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Rathmann W, Seidel-Jacobs E, Hering R, Schulz M, Hoyer A, Tönnies T. Age at type 2 diabetes diagnosis among adults in Germany in 2014, 2019 and 2020. Acta Diabetol 2023; 60:1591-1593. [PMID: 37482567 PMCID: PMC10520177 DOI: 10.1007/s00592-023-02162-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Rathmann
- Institute for Biometrics and Epidemiology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University, Auf'm Hennekamp 65, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany.
- German Center for Diabetes Research, Partner Düsseldorf, Munich-Neuherberg, Germany.
| | - Esther Seidel-Jacobs
- Institute for Biometrics and Epidemiology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University, Auf'm Hennekamp 65, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research, Partner Düsseldorf, Munich-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Ramona Hering
- Department of Data Science and Healthcare Analyses, Central Research Institute for Ambulatory Healthcare in Germany (Zi), Berlin, Germany
| | - Mandy Schulz
- Department of Data Science and Healthcare Analyses, Central Research Institute for Ambulatory Healthcare in Germany (Zi), Berlin, Germany
| | - Annika Hoyer
- Biostatistics and Medical Biometry, Medical School EWL, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Thaddäus Tönnies
- Institute for Biometrics and Epidemiology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University, Auf'm Hennekamp 65, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research, Partner Düsseldorf, Munich-Neuherberg, Germany
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Seidel-Jacobs E, Kohl F, Tamayo M, Rosenbauer J, Schulze MB, Kuss O, Rathmann W. Impact of applying a diabetes risk score in primary care on change in physical activity: a pragmatic cluster randomised trial. Acta Diabetol 2022; 59:1031-1040. [PMID: 35551495 PMCID: PMC9098381 DOI: 10.1007/s00592-022-01895-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIM There is little evidence of the impact of diabetes risk scores on individual diabetes risk factors, motivation for behaviour changes and mental health. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of applying a noninvasive diabetes risk score in primary care as component of routine health checks on physical activity and secondary outcomes. METHODS Cluster randomised trial, in which primary care physicians (PCPs), randomised (1:1) by minimisation, enrolled participants with statutory health insurance without known diabetes, ≥ 35 years of age with a body mass index ≥ 27.0 kg/m2. The German Diabetes Risk Score was applied as add-on to the standard routine health check, conducted in the controls. Primary outcome was the difference in participants' physical activity (International Physical Activity Questionnaire) after 12 months. Secondary outcomes included body mass index, perceived health, anxiety, depression, and motivation for lifestyle change. Analysis was by intention-to-treat principle using mixed models. RESULTS 36 PCPs were randomised; remaining 30 PCPs (intervention: n = 16; control: n = 14) recruited 315 participants (intervention: n = 153; controls: n = 162). A slight increase in physical activity was observed in the intervention group with an adjusted mean change of 388 (95% confidence interval: - 235; 1011) metabolic equivalents minutes per week. There were no relevant changes in secondary outcomes. CONCLUSIONS The application of a noninvasive diabetes risk score alone is not effective in promoting physical activity in primary care. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT03234322, registration date: July 31, 2017).
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Seidel-Jacobs
- Institute for Biometrics and Epidemiology, German Diabetes Center (DDZ), Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Auf’m Hennekamp 65, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764 Munich-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Fiona Kohl
- Institute for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Centre for Health and Society, Faculty of Medicine, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Miguel Tamayo
- The Association of Statutory Health Insurance Physicians North Rhine, 40474 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Joachim Rosenbauer
- Institute for Biometrics and Epidemiology, German Diabetes Center (DDZ), Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Auf’m Hennekamp 65, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764 Munich-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Matthias B. Schulze
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764 Munich-Neuherberg, Germany
- Department of Molecular Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany
- Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Oliver Kuss
- Institute for Biometrics and Epidemiology, German Diabetes Center (DDZ), Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Auf’m Hennekamp 65, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764 Munich-Neuherberg, Germany
- Centre for Health and Society, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Rathmann
- Institute for Biometrics and Epidemiology, German Diabetes Center (DDZ), Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Auf’m Hennekamp 65, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764 Munich-Neuherberg, Germany
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Seidel-Jacobs E, Ptushkina V, Strassburger K, Icks A, Kuss O, Burkart V, Szendroedi J, Müssig K, Bódis K, Karusheva Y, Zaharia OP, Roden M, Rathmann W. Socio-economic inequalities in glycaemic control in recently diagnosed adults with type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Diabet Med 2022; 39:e14833. [PMID: 35324027 DOI: 10.1111/dme.14833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS It is unclear whether socio-economic status (SES) is associated with glycaemic control in people with recently diagnosed diabetes. The aim was to investigate whether SES is related to haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) during the first year after diagnosis in people with type 1 and type 2 diabetes and if metabolic, quality of care or mental factors may explain the association. METHODS In the German Diabetes Study, people with type 1 (n = 274, median age 36 [25th; 75th percentile: 28; 48] years) and type 2 diabetes (n = 424, 54 [47; 60] years) underwent detailed metabolic characterisation within the first year after diagnosis. SES was documented using a standardised questionnaire. Associations between SES and HbA1c were assessed using multivariable linear regression and restricted cubic spline regression analyses. Additional covariables were patient characteristics, laboratory measurements, health behaviour, quality of care and depression variables. Models were separately fitted for diabetes type, SES and its dimensions (income, education, occupation). RESULTS Higher SES score was associated with lower HbA1c (-0.7 mmol/mol per unit increase in SES, 95% CI: -1.1; -0.2 mmol/mol [-0.1%, 95% CI: -0.1; 0.0%]) in people with type 1 diabetes. Included covariates did not attenuate this association. In people with type 2 diabetes, effect estimates were close to zero indicating no relevant difference. CONCLUSION Socio-economic inequalities in HbA1c already exist during the first year after diagnosis in people with type 1 diabetes. The absence of association between glycaemic control and SES in type 2 diabetes could be due to the lower complexity of diabetes therapy compared to type 1 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Seidel-Jacobs
- Institute for Biometrics and Epidemiology, German Diabetes Center (DDZ), Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Partner Düsseldorf, München-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Violetta Ptushkina
- Institute for Biometrics and Epidemiology, German Diabetes Center (DDZ), Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Partner Düsseldorf, München-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Klaus Strassburger
- Institute for Biometrics and Epidemiology, German Diabetes Center (DDZ), Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Partner Düsseldorf, München-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Andrea Icks
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Partner Düsseldorf, München-Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute for Health Service Research and Health Economics, German Diabetes Center (DDZ), Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Institute for Health Service Research and Health Economics, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Centre for Health and Society, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Oliver Kuss
- Institute for Biometrics and Epidemiology, German Diabetes Center (DDZ), Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Partner Düsseldorf, München-Neuherberg, Germany
- Centre for Health and Society, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Volker Burkart
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Partner Düsseldorf, München-Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center (DDZ), Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Julia Szendroedi
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Partner Düsseldorf, München-Neuherberg, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine I and Clinical Chemistry, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Karsten Müssig
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Partner Düsseldorf, München-Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center (DDZ), Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology, Niels Stensen Hospitals, Franziskus Hospital Harderberg, Georgsmarienhütte, Germany
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical Faculty and University Hospital, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Kálmán Bódis
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Partner Düsseldorf, München-Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center (DDZ), Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical Faculty and University Hospital, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Yanislava Karusheva
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Partner Düsseldorf, München-Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center (DDZ), Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- University of Cambridge, Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, UK
| | - Oana-Patricia Zaharia
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Partner Düsseldorf, München-Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center (DDZ), Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical Faculty and University Hospital, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Michael Roden
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Partner Düsseldorf, München-Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center (DDZ), Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical Faculty and University Hospital, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Rathmann
- Institute for Biometrics and Epidemiology, German Diabetes Center (DDZ), Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Partner Düsseldorf, München-Neuherberg, Germany
- Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
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Ptushkina V, Seidel-Jacobs E, Maier W, Schipf S, Völzke H, Markus MRP, Nauck M, Meisinger C, Peters A, Herder C, Schwettmann L, Dörr M, Felix SB, Roden M, Rathmann W. Educational Level, but Not Income or Area Deprivation, is Related to Macrovascular Disease: Results From Two Population-Based Cohorts in Germany. Int J Public Health 2021; 66:633909. [PMID: 34744587 PMCID: PMC8565278 DOI: 10.3389/ijph.2021.633909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: An inverse relationship between education and cardiovascular risk has been described, however, the combined association of education, income, and neighborhood socioeconomic status with macrovascular disease is less clear. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association of educational level, equivalent household income and area deprivation with macrovascular disease in Germany. Methods: Cross-sectional data from two representative German population-based studies, SHIP-TREND (n = 3,731) and KORA-F4 (n = 2,870), were analyzed. Multivariable logistic regression models were applied to estimate odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals for the association between socioeconomic determinants and macrovascular disease (defined as self-reported myocardial infarction or stroke). Results: The study showed a higher odds of prevalent macrovascular disease in men with low and middle educational level compared to men with high education. Area deprivation and equivalent income were not related to myocardial infarction or stroke in any of the models. Conclusion: Educational level, but not income or area deprivation, is significantly related to the macrovascular disease in men. Effective prevention of macrovascular disease should therefore start with investing in individual education.
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Affiliation(s)
- Violetta Ptushkina
- Institute for Biometrics and Epidemiology, German Diabetes Center (DDZ), Leibniz Center for Diabetes, Research at Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Partner Düsseldorf, München-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Esther Seidel-Jacobs
- Institute for Biometrics and Epidemiology, German Diabetes Center (DDZ), Leibniz Center for Diabetes, Research at Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Partner Düsseldorf, München-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Werner Maier
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Partner Düsseldorf, München-Neuherberg, Germany.,Institute of Health Economics and Health Care Management, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), München-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Sabine Schipf
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Partner Düsseldorf, München-Neuherberg, Germany.,Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Henry Völzke
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Partner Düsseldorf, München-Neuherberg, Germany.,Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.,German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Marcello Ricardo Paulista Markus
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Partner Düsseldorf, München-Neuherberg, Germany.,German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.,Department of Internal Medicine B, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Matthias Nauck
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.,Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Christa Meisinger
- Independent Research Group Clinical Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, München-Neuherberg, Germany.,Chair of Epidemiology, University of Augsburg at University Hospital of Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany
| | - Annette Peters
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Partner Düsseldorf, München-Neuherberg, Germany.,Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), München-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Christian Herder
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Partner Düsseldorf, München-Neuherberg, Germany.,Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center (DDZ), Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany.,Department of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Lars Schwettmann
- Institute of Health Economics and Health Care Management, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), München-Neuherberg, Germany.,Department of Economics, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Marcus Dörr
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.,Department of Internal Medicine B, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Stephan B Felix
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.,Department of Internal Medicine B, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Michael Roden
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Partner Düsseldorf, München-Neuherberg, Germany.,Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center (DDZ), Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany.,Department of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Rathmann
- Institute for Biometrics and Epidemiology, German Diabetes Center (DDZ), Leibniz Center for Diabetes, Research at Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Partner Düsseldorf, München-Neuherberg, Germany
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Tönnies T, Heidemann C, Paprott R, Seidel-Jacobs E, Scheidt-Nave C, Brinks R, Hoyer A. Estimating the impact of tax policy interventions on the projected number and prevalence of adults with type 2 diabetes in Germany between 2020 and 2040. BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care 2021; 9:9/1/e001813. [PMID: 33455907 PMCID: PMC7813323 DOI: 10.1136/bmjdrc-2020-001813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION As a population-wide intervention, it has been proposed to raise taxes on unhealthy products to prevent diseases such as type 2 diabetes. In this study, we aimed to estimate the effect of tax policy interventions in 2020 on the projected prevalence and number of people with type 2 diabetes in the German adult population in 2040. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We applied an illness-death model and the German Diabetes Risk Score (GDRS) to project the prevalence and number of adults with type 2 diabetes in Germany under a base case scenario and under a tax policy intervention scenario. For the base case scenario, we assumed constant age-specific incidence rates between 2020 and 2040. For the intervention scenario, we assumed a 50% price increase for sugar-sweetened beverages, tobacco and red meat products in the year 2020. Based on price elasticities, we estimated the impact on these risk factors alone and in combination, and calculated subsequent reductions in the age-specific and sex-specific GDRS. These reductions were used to determine reductions in the incidence rate and prevalence using a partial differential equation. RESULTS Compared with the base case scenario, combined tax interventions in 2020 resulted in a 0.95 percentage point decrease in the prevalence of type 2 diabetes (16.2% vs 17.1%), which corresponds to 640 000 fewer prevalent cases of type 2 diabetes and a relative reduction by 6%. CONCLUSIONS Taxation of sugar-sweetened beverages, tobacco products and red meat by 50% modestly lowered the projected number and prevalence of adults with type 2 diabetes in Germany in 2040. Raising taxes on unhealthy products as a stand-alone measure may not be enough to attenuate the future rise of type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thaddäus Tönnies
- Institute for Biometrics and Epidemiology, German Diabetes Center (DDZ), Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Christin Heidemann
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Monitoring, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Rebecca Paprott
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Monitoring, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Esther Seidel-Jacobs
- Institute for Biometrics and Epidemiology, German Diabetes Center (DDZ), Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Christa Scheidt-Nave
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Monitoring, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ralph Brinks
- Institute for Biometrics and Epidemiology, German Diabetes Center (DDZ), Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Chair for Medical Biometry and Epidemiology, Witten/Herdecke University, Faculty of Health/School of Medicine, Witten, Germany
- Department of Statistics, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Annika Hoyer
- Department of Statistics, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany
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