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Gül E, Huuskonen J, Abi Younes A, Maurer L, Enz U, Zimmermann J, Sellin ME, Bakkeren E, Hardt WD. Salmonella T3SS-2 virulence enhances gut-luminal colonization by enabling chemotaxis-dependent exploitation of intestinal inflammation. Cell Rep 2024; 43:113925. [PMID: 38460128 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.113925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Salmonella Typhimurium (S.Tm) utilizes the chemotaxis receptor Tsr to exploit gut inflammation. However, the characteristics of this exploitation and the mechanism(s) employed by the pathogen to circumvent antimicrobial effects of inflammation are poorly defined. Here, using different naturally occurring S.Tm strains (SL1344 and 14028) and competitive infection experiments, we demonstrate that type-three secretion system (T3SS)-2 virulence is indispensable for the beneficial effects of Tsr-directed chemotaxis. The removal of the 14028-specific prophage Gifsy3, encoding virulence effectors, results in the loss of the Tsr-mediated fitness advantage in that strain. Surprisingly, without T3SS-2 effector secretion, chemotaxis toward the gut epithelium using Tsr becomes disadvantageous for either strain. Our findings reveal that luminal neutrophils recruited as a result of NLRC4 inflammasome activation locally counteract S.Tm cells exploiting the byproducts of the host immune response. This work highlights a mechanism by which S.Tm exploitation of gut inflammation for colonization relies on the coordinated effects of chemotaxis and T3SS activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ersin Gül
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Jemina Huuskonen
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Andrew Abi Younes
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Luca Maurer
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ursina Enz
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jakob Zimmermann
- Department of Visceral Surgery and Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Department for Biomedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Mikael E Sellin
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Erik Bakkeren
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Wolf-Dietrich Hardt
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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2
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Fattinger SA, Maurer L, Geiser P, Bernard EM, Enz U, Ganguillet S, Gül E, Kroon S, Demarco B, Mack V, Furter M, Barthel M, Pelczar P, Shao F, Broz P, Sellin ME, Hardt WD. Gasdermin D is the only Gasdermin that provides protection against acute Salmonella gut infection in mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2315503120. [PMID: 37988464 PMCID: PMC10691232 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2315503120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Gasdermins (GSDMs) share a common functional domain structure and are best known for their capacity to form membrane pores. These pores are hallmarks of a specific form of cell death called pyroptosis and mediate the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin 1β (IL1β) and interleukin 18 (IL18). Thereby, Gasdermins have been implicated in various immune responses against cancer and infectious diseases such as acute Salmonella Typhimurium (S.Tm) gut infection. However, to date, we lack a comprehensive functional assessment of the different Gasdermins (GSDMA-E) during S.Tm infection in vivo. Here, we used epithelium-specific ablation, bone marrow chimeras, and mouse lines lacking individual Gasdermins, combinations of Gasdermins or even all Gasdermins (GSDMA1-3C1-4DE) at once and performed littermate-controlled oral S.Tm infections in streptomycin-pretreated mice to investigate the impact of all murine Gasdermins. While GSDMA, C, and E appear dispensable, we show that GSDMD i) restricts S.Tm loads in the gut tissue and systemic organs, ii) controls gut inflammation kinetics, and iii) prevents epithelium disruption by 72 h of the infection. Full protection requires GSDMD expression by both bone-marrow-derived lamina propria cells and intestinal epithelial cells (IECs). In vivo experiments as well as 3D-, 2D-, and chimeric enteroid infections further show that infected IEC extrusion proceeds also without GSDMD, but that GSDMD controls the permeabilization and morphology of the extruding IECs, affects extrusion kinetics, and promotes overall mucosal barrier capacity. As such, this work identifies a unique multipronged role of GSDMD among the Gasdermins for mucosal tissue defense against a common enteric pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan A. Fattinger
- Department of Biology, Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zurich, Zurich8093, Switzerland
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala75123, Sweden
- Division of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA94720
| | - Luca Maurer
- Department of Biology, Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zurich, Zurich8093, Switzerland
| | - Petra Geiser
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala75123, Sweden
| | - Elliott M. Bernard
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Lausanne, Epalinges1066, Switzerland
| | - Ursina Enz
- Department of Biology, Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zurich, Zurich8093, Switzerland
| | - Suwannee Ganguillet
- Department of Biology, Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zurich, Zurich8093, Switzerland
| | - Ersin Gül
- Department of Biology, Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zurich, Zurich8093, Switzerland
| | - Sanne Kroon
- Department of Biology, Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zurich, Zurich8093, Switzerland
| | - Benjamin Demarco
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Lausanne, Epalinges1066, Switzerland
| | - Vanessa Mack
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Lausanne, Epalinges1066, Switzerland
| | - Markus Furter
- Department of Biology, Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zurich, Zurich8093, Switzerland
| | - Manja Barthel
- Department of Biology, Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zurich, Zurich8093, Switzerland
| | - Pawel Pelczar
- Center for Transgenic Models, University of Basel, Basel4002, Switzerland
| | - Feng Shao
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing102206, China
| | - Petr Broz
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Lausanne, Epalinges1066, Switzerland
| | - Mikael E. Sellin
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala75123, Sweden
| | - Wolf-Dietrich Hardt
- Department of Biology, Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zurich, Zurich8093, Switzerland
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3
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Gül E, Fattinger SA, Sellin ME, Hardt WD. Epithelial inflammasomes, gasdermins, and mucosal inflammation - Lessons from Salmonella and Shigella infected mice. Semin Immunol 2023; 70:101812. [PMID: 37562110 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2023.101812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
Besides its crucial function in nutrient absorbance and as barrier against the microbiota, the gut epithelium is essential for sensing pathogenic insults and mounting of an appropriate early immune response. In mice, the activation of the canonical NAIP/NLRC4 inflammasome is critical for the defense against enterobacterial infections. Activation of the NAIP/NLRC4 inflammasome triggers the extrusion of infected intestinal epithelial cells (IEC) into the gut lumen, concomitant with inflammasome-mediated lytic cell death. The membrane permeabilization, a hallmark of pyroptosis, is caused by the pore-forming proteins called gasdermins (GSDMs). Recent work has revealed that NAIP/NLRC4-dependent extrusion of infected IECs can, however, also be executed in the absence of GSDMD. In fact, several reports highlighted that various cell death pathways (e.g., pyroptosis or apoptosis) and unique mechanisms specific to particular infection models and stages of gut infection are in action during epithelial inflammasome defense against intestinal pathogens. Here, we summarize the current knowledge regarding the underlying mechanisms and speculate on the putative functions of the epithelial inflammasome activation and cell death, with a particular emphasis on mouse infection models for two prominent enterobacterial pathogens, Salmonella Typhimurium and Shigella flexneri.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ersin Gül
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Stefan A Fattinger
- Division of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Mikael E Sellin
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Wolf-Dietrich Hardt
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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Gül E, Bakkeren E, Salazar G, Steiger Y, Abi Younes A, Clerc M, Christen P, Fattinger SA, Nguyen BD, Kiefer P, Slack E, Ackermann M, Vorholt JA, Sunagawa S, Diard M, Hardt WD. The microbiota conditions a gut milieu that selects for wild-type Salmonella Typhimurium virulence. PLoS Biol 2023; 21:e3002253. [PMID: 37651408 PMCID: PMC10499267 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3002253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella Typhimurium elicits gut inflammation by the costly expression of HilD-controlled virulence factors. This inflammation alleviates colonization resistance (CR) mediated by the microbiota and thereby promotes pathogen blooms. However, the inflamed gut-milieu can also select for hilD mutants, which cannot elicit or maintain inflammation, therefore causing a loss of the pathogen's virulence. This raises the question of which conditions support the maintenance of virulence in S. Typhimurium. Indeed, it remains unclear why the wild-type hilD allele is dominant among natural isolates. Here, we show that microbiota transfer from uninfected or recovered hosts leads to rapid clearance of hilD mutants that feature attenuated virulence, and thereby contributes to the preservation of the virulent S. Typhimurium genotype. Using mouse models featuring a range of microbiota compositions and antibiotic- or inflammation-inflicted microbiota disruptions, we found that irreversible disruption of the microbiota leads to the accumulation of hilD mutants. In contrast, in models with a transient microbiota disruption, selection for hilD mutants was prevented by the regrowing microbiota community dominated by Lachnospirales and Oscillospirales. Strikingly, even after an irreversible microbiota disruption, microbiota transfer from uninfected donors prevented the rise of hilD mutants. Our results establish that robust S. Typhimurium gut colonization hinges on optimizing its manipulation of the host: A transient and tempered microbiota perturbation is favorable for the pathogen to both flourish in the inflamed gut and also minimize loss of virulence. Moreover, besides conferring CR, the microbiota may have the additional consequence of maintaining costly enteropathogen virulence mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ersin Gül
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Erik Bakkeren
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Guillem Salazar
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Institute of Microbiology and Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Department of Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Yves Steiger
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Andrew Abi Younes
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Melanie Clerc
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Philipp Christen
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Stefan A. Fattinger
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Bidong D. Nguyen
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Kiefer
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Emma Slack
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Institute for Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Martin Ackermann
- Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Environmental Microbiology, Eawag, Duebendorf, Switzerland
| | - Julia A. Vorholt
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Shinichi Sunagawa
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Institute of Microbiology and Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Department of Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Médéric Diard
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Botnar Research Centre for Child Health, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Wolf-Dietrich Hardt
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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5
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Gül E, Abi Younes A, Huuskonen J, Diawara C, Nguyen BD, Maurer L, Bakkeren E, Hardt WD. Differences in carbon metabolic capacity fuel co-existence and plasmid transfer between Salmonella strains in the mouse gut. Cell Host Microbe 2023; 31:1140-1153.e3. [PMID: 37348498 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2023.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance plasmids can be disseminated between different Enterobacteriaceae in the gut. Here, we investigate how closely related Enterobacteriaceae populations with similar nutrient needs can co-bloom in the same gut and thereby facilitate plasmid transfer. Using different strains of Salmonella Typhimurium (S.Tm SL1344 and ATCC14028) and mouse models of Salmonellosis, we show that the bloom of one strain (i.e., recipient) from very low numbers in a gut pre-occupied by the other strain (i.e., donor) depends on strain-specific utilization of a distinct carbon source, galactitol or arabinose. Galactitol-dependent growth of the recipient S.Tm strain promotes plasmid transfer between non-isogenic strains and between E. coli and S.Tm. In mice stably colonized by a defined microbiota (OligoMM12), galactitol supplementation similarly facilitates co-existence of two S.Tm strains and promotes plasmid transfer. Our work reveals a metabolic strategy used by Enterobacteriaceae to expand in a pre-occupied gut and provides promising therapeutic targets for resistance plasmids spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ersin Gül
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Andrew Abi Younes
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jemina Huuskonen
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Cheickna Diawara
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Bidong D Nguyen
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Luca Maurer
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Erik Bakkeren
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Wolf-Dietrich Hardt
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland.
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6
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Gül E, Enz U, Maurer L, Abi Younes A, Fattinger SA, Nguyen BD, Hausmann A, Furter M, Barthel M, Sellin ME, Hardt WD. Intraluminal neutrophils limit epithelium damage by reducing pathogen assault on intestinal epithelial cells during Salmonella gut infection. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011235. [PMID: 37384776 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Recruitment of neutrophils into and across the gut mucosa is a cardinal feature of intestinal inflammation in response to enteric infections. Previous work using the model pathogen Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S.Tm) established that invasion of intestinal epithelial cells by S.Tm leads to recruitment of neutrophils into the gut lumen, where they can reduce pathogen loads transiently. Notably, a fraction of the pathogen population can survive this defense, re-grow to high density, and continue triggering enteropathy. However, the functions of intraluminal neutrophils in the defense against enteric pathogens and their effects on preventing or aggravating epithelial damage are still not fully understood. Here, we address this question via neutrophil depletion in different mouse models of Salmonella colitis, which differ in their degree of enteropathy. In an antibiotic pretreated mouse model, neutrophil depletion by an anti-Ly6G antibody exacerbated epithelial damage. This could be linked to compromised neutrophil-mediated elimination and reduced physical blocking of the gut-luminal S.Tm population, such that the pathogen density remained high near the epithelial surface throughout the infection. Control infections with a ssaV mutant and gentamycin-mediated elimination of gut-luminal pathogens further supported that neutrophils are protecting the luminal surface of the gut epithelium. Neutrophil depletion in germ-free and gnotobiotic mice hinted that the microbiota can modulate the infection kinetics and ameliorate epithelium-disruptive enteropathy even in the absence of neutrophil-protection. Together, our data indicate that the well-known protective effect of the microbiota is augmented by intraluminal neutrophils. After antibiotic-mediated microbiota disruption, neutrophils are central for maintaining epithelial barrier integrity during acute Salmonella-induced gut inflammation, by limiting the sustained pathogen assault on the epithelium in a critical window of the infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ersin Gül
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ursina Enz
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Luca Maurer
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Andrew Abi Younes
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Stefan A Fattinger
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Bidong D Nguyen
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Annika Hausmann
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Markus Furter
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Manja Barthel
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Mikael E Sellin
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Wolf-Dietrich Hardt
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Yeşil AM, Kayaoğlu B, Gül E, Gönç N, Özön A, Tezcan İ, Gürsel M, Çağdaş D. DOCK8 deficiency with hypereosinophilia and the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion during herpes infection. Turk J Pediatr 2023; 65:536-541. [PMID: 37395973 DOI: 10.24953/turkjped.2020.1934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hyperimmunoglobulin E syndrome (HIES) due to dedicator of cytokinesis8 (DOCK8) deficiency may present in infancy and childhood with different clinical features involving recurrent infections, allergic dysregulation, and autoimmunity. CASE In this report, we describe a patient who first presented with severe hypereosinophilia and went on to develop the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH) in the context of a severe herpes infection. Investigation revealed the presence of underlying DOCK8 deficiency presenting with atypical clinical features. CONCLUSIONS Distinct inflammatory features associated with infections may be seen in the course of primary immunodeficiency diseases, and early functional and molecular genetic tests will aid the proper management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayşe Mete Yeşil
- Department of Pediatric, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara
| | - Başak Kayaoğlu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Middle East Technical University, Ankara
| | - Ersin Gül
- Department of Biological Sciences, Middle East Technical University, Ankara
| | - Nazlı Gönç
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Türkiye
| | - Alev Özön
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Türkiye
| | - İlhan Tezcan
- Department of Pediatric Immunology, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara
| | - Mayda Gürsel
- Department of Biological Sciences, Middle East Technical University, Ankara
| | - Deniz Çağdaş
- Department of Pediatric Immunology, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara
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8
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Bakkeren E, Gül E, Huisman JS, Steiger Y, Rocker A, Hardt WD, Diard M. Impact of horizontal gene transfer on emergence and stability of cooperative virulence in Salmonella Typhimurium. Nat Commun 2022; 13:1939. [PMID: 35410999 PMCID: PMC9001671 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-29597-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal inflammation fuels the transmission of Salmonella Typhimurium (S.Tm). However, a substantial fitness cost is associated with virulence expression. Mutations inactivating transcriptional virulence regulators generate attenuated variants profiting from inflammation without enduring virulence cost. Such variants interfere with the transmission of fully virulent clones. Horizontal transfer of functional regulatory genes (HGT) into attenuated variants could nevertheless favor virulence evolution. To address this hypothesis, we cloned hilD, coding for the master regulator of virulence, into a conjugative plasmid that is highly transferrable during intestinal colonization. The resulting mobile hilD allele allows virulence to emerge from avirulent populations, and to be restored in attenuated mutants competing against virulent clones within-host. However, mutations inactivating the mobile hilD allele quickly arise. The stability of virulence mediated by HGT is strongly limited by its cost, which depends on the hilD expression level, and by the timing of transmission. We conclude that robust evolution of costly virulence expression requires additional selective forces such as narrow population bottlenecks during transmission. Salmonella Typhimurium virulence is costly and can be lost by mutation during infection. Bakkeren et al. show that virulence restoration via horizontal gene transfer is only transient while transmission bottlenecks promote long-term virulence stability.
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9
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Bakkeren E, Herter JA, Huisman JS, Steiger Y, Gül E, Newson JPM, Brachmann AO, Piel J, Regoes R, Bonhoeffer S, Diard M, Hardt WD. Pathogen invasion-dependent tissue reservoirs and plasmid-encoded antibiotic degradation boost plasmid spread in the gut. eLife 2021; 10:e69744. [PMID: 34872631 PMCID: PMC8651294 DOI: 10.7554/elife.69744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Many plasmids encode antibiotic resistance genes. Through conjugation, plasmids can be rapidly disseminated. Previous work identified gut luminal donor/recipient blooms and tissue-lodged plasmid-bearing persister cells of the enteric pathogen Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S.Tm) that survive antibiotic therapy in host tissues, as factors promoting plasmid dissemination among Enterobacteriaceae. However, the buildup of tissue reservoirs and their contribution to plasmid spread await experimental demonstration. Here, we asked if re-seeding-plasmid acquisition-invasion cycles by S.Tm could serve to diversify tissue-lodged plasmid reservoirs, and thereby promote plasmid spread. Starting with intraperitoneal mouse infections, we demonstrate that S.Tm cells re-seeding the gut lumen initiate clonal expansion. Extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) plasmid-encoded gut luminal antibiotic degradation by donors can foster recipient survival under beta-lactam antibiotic treatment, enhancing transconjugant formation upon re-seeding. S.Tm transconjugants can subsequently re-enter host tissues introducing the new plasmid into the tissue-lodged reservoir. Population dynamics analyses pinpoint recipient migration into the gut lumen as rate-limiting for plasmid transfer dynamics in our model. Priority effects may be a limiting factor for reservoir formation in host tissues. Overall, our proof-of-principle data indicates that luminal antibiotic degradation and shuttling between the gut lumen and tissue-resident reservoirs can promote the accumulation and spread of plasmids within a host over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Bakkeren
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Biology, ETH ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | | | - Jana Sanne Huisman
- Swiss Institute of BioinformaticsLausanneSwitzerland
- Institute of Integrative Biology, Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Yves Steiger
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Biology, ETH ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Ersin Gül
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Biology, ETH ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | | | | | - Jörn Piel
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Biology, ETH ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Roland Regoes
- Institute of Integrative Biology, Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Sebastian Bonhoeffer
- Institute of Integrative Biology, Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Médéric Diard
- Botnar Research Centre for Child HealthBaselSwitzerland
- Biozentrum, University of BaselBaselSwitzerland
| | - Wolf-Dietrich Hardt
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Biology, ETH ZurichZurichSwitzerland
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10
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Nguyen BD, Cuenca V M, Hartl J, Gül E, Bauer R, Meile S, Rüthi J, Margot C, Heeb L, Besser F, Escriva PP, Fetz C, Furter M, Laganenka L, Keller P, Fuchs L, Christen M, Porwollik S, McClelland M, Vorholt JA, Sauer U, Sunagawa S, Christen B, Hardt WD. Import of Aspartate and Malate by DcuABC Drives H 2/Fumarate Respiration to Promote Initial Salmonella Gut-Lumen Colonization in Mice. Cell Host Microbe 2020; 27:922-936.e6. [PMID: 32416061 PMCID: PMC7292772 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2020.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Revised: 02/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Initial enteropathogen growth in the microbiota-colonized gut is poorly understood. Salmonella Typhimurium is metabolically adaptable and can harvest energy by anaerobic respiration using microbiota-derived hydrogen (H2) as an electron donor and fumarate as an electron acceptor. As fumarate is scarce in the gut, the source of this electron acceptor is unclear. Here, transposon sequencing analysis along the colonization trajectory of S. Typhimurium implicates the C4-dicarboxylate antiporter DcuABC in early murine gut colonization. In competitive colonization assays, DcuABC and enzymes that convert the C4-dicarboxylates aspartate and malate into fumarate (AspA, FumABC), are required for fumarate/H2-dependent initial growth. Thus, S. Typhimurium obtains fumarate by DcuABC-mediated import and conversion of L-malate and L-aspartate. Fumarate reduction yields succinate, which is exported by DcuABC in exchange for L-aspartate and L-malate. This cycle allows S. Typhimurium to harvest energy by H2/fumarate respiration in the microbiota-colonized gut. This strategy may also be relevant for commensal E. coli diminishing the S. Typhimurium infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bidong D Nguyen
- Institute of Microbiology, D-BIOL, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | - Johannes Hartl
- Institute of Microbiology, D-BIOL, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Ersin Gül
- Institute of Microbiology, D-BIOL, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Rebekka Bauer
- Institute of Microbiology, D-BIOL, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Susanne Meile
- Institute of Microbiology, D-BIOL, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Joel Rüthi
- Institute of Microbiology, D-BIOL, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Céline Margot
- Institute of Microbiology, D-BIOL, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Laura Heeb
- Institute of Microbiology, D-BIOL, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Franziska Besser
- Institute of Microbiology, D-BIOL, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Pau Pérez Escriva
- Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, D-BIOL, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Céline Fetz
- Institute of Microbiology, D-BIOL, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Markus Furter
- Institute of Microbiology, D-BIOL, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Leanid Laganenka
- Institute of Microbiology, D-BIOL, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Philipp Keller
- Institute of Microbiology, D-BIOL, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Lea Fuchs
- Institute of Microbiology, D-BIOL, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Christen
- Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, D-BIOL, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Steffen Porwollik
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-4025, USA
| | - Michael McClelland
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-4025, USA
| | - Julia A Vorholt
- Institute of Microbiology, D-BIOL, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Uwe Sauer
- Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, D-BIOL, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Shinichi Sunagawa
- Institute of Microbiology, D-BIOL, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Beat Christen
- Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, D-BIOL, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland.
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Wotzka SY, Kreuzer M, Maier L, Arnoldini M, Nguyen BD, Brachmann AO, Berthold DL, Zünd M, Hausmann A, Bakkeren E, Hoces D, Gül E, Beutler M, Dolowschiak T, Zimmermann M, Fuhrer T, Moor K, Sauer U, Typas A, Piel J, Diard M, Macpherson AJ, Stecher B, Sunagawa S, Slack E, Hardt WD. Escherichia coli limits Salmonella Typhimurium infections after diet shifts and fat-mediated microbiota perturbation in mice. Nat Microbiol 2019; 4:2164-2174. [PMID: 31591555 PMCID: PMC6881180 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-019-0568-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The microbiota confers colonization resistance, which blocks Salmonella gut colonization1. As diet affects microbiota composition, we studied whether food composition shifts enhance susceptibility to infection. Shifting mice to diets with reduced fibre or elevated fat content for 24 h boosted Salmonella Typhimurium or Escherichia coli gut colonization and plasmid transfer. Here, we studied the effect of dietary fat. Colonization resistance was restored within 48 h of return to maintenance diet. Salmonella gut colonization was also boosted by two oral doses of oleic acid or bile salts. These pathogen blooms required Salmonella's AcrAB/TolC-dependent bile resistance. Our data indicate that fat-elicited bile promoted Salmonella gut colonization. Both E. coli and Salmonella show much higher bile resistance than the microbiota. Correspondingly, competitive E. coli can be protective in the fat-challenged gut. Diet shifts and fat-elicited bile promote S. Typhimurium gut infections in mice lacking E. coli in their microbiota. This mouse model may be useful for studying pathogen-microbiota-host interactions, the protective effect of E. coli, to analyse the spread of resistance plasmids and assess the impact of food components on the infection process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Y Wotzka
- Institute of Microbiology, D-BIOL, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Markus Kreuzer
- Institute of Microbiology, D-BIOL, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Lisa Maier
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Markus Arnoldini
- Institute of Microbiology, D-BIOL, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Bidong D Nguyen
- Institute of Microbiology, D-BIOL, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Mirjam Zünd
- Institute of Microbiology, D-BIOL, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Annika Hausmann
- Institute of Microbiology, D-BIOL, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Erik Bakkeren
- Institute of Microbiology, D-BIOL, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Hoces
- Institute of Microbiology, D-BIOL, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Ersin Gül
- Institute of Microbiology, D-BIOL, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Markus Beutler
- Max von Pettenkofer Institute, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Michael Zimmermann
- Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, D-BIOL, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Tobias Fuhrer
- Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, D-BIOL, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Kathrin Moor
- Institute of Microbiology, D-BIOL, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Uwe Sauer
- Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, D-BIOL, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Athanasios Typas
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jörn Piel
- Institute of Microbiology, D-BIOL, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Médéric Diard
- Institute of Microbiology, D-BIOL, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Andrew J Macpherson
- Maurice Müller Laboratories, University Clinic for Visceral Surgery and Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Bärbel Stecher
- Max von Pettenkofer Institute, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Munich, Germany
| | | | - Emma Slack
- Institute of Microbiology, D-BIOL, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
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Ozüm U, Bolat N, Gül E, Ozdemir O. Endothelial nitric oxide synthase gene [G894T] polymorphism as a possible risk factor in aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 2008; 150:57-61; discussion 62. [PMID: 18046500 DOI: 10.1007/s00701-007-1467-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2007] [Accepted: 07/12/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The exact aetiology, growth and rupture of intracranial aneurysms is unclear. In this study we investigated a possible association between intracranial aneurysm rupture and polymorphism of the endothelial nitric oxide synthase gene G894T. METHODS Endothelial nitric oxide synthase gene polymorphism of 53 patients with ruptured intracranial aneurysms and 60 control subjects were analysed by the polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism technique. The genotype distribution and allele frequencies of endothelial nitric oxide synthase gene polymorphism in patients with ruptured intracranial aneurysm and healthy subjects were compared. FINDINGS The homozygous (TT) genotype frequency was significantly higher in patients with ruptured intracranial aneurysms. It was also found that the presence of eNOS 894TT genotype was significantly associated with the risk of intracranial aneurysm rupture (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION Polymorphism in exon 7 of the endothelial nitric oxide synthase gene G894T seems to be a possible risk factor for intracranial aneurysm rupture.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Ozüm
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cumhuriyet University School of Medicine, Sivas, Turkey.
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Dinçol G, Doğan O, Küçükkaya RD, Gül E, Kahraman R, Ağan M. Hairy cell leukaemia presenting with ascites, pleural effusion and increased CA 125 serum level. Neth J Med 2008; 66:23-26. [PMID: 18219064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The body cavities are rarely involved in hairy cell leukaemia. Here we report a patient who had pancytopenia, hepatosplenomegaly, massive haemorrhagic ascites, pleural effusion at the left hemithorax and increased CA 125 serum level at the time of initial diagnosis. Laparoscopy showed multiple nodular white, opaque lesions on the omentum and on the parietal peritoneum. Laparoscopic biopsy of these lesions, and a bone marrow biopsy revealed a diffuse cellular infiltrate of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase staining mononuclear cells. These mononuclear cells with irregular cytoplasmic protrusions were also found in the peripheral blood, in the ascites fluid and in the pleural effusion. The patient was treated with cladribine 0.1 mg/kg/day with continuous infusion for seven days. Three months after the treatment, the patient achieved a complete remission with normalisation of the peripheral blood count, bone marrow findings, CA 125 serum level, with no detectable ascites and/or pleural effusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Dinçol
- Division of Haematology, Istanbul Medical School, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey.
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Bayraktaroglu Z, Yilmaz N, Cicek HK, Karafak A, Gül E. Platelet storage time and cytokine (IL-2R, IL-8, TNF-alpha) levels. East Mediterr Health J 2007; 13:79-84. [PMID: 17546909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated whether cytokine accumulation in plasma of platelet concentrates obtained from single apheresis donors was beyond the acceptable limits of white blood cell contamination at different storage time-points. Samples were obtained from 11 voluntary apheresis donors. All products were heavily contaminated with leukocytes. Sampling times from stored platelets were 0, 1, 3, 5 days respectively. Platelet, white blood cell counts and cytokines (IL-2R, IL-8 and TNF-alpha) were measured. The study found significant cytokine accumulation during 5 days of storage time in leukocyte contaminated platelet concentrates, suggesting that the platelet storage time has an effect on IL-2R levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Bayraktaroglu
- Department of Paediatrics and Transfusion Medicine, University of Gaziantep, Gaziantep, Turkey
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Schmitz C, Gül E, Bimmel D, Probst C, Ashraf O, Welz A. Minimally invasive aortic valve replacement - the patient's view. Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2005. [DOI: 10.1055/s-2005-862022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Adibelli ZH, Unal G, Gül E, Uslu F, Koçak U, Abali Y. Differentiation of benign and malignant cervical lymph nodes: value of B-mode and color Doppler sonography. Eur J Radiol 1998; 28:230-4. [PMID: 9881258 DOI: 10.1016/s0720-048x(97)00174-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the efficacy of color Doppler sonography in detecting possible differences in blood flow patterns and B-mode sonographic characteristics between malignant and benign cervical lymph nodes. PATIENTS AND METHODS During a period of 10 months, the palpable cervical lymph nodes of 39 patients were prospectively evaluated with B-mode and color Doppler sonography. The echogenity, contour, ratio of longitudinal diameter to the transverse diameter and the presence of a hilus were evaluated by B-mode sonography. Capsullary and intranodal arterial flow rates were measured and maximal systolic, end-diastolic, mid-systolic flow velocities with pulsatility, resistivity and acceleration indices were obtained. Final diagnosis was established by excisional biopsy (n:34) and clinical follow-up (n:5). RESULTS The lymph nodes in 20 cases were malignant and in 19 cases were benign. The B-mode contour characteristics and presence of a hilus in malignant and benign lymph nodes were statistically significant (P < 0.05), but there were no significant differences between the ratio of longitudinal diameter to the transverse diameter (P > 0.05), echogenity (P > 0.05) and the diameters of lymph nodes (P > 0.05). Flow patterns were obtained in 14 malignant (70%) and 10 benign (52.6%) cases. The maximal systolic, end diastolic, mid-systolic flow velocities and pulsatility, resistivity, acceleration indices did not differ statistically (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION In the differentiations of benign and malignant cervical lymph nodes, the B-mode and color Doppler sonography are limited methods and can not replace biopsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z H Adibelli
- Radiology Clinic, SSK Izmir Educational Hospital, Turkey
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