vial E, Ruty B. Protective Effect of Dermal Brimonidine Applications Against UV Radiation-induced Skin Tumors, Epidermal Hyperplasia and Cell Proliferation in the Skin of Hairless Mice. Photochem Photobiol 2015; 91:1479-87. [PMID: 26333507 DOI: 10.1111/php.12528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 08/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Brimonidine at 0.18%, 1% and 2% concentrations applied topically in hairless mice significantly decreased tumor burden and incidences of erythema, flaking, wrinkling and skin thickening induced by UVR. The unbiased median week to tumor ≥1 mm was increased by the 1% and 2% concentrations. The tumor yield was reduced by all concentrations at week 40 for all tumor sizes but the ≥4 mm tumors with the 0.18% concentration. At week 52, the tumor yield was reduced for all tumor sizes and all brimonidine concentrations. The tumor incidence was reduced by all concentrations at week 40 for all tumor sizes, but the ≥4 mm tumor with the 0.18% concentration and at week 52 for all tumor sizes with the 1% and 2% concentrations and with the 0.18% concentration only for the ≥4 mm tumors. Reductions in ≥4 mm tumor incidences compared to the vehicle control group were 54%, 91% and 86% by week 52 for the 0.18%, 1% and 2% concentrations, respectively. Brimonidine at 2% applied 1 h before or just after UVB irradiation on hairless mice decreased epidermal hyperplasia by 23% and 32% and epithelial cell proliferation by 59% and 64%, respectively, similar to an epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Douglas B Learn
- Charles River Laboratories Preclinical Services, Horsham, PA
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12
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Chumakov I, Nabirotchkin S, Cholet N, Milet A, Boucard A, Toulorge D, Pereira Y, Graudens E, Traoré S, Foucquier J, Guedj M, Vial E, Callizot N, Steinschneider R, Maurice T, Bertrand V, Scart-Grès C, Hajj R, Cohen D. Combining two repurposed drugs as a promising approach for Alzheimer's disease therapy. Sci Rep 2015; 5:7608. [PMID: 25566747 PMCID: PMC5378993 DOI: 10.1038/srep07608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 11/19/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer disease (AD) represents a major medical problem where mono-therapeutic interventions demonstrated only a limited efficacy so far. We explored the possibility of developing a combinational therapy that might prevent the degradation of neuronal and endothelial structures in this disease. We argued that the distorted balance between excitatory (glutamate) and inhibitory (GABA/glycine) systems constitutes a therapeutic target for such intervention. We found that a combination of two approved drugs – acamprosate and baclofen – synergistically protected neurons and endothelial structures in vitro against amyloid-beta (Aβ) oligomers. The neuroprotective effects of these drugs were mediated by modulation of targets in GABA/glycinergic and glutamatergic pathways. In vivo, the combination alleviated cognitive deficits in the acute Aβ25–35 peptide injection model and in the mouse mutant APP transgenic model. Several patterns altered in AD were also synergistically normalised. Our results open up the possibility for a promising therapeutic approach for AD by combining repurposed drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilya Chumakov
- Pharnext, 11 rue des Peupliers, 92130 Issy-Les-Moulineaux, France
| | | | - Nathalie Cholet
- Pharnext, 11 rue des Peupliers, 92130 Issy-Les-Moulineaux, France
| | - Aude Milet
- Pharnext, 11 rue des Peupliers, 92130 Issy-Les-Moulineaux, France
| | - Aurélie Boucard
- Pharnext, 11 rue des Peupliers, 92130 Issy-Les-Moulineaux, France
| | - Damien Toulorge
- Pharnext, 11 rue des Peupliers, 92130 Issy-Les-Moulineaux, France
| | - Yannick Pereira
- Pharnext, 11 rue des Peupliers, 92130 Issy-Les-Moulineaux, France
| | - Esther Graudens
- Pharnext, 11 rue des Peupliers, 92130 Issy-Les-Moulineaux, France
| | - Sory Traoré
- Pharnext, 11 rue des Peupliers, 92130 Issy-Les-Moulineaux, France
| | - Julie Foucquier
- Pharnext, 11 rue des Peupliers, 92130 Issy-Les-Moulineaux, France
| | - Mickael Guedj
- Pharnext, 11 rue des Peupliers, 92130 Issy-Les-Moulineaux, France
| | - Emmanuel Vial
- Pharnext, 11 rue des Peupliers, 92130 Issy-Les-Moulineaux, France
| | | | | | - Tangui Maurice
- 1] Université de Montpellier 2, 34095 Montpellier, France; Inserm, U710, 34095 Montpellier, France; EPHE, 75017 Paris, France [2] Amylgen, 2196 bd de la Lironde, 34980 Montferrier-sur-Lez, France
| | - Viviane Bertrand
- Pharnext, 11 rue des Peupliers, 92130 Issy-Les-Moulineaux, France
| | | | - Rodolphe Hajj
- Pharnext, 11 rue des Peupliers, 92130 Issy-Les-Moulineaux, France
| | - Daniel Cohen
- Pharnext, 11 rue des Peupliers, 92130 Issy-Les-Moulineaux, France
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13
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Chumakov I, Milet A, Cholet N, Primas G, Boucard A, Pereira Y, Graudens E, Mandel J, Laffaire J, Foucquier J, Glibert F, Bertrand V, Nave KA, Sereda MW, Vial E, Guedj M, Hajj R, Nabirotchkin S, Cohen D. Polytherapy with a combination of three repurposed drugs (PXT3003) down-regulates Pmp22 over-expression and improves myelination, axonal and functional parameters in models of CMT1A neuropathy. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2014; 9:201. [PMID: 25491744 PMCID: PMC4279797 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-014-0201-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 1A (CMT1A) is the most common inherited sensory and motor peripheral neuropathy. It is caused by PMP22 overexpression which leads to defects of peripheral myelination, loss of long axons, and progressive impairment then disability. There is no treatment available despite observations that monotherapeutic interventions slow progression in rodent models. We thus hypothesized that a polytherapeutic approach using several drugs, previously approved for other diseases, could be beneficial by simultaneously targeting PMP22 and pathways important for myelination and axonal integrity. A combination of drugs for CMT1A polytherapy was chosen from a group of authorised drugs for unrelated diseases using a systems biology approach, followed by pharmacological safety considerations. Testing and proof of synergism of these drugs were performed in a co-culture model of DRG neurons and Schwann cells derived from a Pmp22 transgenic rat model of CMT1A. Their ability to lower Pmp22 mRNA in Schwann cells relative to house-keeping genes or to a second myelin transcript (Mpz) was assessed in a clonal cell line expressing these genes. Finally in vivo efficacy of the combination was tested in two models: CMT1A transgenic rats, and mice that recover from a nerve crush injury, a model to assess neuroprotection and regeneration. Combination of (RS)-baclofen, naltrexone hydrochloride and D-sorbitol, termed PXT3003, improved myelination in the Pmp22 transgenic co-culture cellular model, and moderately down-regulated Pmp22 mRNA expression in Schwannoma cells. In both in vitro systems, the combination of drugs was revealed to possess synergistic effects, which provided the rationale for in vivo clinical testing of rodent models. In Pmp22 transgenic CMT1A rats, PXT3003 down-regulated the Pmp22 to Mpz mRNA ratio, improved myelination of small fibres, increased nerve conduction and ameliorated the clinical phenotype. PXT3003 also improved axonal regeneration and remyelination in the murine nerve crush model. Based on these observations in preclinical models, a clinical trial of PTX3003 in CMT1A, a neglected orphan disease, is warranted. If the efficacy of PTX3003 is confirmed, rational polytherapy based on novel combinations of existing non-toxic drugs with pleiotropic effects may represent a promising approach for rapid drug development.
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14
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Barrachin G, Corenwinder F, Vial E. Fire PSA of the French PWR 900 MWe series. KERNTECHNIK 2013. [DOI: 10.3139/124.100330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The PSA approach described in part 1 is also used to assess the core damage frequency due to a fire in the control room of a 900 MWe Nuclear Power plant. The specifics of the control room include the cable failure modes due to the fire (spurious order in particular), two different kinds of fire detection systems in the control room and the use of controls and instrumentation of the remote shutdown panel to reach the safe shutdown state if the control room has to be evacuated. This paper will focus on the detailed study of critical compartments and on the results and insights of this study. The purpose of this paper is also to present the methodology used to assess the core damage frequency due to a fire in the control room of a French Nuclear Power Plant, some qualitative results and the main insights further to the discussions with the utility.
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Affiliation(s)
- G. Barrachin
- IRSN BP17, 92262 Fontenay-aux-Roses Cedex, France. E-mail:
| | - F. Corenwinder
- IRSN BP17, 92262 Fontenay-aux-Roses Cedex, France. E-mail:
| | - E. Vial
- IRSN BP17, 92262 Fontenay-aux-Roses Cedex, France. E-mail:
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15
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Barrachin G, Corenwinder F, Vial E. Fire PSA of the French PWR 900 MWe series. KERNTECHNIK 2013. [DOI: 10.3139/124.100329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The Institute for Radioprotection and Nuclear Safety (IRSN) has developed a Fire Probabilistic Safety Assessment of the operating French 900 MWe PWR in order to organize into a hierarchy the items of equipments and the compartments, impacting the core melt frequency following a fire, and to reinforce deterministic safety analysis with functional analysis and realistic fire scenarios. The IRSN Fire PSA is composed of two stages: the first one concerns the selection of critical zones and the second one concerns the detailed study of the critical compartments, corresponding to the development of the fire scenarios and of the fire-induced core damage sequences. The first version of the IRSN Fire PSA has been updated by integrating the specificities of the Fire Action Plan, implemented by the utility on the French 900 MWe PWR. This study shows that four compartments are preponderant. The integration of the Fire Action Plan allowed decreasing the number of preponderant compartments. The integration of the symptom-oriented procedures and the removal of conservatisms should lead to a lower core damage frequency for these preponderant compartments. The results show that fire is not a negligible risk but the implementation of the Fire Action Plan has a significant positive impact on safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- G. Barrachin
- IRSN BP17, 92262 Fontenay-aux-Roses Cedex, France. E-mail:
| | - F. Corenwinder
- IRSN BP17, 92262 Fontenay-aux-Roses Cedex, France. E-mail:
| | - E. Vial
- IRSN BP17, 92262 Fontenay-aux-Roses Cedex, France. E-mail:
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16
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Sahai E, Garcia-Medina R, Pouysségur J, Vial E. Smurf1 regulates tumor cell plasticity and motility through degradation of RhoA leading to localized inhibition of contractility. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 176:35-42. [PMID: 17190792 PMCID: PMC2063621 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.200605135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Rho GTPases participate in various cellular processes, including normal and tumor cell migration. It has been reported that RhoA is targeted for degradation at the leading edge of migrating cells by the E3 ubiquitin ligase Smurf1, and that this is required for the formation of protrusions. We report that Smurf1-dependent RhoA degradation in tumor cells results in the down-regulation of Rho kinase (ROCK) activity and myosin light chain 2 (MLC2) phosphorylation at the cell periphery. The localized inhibition of contractile forces is necessary for the formation of lamellipodia and for tumor cell motility in 2D tissue culture assays. In 3D invasion assays, and in in vivo tumor cell migration, the inhibition of Smurf1 induces a mesenchymal–amoeboid–like transition that is associated with a more invasive phenotype. Our results suggest that Smurf1 is a pivotal regulator of tumor cell movement through its regulation of RhoA signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Sahai
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 6543, Centre Antoine Lacassagne, Nice 06189, France
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17
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Vial E, Marshall CJ. Elevated ERK-MAP kinase activity protects the FOS family member FRA-1 against proteasomal degradation in colon carcinoma cells. J Cell Sci 2003; 116:4957-63. [PMID: 14625389 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.00812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The AP-1 (activator protein-1) complex, which consists of proteins of the Fos and Jun families, is thought to play an important role in the balance between cell proliferation and apoptosis, the response to genotoxic stress and cell transformation. In cells containing oncogenic Ras, the major components of AP-1 are Fra-1 and c-Jun. Signalling from Ras to AP-1 is through the Raf/MEK[mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase kinase]/ERK (extracellular signal-regulated kinase) MAP kinase pathway as sustained activation of Raf1 or Mek1 modifies AP-1 composition and activity. To analyse the potential link between the ERK-MAPK pathway and AP-1 in colon cancer, in which RAS and BRAF mutations are frequent, we have studied the regulation of AP-1 in colon carcinoma cell lines. We show that c-JUN and FRA-1 expression is dependent on ERK activity and that different thresholds of ERK activity control the expression of FRA-1. A basal activity is required to induce transcription of the FRA-1 gene, but additional higher levels of activity stabilize FRA-1 against proteasome-dependent degradation. These results provide a clear-cut example that the magnitude of ERK signalling affects the cellular response. Although we find no contribution of FRA-1 towards cell proliferation of adherent tumour cells, the high levels of FRA-1 in cells where elevated ERK activity leads to protein stabilization provide survival signals for tumour cells removed from the extracellular matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Vial
- Cancer Research UK Centre for Cell and Molecular Biology, Institute of Cancer Research, 237 Fulham Road, London SW3 6JB, UK
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18
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Abstract
We describe two signaling events downstream of ERK-MAP kinase contributing to cell motility in colon carcinoma cells. The Fos family member Fra-1 is expressed in an ERK-dependent manner. Silencing of Fra-1 expression with short interfering RNAs leads to losses of cell polarization, motility, and invasiveness in vitro. These effects of ablating Fra-1 are a consequence of activation of a RhoA-ROCK pathway by beta1-integrin, leading to an increase in the amount of stress fibers and stabilization of focal adhesions. We propose that Fra-1 promotes cell motility by inactivating beta1-integrin and keeping RhoA activity low. This depression of RhoA activity is necessary to permit a second ERK-dependent signaling event via uPAR, the receptor for urokinase-type plasminogen activator, to activate Rac and to drive motility through polarized lamellipodia extension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Vial
- Cancer Research UK Centre for Cell and Molecular Biology, Institute of Cancer Research, 237 Fulham Road, London, SW3 6JB, United Kingdom
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19
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Chamboredon S, Briggs J, Vial E, Hurault J, Galvagni F, Oliviero S, Bos T, Castellazzi M. v-Jun downregulates the SPARC target gene by binding to the proximal promoter indirectly through Sp1/3. Oncogene 2003; 22:4047-61. [PMID: 12821939 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1206713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Transformation of chick embryo fibroblasts by the v-Jun oncoprotein correlates with a downregulation of the extracellular matrix protein SPARC and repression of the corresponding mRNA. Repression of SPARC contributes to the oncogenic process by facilitating tumor development in vivo. A proximal promoter fragment, designated -124/+16, is responsible for high constitutive activity of the SPARC gene and is the target of repression by v-Jun. In this paper, using electrophoretic mobility shift and pull-down assays in vitro, and transient transfections and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays in Sp1/3-deficient Drosophila SL2 cells and in chick embryo fibroblasts, we show that (i) Sp1 and/or Sp3 is required for constitutive activation of SPARC transcription, by binding directly to the GGA-rich -92/-57 fragment; and (ii) v-Jun does not bind -124/+16 directly, but binds to the GGA-rich fragment indirectly, most likely through a physical interaction with Sp1/3. Moreover, a transactivation-proficient v-Jun derivative, designated v-Jun/cebp/glz, which cannot bind Jun DNA motifs anymore and cannot heterodimerize, is still capable of downregulating SPARC efficiently. Taken together, these data strongly suggest that v-Jun downregulates SPARC through the formation of a DNA-Sp1/3-v-Jun, chromatin-associated complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandrine Chamboredon
- Unité de Virologie Humaine, INSERM-U412, Ecole Normale Supérieure, 46 allée d'ltalie, 69364 Lyon cedex 07, France
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20
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Pavic M, Badet F, Dupond J, Drouet A, Flocard F, Vial E, Streichenberger N, Petiot P, Colin J, Bielefeld P, Gouttard M, Vital-Durand D, Rousset H. Maladie de Mac Ardle ou glycogénose de type V diagnostiquéeaprès 30 ans : À propos de 10 cas. Rev Med Interne 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0248-8663(02)80102-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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21
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Moachon N, Boullange C, Fraud S, Vial E, Thomas M, Quash G. Influence of the charge of low molecular weight proteins on their efficacy of filtration and/or adsorption on dialysis membranes with different intrinsic properties. Biomaterials 2002; 23:651-8. [PMID: 11771685 DOI: 10.1016/s0142-9612(01)00151-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Hemodialysis membranes eliminate by filtration low-molecular-weight toxic metabolites (urea and creatinine) with minimum interactions between blood components and the membrane itself. However, the ability of a membrane to adsorb specific proteins could be beneficial if the accumulation of these same proteins is implicated in the genesis of a pathological condition. Beta-amyloidosis which accompanies the elevation of beta2-microglobulin (11.8 kDa) in the plasma of dialysed patients is one such condition (Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 129 (3) (1985) 701-706: Lancet 1 (1986) 1240-1311). To determine whether increases in plasma beta2-microglobulin levels were due to differences in filtration efficacy of the membrane used and/or to certain characteristics of this protein, e.g. its charge (pI 5.7) the adsorption and filtration of [3H] beta2-microglobulin and [3H] lysozyme of similar MW 14.5 kDa, but pI: 10.8 were compared on different membranes. It was found that, neither [3H] beta2-microglobulin nor [3H] lysozyme are removed by cuprophan, whereas over 75% of beta2-microglobulin is removed by filtration on polyacrylonitrile, polyacrylonitrile-polyethyleneimine, polysulfone and >95% by adsorption to polymethylmethacrylate-BK. For lysozyme, removal by adsorption is >95% on polyacrylonitrile and polyacrylonitrile-polyethyleneimine, 72% on polymethylmethacrylate-BK and by filtration is 95% on polysulfone. Hemodialysis membranes must therefore not simply be considered as filters of low-molecular-weight metabolites but should be equally assessed for their capacity to eliminate potentially deleterious low-molecular-weight plasma proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Moachon
- Laboratoire d'Immunochimie, INSERM 4329, Faculté de Médecine Lyon-Sud, Université Claude Bernard, Lyon I, Oullins, France
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22
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Bost F, Caron L, Vial E, Montreau N, Marchetti I, Dejong V, Defize L, Castellazzi M, Binétruy B. The defective transforming phenotype of c-Jun Ala(63/73) is rescued by mutation of the C-terminal phosphorylation site. Oncogene 2001; 20:7425-9. [PMID: 11704873 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1204924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2001] [Revised: 08/09/2001] [Accepted: 08/14/2001] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Cotransfection of primary rat embryo fibroblasts (REF) with c-Jun and activated Ras leads to oncogenic transformation and this process requires the phosphorylation of the N-terminal domain of c-Jun. Ras augments this phosphorylation and, consequently activates the c-Jun transactivation property of TRE (TPA Responsive Element)-dependent promoters. To analyse the role of the c-Jun C-terminal phosphorylation site in oncogenic cooperation we tested the activities of N-terminal c-Jun Ala(63/73) (named Nt), C-terminal c-Jun Ala(234/242/246/252) (named Ct) and (Nt+Ct)-with both mutations-non-phosphorylatable c-Jun mutants. In cooperation with Ras, the Ct mutant and wt c-Jun display similar oncogenic properties whereas the Nt form was defective in transforming REF cells. Unexpectedly, the Nt+Ct mutant exhibited identical oncogenic properties to wt c-Jun, demonstrating that the Ct mutation rescues in cis the Nt mutation. The transcriptional activity and the capacity to bind the c-Jun coactivator CREB Binding Protein (CBP) were enhanced by Ras for the wt and Ct proteins but not for the Nt mutant. Interestingly, the Nt+Ct mutant presents identical transactivation and CBP binding activities to wt c-Jun. Therefore the rescue in cis of the defective Nt mutation by the Ct mutation seems to be due to the recovery of CBP binding. Our results revealed that the process of oncogenic cooperation can occur between Ras and the Nt+Ct non-phosphorylatable c-Jun protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Bost
- INSERM E99-11, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Nice Sophia-Antipolis, Av. de Valombrose, 06107 Nice, France
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23
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Saugier-Veber P, Drouot N, Lefebvre S, Charbonnier F, Vial E, Munnich A, Frébourg T. Detection of heterozygous SMN1 deletions in SMA families using a simple fluorescent multiplex PCR method. J Med Genet 2001; 38:240-3. [PMID: 11368028 PMCID: PMC1734846 DOI: 10.1136/jmg.38.4.240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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24
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Perez S, Vial E, van Dam H, Castellazzi M. Transcription factor ATF3 partially transforms chick embryo fibroblasts by promoting growth factor-independent proliferation. Oncogene 2001; 20:1135-41. [PMID: 11314051 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1204200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2000] [Revised: 12/07/2000] [Accepted: 12/19/2000] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Activating Transcription Factor 3 (ATF3) is a member of the bZip family of transcription factors. Previous studies in mammalian cells suggested that like other bZip family members e.g. Jun and Fos, ATF3 might play a role in the control of cell proliferation and participate in oncogenic transformation. To investigate this putative ATF3 function directly, the rat ATF3 protein was compared with v-Jun for its ability to transform primary cultures of chick embryo fibroblasts (CEFs). Like CEFs accumulating v-Jun, CEFs accumulating the ATF3 protein displayed a typical, fusiform morphology, associated with an enhanced capacity to grow in medium with reduced amount of serum. However, in contrast to v-Jun-transformed CEFs, the ATF3 overexpressing cells could not promote colony formation from single cells in agar. Partial transformation induced by ATF3 was found to be associated with repression of multiple cellular genes that are also down-regulated by v-Jun, including those coding for the extracellular components fibronectin, decorin, thrombospondin 2, and the pro-apoptotic protein Par-4. These data demonstrate that, at least in primary avian cells, rat ATF3 possesses an intrinsic oncogenic potential. Moreover, the results suggest that ATF3 might induce growth factor independence by down-regulating a subset of the genes repressed by v-Jun.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Perez
- Unité de Virologie Humaine, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM-U412), Ecole Normale Supérieure, 46 allée d'Italie, 69364 Lyon Cedex 07, France
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25
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Abstract
Transformation of chick embryo fibroblasts by the v-Jun oncoprotein correlates with a down-regulation of the extracellular matrix protein SPARC and repression of the corresponding mRNA. Alteration in SPARC expression has been repeatedly reported in human cancers of various origin, and is thought to contribute to the remodeling of the extracellular matrix during neoplastic progression. Transcriptional control of SPARC is poorly understood. We show here that (i) v-Jun-mediated repression of the endogenous SPARC gene is enhanced by Fra2 but alleviated by ATF2, Fra2 and ATF2 being the two major partners of v-Jun in the transformed cells; (ii) high basal activity as well as repression by v-Jun and modulation by Fra2 and ATF2 is restricted to a small proximal fragment (-124/+16) of the chicken SPARC promoter; (iii) the activity of this minimal promoter is modulated by all the AP1 family members known in chickens (c-Jun and JunD; c-Fos and Fra2; ATF2; c-Maf, MafA, and MafB). Taken together these data demonstrate that, at least in avian primary cells, SPARC expression is under the control of the AP1 transcription factor. Further studies with the minimal (-124/+16) promoter fragment are needed to understand how this control takes place at the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Vial
- Unité de Virologie Humaine, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM-U412), Ecole Normale Supérieure, 46 allée d'Italie, 69364 Lyon Cedex 07, France
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26
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Vial E, Castellazzi M. Down-regulation of the extracellular matrix protein SPARC in vSrc- and vJun-transformed chick embryo fibroblasts contributes to tumor formation in vivo. Oncogene 2000; 19:1772-82. [PMID: 10777211 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1203493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In vitro transformation of primary cultures of chick embryo fibroblasts by the membrane-bound vSrc or the nuclear vJun oncoproteins is correlated with a down-regulation of the secreted glycoprotein SPARC (also called BM-40 or osteonectin). This protein is a nonstructural component of the extracellular matrix that is thought to regulate cell-matrix interaction during development, wound repair, and carcinogenesis. Its precise function remains unclear. To estimate the contribution of SPARC down-regulation to the major aspects of the transformed phenotype, we have reexpressed this protein from a self-replicating retrovirus Rcas, designated R-SPARC, in the transformed cultures. These R-SPARC-infected cultures display the following main properties: (i) they accumulate the SPARC protein to a level identical to or only slightly higher than the level in normal chick embryo fibroblasts; (ii) they retain the main phenotypic properties characteristic of in vitro transformed cells, that is, altered morphology, capacity to grow in a reduced amount of serum, and capacity to develop colonies from single cells in agar; (iii) they display a clearly reduced capacity to develop local fibrosarcomas in vivo. Taken together, these data strongly suggest that down-regulation of SPARC contributes to the transformed phenotype triggered by vSrc and vJun in primary avian fibroblasts, by facilitating in vivo tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Vial
- Unité de Virologie Humaine, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM-U412), Ecole Normale Supérieure, Lyon, France
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27
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von Kleist-Retzow JC, Vial E, Chantrel-Groussard K, Rötig A, Munnich A, Rustin P, Taanman JW. Biochemical, genetic and immunoblot analyses of 17 patients with an isolated cytochrome c oxidase deficiency. Biochim Biophys Acta 1999; 1455:35-44. [PMID: 10524227 DOI: 10.1016/s0925-4439(99)00050-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial respiratory chain defects involving cytochrome c oxidase (COX) are found in a clinically heterogeneous group of diseases, yet the molecular basis of these disorders have been determined in only a limited number of cases. Here, we report the clinical, biochemical and molecular findings in 17 patients who all had isolated COX deficiency and expressed the defect in cultured skin fibroblasts. Immunoblot analysis of mitochondrial fractions with nine subunit specific monoclonal antibodies revealed that in most patients, including in a patient with a novel mutation in the SURF1 gene, steady-state levels of all investigated COX subunits were decreased. Distinct subunit expression patterns were found, however, in different patients. The severity of the enzymatic defect matched the decrease in immunoreactive material in these patients, suggesting that the remnant enzyme activity reflects the amount of remaining holo-enzyme. Four patients presented with a clear defect of COX activity but had near normal levels of COX subunits. An increased affinity for cytochrome c was observed in one of these patients. Our findings indicate a genetic heterogeneity of COX deficiencies and are suggestive of a prominent involvement of nuclear genes acting on the assembly and maintenance of cytochrome c oxidase.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C von Kleist-Retzow
- Unité de Recherches sur les Handicaps Génétiques de l'Enfant (INSERM U393), Hôpital des Enfants-Malades, Paris, France.
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28
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Abstract
Two pro-apoptotic proteases, caspase-1 and caspase-3, have been expressed as full-length proteins in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Both proteins autoprocess to generate the corresponding active enzyme and both are lethal to the yeast cell. Lethality is due to catalytic activity since the expression of the inactive mutant forms of both caspases does not result in an obvious phenotype. Caspase-expressing yeast can be rescued by co-expression of the baculovirus protein p35, a known inhibitor of the caspase family. Co-expression of Bcl-2, another anti-apoptotic protein, does not prevent the cell death induced by either caspase. However, Bcl-2 is itself cleaved by both caspase-1 and caspase-3 at two adjacent recognition sites, YEWD(31')A and DAGD(34')V respectively, immediately downstream from the N-terminal BH4 domain, a region of Bcl-2 which is essential for its anti-apoptotic activity; similar cleavage of Bcl-2 by caspases has been demonstrated in mammalian cells. Hence, key elements of the apoptotic pathway can be reliably reconstituted in fission yeast, opening the way to exploit yeast in order to study the control of apoptosis. Furthermore, the activity of caspase-3, although not caspase-1, can be demonstrated in vitro using chromogenic substrates. This offers the possibility of using caspase-producing strains of yeast to screen for chemical inhibitors either in vivo or in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ryser
- Ares-Serono, 14 ch. des Aulx, 1228 Plan-Les-Ouates, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland.
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29
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van Dam H, Huguier S, Kooistra K, Baguet J, Vial E, van der Eb AJ, Herrlich P, Angel P, Castellazzi M. Autocrine growth and anchorage independence: two complementing Jun-controlled genetic programs of cellular transformation. Genes Dev 1998; 12:1227-39. [PMID: 9553051 PMCID: PMC316714 DOI: 10.1101/gad.12.8.1227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cellular transformation can be achieved by constitutive activation of growth-regulatory signaling pathways, which, in turn, activate nuclear transcription factors thought to execute a transformation-specific program of gene expression. Members of the dimeric transcription factor family AP-1 are at the receiving end of such growth-regulating pathways and the viral form of the AP-1 subunit Jun establishes one important aspect of transformation in chick embryo fibroblasts (CEFs): enhanced growth in agar and in low serum. Enhanced Jun activity is likely to target several different genetic programs as Jun forms heterodimers with one of several members of the Fos and ATF2 subfamilies, resulting in transcription factors with different sequence specificities. To identify the programs relevant for transformation, we have reduced the complexity of AP-1 factors by constructing Jun bZip mutants that can efficiently dimerize and transactivate with only a restricted set of partner subunits. Upon introduction into CEFs, a Jun mutant selective for the Fos family induced anchorage-independent growth but no growth factor-independence. In contrast, a c-Jun mutant with preference for ATF2-like proteins caused growth factor-independence, but no growth in agar. Coexpression of both mutants reestablished the combined transformation program as induced by wild-type Jun. These data show that Jun-dependent cell transformation can be resolved into at least two distinct and independent processes, anchorage and growth factor independence, obviously triggered by two classes of Jun heterodimers likely regulating different sets of target genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- H van Dam
- Laboratory for Molecular Carcinogenesis, Sylvius Laboratories, University of Leiden, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
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30
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Vandel L, Montreau N, Vial E, Pfarr CM, Binetruy B, Castellazzi M. Stepwise transformation of rat embryo fibroblasts: c-Jun, JunB, or JunD can cooperate with Ras for focus formation, but a c-Jun-containing heterodimer is required for immortalization. Mol Cell Biol 1996; 16:1881-8. [PMID: 8628254 PMCID: PMC231175 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.16.5.1881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Among the Jun family of transcription factors, only c-Jun displays full transforming potential in cooperation with activated c-Ha-Ras in primary rat embryo fibroblasts. c-Jun in combination with Ras can both induce foci of transformed cells from rat embryo fibroblast monolayers and promote the establishment of these foci as tumoral cell lines. JunB can also cooperate with Ras to induce foci but is unable to promote immortalization. We report here that JunD, in cooperation with Ras, induces foci with an efficiency similar to that of JunB. Artificial Jun/eb1 derivatives from each of the three Jun proteins were also analyzed. These constructs carry a heterologous homodimerization domain from the viral EB1 transcription factor and are thought to form only homodimers in the cell. We show here that these Jun/eb1 chimeras are potent transactivators of AP1 sites and that they can cooperate with c-Ha-Ras to induce foci. However, among all the Ras-Jun and Ras-Jun/eb1 combinations tested, only foci from Ras-c-Jun can be efficiently expanded and maintained as long-term growing cultures. Therefore, we suggest that a heterodimer containing c-Jun might be required for in vitro establishment of these primary mammalian cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Vandel
- Unité de Virologie Humaine, INSERM-U412, Ecole Normale Supérieure, Paris, France
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Horvath A, Gonzalez E, Farias G, Cabrera R, Parraguez O, Vial E. Source of the colours produced in tissue slices with the MBTH reaction colour sources. Acta Anat (Basel) 1983; 115:238-43. [PMID: 6845962 DOI: 10.1159/000145695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The various colours produced by the MBTH reaction in collagen fibres of frozen tissue slices are caused not only by free aldehyde groups but also by cross-links up to the desmosin stage. The evidence is based on the colours produced by chemical models of the cross-links.
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Horvath A, Cabrera R, Vial E. Staining of collagen and elastin in tissue slices with the methyl-benzothiazol-2-on-hydrazone reagent. Acta Anat (Basel) 1981; 111:314-9. [PMID: 6172949 DOI: 10.1159/000145482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Collagen and elastic fibres were stained in cryostatic slices of various tissues with the MBTH reaction, specific for aldehyde groups. Depending on the source, collagen and elastin gave different colours, easy to distinguish. It appears that this simple technique could be useful not only to visualize cross-linking in vivo of these fibres but also to explore their pathological alterations.
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Arias JL, Vial E, Cabrera R. Observations on the histogenesis of bovine ruminal papillae. Am J Vet Res 1980; 41:174-8. [PMID: 7369589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Changes in numbers of epithelial and connective tissue cells, thickness of connective tissue, and height and diameter of papillae were quantitated in fetal and postnatal bovine ruminal mucosa. During fetal development, the height of papillae and number of fibroblasts increased, the diameter of papillary base and thickness of subpapillary and interpapillary connective tissue remained constant, and the numbers of basal and superficial cells of the epithelium decreased. During the first 2 months of postnatal development, the height of papillae and numbers of fibroblasts enclosed in the papillary core decreased, and the diameter of the papillary base and the interpapillary distance increased. In consequence, the increase in connective tissue, rather than its redistribution, was involved in papillary development. The epithelial reorganization appeared to follow the changes occurring in the connective tissue, at least during fetal development.
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